TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 
LETTER  OP  TRANSMITTAL 

PART  I. 

THE  FOREST  TEEES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 

THE  FORESTS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA — GENERAL  REMARKS 3-16 

TUB  ATLANTIC  REGION 3-6 

THE  PACIFIC  REGION 6-10 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  GENERA 10-12 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  SPECIES 1-2-16 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO,  WITH  REMARKS  UPON  THEIR  SYHONOMY, 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  HISTORY,  DISTRIBUTION,  ECONOMIC  VALUES,  AND  USES 17-219 

INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE 220-243 

PART  II. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

PRELIMINARY  REMARKS '- 247 

SPECIFIC  OKA  ITY  AND  ASH 248-251 

Fl'KL  VALUE 251,252 

THE  STRENGTH  OF  WOOD 

COMPARATIVE  VALUES 

TABLE  OP  RELATIVE  VALUES 253-255 

TABLE  OP  AVERAGES 256-259 

TABLE  ILLUSTRATING  THE  RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  IN  THE  WOOD  OF  CERTAIN 

SPECIES 259-264 

GENERAL  REMARKS 264,265 

TANNIN  VALUES 265 

TABLE     I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT  OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  266-349 

TABLE    II.— ACTUAL  FUEL  VALUE  OP  SOME  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 350-353 

TABLE  III. — BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN 354-415 

TABLE  IV,— BEHAVIOR  OF  SOME  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE   STRAIN:  SPECIMENS  EIGHT 

CENTIMETERS  SQUARE 414-117 

TABLE  V. — BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION 416-481 

PART  III. 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THEIR  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 

GENERAL  REMARKS 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY f 485-489 

FUEL 489 

WOOD  USED  AS  FUEL  FOR  VARIOUS  PURPOSES 489 

ESTIMATED  CONSUMPTION  OF  WOOD  FOR  DOMESTIC  PURPOSES 

CONSUMPTION  OP  CHARCOAL 

FOREST  PIRES 491-493 

TABLE  OF  FOREST  PIRES  OCCURRING  DURING  THE  CENSUS  YEAR '. 491,492 

NORTH  ATLANTIC  DIVISION 494-510 

MAINE 494-496 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 496-498 

VERMONT '... 498-500 

MASSACHUSETTS,  RHODE  ISLAND,  AND  CONNECTICUT 500,501 

NEW  YORK 501  506 

NEW  JERSEY 

PENNSYLVANIA 506-510 

v 


vi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
SOUTH  ATLANTIC  DIVISION  ..................................................................................................  511-523 

LA  WARE  ..............................................................................................................          511 

KYLAND  ..............................................................................................................  511 

DISTRICT  or  COLOMBIA  ..................................................................................................          511 

VIRGINIA  ................................................................................................................  511,512 

:ST  VIRGINIA  .........................................................................................................  512-515 

NORTH  CAROLINA  ........................................................................................................  515-518 

Naval  stores  ........................................................................................................  516,517 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  ........................................................................................................  518,519 

I   Burning  oft'  dead  herbage  ............................................................................................  518 

BORGIA:  ...............................................................................................................  SIP.BSO 

FLORIDA  ...............  .................................................................................................  520-523 

Pencil  cedar  .........................................................................................................          522 

Cypress  ............................................................................................................. 

SOUTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION  ...............................................................................................  524-546 

ALABAMA  .....  ...  ........................................................................................................  524-580 

The  Maritime  pine  region  ...................................................................  ••  ........................  525-527 

Cypress  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river  ..............................................................................  525-527 

The  forests  of  the  Chattahoochee  in  eastern  Alabama,  mixed  forest  growth,  etc  .......  ..................................  527,  598 

Forests  of  the  Tennessee  valley  ......................................................................................  528,529 

General  remarks  .....................................................................................................          529 

The  pine  belt  of  central  Alabama  .....................................................................................          529 

The  pine  region  of  the  Coosa  .........................................................................................          529 

Kaval  stores  .........................................................................................................  529,530 

MISSISSIPPI  ..............................................................................................................  530-536 

The  pine  forests  of  southern  Mississippi  ..............................................................................  531,532 

The  northeastern  counties  ............................................................................................  532-534 

Central  pine  hills  ....................................................................................................          534 

Western  Mississippi  .......................  -  ...........................  --  .............................................  534,  535 

The  Yazoo  delta  ..................................  ...................................................................  535,536 

LOUISIANA  ..............................................................................................................  536-540 

Moss  ginning  ........................................................................................................  536,537 

TEXAS....:  ..............................................................................................................  540-543 

INDIAN  TERRITORY  ..................................................................................................  ----          543 

ARKANSAS  ........................................................................  ...........  .............................  543,544 

TENNESSEE  ..............................................................................................................  544,545 

Eflect  of  fires  upon  the  forest  ..  ......................................................................................          545 

KENTUCKY  ..............................................................................................................  545,546 

Pasturage  of  woodlands  ..............................................................................................          546 

NORTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION  ...............................................................................................  547-563 

OHIO  ....................................................................................................................          547 

JNDIANA  .....................................................................................................    ...........  547 

ILLINOIS  .................................................................................................................  547-550 

MICHIGAN  ...............................................................................................................  550-554 

Forest  fires  ................................  ,  .........................................................................  550,551 

Statistics  of  growing  timber  ..........................................................................................          551 

WISCONSIN  ..............................................................................................................  554-558 

MINNESOTA  ..............................................................................................................  558-560 

Forests  on  Indian  reservations  .........................  :  ..............................  .  ...............................  559,  £60 

IOWA  ....................................................................................................................          560 

MISSOURI  ............  ....................................................................................................  560,561 

DAKOTA  .................................................................................................................  561,562 

NEBRASKA  ...............................................................................................................          5C2 

KANSAS  ............  i.  ..........................................  ...........................................................  562,563 

n:ux  DIVISION  ..........................................................................................................  564-580 

MONTANA  ...............................................................................................................  ;  564-566 

WYOMING  ...............................................................................................................  560,567 

COLORADO  ...............................................................................................................  567,568 

NEW  MEXICO  ............................................................................................................          508 

ARIZONA  .................................................................................................................  568,569 

UTAU  ....................................................................................................................  569-571 

Lake  range,  west  of  Utah  lake  .......................................................................................          570 

San  pete  Valley  rauge  ..........................................................  570 

Sevier  River  mountains  ....................................................  570 

NEVADA  .......................  .  ................................  r~ 


571-573 
WASHINGTON  ...........................................................................................................  573-576 

OREGON  .................................................................................................................  576-578 

CALIFORNIA  .............................................................................................................  578-560 

Pasturage  of  mountain  forests  ................................................  _  579  5^j 

ALASKA  ............................................................  r 


DEPARTMENT   OF   THE   INTERIOR, 
CENSUS    OFFICE. 


A..    WA-LKKK,    Superintendent, 

Appointed  April  1,  1879;  resigned  November  3,  1881. 


CH.A.S.    "W.    SKATON,    Superintendent, 

Appointed  November  4, 1881. 


REPORT 


ON   THE 


FORESTS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


(EXCLUSIVE    OF    MEXICO), 


•BY 


CHARLES    S.    SARGENT, 

*« 

ARNOLD   PROFESSOR   OF   ARBORICULTURE    IN    HARVARD   COLLEGE, 
SPECIAL    A.&ENT    TENTH    CENSUS. 


WA$«¥ffffirjJ/}Sr: 

GOVERNM ENT"~T R mtri N G   OFFICE. 
1884. 


LETTER    OF   TRANSMITTAL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
CENSUS  OFFICE, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  September  1,  1884. 
Hon.  H.  M.  TELLER, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

SIB  :  I  Lave  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  Report  on  the  Forests  of  North  America  (exclusive  of  Mexico), 
•by  Charles  S.  Sargent,  Arnold  Professor  of  Arboriculture  in  Harvard  College. 

This  report  constitutes  the  ninth  volume  of  the  series  forming  the  final  report  on  the  Tenth  Census. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  most  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

CHAS.  W.  SEATON, 

Superintendent  of  Census. 

til 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  vii 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 
MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  CHARACTER  OK  THE  FUEL  USED  IN  THE  DIFFERENT  SECTIONS  OF  THE  SETTLED 

PORTION  OF  THE  COUNTRY 489 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  PROPORTION  OF  WOODLAND  WITHIN  THE  SETTLED  AREA  BURNED  OVER  DURING  THE 

CENSUS  YEAR 491 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  MAINE,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  VERMONT,  MASSACHUSETTS,  RHODE  ISLAND,  CONNECTICUT, 

NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY,  AND  PENNSYLVANIA 495 

MAP  OF  MAINE,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  PINE  AND  SPRUCE  FORESTS 496 

MAP  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  AND  VERMONT,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  AND  SPRUCE  FORESTS 497 

MAP  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  AND  HEMLOCK  FORESTS 506 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  DELAWARE,  MARYLAND,  WEST  VIRGINIA,  VIRGINIA,  NORTH  CAROLINA,  OHIO,  KENTUCKY, 

TENNESSEE,  INDIANA,  AND  ILLINOIS 511 

MAP  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HARDWOOD,  SPRUCE,  AND  PINE  FORESTS 512 

MAP  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 515 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  GEORGIA,  FLORIDA,  ALABAMA,  MISSISSIPPI,  AND  LOUISIANA 518 

MAP  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 519 

MAP  OF  GEORGIA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 520 

MAP  OF  FLORIDA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 522 

MAP  OF  ALABAMA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 524 

MAP  OF  MISSISSIPPI,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PlNE  FORESTS 530 

MAP  OF  LOUISIANA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 536 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  TEXAS 540 

MAP  OF  TEXAS,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  FORESTS 541 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  MISSOURI,  ARKANSAS,  KANSAS,  AND  INDIAN  TERRITORY 543 

MAP  OF  ARKANSAS,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PINE  AND  HARDWOOD  FORESTS 544 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  MICHIGAN,  WISCONSIN,  MINNESOTA,  AND  IOWA 550 

MAP  OF  THE  LOWER  PENINSULA  OF  MICHIGAN,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HARDWOOD  AND  PINK  FORESTS 551 

MAP  OF  THE  UPPER  PENINSULA  OF  MICHIGAN,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HARDWOOD  AND  PINE  FORESTS 551 

MAP  OF  WISCONSIN,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HARDWOOD  AND  PINE  FORESTS 554 

MAP  OF  MINNESOTA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HARDWOOD  AND  PINE  FORESTS 558 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  DAKOTA 561 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  NEBRASKA 562 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  MONTANA 564 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  WYOMING 566 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  COLORADO 567 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  NEW  MEXICO 568 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  ARIZONA 569 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IK  UTAH 570 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  NEVADA 571 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  IDAHO 572 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  WASHINGTON 574 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  OREGON 576 

MAP  SHOWING  DENSITY  OF  FORESTS  IN  CALIFORNIA 578 

MAP  OF  A  PORTION  OF  CALIFORNIA,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  REDWOOD  FORESTS 580 

MAPS  CONTAINED  IN  PORTFOLIO  ACCOMPANYING  THIS  VOLUME. 

No.      1. — MAP   SHOWING  THE   POSITION  OF  THE  FOREST,  PRAIRIE,  AND  TREELESS   REGIONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 

No.      2. — MAP   SHOWING  THE  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  FORESTS,  EXCLUSIVE   OF   MEXICO. 

No.      3. — MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENUS  FRAX1NUS  (THE  ASHES)  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 

No.    4.— MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENERA  CARYA  AND  UMBELLULARIA  (THE  HICKORIES  AND 

CALIFORNIA  LAUREL). 
No.    5.— MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENUS  JUGLANS  (THE  WALNUTS). 

No.      6. — MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE   GENUS  QUERCUS   (THE   OAKS)  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE   OF  MEXICO. 

No.  7. — MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENERA  CASTANEA  AND  CASTANOPSIS  (THE  CHESTNUTS 
AND  CHINQUAPINS). 

No.    8. — MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENUS  PlNUS  (THE  PlNES)  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 

No.  9. — MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENERA  ABIES  AND  PlCEA  (THE  FlRS  AND  SPRUCES)  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLU- 
SIVE OF  MEXICO. 

No.  10.— MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  LIRIODENDRON  TULIPIFERA  AND  PINUS  LAMBERTIANA. 

No.  11. — MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  PROSOPIS  JULIFLORA,  QUERCUS  ALBA,  AND  QUERCUS  DENSIFLORA. 

No.  12.— MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  FRAXINUS  AMERICANA  AND  PlNUS  PONDEROSA  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OP 
MEXICO. 

No.  13.— MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  GENERA  CHAM^ECYPARIS  AND  CUPRESSUS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF 
MEXICO. 

No.  14. — MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE   GENERA  TlIUYA,  TAXODIUM,  AND  SEQUOIA  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OP 

MEXICO. 

No.  15.— MAP  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  PlNUS  STKOBUS,  PlNUS  PALUSTRIS,  AND  PSEUDOTSUGA  DOUGLASII  IN  NORTH  AMERICA, 
EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 

No.  16. — MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THE  RELATIVE  AVERAGE  DENSITY  OF  EXISTING  FORESTS. 


LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL. 


BKOOKLINE,  MASSACHUSETTS,  July  1, 1883. 
To  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CENSUS. 

SIK:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  upon  the  nature  and  condition  of  the  forests  of  the 
United  States,  to  which  are  added  statistics  of  the  lumber  and  other  industries  directly  dependent  upon  the  forest 
for  their  support. 

Mr.  Andrew  Robeson,  of  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  has  prepared  the  maps  which  accompany  this  report;  he 
has  supervised  the  entire  statistical  work  of  this  division  and  has  conducted  its  correspondence. 

Mr.  Stephen  P.  Sharpies,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  has  conducted  the  various  experiments  undertaken 
with  the  view  of  determining  the  value  of  the  different  woods  produced  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle,  of  East  Charlotte,  Vermont,  has  examined  the  forests  of  northern  New  England  and  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  West  Virginia ;  and  subsequently,  as  an  agent  for  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  has  greatly  increased  our  knowledge  of  the  trees  of  Arizona  and  southern  California. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss,  of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  has  studied  the  forests  of  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  subsequently, 
as  an  agent  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  has  added  to  our  knowledge  of  the  semi-tropical  forests 
of  southern  Florida. 

Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile,  Alabama,  has  explored  the  forests  of  the  Gulf  states. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam,  of  Eau  Claire,  Wisconsin,  has  gathered  the  forest  statistics  of  Pennsylvania,  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 

Mr.  George  W.  Letternian,  of  Allenton,  Missouri,  has  examined  the  forests  extending  west  of  the  Lower 
Mississippi  River,  and  Professor  F.  L.  Harvey,  of  Fayetteville,  Arkansas,  has  gathered  the  forest  statistics  of  that 
state. 

Mr.  Sereno  Watson,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  has  studied,  during  a  long  and  arduous  journey,  the  forests 
of  the  northern  Eocky  Mountain  region,  and  Mr.  Robert  Douglas,  of  Waukegan,  Illinois,  those  of  the  Black  hills 
of  Dakota. 

I  take  this  opportunity  to  call  your  attention  to  the  faithful  and  admirable  manner  in  which  my  associates 
have  performed  the  difficult  duties  to  which  they  were  assigned;  their  zeal  and  intelligence  have  made  possible 
the  preparation  of  this  report. 

It  is  my  pleasant  duty  also  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  this  investigation  has  been  greatly  aided 
from  the  first  by  the  experience  and  knowledge  of  Messrs.  G.  M.  Dawson,  John  Macoun,  and  Robert  Bell,  members 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada;  the  information  in  regard  to  the  distribution  northward  of  the  trees  of  the 
eastern  United  States  is  entirely  derived  from  the  latter's  paper  upon  the  Canadian,  forests,  published  in  the 
Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  for  the  years  1879-'SO. 

I  am  under  special  obligatiou  to  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  Saint  Louis,  Missouri,  my  companion  in  a  long 
journey  through  the  forests  of  the  Pacific  region,  for  valuable  assistance  and  advice;  his  unrivaled  knowledge  of 
our  oaks,  pines,  firs,  and  other  trees  has  been  lavishly  placed  at  my  disposal. 

Mr.  M.  S.  Bebb,  of  Rockford,  Illinois,  the  highest  American  authority  upon  the  willow,  has  given  me  the 
benefit  of  his  critical  advice  in  the  study  of  this  difficult  genus.  I  desire  to  express  to  him  and  to  Dr.  Laurence 
Johnson,  of  New  York,  who  has  furnished  me  with  a  full  series  of  notes  upon  the  medical  properties  of  the  trees 
of  the  United  States,  the  deep  sense  of  my  obligation.  My  thanks  are  also  due  to  Mr.  Henry  Gannett,  Geographer 
of  the  Tenth  Census,  for  cordial  co-operation  in  the  work  of  this  division;  to  Colonel  T.  T.  S.  Laidley,  of  the 
United  States  army,  in  command  of  the  arsenal  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  and  to  Mr.  James  E.  Howard,  in 
charge  of  the  testing  machine  there,  for  advice  and  assistance  afforded  Mr.  Sharpies  while  conducting  the 
experiments  upon  the  strength  of  woods,  as  well  as  to  a  large  number  of  correspondents  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  who  have  favored  me  with  their  cordial  co-operation. 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

CHARLES  S.  SARGENT, 

Special  Agent. 
ix 


THE  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


EXCLUSIVE   OF  MEXICO. 


THE    FORESTS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


GENERAL  BEMAKKS. 

The  North  American  continent,  or  that  part  of  it  situated  north  of  Mexico,  which  will  alone  be  considered  here, 
may  be  conveniently  divided,  with  reference  to  its  forest  geography,  into  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  a 
line  following  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and  its  outlying  eastern  ranges  from  the  Arctic  circle  to 
the  Eio  Grande.  The  forests  which  cover  these  two  divisions  of  the  continent  differ  as  widely,  in  natural  features, 
composition,  and  distribution,  as  the  climate  and  topography  of  eastern  America  differ  from  the  climate  and 
topography  of  the  Pacific  slope.  The  causes  which  have  produced  the  dissimilar  composition  of  these  two  forests 
must  be  sought  in  the  climatic  conditions  of  a  geological  era  earlier  than  our  own  and  in  the  actual  topographical 
formation  of  the  continent;  they  need  not  be  discussed  here. 

The  forests  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  dissimilar  in  composition  in  the-central  part  of  the  continent, 
are  united  at  the  north  by  a  broad  belt  of  subarctic  forests  extending  across  the  continent  north  of  the  fiftieth 
degree  of  latitude.  One-half  of  the  species  of  which  this  northern  forest  is  composed  extends  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific ;  and  its  general  features,  although  differing  east  and  west  of  the  continental  divide,  in  conformity  with  the 
climatic  conditions  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  sides  of  the  continent,  still  possess  considerable 
uniformity.  The  forests  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions  arc  also  united  at  the  south  by  a  narrow  strip  of  the 
flora  peculiar  to  the  plateau  of  northern  Mexico,  here  extending  northward  into  the  United  States.  Certain 
characteristic  species  of  this  flora  extend  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  and  while  the  peculiar 
features  of  the  eastern  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  interior  mountain  system  of  the  continent  are  still  maintained 
here,  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions  of  the  Mexican  forest  belt  possess  many  general  features  in  common.  Typical 
North  American  species,  moreover,  peculiar  to  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  or  of  the  Pacific,  mingle  upon  the  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  and  upon  the  Guadalupe  and  other  mountains  of  western  Texas,  the  extreme  eastern  ridges  of  the 
Eocky  Mountain  range,  and  the  outposts  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

THE  ATLANTIC  REGION. 

The  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  may  be  considered  under  six  natural  divisions:  the  Northern  Forest,  the 
Northern  Pine  Belt,  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt,  the  Deciduous  Forest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the 
Atlantic  Plain,  the  Semi-tropical  Forest  of  Florida,  and  the  Mexican  Forest  of  Southern  Texas  (Map  No.  2, 
portfolio). 

These  natural  divisions,  although  composed  in  part  of  species  found  in  other  divisions  and  possessing  many 
general  features  in  common,  are  still  for  the  most  part  well  characterized  by  predominant  species  or  groups  of 
species,  making  such  a  separation  natural  and  convenient. 

The  Northern  Forest  stretches  along  the  northern  shores  of  Labrador  nearly  to  the  sixtieth  degree  of  north 
latitude,  sweeps  to  the  south  of  Hudson  bay.,  and  then  northwestward  to  within  the  Arctic  circle.  This  Northern 
Forest  extends  southward  to  the  filtieth  degree  of  north  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  nearly  to  the  fifty-fourth 
degree  at  the  100th  meridian.  It  occupies  10  degrees  of  latitude  upon  the  Atlantic  sea- board  and  nearly  20  degrees  in 
its  greatest  extension  north  and  south  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Eocky  mountains.  The  region  occupied  by  this 
Northern  Forest,  except  toward  its  southwestern  limits,  enjoys  a  copious  rainfall;  it  is  divided  by  innumerable 
streams  and  lakes,  and  abounds  in  swampy  areas  often  of  great  extent.  The  nature  of  the  surface  and  the  low 
annual  mean  temperature  check  the  spread  of  forest  growth  and  reduce  the  number  of  arborescent  species,  of 
which  this  forest  is  composed,  to  eight ;  of  these,  four  cross  to  the  Pacific  coast,  while  the  remainder,  with  a  single 
exception,  are  replaced  west  of  the  continental  divide  by  closely  allied  forms  of  the  Pacific  forest.  The  white  and  the 
black  spruces  are  characteristic  trees  of  this  region  ;  they  form  an  open,  stunted  forest  upon  the  low  divides  of  the 

3 


4  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

water  sheds,  and  reach  a  higher  latitude  than  any  other  arborescent  species  of  the  continent;  the  valleys  and 
wide  bottoms  are  clothed  with  broad  sheets  of  poplars,  dwarf  birches,  and  willows.  The  forest  of  this  entire 
region  is  scattered,  open,  stunted,  and  of  no  great  economic  value.  It  embraces,  south  of  the  sixtieth  degree  of 
north  latitude,  the  northern  extension  of  the  great  midcontinental  plateau,  which  will  be  considered  hereafter. 

South  of  the  Northern  Forest  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  extends  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  ninety-sixth  meridian 
of  longitude ;  east  of  the  Apalachiau  Mountain  system  it  extends  south  over  nearly  6  degrees  of  latitude,  with  a 
long,  narrow  spur  following  the  higher  Alleghany  ridges  for  nearly  3  degrees  farther  south ;  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes,  the  pine  forest  is  replaced  south  of  the  forty- third  degree  of  latitude  by 
the  deciduous  growth  of  the  Mississippi  basin.  This  second  division  of  the  Atlantic  forest  may  be  characterized 
by  the  white  pine  (Pinus  Strobus},  its  most  important,  if  not  its  most  generally-distributed,  species.  East  of  the 
Apalachian  system  this  tree  often  forms  extensive  forests  upon  the  gravelly  drift  plain  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
basin,  or  farther  south  and  west  appears  in  isolated  groves,  often  of  considerable  extent,  scattered  through  the 
deciduous  forest.  Forests  of  black  spruce  are  still  an  important  feature  of  this  region,  especially  at  the  north, 
and  within  its  boundaries  the  hemlock,  the  yellow  cedar,  the  basswood,  the  black  and  the  white  ash,  the  sugar 
maple,  and  several  species  of  birch  and  elm  find  their  northern  limits  and  the  center  of  their  most  important 
distribution.  The  hickories  and  the  oaks,  characteristic  features  of  the  deciduous  forests  of  all  the  central 
portion  of  the  Atlantic  region,  reach  here  the  northern  limits  of  their  distribution,  as  do  the  chestnut,  the 
sassafras,  the  tulip  tree,  the  magnolia,  here  represented  by  a  single  species,  the  red  cedar,  the  tupelo,  the  sycamore, 
the  beech,  and  other  important  genera. 

The  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt  extends  from  the  thirty-sixth  degree  of  north  latitude  along  the  coast  in  a 
narrow  belt,  varying  from  one  hundred  to  two  hundred  miles  in  width,  as  far  south  as  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay ; 
it  stretches  across  the  Florida  peninsula  and  along  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  until  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the 
Mississippi  are  encountered;  it  reappears  west  of  that  river  in  Louisiana,  north  and  south  of  the  Bed  river,  and 
here  gradually  mingles  with  the  deciduous  forests  of  the  Mississippi  basin  in  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas.  This 
belt  is  well  characterized  by  the  almost  continuous  growth,  outside  of  the  broad  river  bottoms  and  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  coast,  by  the  open  forest  of  the  long-leaved  pine  (P.  palu'stris).  The  live  oak,  the  palmetto, 
and  various  species  of  pine  characterize  the  coast  forest  of  this  region;  through  the  river  bottoms  and  along  the 
borders  of  the  shallow  ponds,  scattered  through  the  pine  forest,  different  gums,  water  oaks,  hickories,  and 
ashes  attain  noble  dimensions.  The  southern  cypress  (Taxodium),  although  extending  far  beyond  the  limits  of 
this  natural  division,  here  attains  its  greatest  development  and  value,  and,  next  to  the  long-leaved  pine,  may  be 
considered  the  characteristic  species  of  the  maritime  pin*  belt. 

The  Deciduous  Forest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain  occupies,  with  two  unimportant  exceptions 
to  be  considered  hereafter,  the  remainder  of  the  Atlantic  region.  Through  this  deciduous  forest,  where  peculiar 
geological  features  have  favored  the  growth  of  Coniferce,  belts  of  pine,  growing  gregariously  or  mixed  with  oaks 
and  other  broad-leaved  trees,  occur,  especially  upon  some  portions  of  the  Atlantic  plain  and  toward  the  limits  of 
the  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt,  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  characteristic  features  of  the  forest  of  this 
whole  region  are  found,  however,  in  the  broad-leaved  species  of  which  it  is  largely  composed.  Oaks,  hickories, 
walnuts,  magnolias,  and  ashes  give  variety  and  value  to  this  forest,  and  here,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  species 
peculiar  to  a  more  northern  latitude,  the  deciduous  trees  of  the  Atlantic  region  attain  their  greatest  development 
and  value.  Upon  the  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  lied  river,  regions 
of  copious  rainfall  and  rich  soil,  the  deciduous  forest  of  the  continent  attains  unsurpassed  variety  and  richness. 
Upon  the  Alleghany  mountains  northern  and  southern  species  are  mingled,  or  are  only  separated  by  the  altitude 
of  these  mountains ;  rhododendrons,  laurels,  and  magnolias,  here  attaining  their  maximum  development,  enliven  the 
forests  of  northern  pines  and  hemlocks  which  clothe  the  flanks  of  these  mountains  or  are  scattered  through  forests 
of  other  broad  leaved  species.  The  cherry,  the  tulip  tree,  and  the  chestnut  here  reach  a  size  unknown  in  other 
parts  of  the  country.  The  forest  of  the  Bed  River  valley  is  hardly  less  varied.  The  northern  species  which  the 
elevation  of  the  Alleghauy  mountains  has  carried  south  are  wanting,  but  other  species  peculiar  to  the  southern 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  are  here  mingled  with  plants  of  the  southern  deciduous  forest.  The  seven  species  of 
Carya  (the  hickories)  are  nowhere  else  closely  associated.  A  great  variety  of  the  most  important  oaks  grow  here 
side  by  side ;  here  is  the  center  of  distribution  of  the  North  American  hawthorns,  which  do  not  elsewhere  attain 
such  size  and  beauty.  The  osage  orange  is  peculiar  to  this  region;  the  red  cedar,  the  most  widely  distributed  of 
American  Coniferas,  the  southern  and  the  yellow  pine  (Pinus  palustris  and  mitis)  here  reach  their  best  development. 
Just  outside  of  this  region,  upon  the  "  bluff1'  formation  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley  and  of  western  Louisiana,  the 
stately  southern  magnolia,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  the  North  American  trees,  and  the  beech  assume  their 
greatest  beauty,  and  give  a  peculiar  charm  to  this  southern  forest. 

The  western  third  of  the  Atlantic  region  is  subjected  to  very  different  climatic  conditions  from  those  prevailing 
in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  continent ;  it  consists  of  an  elevated  plateau  which  falls  away  from  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  forming  what  is  known  as  the  Great  Plains.  This  great  interior  region,  on  account  of  its 
remoteness  from  natural  reservoirs  of  moisture,  receives  a  meager  and  uncertain  rainfall,  sufficient  to  insure  a 
growth  of  herbage,  but  not  sufficient  to  support,  outside  the  narrow  bottoms  of  the  infrequent  streams,  the  scantiest 


GENERAL  REMARKS.  5 

forests.  This  treeless  plateau  extends  north  to  the  fifty-second  degree  of  north  latitude ;  it  follows  southward  the 
trend  of  the  Eocky  mountains  far  into  Mexico,  extending  eastward  at  the  point  of  its  greatest  width,  in  about  latitude 
40°  2f .,  nearly  to  the  ninety-seventh  meridian.  This  whole  region  is  generally  destitute  of  forest.  The  narrow  bottoms 
of  the  large  streams  are  lined,  however,  with  willows,  poplars,  elms,  and  hackherries,  trees  adapted  to  nourish 
under  such  unfavorable  conditions.  These  diminish  in  size  and  number  with  the  rainfall,  and  often  disappear 
entirely  from  the  banks  of  even  the  largest  .streams  toward  the  western  limits  of  the  plateau,  south  of  the  forty-fifth 
degree  of  latitude.  North  and  east  of  these  central  treeless  plains  a  belt  of  prairie  extends  from  the  sixtieth  degree 
of  north  latitude  to  southern  Texas.  The  average  width  east  and  west  of  this  prairie  region,  through  much  of  its 
extent,  is  not  far  from  150  miles.  Its  eastern  extension,  between  the  fortieth  and  forty-fifth  degrees  of  latitude,  is 
much  greater,  however,  here  reaching  the  western  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and  forming  a  great  recess  in  the  western 
line  of  the  heavy  forest  of  the  Atlantic  region  with  a  depth  of  nearly  000  miles.  The  transition  from  the  heavy 
forest  of  the  eastern  and  central  portions  of  the  Atlantic  region  to  the  treeless  plateau  is  gradual.  The  change 
occurs  within  the  prairie  region.  Here  is  the  strip  of  debatable  ground  where  a  continuous  struggle  between  the 
forest  and  the  plain  takes  place.  There  is  here  sufficient  precipitation  of  moisture  to  cause,  under  normal  conditions, 
a  growth  of  open  forest,  but  so  nicely  balanced  is  the  struggle  that  any  interference  quickly  turns  the  scale.  Trees 
planted  within  this  prairie  belt  thrive  if  protected  from  lire  and  the  encroachment  of  the  tough  prairie  sod,  and  so 
extend  the  forest  line  westward ;  if  the  forest  which  fringes  the  eastern  edge  of  the  prairie  is  destroyed  it  does  not 
soon  regain  possession  of  the  soil,  and  the  prairie  is  gradually  pushed  eastward. 

The  eastern  line  of  the  plain  where  arborescent  vegetation  is  confined  to  the  river  bottoms,  and  which  divides 
it  from  the  prairie  where  trees  grow  naturally,  to  some  extent,  outside  of  the  bottoms,  and  where  they  may  be  made 
to  grow  under  favorable  conditions  everywhere,  is  determined  by  the  rainfall  enjoyed  by  this  part  of  the  continent. 
The  extreme  eastern  point  reached  by  this  line  is  found,  upon  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude,  near  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  state  of  Kansas.  Xorth  of  the  fortieth  degree  it  gradually  trends  to  the  west,  reaching  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Eocky  mountains  in  about  latitude  52°.  This  northwestern  trend  of  the  eastern  plain  line  may  be 
ascribed  to  the  comparatively  small  evaporation  which  takes  place  during  the  shorter  summer  of  the  north  and  to 
a  slight  local  increase  of  spring  and  summer  rainfall.  South  of  the  fortieth  degree  the  plain  line  gradually  trends 
to  the  southwest  under  the  influence  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  reaching  its  extreme  western  point  in  Texas  upon  the 
one  hundredth  meridian. 

Other  causes,  however,  than  insufficient  rainfall  and  a  nicely  balanced  struggle  between  the  forest  and  the 
plain  have  prevented  the  general  growth  of  trees  in  the  prairie  region  east  of  the  ninety-fifth  meridian.  The  rainfall 
of  this  region  is  sufficient  to  insure  the  growth  of  a  heavy  forest.  The  rain  falling  upon  the  prairies  of  Minnesota, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Missouri  equals  in  amount  that  enjoyed  by  the  Michigan  peninsula  and  the  whole 
region  south  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  while  prairies  exist  within  the  region  of  the  heaviest  forest  growth.  It  is 
not  want  of  sufficient  heat,  or  of  sufficient  or  equally  distributed  moisture,  which  has  checked  the  general  spread  of 
forest  over  these  prairies.  The  soil  of  which  the  prairies  are  composed,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  thai  trees  planted  upon 
them  grow  with  vigor  and  rapidity,  is  not  unsuited  to  tree  growth.  It  is  not  perhaps  improbable  that  the  forests 
of  the  Atlantic  region  once  extended  continuously  as  far  west  at  least  as  the  ninety-fifth  meridian,  although, 
circumstantial  evidence  of  such  a  theory  does  not  exist ;  and  the  causes  which  first  led  to  the  destruction  of  the  forests 
in  this  region,  supposing  that  they  ever  existed,  cannot  with  the  present  knowledge  of  the  subject  be  even  guessed  at. 
It  is,  however,  fair  to  assume  that  forests  once  existed  iu  a  region  adapted,  by  climate,  rainfall,  and  soil,  to  produce 
forests,  and  that  their  absence  under  such  conditions  must  be  traced  to  accidental  causes.  It  is  not  difficult  to 
understand  that  the  forest  once  destroyed  over  such  a  vast  area  could  not  easily  regain  possession  of  the  soil 
protected  by  an  impenetrable  covering  of  sod  and  subjected  to  the  annual  burnings  which  have  occurred  down  to 
the  present  time;  while  the  force  of  the  wind,  unchecked  by  any  forest  barrier,  over  such  an  area  would,  even  without 
the  aid  of  fires,  have  made  the  spread  of  forest  growth  slow  and  difficult.  The  assumption  that  these  eastern 
prairies  may  have  once  been  covered  with  forests  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  since  they  have  been  devoted 
to  agriculture,  and  the  annual  burning  has  been  stopped,  trees  which  were  formerly  confined  to  the  river  bottoms 
have  gradually  spread  to  the  uplands.  Small  prairies  situated  just  within  the  western,  edge  of  the  forest  have 
entirely  disappeared  within  the  memory  of  persons  still  living ;  the  oak  openings — open  forests  of  large  oaks  through 
which  the  annual  fires  played  without  greatly  injuring  the  full-grown  trees — once  the  characteristic  feature  of  these 
prairies,  have  disappeared.  They  are  replaced  by  dense  forests  of  oak,  which  only  require  protection  from  fire  to 
spring  into  existence.  In  western  Texas,  the  mesquit,  forced  by  annual  burning  to  grow  almost  entirely  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  is,  now  that  prairie  fires  are  less  common  and  destructive,  spreading  over  what  a  few 
years  ago  was  treeless  prairie.  The  prairies,  then,  or  the  eastern  portions  of  them  situated  iu  the  region  of  abundant 
rainfall,  are  fast  losing  their  treeless  character,  and  the  forest  protected  from  fire  is  gradually  gaining  in  every 
direction ;  regions  which  fifty  years  ago  were  treeless  outside  the  river  bottoms  now  contain  forests  covering  10  or 
even  20  per  cent,  of  their  area.  These  eastern,  well-watered  prairies  must  not,  however,  be  confounded  with 
their  dry  western  rim  adjoining  the  plains — the  debatable  ground  between  forest  and  plain — or  with  the  plains 
themselves.  There  is  now  no  gradual,  constant  spread  of  forest  growth  upon  the  plains.  They  are  treeless,  on  account 
of  insufficient  moisture  to  develop  forest  growth;  and  while  trees  may,  perhaps,  if  planted,  survive  during  a  few  years 


6  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

beyond  the  western  limits  of  the  prairie  as  here  laid  down,  the  permanent  establishment  of  forests  there  does  not 
seem  practicable,  and,  sooner  or  later,  a  period  of  unusual  drought  must  put  an  end  to  all  attempts  at  forest 
cultivation  in  a  region  of  such  insufficient  and  uncertain  rainfall  (Map  No.  1,  portfolio). 

It  remains  to  consider  the  Semi-tropical  Forest  of  Florida  and  the  Mexican  Forest  of  Southern  Texas. 

A  group  of  arborescent  species  of  West  Indian  origin  occupies  the  narrow  strip  of  coast  and  islands  of 
southern  Florida.  This  belt  of  semi-tropical  vegetation  is  confined  to  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast 
and  to  occasional  hummocks  or  islands  of  high  ground  situated  in  the  savannas  which  cover  a  great  portion  of 
southern  Florida,  checking,  by  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  want  of  drainage,  the  spread  of  forest  growth  across  the 
peninsula.  This  semi-tropical  forest  belt  reaches  cape  Malabar  on  the  east  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  bay  on  the 
west  coast,  while  some  of  its  representatives  extend  fully  2  degrees  farther  north.  It  is  rich  in  composition ; 
nearly  a  quarter  of  all  the  arborescent  species  of  the  Atlantic  forest  are  found  within  this  insignificant  region. 
The  semi-tropical  forest,  in  spite  of  its  variety,  is  of  little  economic  importance.  The  species  of  which  it  is  composed 
here  reach  the  extreme  northern  limit  of  their  distribution;  they  are  generally  small,  stunted,  and  of  comparatively 
little  value.  Certain  speeies,  however,  attain  respectable  proportions;  the  mahogany,  the  mastic,  the  royal  palm, 
the  mangrove,  the  sea-grape,  the  Jamaica  dogwood,  the  manchineel,  and  other  species  here  become  considerable 
and  important  trees. 

In  western  and  southern  Texas  the  trees  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  checked  by  insufficient  moisture  from  farther 
extension  soutli ward  outside  the  river  bottoms,  are  replaced  by  species  of  the  plateau  of  northern  Mexico.  The 
streams  flowing  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  are  still  lined,  however,  east  of  the  one-hundredth  meridian,  with  the  species 
of  the  Atlantic  basin,  which  thus  reach  southward  to  beyond  the  Rio  Grande.  The  Mexican  forest  belt  of  Texas 
extends  from  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  near  the  ninety-eighth  meridian,  to  the  Rio  Grande.  It  touches  the 
coast  not  far  from  the  Nueces  river  and  extends  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountain  ranges  west  of  the  Pecos; 
here  the  species  of  which  it  is  composed  mingle  with  those  peculiar  to  the  Pacific-Mexican'forest.  The  forest  of 
this  region,  like  that  of  all  countries  of  insufficient  moisture,  is  open,  stunted,  and  comparatively  of  little  value. 
It  is  characterized  by  enormous  areas  covered  with  chaparral  (dense  and  often  impenetrable  thickets  of  thorny 
shrubs  and  small  trees),  by  a  stunted  and  occasional  arborescent  growth  upon  the  hills  and  plains,  and  by  fringes 
of  heavier  timber  along  the  river  bottoms.  The  most  valuable  and  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  species  of  this  , 
whole  region,  the  mesquit,  extends  to  the  Pacific  coast.  With  this  exception,  none  of  the  arborescent  species 
peculiar  to  this  region  attain  any  considerable  size  or  importance,  although  the  forest  of  small  junipers  which 
covers  the  low  limestone  hills  of  the  Colorado  valley  are  locally  valuable  in  a  country  so  generally  destitute  of 
trees.  The  region  immediately  adjoining  the  Rio  Grande  abounds  in  different  speciesof  Acacia,  Leucccna,  and  other 
Mexican  LegwminotfBj  and  farther  west,  upon  the  dry  plains  of  the  Presidio,  the  Spanish  bayonet  (Yucca  baccata) 
covers  wide  areas  with  a  low,  open,  and  characteristic  forest  growth. 

THE  PACIFIC  REGION. 

The  Pacific  forest  region  is  coextensive  with  the  great  Cordilleran  Mountain  system  of  the  continent.  Thecauses 
which  have  influenced  the  present  position  and  density  of  these  forests  must  be  sought  in  the  peculiar  distribution 
of  the  rainfall  of  the  region.  The  precipitation  of  moisture  upou  the  northwest  coast  is  unequaled  by  that  of  any 
other  part  of  the  continent.  It  gradually  decreases  with  the  latitude  until,  in  southern  California,  the  temperature 
of  the  land  so  far  exceeds  that  of  the  ocean  that  precipitation  is  impossible  through  a  large  part  of  the  year.  The 
interior  of  all  this  great  region,  shut  otf  by  the  high  mountain  ranges  which  face  the  ocean  along  its  entire  extent, 
is  very  imperfectly  supplied  with  moisture.  It  is  a  region  of  light,  uncertain,  and  unequally  distributed  rainfall, 
heavier  at  the  north,  as  upou  the  coast,  and  decreasing  gradually  with  the  latitude  in  nearly  the  same  proportion. 
This  entire  region  is  composed  of  a  mass  of  mountain  ranges  with  a  general  north  and  south  trend,  separating  long 
and  generally  narrow  valleys.  The  precipitation  of  moisture  within  the  interior  region  is  largely  regulated  by  the 
position  of  the  mountain  chains.  Warm  currents  ascending  their  sides  become  cold  and  are  forced  to  deposit  the 
moisture  they  contain.  It  follows  that,  while  the  interior  valleys  are  rainless  or  nearly  so,  the  mountain  ranges, 
and  especially  the  high  ones,  receive  during  the  year  a  considerable  precipitatioii  of  both  rain  and  snow.  If  the 
distribution  of  the  forests  of  any  region  is.  dependent  upon  the  distribution  and  amount  of  moisture  it  receives, 
forests  exceeding  in  density  those  of  any  other  part  of  the  continent  would  be  found  upon  the  northwest  coast; 
they  would  gradually  diminish  toward  the  south,  and  entirely  disappear  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  while  the  forests  of  all  the  interi  >r  region,  from  the  summit  of  the  principal  Coast  Ranges  to  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Rocky  mountains,  woul'-.  be  confined  to  the  flanks  and  summits  of  the  mountains.  These  forests  would  be 
heavy  upon  the  high  ranges,  especially  toward  the  north ;  they  would  disappear  entirely  from  the  valleys  and 
low  mountain  ranges.  An  examination  of  the  forests  of  the  Pacific  region  will  show  that  in  general  distribution 
and  density  they  actually  follow  the  distribution  of  the  rainfall  of  the  region.  These  forests  well  illustrate  the 
influence  of  moisture  upon  forest  growth.  Within  the  Pacific  region  the  heaviest  and  the  lightest  forests  of  the 
continent  coexist  with  its  heaviest  and  lightest  rainfall. 

The  forests  of  the  Pacific  region  may  be  considered  under  four  divisions :  the  Northern  Forest,  the  Coast 
Forest,  the  Interior  Forest,  and  the  Mexican  Forest  (Map  No.  2,  portfolio). 


GENERAL  REMARKS.  7 

The  Northern  Forest  of  the  Pacific  region  extends  from  nearly  the  seventieth  to  about  the  fifty  eighth  degree  of. 
north  latitude,  or,  immediately  upon  the  coast,  is  replaced  by  the  Coast  Forest  nearly  2  degrees  farther  north;  it 
extends  from  the  continental  divide,  here  mingled  with  the  Northern  Forest  of  the  Atlantic  region,  to  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific.  The  southern  limit  of  this  open,  scanty  Northern  Forest,  composed  of  species  which  extend  across  the 
continent,  or  of  species  closely  allied  to  those  of  the  Northern  Forest  of  the  Atlantic  region,  is  still  imperfectly 
known,  especially  in  the  interior.  The  determination  of  the  southern  range  in  Alaska  and  British  Columbia  of 
several  species,  as  well  as  the  northern  range  here  of  a  few  others,  must  still  be  left  to  further  exploration.  The 
white  spruce,  the  most  important  and  the  most  northern  species  of  the  forest  of  the  North  Atlantic  region,  is  here 
also  the  most  important  species.  It  attains  a  considerable  size  as  far  north  as  the  sixty-fifth  degree,  forming,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Yukon,  forests  of  no  little  local  importance.  The  canoe-birch,  the  balsam  poplar,  and  the  aspen, 
familiar  trees  of  the  North  Atlantic  region,  also  occur  here.  The  gray  pine  and  the  balsam  fir  of  the  Atlantic 
region  are  replaced  by  allied  forms  of  the  same  genera.  The  larch  alone,  of  the  denizens  of  the  extreme  Northern 
Forest  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  finds  no  congener  here  in  the  northern  Pacific  forest. 

The  Pacific  Coast  Forest,  the  heaviest,  although  far  from  the  most  varied,  forest  of  the  continent,  extends  south 
along  the  coast  in  a  narrow  strip  from  the  sixtieth  to  the  fiftieth  parallel;  here  it  widens,  embracing  the  shores  of 
Puget  sound  and  extending  eastward  over  the  high  mountain  ranges  north  and  south  of  the  boundary  of  the 
United  States.  This  interior  development  of  the  Coast  Forest,  following  the  abundant  rainfall  of  the  region,  is 
carried  northward  over  the  Gold,  Selkirk,  and  other  interior  ranges  of  British  Columbia  in  a  narrow  spur  extending 
north  nearly  to  the  fifty-fourth  parallel.  It  reaches  southward  along  the  Coaur  d'Alene,  Bitter-Koot,  and  the 
western  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  to  about  latitude  47°  30',  covering  northern  Washington  territory, 
Idaho,  and  portions  of  western  Montana. 

The  Coast  Forest  south  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude  occupies  the  region  between  the  ocean  and  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range;  in  California  the  summits  of  the  principal  southern  prolongation  of  these  mountains, 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  marks  the  eastern  limits  of  the  Coast  Forest,  which  gradually  disappears  south  of  the  thirty-fifth 
parallel,  although  still  carried  by  the  high  ridges  of  the  southern  Coast  Range  nearly  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
United  States.  The  Coast  Forest,  like  the  forests  of  the  whole  Pacific  region,  is  largely  composed  of  a  few  coniferous 
species,  generally  of  wide  distribution.  The  absence  of  broad-leaved  trees  in  the  Pacific  region  is  striking;  they 
nowhere  form  great  forests  as  in  the  Atlantic  region;  when  they  occur  they  are  confined  to  the  valleys  of  the  coast 
and  to  the  banks  of  mountain  streams,  and,  economically,  are  of  comparatively  little  value  or  importance.  The 
characteristic  and  most  valuable  species  of  the  northern  Coast  Forest  are  the  Alaska  cedar  (Chamatcyparis),  the 
tide-land  spruce,  and  the  hemlock.  These  form  the  principal  forest  growth  which  covers  the  ranges  and  islands  of 
the  coast  between  the  sixty-first  and  the  fiftieth  parallels.  Other  species  of  the  Coast  Forest  reach  here  the  northern 
limits  of  their  distribution,  although  the  center  of  their  greatest  development  is  found  farther  south. 

The  red  fir  (Pseudotsuga),  the  most  important  and  widely-distributed  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region,  reaches 
the  coast  archipelago  in  latitude  51° ;  farther  inland  it  extends  fully  4  degrees  farther  north,  and  in  the  region  of 
Puget  sound  and  through  the  Coast  Forest  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  it  is  the  prevailing  forest  tree. 
The  characteristic  forest  of  the  northwest  coast,  although  represented  by  several  species  extending  south  as  far  aa 
cape  Mendiciuo,  near  the  fortieth  parallel,  is  replaced  south  of  the  Rogue  River  valley  by  a  forest  in  which  forms 
peculiar  to  the  south  rather  than  to  the  north  gradually  predominate.  The  forest  of  the  northwest  coast  reaches 
its  greatest  density  and  variety  in  the  narrow  region  between  the  summits  of  the  Cascade  Range  and  the  ocean. 
North  of  the  fifty-first  parallel  it  gradually  decreases  in  density,  and  south  of  the  forty-third  parallel  it  changes 
in  composition  and  character.  This  belt  of  Coast  Forest  is  only  surpassed  in  density  by  that  of  some  portions  of 
the  redwood  forest  of  the  California  coast.  The  red  fir,  the  great  tide-land  spruce,  the  hemlock,  and  the  red  cedar 
(Thuya)  reach  here  enormous  dimensions.  The  wide  river  bottoms  are  lined  with  a  heavy  growth  of  maple, 
cottouwood,  ash,  and  alder,  the  narrow  interior  valley  with  an  open  growth  of  oak.  In  this  great  coniferous  forest 
the  trunks  of  trees  two  or  three  hundred  feet  in  height  are  often  only  separated  by  the  space  of  a  few  feet.  The 
ground,  shaded  throughout  the  year  by  the  impenetrable  canopy  of  the  forest,  never  becomes  dry ;  it  is  densely 
covered  by  a  thick  carpet  of  mosses  and  ferns,  often  of  enormous  size.  The  more  open  portions  of  this  forest  are 
choked  by  an  impenetrable  growth  of  various  Vacdnece  of  almost  arborescent  proportions,  of  hazel,  the  vine-maple, 
and  other  shrubs.  The  soil  which  has  produced  the  maximum  growth  of  forest  in  this  region  is,  outside  the  river 
bottoms,  a  thin,  porous  gravel  of  glacial  origin,  rarely  more  than  a  few  inches  in  depth ;  the  luxuriance  of  vegetable 
growth,  therefore,  illustrates  the  influence  of  a  heavy  rainfall  and  temperate  climate  upon  the  forest. 

The  general  character  of  this  forest  in  the  interior,  although  composed  largely  of  the  species  peculiar  to  the 
coast,  differs  somewhat  from  the  Coast  Forest  proper  in  composition  and  largely  in  natural  features.  The  dense, 
impenetrable  forest  of  the  coast  is  replaced,  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Range,  by  a  more  open  growth, 
generally  largely  destitute  of  undergrowth.  The  red  fir,  the  hemlock,  and  the  red  cedar  (Thuya)  are  still  important 
elements  of  the  forest.  Less  valuable  species  of  the  Coast  Forest — the  white  fir  (AMcs  grandis),  the  yew,  the  alders, 
the  mountain  hemlock  (Tsuga  Pattoniana),  the  hawthorn,  the  buckthorn,  and  the  white  pine  (Pinus  monticola) — 
are  still  represented.  The  latter,  a  local  species  upon  the  coast,  only  reaches  its  greatest  development  toward 
the  eastern  limit  of  this  region,  here  forming  considerable  and  important  forests.  Other  species  peculiar  to  the  Coast 
Forest,  the  maples,  the  ash,  the  oak,  the  arbutus,  and  the  Alaska  cedar,  do  not  extend  east  of  the  Cascades.  The  tide- 


8  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

land  spruce  is  replaced  by  an  allied  species  of  the  interior  region.  The  widely-distributed  yellow  pine  (Pinus 
ponderosa ),  barely  represented  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  immediate  Coast  Forest,  becomes  east  of  the  mountains 
one  of  the  most  important  and  characteristic  elements  of  the  forest.  The  Coast  Forest  south  of  the  forty-third  degree 
of  latitude  changes  in  composition.  The  tide-land  spruce,  the  hemlock,  and  the  Thuya  are  gradually  replaced  by 
more  southern  species.  The  sugar  pine  (P.  Lambertiana)  here  first  appears.  The  California  laurel  (Umbellularia) 
covers  with  magnificent  growth  the  broad  river  bottoms.  The  Libocedrus,  several  oaks,  and  the  chinquapin  here  reach 
the  northern  limits  of  their  distribution.  The  change  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  forest  is  marked  by  the 
appearance  of  the  Port  Orford  cedar  (Chamcccyparis  Laicsoniana),  adding  variety  and  value  to  the  forests  of  the 
southern  Oregon  coast.  Farther  south,  near  the  northern  boundary  of  California,  the  redwood  forests  (Sequoia)  appear. 

The  Coast  Forest  of  California  will  be  most  conveniently  discussed  under  three  subdivisions  :  the  forest  of  the 
Coast  Eauge,  the  forest  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  which,  toward  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
etate,  extends  to  the  coast,  covering  the  mass  of  mountains  which  here  unite  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast 
Bange ;  and,  third,  the  open  forest  of  the  long,  narrow  valleys  lying  -between  the  Coast  Eange  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  south  of  this  northern  connection.  The  important  feature  of  the  Coast  Eange,  as  far  south  as  the  thirty- 
seventh  degree  of  latitude,  is  the  belt  of  redwood  occupying  an  irregular,  interrupted  strip  of  territory  facing  the 
ocean,  and  hardly  exceeding  thirty  miles  in  width  at  the  points  of  its  greatest  development.  The  heaviest  growth 
of  the  redwood  forest  occurs  north  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  here,  along  the  slopes  and  bottom  of  the  narrow 
carious  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Coast  Eange,  the  maximum  productive  capacity  of  the  forest  is  reached.  No 
other  forest  of  similar  extent  equals  in  the  amount  of  material  which  they  contain  the  groups  of  redwood  scattered 
along  the  coast  of  northern  California.  The  red  fir  reaches,  in  the  California  Coast  Eange,  a  size  and  value  only 
surpassed  in  the  more  northern  forests  of  the  coast;  the  yellow  pine  is  an  important  tree  in  the  northern 
portions  of  this  region,  and  here  flourish  other  species  of  the  genus  endemic  to  this  region.  The  forest  of  the  Coast 
Eange  is  marked  by  the  presence  within  its  limits  of  several  species  of  singularly  restricted  distribution.  Gupressus 
macrocarpa  and  Pinus  insignis  are  confined  to  a  few  isolated  groves  upon  the  shores  of  the  bay  of  Monterey ;  Abies 
bracteata  occupies  three  or  four  canons  high  up  in  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains;  it  is  found  nowhere  else ;  and  Pinus 
Torreyana,  the  most  local  arborescent  species  of  North  America,  has  been  detected  only  in  one  or  two  small  groups 
upon  the  sand-dunes  just  north  of  the  bay  of  San  Diego.  The  characteristic  forest  of  the  Coast  Eange  is  checked 
from  farther  southern  development,  a  little  below  the  thirty-fifth  parallel,  by  insufficient  moisture ;  the  scanty 
forests  which  clothe  the  high  declivities  of  the  Coast  Eange  farther  south  belong  in  composition  to  the  Sierra 
forests. 

The  heavy  forest  which  covers  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  a  forest  only  surpassed  in  density  by 
the  redwood  belt  of  the  coast  and  the  fir  forest  of  Puget  sound,  occupies,  in  its  greatest  development,  a  belt 
situated  between  4,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation.  This  forest  belt  extends  from  about  the  base  of  mount  Shasta  at 
the  north  to  the  thirty-fifth  parallel ;  farther  south  it  diminishes  in  density  and  disappears  upon  the  southern 
ridges  of  the  Coast  Eange  just  north  of  the  southern  boundary  of  California.  Its  greatest  width  occurs  in  northern 
California,  where  to  the  south  of  mount  Shasta  the  Sierra  system  is  broken  down  into  a  broad  mass  of  low  ridges 
and  peaks.  The  characteristic  species  of  this  forest  is  the  great  sugar  pine  (P.  Lambertiana),  which  here  reaches 
its  greatest  development  and  value,  and  gives  unsurpassed  beauty  to  this  mountain  forest.  With  the  sugar  pine 
are  associated  the  red  fir,  the  yellow  pine,  two  noble  Abies,  the  Libocedrus;  and,  toward  the  central  part  of  the 
state,  the  great  Sequoia,  appearing  first  in  small  isolated  groups,  and  then,  farther  south,  near  the  headwaters  of 
Kern  river,  in  a  narrow  belt  extending  more  or  less  continuously  for  several  miles.  This  heavy  forest  of  the 
Sierras,  unlike  the  forest  which  farther  north  covers  the  western  flanks  of  the  Cascade  Eauge,  is  almost  destitute 
of  undergrowth  and  young  trees.  It  shows  the  influence  of  a  warm  climate  and  unevenly  distributed  rainfall 
upon  forest  growth.  The  trees,  often  remote  from  one  another,  have  attained  an  enormous  size,  but  they  have 
grown  slowly.  Above  this  belt  the  Sierra  forest  stretches  upward  to  the  limits  of  tree  growth.  It  is  here 
subalpine  and  alpine  in  character  aud  of  little  economic  value.  Different  pines  and  firs,  the  mountain  hemlock, 
and  the  western  juniper  are  scattered  in  open  stretches  of  forest  upon  the  high  ridges  of  the  Sierras.  The 
forest  below  the  belt  of  heavy  growth  gradually  becomes  more  open.  Individual  trees  are  smaller,  while  the 
number  of  species  increases.  The  small  pines  of  the  upper  foot-hills  are  mingled  with  oaks  in  considerable 
variety.  These  gradually  increase  in  number.  Pines  are  less  frequent  and  finally  disappear. 

The  forest  of  the  valleys  is  composed  of  oaks,  the  individuals  often  widely  scattered  and  of  great  size,  but 
nowhere  forming  a  continuous,  compact  growth.  The  Coast  Forest  of  the  Pacific  region,  unsurpassed  in  density, 
is  composed  of  a  comparatively  small  number  of  species,  often  attaining  enormous  size.  It  presents  the  same 
general  features  throughout  its  entire  extent,  except  as  modified  by  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  regions  which  it 
covers.  The  species  which  compose  this  forest  range  through  nearly  26  degrees  of  latitude,  or  northern  species, 
are  replaced  in  the  south  by  closely  allied  forms ;  and,  as  in  the  Atlantic  region,  the  southern  species  far  exceed 
in  number  those  peculiar  to  the  north. 

The  Interior  Forest  extends  from  the  southern  limits  of  the  northern  subarctic  forest  to  the  plateau  of 
northern  Mexico ;  it  occupies  the  entire  region  between  the  eastern  limits  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Forest  and  the  extreme 
western  limits  of  the  Atlantic  region.  The  forests  of  this  entire  region,  as  compared  with  the  forests  east  and 
west  of  it,  are  stunted  and  remarkable  in  their  poverty  of  composition.  They  are  confined  to  the  high  slopes 


GENERAL  REMARKS.  $ 

arid  canons  of  the  numerous  mountain  ranges  composing  the  interior  region,  while  the  valleys  are  treeless,  or, 
outside  of  the  narrow  river  bottoms,  nearly  treeless.  The  interior  forest  attains  its  greatest  development  and 
considerable  importance  upon  the  western  slope  of  the  California  Sierras  and  upon  the  flanks  of  the  high  peaks 
of  the  southern  Eocky  Mountain  system,  from  Colorado,  where  the  timber  line  reaches  an  extreme  elevation  of 
13,500  feet,  to  southern  New  Mexico  and  western  Arizona.  The  minimum  in  North  American  forest  development, 
outside  the  absolutely  treeless  regions,  both  in  the  number  of  species  and  in  the  proportion  of  forest  to  entire 
area,  is  found  south  of  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon,  in  the  arid  region  between  the  "\Yalisatch  mountains  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  known  as  the  Great  Basin.  Here  the  open,  stunted  forest  is  confined  to  the  highest  ridges  and 
slopes  of  the  infrequent  canons  of  the  low  mountain  ranges  which  occupy,  with  a  general  north  and  south  trend, 
this  entire  region.  The  individuals  which  compose  this  forest  are  small,  although  oftcu  of  immense  age,  and 
everywhere  show  the  marks  of  a  severe  struggle  for  existence.  Seven  arborescent  species  only  have  been  detected 
in  the  forests  of  the  northern  and  central  portions  of  this  region.  The  mountain  mahogany  (Cercocarpus),  the  only 
broad-leaved  species  of  the  region,  with  the  exception  of  the  aspen,  which  throughout  the  entire  interior  region 
borders,  above  an  elevation  of  8,000  feet,  all  mountain  streams,  reaches  here  its  greatest  development.  This 
tree,  with  the  nut  pine  (Pinus  monophylla),  characterizes  this  region.  Stunted  junipers  are  scattered  over  the 
lowest  slopes  of  the  mountains,  or  farther  south  often  cross  the  high  valleys,  and  cover  with  open  growth  the  mesas, 
as  the  lower  foot-hills  are  locally  known.  An  open  forest  of  arborescent  yuccas  (Yucca  brevifolia]  upon  the  high 
Mojave  plateau  is  a  characteristic  and  peculiar  feature  of  the  flora  of  this  interior  region.-  The  red  fir  and  the 
yellow  pine,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Pacific  region,  do  not  occur  upon  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Great 
Basin. 

The  heavy  forests  of  the  interior  region,  found  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  California  Sierras  and  upon  the 
Kocky  Mountain  system,  are,  for  the  most  part,  situated  south  of  the  forty  second  degree  of  latitude.  The  forests 
of  the  whole  northern  interior  portion  of  the  continent,  outside  the  region  occupied  in  the  northern  Eocky  mountains 
by  the  eastern  development  of  the  Coast  Forest,  feel  the  influence  of  insufficient  moisture;  the  number  of  species  of 
which  they  are  composed  is  not  large;  the  individuals  are  often  small  and  stunted,  while  the  forests  are  open,  scattered, 
without  undergrowth,  and  confined  to  the  canons  and  high  slopes  of  the  mountains.  The  most  generally  distributed 
species  of  this  northern  region,  a  scrub  pine  (Pinus  Murrayana),  occupies  vast  areas,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
species,  and  is  gradually  taking  possession  of  grotind  cleared  by  fire  of  more  valuable  trees.  South  of  the  fifty- 
second  parallel  the  red  fir  (Pseudotsuga)  and  the  yellow  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  appear;  with  them  is  associated,  in 
the  Blue  mountains  and  in  some  of  the  ranges  of  the  northern.  Kocky  mountains,  the  western  larch  (Larix  occidentaUs), 
the  largest  and  mosfe  valuable  tree  of  the  Columbian  basin. 

The  forest  covering  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  consists  almost  exclusively  of  various  species  of 
pine,  often  of  great  size  and  value.  The  characteristic  species  of  this  region  are  the  yellow  pine  and  the  closely- 
allied  Pinus  Jeffreyi,  here  reaching  its  greatest  development.  The  red  fir  is  absent  from  this  forest,  while  the  oaks, 
multiplied  in  many  forms  on  the  western  slopes  of  these  mountains,  have  here  no  representative. 

The  forests  of  the  southern  Eocky  Mountain  region,  less  heavy  and  less  generally  distributed  than  those  of  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierras,  are,  as  compared  with  those  of  the  Great  Basin,  heavy,  dense,  and  valuable.  They  owe 
their  existence  to  the  comparatively  large  precipitation  of  moisture  distributed  over  this  elevated  region.  The 
characteristic  species  of  the  Colorado  mountains  is  a  spruce  (Picea  Engelmanni) ;  it  forms,  at  between  8,000  and  10,000 
feet  elevation,  extensive  and  valuable  forests  of  considerable  density  and  great  beauty;  with  it  are  associated  a 
balsam  fir  of  wide  northern  distribution,  and  various  alpine  and  subalpiue  species  of  pine;  at  lower  elevations 
forests  of  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  cover  the  mountain  slopes,  while  the  bottoms  of  the  streams  are  lined  with 
cottonwood,  alder,  and  maple,  or  with  an  open  growth  of  the  white  fir  (Abies  concolor),  a  species  of  the  Coast  Forest, 
here  reaching  the  eastern  limits  of  its  distribution ;  the  foot-hills  above  the  treeless  plain  are  covered  with  scant 
groves  of  the  nut-pine  (Pinus  cdidis},  stunted  junipers,  and  a  small  oak,  which  in  many  forms  extends  through  a  large 
area  of  the  southern  interior  region.  A  forest  similar  in  general  features  to  that  of  Colorado,  and  largely  composed 
of  the  same  species,  extends  ever  the  high  mountains  of  New  Mexico  to  those  of  western  Texas  and  western  and 
northwestern  Arizona,  where  a  heavier  forest  of  pine  covers  the  elevated  region  lying  along  the  thirty-filth  parallel, 
culminating  in  the  high  forest-clad  San  Francisco  mountains  of  northern  Arizona. 

The  species  of  the  interior  Pacific  region  mingle  along  its  southern  borders  with  the  species  peculiar  to  the 
plateau  of  northern  Mexico.  The  Pacific-Mexican  Forest,  although  differing  widely  in  natural  features  from  the 
Atlantic-Mexican  Forest,  possesses  several  species  peculiar  to  the  two.  The  forests  of  this  region  are  confined  to 
the  high  mountains  and  their  foot-hills,  and  to  the  banks  of  the  rare  water-courses.  They  disappear  entirely 
from  the  Colorado  desert  and  from  the  valleys  and  low  mountain  ranges  of  southwestern  Arizona.  The  most 
important  and  generally  distributed  species  peculiar  to  the  valleys  of  this  region  is  the  uiesquit,  the  characteristic 
species  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region.  The  suwarrow,  however,  the  great  tree  cactus,  is  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  species  of  the  region,  giving  an  unusual  and  striking  appearance  to  the  dry  mesas  of  central  and 
southern  Arizona.  The  high  mountain  ranges,  extending  across  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  between  the  one 
hundred  and  fifth  and  the  one  hundred  and  eleventh  meridians,  enjoy  a  larger  and  more  regularly-distributed  rainfall 
than  the  regions  east,  and  especially  west,  of  these  meridians.  The  forests  which  cover  these  southern  mountain 
ranges  are  often  dense  and  varied.  Upon  their  summits  and  almost  inaccessible  upper  slopes  the  firs  and  pines  of 


10 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


the  Pacific  region  are  mingled  with  pines,  a  juniper,  an  arbutus,  and  various  other  species  peculiar  to  the  Mexican 
plateau.  Extensive  forests  of  a  cypress  of  Mexican  origin  also  characterize  this  mountain  vegetation.  The 
bottoms  of  the  canons  are  lined  with  a  dense  growth  of  cotton  wood,  hackberry,  a  noble  sycamore,  an  ash,  a 
cherry,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  The  high  foot-hills  and  wcsas  are  covered  with  open  groves  of  various  oaks 
peculiar  to  the  Mexican-Pacific  region,  here  reaching,  within  the  United  States  at  least,  their  greatest  development. 

Such  are  some  of  the  prominent  forest  features  of  North  America;  a  dense  forest,  largely  composed,  except 
at  the  north,  of  a  great  variety  of  broad-leaved  species,  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  sea-board  in  one  nearly 
unbroken  -sheet  until  checked  by  insufficient  moisture  from  further  western  development — the  forest  of  the  Atlantic 
region ;  a  forest  of  conifers,  occupying  the  ranges  of  the  great  Cordilleran  mountain  system,  unsurpassed  in 
density  in  the  humid  climate  of  the  coast,  open  and  stunted  in  the  arid  interior — the  forest  of  the  Pacific  region. 

A  more  detailed  examination  of  the  distribution  of  North  American  arborescent  genera  and  species  will  serve 
to  illustrate  the  wealth  of  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  comparative  poverty  of  those  of  the  Pacific  region. 
It  will  show,  too,  more  clearly  how  widely  the  forests  of  these  two  great  regions  differ  in  composition. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  GENERA. 

The  forests  of  North  America  contain  arborescent  representatives  of  158  genera;  142  genera  occur  in  the 
Atlantic  and  59  genera  in  the  Pacific  region.  Of  the  Atlantic  genera,  48  are  not  represented  in  the  United  States 
•outside  the  semi-tropical  region  of  Florida. 

The  following  table  illustrates  the  distribution  of  these  genera;  the  genera  of  semi-tropical  Florida  are 
designated  by  a  *. 


Genera 
represented 
by  arbo- 
rescent 
species  in 
the  Atlantic 
region. 

Genera 
represented 
by  arbo- 
rescent 
species  in 
the  Pacific 
region. 

Genera 
represented 
by  arbo- 
rescent 
species  in 
the  Atlantic 
region. 

Genera 
represented 
by  arbo- 
rescent 
species  in 
:  the  Pacific 
region. 

Magnolia    .  -.  

T/ 

Ey  senh  ardt  i  a 

,/ 

Liriodendron  .'......  

V 

Dalea  

V 

V 

V 

Robinia 

,/ 

v 

*  Anona  

v 

Olneya   .     ...... 

V 

V 

v 

j*Piscidia  .  ..... 

,  / 

V 

"Caiiella  ,.  ....  .  .  ...  

\/ 

1  Cladrastis 

,/ 

"Clusia  

v/ 

i  Sop  bora 

V 

-/ 

Gordouia  

V 

Gymnocladus  

V 
_/ 

Fremontia  

I/ 

Gleditschia 

V 
,/ 

Tilia  

T/ 

V 

(/ 

,/ 

"Byrsenima  

v 

Cercis 

•s 

"Guaiacum  

•/ 

Prosopis 

I/ 

,/ 

Porliera  

I/ 

•>/ 

^ 

•>/ 

•I/ 

Ptelia  

v 

I/ 

T^ysilornft 

v/ 

^ 

r/ 

"Simaruba  

•v/ 

*Chrysobalanus 

y 

"Bnrscra  

T/ 

Prunus 

-,/ 

,/ 

*  Amyris  

!/ 

-I/ 

"Swietenia  

v 

Cercocarpus 

•/ 

*Ximenia  .  _  .  .  i  

v/ 

,/ 

,/ 

Ilex  

V/ 

+/ 

,/ 

Cyrilla  

•/ 

r/ 

Cliftonia  

•/ 

v/ 

Euonyinus  

y 

,/ 

'Myginda  

i/ 

,/ 

•Sclucfferia  

•v/ 

,/ 

'Reynosia  

•i/ 

./ 

Condalia  

•/ 

•/ 

r/ 

Rhamnus  

-i/ 

,/ 

,/ 

Ccanoth  us  

,/ 

v/ 

•Colubrina  

-/ 

./ 

-lEsculus  

-i/ 

v/ 

,/ 

T/ 

Ungnadia  

i/ 

I/ 

./ 

Sapindus  

-,/ 

v/ 

,/ 

./ 

"Hypelate  

i/ 

./ 

Acer  

i/ 

I/ 

,/ 

Negundo  

i/ 

,/ 

,/ 

Rhus  

•i/ 

V 
,/ 

V 

V 

V 

GENERAL  REMARKS. 


11 


Gfnora 
reprenf-ntt'it 
by  arbo- 

reecc-nt 
spec-it's  in 
tho  Atlantic 
region. 

Gem'ia 
I'epreHeutcd 

l>y  ;1T  lin- 

rescent 

sj,cci.-s  In 

til.:    Pacific 

region. 

Genora 

represented 
by  nrl»o- 

H'KCCIlt 

apecicM  in 
tin-  Atlantic 
region. 

Genera 

ri'prrttrllU'd 

ny  arbo- 

IfSC,  Ht 
HJH-CICH  1U 

the  I'acitie 
region. 

V 

Planera  

-/ 

-,/ 

Celtis                                             ..-. 

^/ 

+/ 

,/ 

,/ 

T/ 

I/ 

I/ 

v/ 

I/ 

T/ 

-/ 

T/ 

,/ 

^/ 

-I/ 

,/ 

I/ 

^ 

y 

Myrica  ..  

-I/ 

v/ 

I/ 

*/ 

,/ 

I/ 

v/ 

I/ 

I/ 

•/ 

^/ 

,/ 

T/ 

I/ 

•^ 

,/ 

•/ 

Bctula  

,/ 

V/ 

T/ 

,/ 

v/ 

y 

v/ 

Sails  

T/ 

T/ 

T/ 

,/ 

,/ 

I/ 

,/ 

.,/ 

Thuya                                                                    * 

-,/ 

,/ 

,/ 

,/ 

,/ 

,/ 

v/ 

"Ehretia                                      ... 

^/ 

,/ 

T/ 

Taxodium         

,/ 

!/ 

,/ 

Sequoia    ...          

v/ 

^/ 

Taxus  *  --.. 

•L/ 

T/ 

*Ci  than1  whim  

T/ 

Torreya  -  

T/ 

,/ 

,/ 

•./ 

,/ 

!/ 

v/ 

,/ 

•,/ 

Tsuga       .                         ... 

,/ 

,/ 

•/ 

Pseudotsuga  

v/ 

*Nectandra         

•/ 

Abies  

•/ 

,/ 

,/ 

I/ 

-/ 

,/ 

Sabal                 .. 

,/ 

I/ 

AVasbingtonia               

v/ 

,/ 

*Thrinax         

,/ 

i/ 

**0reodoxa  

x/ 

Ill  in  us  .. 

V 

Yucca  ,  . 

I/ 

I/ 

Arborescent  species  of  43  genera  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  two  regions.    They  are  : 


Ptelia. 

Condalia. 

Rhammis. 

.iBsciilus. 

Ungnadia. 

Sapiudus. 

Acer. 

Negundo. 

Eysenhardtia. 


Robinia. 

Parkinsonia. 

Prosopis. 

Acacia. 

Prunus. 

Pyrus. 

Crata3gns. 

Corn  us. 

Sumbucus. 


Arbutus. 

Bumelia. 

Fraxinns. 

Chilopsis. 

Celtis. 

Morus. 

Platanus. 

Juglans. 

Myrica. 


Quercus. 

Betula. 

Alnus. 

Salix.      ." 

Populua. 

Thuya. 

Chamjecyparis. 

Juniperus. 


Taxus. 

Torreya. 

Pinus. 

Picea. 

Tsuga. 

Abies. 

Larix. 

Yucca. 


The  following  genera,  44  in  number,  of  the  Atlantic  region,  exclusive  of  those  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  are  not 
represented  in  the  Pacific  forest : 


Magnolia. 

Liriodendrou. 

Asimina. 

Gordonia. 

Tilia. 

Porlicra. 

Xanthoxylum. 

Ilex. 

Cyrilla. 


Cliftonia. 

Pistacia. 

Cladrastis. 

Sophora. 

Gymnocladus. 

Gleditschia. 

Lencsena. 

Hamamelis. 

Liquidambar. 


Rbizophora. 

Nyssa. 

Viburnum. 

Piuckueya. 

Andromeda. 

Oxydendruin. 

Diospyros. 

Symplocos. 

Halesia. 


Forestiera. 

Chionautlius. 

Osniantbus. 

Cordiu. 

Catalpa. 

Persea. 

Sassafras. 

Uloius. 

Plauera. 


Maclura. 

Carya. 

Castanea. 

Fagus. 

Ostrya. 

Carpiuus. 

Taxodium. 

Sabal. 


12  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

The  following  genera  of  the  Atlantic  region,  9  in  number,  are  represented  in  the  Pacific  flora  by  one  or  more 
frutescent,  but  by  no  arborescent,  species : 

Euonymus.  Ainelanchier.  Vaccinum.  Rhododendron. 

Rhus.  Viburnum.  Kalmia.  Forestiera. 

Cercis. 

Ptelia,  Condalia,  Sapindus,  Eobinia,  Bumelia,  Celtis,  Morns,  and  Jitglans,  genera  reaching  their  greatest 
development  in  North  America  in  the  Atlantic  region,  extend  with  a  single  arborescent  representative  into  the 
Pacific  region.  Rhamnus,  jEsculus,  Acer,  Nee/undo,  Primus,  Pyrus,  Cratcegus,  Gornus,  Sambuous,  Fraxinus,  Platamts 
Myrica,  Qucrcus,  Betula,  Alnus,  Salix,  Populus,  Thuya,  Cltamwcyparis,  Juniperus,  Taxus,  Torrcya,  Pinus,  Picea,  Tsuga, 
Abies,  and  Larix,  characteristic  North  American  genera,  are  widely  represented. in  the  two  regions. 

Ungnadia,  Eyscnhardtia,  ParMnsonia,  Prosopis,  Acacia,  Chilopsis,  and  Yucca,  genera  of  the  Mexican  flora,  are 
common  to  the  two  regions. 

Arbutus,  a  genus  of  the  Pacific  region,  jiist  reaches,  with  a  doubtful  species,  the  Atlantic  region  through  western 
Texas. 

The  following  genera  of  the  Pacific  region,  13  in  number,  have  no  representatives  in  the  Atlantic  region: 

Fremontia.  Cercocarpus.  Castanopsis.  Sequoia. 

Canotia.  Heterorueles.  Libocedrus.  Pseudotsnga. 

Olneya.  UnYbellularia.  Cupressus.  Wasliingtonia. 
Vauquelinia. 

The  following  genera  of  the  Pacific,  3  in  number,  are  represented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  frutescent  species  : 
Ceanothus.  Dalea.  Cereus. 

The  Atlantic  forest,  exclusive  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  contains  45  genera  entirely  unrepresented  in  the  Pacific 
region  and  7  genera  without  Pacific  arborescent  representatives.  The  Pacific  forest  contains  13  genera  unrepresented 
in  the  Atlantic  region  and  3  genera  without  Atlantic  arborescent  representatives. 

The  following  genera  of  the  Mexican  region,  14  in  number,  are  not  elsewhere  represented  in  North  America. 
Genera  with  arborescent  representatives  in  both  the  Atlantic-  and  Pacific-Mexican  regions  are  designated  by  a 
star  (*) : 

Porliera.  Pistacia.  Olneya.  Acacia.  "Chilopsis. 

Canotia.  "Eysenliardtia.  *Parkiusonia.  Vauquelinia.  Wasliingtonia. 

*Ungna3ia.  Dalea.  Leucama.  Cereus. 

Porliera  and  Leuccena  belong  to  the  Atlantic;  Canotia,  Dalea,  Olneya,  Vauquelinia,  Cereus,  and  Wasliingtonia 
to  the  Pacific  region. 

DISTEIBUTION  OF  SPECIES. 

In  the  forests  of  North  America  412  arborescent  species  have  been  detected;  of  these,  292  species  belong  to 
the  Atlantic  region,  and  153  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  Pacific  region.  Species  common  to  the  two  regions  are 
rare;  they  are  principally  confined  to  the  subarctic  Northern  Forest  and  to  the  narrow  belt  along  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  United  States. 

The  following  species,  10  in  number,  cross  the  continent: 

Prosopisjuliflora.  Sarnbucus  Mexicana.  Salix  longifolia.  Populus  balsamifera.  Picea  alba. 

Pyrus  saiubucifolia.         Betula  papyrifera.  Popnlus  tremuloides.  Juniperns  Virginiaua.  Yucca  baocata. 

Prosopis  juliflora,  Sambucus  Mexicana,  and  Yucca  baccata  belong  to  the  Mexi-jan  flora  of  the  south;  Salix 
lonyifolia  also  belongs  here,  although  extending  northward  into  the  Atlantic  and  through  the  Pacific  Coast  region 
of  the  United  States.  Populus  balsamifera,  Betula  papyrifera,  and  Picea  alba  belong  to  the  Northern  Forest. 
Pyrus  sambncifolia,  Populus  tremuloides  and  Juniperus  Virginiana  are  widely  distributed  through  the  central 
portions  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions;  they  are  the  only  really  continental  arborescent  species. 

The  following  species  of  the  Atlantic  region,  15  in  number,  extend  from  the  Atlantic  into  the  Pacific  region  : 

Ptelia  trifoliata.  Negundo  aceroidcs.  Crataegus  tomentosa.  Quercns  Etnoryi. 

Coudalia  obovata.  Parkinsonia  aculeata.  Fruxinus  viridis.  Alnus  incana. 

Sapindus  marginatus.  Prunus  Americana.  Celtis  occidentalis.  Salix  nigra. 

Ungnadia  speciosa.  Prunus  Penusylvanica.  Morus  microphylla. 

Ptelia  trifoliata,  a  widely  distributed  species  of  the  Atlantic  region,  extends  through  western  Texas  into  the- 
extreme  southeastern  portion  of  the  Pacific  region.  Condalia  obovata,  Ungnadia  speciosa,  Parldnsonia  aculeata, 
Morus  microphylla,  and  Qucrcus  Emoryi,  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  forest,  extend  into  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 
Sapindus  marginatus,  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  extends  through  western  Texas  to  the  Pacific-Mexican 
region.  Prunus  Americana,  Prunus  Pennsylvania,  and  Alnus  incana,  widely  distributed  through  the  northern 
portions  of  the  Atlantic  region,  just  reach  the  eastern  limits  of  the  central  Pacific  region. 

Negundo  aceroides,  Cratatgus  tomentosa,  Fraxinus  viridis,  and  Celtis  occidentalis  are  widely  distributed  through 
the  interior  Pacific  region,  although  nowhere  reaching  the  coast. 


GENERAL  REMARKS.  13 

The  following  species  of  the  Pacific  region,  8  in  number,  extend  through  the  Mexican  into  the  Atlantic  region  : 

Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa.  Acacia  Greggii.  Chilopsis  saligua.  Juniperus  occideutalis. 

Prosopis  pubescens.  Fraxinus  pistacisefolia.  Juglans  rnpestris.  Juniperus  pachyphloea. 

•Juglans  rnpestris  and  Juniperus  occidentalis  reach  their  greatest  development  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region,  and 
extend  through  the  Pacific- Mexican  region  into  western  Texas ;  no  other  species  are  common  to  the  Pacific  Coast 
forest  and  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region.  The  6  remaining  Pacific-Atlantic  species  belong  to  the  Pacific-Mexican 
region,  just  reaching  western  Texas. 

The  following  species  of  the  Southern  Pacific  region  extends  into  the  Atlantic  region : 

Salix  amygdaloides. 

The  following  species  of  the  Pacific  forest,  12  in  number,  endemic  to  the  interior  arid  region,  do  not  extend 
beyond  its  limits : 

Acer  grandidentatum.  Cratiegus  rivularis.  Populus  angustifolia.     .  Pinus  monophylla. 

Robinia  Neo-Mexieana.  Fraxiuus  auoinala.  Pinus  flexilis.  Picea  pungens. 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius.  Quercus  undulata.  Pinus  edulis.  Yucca  brevifolia. 

A  detailed  examination  of  the  distribution  of  the  arborescent  species  composing  the  North  American  forests 
shows  that — 

Maynolia  is  represented  by  seven  Atlantic  species,  with  the  center  of  its  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
region. 

Liriodendron  is  represented  by  a  single  species,  widely-distributed  through  the  eastern  and  central  portions  of 
the  Atlantic  region. 

Asimina  is  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  arborescent  species  and  by  three  frutescent  species  of 
the  Atlantic  region. 

Anona,  Capparis,  Canella,  and  Clusia  are  represented  each  by  a  single. semi-tropical  species. 

Gordonia  is  represented  by  two  species  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  one  of  wide  distribution,  the  other 
rare  and  local. 

Fremontia,  a  genus  endemic  to  the  Pacific  region,  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  southern  Pacific 
Coast  region. 

Tilia  is  represented  by  two  Atlantic  species,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region. 

JByrsonima  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Guaiacum  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Porliera  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Xanlhoxyhtm  is  represented  by  two  species  of  the  Atlantic  region,  by  a  semi-tropical  species,  and  by  a  second 
seini- tropical  species  which  reaches  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Ptelia  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Atlantic,  reaching  also  the 
Pacific  region,  where  a  frutescent  species  occurs,  and  by  a  second  frutescent  species  of  the  south  Atlantic  region. 

Canotia,  a -genus  endemic  to  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Simaruba,  Amyris,  Swietenia,  Ximenia,  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Bursera  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species  and  by  a  second  frntescent  species  of  the  Pacific- 
Mexican  region. 

Ilex,  an  Atlantic  genus,  is  represented  by  four  arborescent  and  several  frutesceut  species,  with  its  center  of 
distribution  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Cyrilla  and  Cliftonia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Euonymus  is  represented  by  a  widely-distributed  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  a  frutescent  species 
in  both  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Myginda,  Schcefferia,  and  Reynosla  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Condalia  is  represented  by  one  semi-tropical  and  by  one  species  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  reaching  the  Pacific- 
Mexican  region. 

Rhamnus  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  one  frutesceut  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  two  arborescent 
and  one  frutesceut  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  one  frutescent  species  common  to  the  two  regions. 

Ceanothus  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region  and  by  several  frutescent 
species  widely  distributed  through  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Golubrina  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

jfflsculus  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  and  by  three  frutesceut  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  an  arborescent 
species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Ungnadia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region,  and  just  reaching  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is 
represented  by  a  single  species. 

Sapindus  is  represented  by  one  species  widely  distributed  through  the  southern  Atlantic,  and  reaching  the 
Pacific  region,  and  by  one  semi-tropical  species. 

Acer  is  represented  by  five  Atlantic  and  four  Pacific  species. 

Negundo  is  represented  by  one  species  widely  distributed  through  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions  and  by 
a  second  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 


14  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Rhus  is  represented  by  five  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  several  frutescent  species  in  both  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Pistacia  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Eysenhardtia  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific- Mexican,  extending  into  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican  region,  where  a  second  frutescent  species  occurs. 

Dalea  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  and  by  numerous  frutesceut  and 
herbaceous  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Robinia,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region,  is  represented  by  two  arborescent 
and  one  frutesceut  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Olneya,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Piscidia  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Ciadragtis  is  represented  by  a  single  local  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Sophora  is  represented  by  a  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  and  by  a  second  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican, 
region,  and  by  four  frutescent  or  sufl'rutescent  species. 

Gymnocladus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  central  Atlantic  region. 

Gleditschia  is  represented  by  two  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Parkinsonia  is  represented  by  an  arborescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic-  and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regionsr 
by  two  arborescent  and  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican,  and  by  a  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican  region. 

Cercis  is  represented  by  a  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  second  species  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican,  and  a  frutescent  species  of  the  California  Coast  region. 

Prosopis  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic-  and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regions^ 
and  by  two  frutescent  species. 

Leuccena  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Acacia  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican,  by  one  arborescent  species  of  the 
Pacific-Mexican  extending  into  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region,  and  by  several  frutescent  species  widely  distributed 
through  the  two  regions. 

Lysiloma  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

PithecoloMum  is  represented  by  a  single  polymorphous  arborescent  species  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  and  by  a 
shrubby  species  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  region. 

Chrysobalanus  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  one  frutescent  semi-tropical  species. 

Prunus  is  represented  by  seven  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region ;  of  these,  one  is  semi-tropical  and 
two  extend  into  the  Pacific  region.  This  genus  is  represented  in  the  Pacific  region  by  four  species,  ef  which  one 
belongs  to  the  Mexican  region,  and  by  several  frutescent  species. 

Vauquelinia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Cercocarpus  is  represented  by  two  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Pyrus  is  represented  by  one  species  common  to  both  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  by  three  arborescent  and  one 
frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Cratcegus  is  represented  by  twelve  arborescent  and  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  of  which  one  extends, 
into  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  two  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Heteromeles  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Amelanchier  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  frutesc-int  species  in  the 
Pacific  region. 

Hamamelis  and  Liquidambar  are  each  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Rhizophora  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Conocarpus,  Laguncularia,  and  Calyptranthes  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Eugenia  is  represented  by  five  semi-tropical  species. 

Cereus  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  and  by  several  frutesceut  species  in  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions. 

C&rnus  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific 
region,  and  by  several  frutescent  and  herbaceous  species  in  the  two  regions. 

Nyissa  is  represented  by  three  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Sambucus  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Pacific,  by  one  species  in  the 
Pacific-Mexican  extending  into  the  Atlantic-Mexican,  by  a  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  second  frutesceut 
species  in  the  Pacific,  and  by  a  frutescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions. 

Viburnum  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  several  frutesceut  species  in  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Exostemma  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Pinckneya,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Oenipa  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 


GENERAL  REMARKS.  15 

Guettarda  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  one  frnte.scent  semi- tropical  species. 

Vacdnium  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  tlie  Atlantic  and  by  several  frntescent  species  in  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Andromeda  is  represented  by  an  arborescent  and  several  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

ArbutiiH  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Pacitlo  Coast,  by  a  second  species  in  the  Pacific  Mexican,  and  by 
one  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Oxydeiidiniii,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Atlantic  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single,  species. 

Kalmia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  and  by  three  fruteseent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  of 
which  one  extends  to  the  Pacific  region. 

Rhododendron  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  several  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by 
several  frutescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Myrsine,  Ardiai-a,  Jacquinia,  Ohrysophyllum,  iSidcro.rylon,  and  Dipholix  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi- 
tropical  species. 

Bumelia  is  represented  by  four  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

Mimmopti  is  represented  by  one  semi-tropical  species. 

Diospyrofs  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Synqjlocos  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Halersia  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  and  by  one  frutescent  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Frcaimis,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  is  represented  by  seven  species  in 
the  Atlantic,  of  which  one  extends  into  the  Pacific  region,  and  one  belongs  to  tbe  Mexican  region,  and  by  three 
arborescent  and  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Pacific,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  Mexican  region. 

ForcKticra  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  seven  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  of  which  one 
reaches  the  Mexican-Pacific  region. 

Chionanthus  and  Osmantlim  are  each  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Cordia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  one  frutescent  semi-tropical  species  and  by  one  arborescent 
and  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  Mexican  region. 

Boitrrcria  and  Ehrciia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Catalpa  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Chilopsift  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  extending  into  the  Atlantic-Mexican 
region. 

Orescentia,  Citharcxylum,  and  Ariccnnia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Pisonia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  two  frutescent  semi-tropical  species. 

Ooccoloba  is  represented  by  two  semi-tropical  species. 

Persca  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Nectandra  is  represented  by  one  semi-tropical  species. 

Sassafras  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Umbcllularia  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  tlie  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Drypetes,  Sebastiania,  and  Hippomane  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Ulmuit,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  is  represented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  five 
species. 

Planera  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Celtis  is  represented  by  a  single  polymorphous  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Atlantic  region,  extending 
into  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  a  frutescent  species  common  to  tbe  Atlantic- Mexican  and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regions. 

F ivus  is  represented  by  three  semi-tropical  gpecies. 

MOTUK  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  and  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican,  extending  into  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

Maclura  is  represented  by  a  single  local  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Platnnm  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  by  a  species  in  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  by  a  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

Juglans  is  represented  by  two  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region  and  by  a  species  in  the  Pacific 
coast,  extending  through  Ihe  Pacific-Mexican  into  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Garya,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Atlantic  region,  with  its  center  of  distribution  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  is 
represented  by  seven  species. 

Myrii-a  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  two  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region  and  by  one 
arborescent  species  in  the  Pacilic  Coast  region. 

Qtierciui,  with  its  center  of  most  important  distribution  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river,  is  represented  in 
the  Atlantic  region  by  twenty-four  arborescent  species,  of  which  one,  belonging  to  the  Mexican  region,  extends  into 
the  Pacific-Mexican  region ;  and  in  the  Pacific  region  by  twelve  arborescent  species,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the 
interior  and  four  to  the  Mexican  region,  and  by  two  frutescent  species. 

Caslanopsis  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 


16  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Castanea  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Fagus,  Ostrya,  and  Carpinus  are  each  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Betula,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region,  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and 
by  one  frutescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  four  arborescent  and  one  frutescent 
species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Alnus  is  represented  by  three  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  of  which  one  extends  to  the  Pacific  region, 
by  three  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  two  frutescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Pacific  regions. 

Salix  is  represented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  five  arborescent  species,  of  which  three  are  found  in  the  Pacific 
region,  and  by  many  frutescent  species.  This  genus  is  represented  in  the  Pacific  region  by  ten  arborescent  and 
by  many  frntescent  species. 

Populus  is  represented  by  two  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  three  species  in  the 
Atlantic  region,  and  by  three  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Libocedrus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Thuya  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Chamcecyparis  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  two  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Cupressm  is  represented  by  four  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  three  occur  in  the  coast  and  one  in  the 
Mexican  region. 

Juniperus  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  by  three  arborescent  species  in  the 
Pacific,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  Pacific-Mexican  and  one  extends  to  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region,  and  by  two 
frutescent  species  common  to  both  regions. 

Taxodium  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Sequoia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific  Coast  region,  is  there  represented  by  two  species. 

Taxus  is  represented  by  an  exceedingly  local  arborescent  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  by  a  frutesceut 
species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region,  and  by  an  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Torreya  is  represented  by  a  single  exceedingly  local  arborescent  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region  and  by 
a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Pinus,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Pacific  Coast  region,  is  represented  by  thirteen  species 
in  the  Atlantic  and  by  twenty-two  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  three  belong  to  the  interior  and  four  to 
the  Mexican  region. 

Picea  is  represented  by  one  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  one  species  in  the 
Atlantic,  and  by  three  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  interior  region. 

Tsuga  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  two  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Pxeudoisuga,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  species. 

Abies  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  and  by  one  exceedingly  local  species  in  the  Atlantic  region  and 
by  seven  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  one  is  exceedingly  local. 

Larix  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  two  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Sabal  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Was/tingtonia  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Mexican  region. 

Thrinax  is  represented  by  two  semi-tropical  species,  and  Oreodoxa  by  one. 

Yucca  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  one  frutescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific 
regions,  by  one  arborescent  and  by  two  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  two  arborescent  and  by  one 
frutesceut  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 


A   CATALOGUE 


OF   THE 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO, 


WITH 


REMARKS  UPON  THEIR  SYNONYMY,  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  HISTORY, 
DISTRIBUTION,  ECONOMIC  VALUE,  AND  USES. 


2  FOR 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Species  which  grow  from  the  ground  with  a  single  stein,  either  wholly  or  over  a  large  portion  of  the  area  of 
their  distribution,  are  admitted  as  trees  into  the  following  catalogue,  without  reference  to  the  height  or  size  they 
may  attain. 

The  line  which  divides  trees  from  shrubs  is  entirely  arbitrary,  and  is  often  unsatisfactory  in  application.  A 
separation  of  this  nature,  however,  based  upon  habit  rather  than  upon  size,  is  perhaps  less  objectionable,  all  things 
considered,  than  any  other,  and  serves  at  least  to  keep  this  catalogue  within  reasonable  limits. 

The  word  "compact",  used  in  the  description  of. various  woods  mentioned  in  the  catalogue,  indicates  that  they 
show  no  tendency  to  check  or  open  in  drying,  and  does  not  refer  to  their  structure. 

18 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOREST    TREES. 


MAGNOLIACEJS. 


1. — Magnolia  grandiflora,  Linnaeus, 

fipec.  2  ed.  755. — Marshall,  Arbustuui,  84. — Am.  Gowiit-li.  t.  1-5,  186. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  158. — Gsertuer,  Fruct.  i,  343,  t.  70. — B.  S. 
Barton,  Coll.  i,  13;  ii,20. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  ii,  251 ;  2  ed.  iii,:!29. — Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  82. — Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  672;  111.  iii,35,  t 
490. — Moancb,  Meth.  274. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1255;  Enum.  i,  579. — Hicliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  327. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  219,  t. 
65. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  265. — Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  viii,  t.  518. — T itt'ord,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  76. — Michaux 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  71, 1. 1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  8,  t.  51.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  380.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18 ;  Sylva,  i,  81 ; 
2  ed.  i,  96.— De  Candollo,  Syst.  i,450 ;  Prodr.  i,  80.—  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  116.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  30.— Luddigcs,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  814.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,642. — Audubou,  Birds,  t.  5,32. — Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,32. — Don,  Miller's  Diet.  i,82. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218. — Groom 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  314. — London,  Arboretum,  i,  261  &t. — Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  18S. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312. — Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  42.— Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  470.— Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  308.— Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  225.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  210.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  13.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  6(>.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  38.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i,  133,  f.  165-169.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  367.—  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  148.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  ft.  /OBtida,  Liumeu.s,  Spec.  1  ed.  536,  in  part. 

M.  grandiflora,  var.  elliptica  and  obovata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  380. 

M.  grandifora,  var.   lanceolata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  380.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1952.—  Eaton,  Mauual,  6  ed.  218. 

BTG  LAUREL.     BULL  BAY. 

Cape  Fear  river,  North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet,  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida ;  basin  of 
the  Mississippi  river  south  of  latitude  32°  30',  extending  westward  to  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  along  the  Texas 
coast  to  the  vai'ej  of  the  Brazos  river. 

One  of  tby  ciost  magnificent  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forest,  evergreen,  18  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.60  to  1.20  juoter  in  diameter ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  "bluff"  formations  along  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  river  from  Vicksburg  to  Natchez,  and  of  western  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  satiny ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous, 
thin ;  color,  creamy  white  or  often  light  brown,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6360;  ash,  0.53 ; 
little  used  except  as  fuel ;  suitable  for  interior  finish,  fine  cabinet  work,  etc. 

2. — Magnolia  glauca,  Linnajus, 

Spec.  2  ed.  755.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  204.— Schcepf,  Mat.  Med.  Am.  91.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  83.— Wangenheirn,  Amer.  60, 1. 19, 
f.  46.— Walter,  FJ.  Caroliniana,  158. — B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  13;  ii,  20.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  674.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  251 ;  2  ed.  iii, 
329.— Mcench,  Meth.  274.— Willdenovr,  Spec,  ii,  1256;  Enum.  i,  579.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  ii,  1441,  t.  148.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i, 
327.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  223,  t.  66.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5.— Titlbrd,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  76.— Bonpland,  PI.  Malm.  103,  t. 
42.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  77,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  12,  t.  52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  381.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
218.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot. ii,  67,  t. 27 ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  cd.  244.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  59;  Med.  Bot.  i, 
77,t.7;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  17.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  215.— De  Caudolle,  Syst.  i,  452;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
116.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  37.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  2164.— Sprengel,  Syst.  642.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  221;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  17,  t.5.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  118.— Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  34.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  82.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i, 
188.— Beck,  Bot.  15.— Sertum  Botauicum,  v  &  t.— Reichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  v,  37,  t.  342.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  23.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot, 
312.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  42.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  473.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  96,  f.  56.— 
Loudou,  Arboretum,  i,  267  &  t. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  527 ;  2  ed.  ii,  603  &  t. — Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  226. — Gray,  Genera, 
i,61,t.33;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  49.— Schnizleiu,  Icon.  t.  176.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  8.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211. — 
Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  13. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  66. — 
Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  36.— Koch, 

Dendrologie,  i,  369.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  148.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

19 


20  FOKEST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  a.  glauca,  Linnaeus,  Spec,  l  ed.  535. 

Jf.  fragrans,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  379.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  91 ;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32. 

M.   longifolia,   Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  11.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308. 

M.  glauca,  var.   latifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  350. — Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  381. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218. 

If.  glauca,  var.    longifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2ed.  iii,  330. — Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  361. — Eafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana, 
91.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  116.— Eaton,  Manual,  G  ed.  218. 

SWEET  BAY.     WHITE  BAY.     BEAVER  TREE.     WHITE  LAUREL.     SWAMP  LAUREL. 

Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts;  New  Jersey  southward,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  bay  Biscayne  and  Tainpa  bay, 
Florida ;  basin  of  the  Mississippi  river  south  of  latitude  35°,  extending  west  to  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the 
valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits 
reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  swamps  or  low  wet  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  hummocks  of 
the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  and  along  the  low  sandy  banks  of  pine-barren  streams  of  the  Gulf  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5035  ;  ash,  0.47 ;  in  the  Gulf  states  sometimes  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  broom  handles  and  small  woodenware. 

The  dried  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  of  this  species  and  of  M,  acuminata  and  M.  Umbrella  is  included  in  the 
American  Materia  Medica,  furnishing  an  aromatic  tonic  and  stimulant  used  in  intermittent  and  remittent  fevers ; 
a  tincture  made  by  macerating  the  fresh  fruit  or  bark  in  brandy  is  a  popular  remedy  for  rheumatism  (U.  8. 
Dispensatory,  14  ed.  567. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  891). 

3. — Magnolia    acuminata,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  2.  ed.  75G.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  83.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  159.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  13.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  251;  2  ed. 
iii,  331. — Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  674. — Willtlenow,  Spec,  ii,  1257  ;  Ennm.  i,  579. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  i,  329. — Nouveau  Duliamel,  ii, 
222. — Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  82,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  15,  t.  53. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  381.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  453 ;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  418.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  2427.— 
Hayne,  Deiid.  Fl.  117. — Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  37. — Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32. — Guiinpol,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  18,  t.  17. — 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  221 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  28.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  34.— Beck,  Bot.  15.— 
Sertum  Botanicum,  v.  &  t. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  &3. — Reicheubacli,  Fl.  Exot.  t.  251. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218. — London, 
Arboretum,  i,  273  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43.— Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  308.— Griffith,  Med. 
Bot.  98.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3.  ed.  9.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  14.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  67.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24.— Porcher,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  38.— Baillou,  Hist.  PI.  i,  140.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5.  ed.  49.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  371.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
149._Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  891.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  58. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  e.  Linnseus,  Spec,  l  ed.  536. 
M.  DeCandollii,  Savi,  Bibl.  Ital.  i,  224  &  t. 
Tulipastrum  Americanum,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  483. 

CUCUMBER  TREE.     MOUNTAIN  MAGNOLIA. 

Western  ¥ew  York  to  southern  Illinois,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  scattered  through 
eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  usually  on  Carboniferous  deposits,  to  southern  Alabama  (Stockton, 
Mohr)  and  northeastern  Mississippi;  Arkansas,  Crowley's  ridge,  and  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  part  of  the 
state  (Texarkana,  Harvey,  and  in  Polk,  Howard,  Cross,  and  Pike  counties). 

A  large  tree,  20  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  on  the  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  durable,  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color, 
yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4690;  ash,  0.29;  used  for  pump-logs,  water- 
troughs,  flooring,  cabinet-making,  etc. 

4. — Magnolia  cordata,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  328. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  331.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  547. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  87,  t.  4;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  18,  t.  54.— Purah,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  382.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  iv,  t.  325.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18.— De  Candolle,  Syst. 
i,  455;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  118. — Elliott,  SK.  ii,  38.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  474.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Raimesque,. 
Med.  Bot.  ii,  32. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218. — Sertum  IJotanicum,  v  &  t. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83. — Reichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  t. 
250.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  275  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii, 
308.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  14.— Curtis  in  Hep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  68.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  371.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

Tvlipastrum  Americanum,  var.  subcordatum,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  483. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  21 

CUCUMBER  TREE. 

Southern  Alleghany  Mountain  region, near  Augusta,  Georgia  (Michaux, Elliott), head  of  Sipsey  creek,  "valley 
of  Davidson  creek",  Winston  county,  Alabama  (Mohr). 

A  tree  22  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods ;  very  rare 
and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown 
streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.4139;  ash,  0.32. 

5. — Magnolia  macrophylla,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  327. — Nouvcau  Dubamel,  ii,  221.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,5.— Aiton,  Hort.  KOTV.  2  ed.  iii,  331. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iii, 
573.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Avb.  Am.  iii,  99,  t.  7 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  ii,  26,  t.  57.— Bonpland,  PI.  Malm.  84,  t.  33.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  381.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  18  ;  Sylva,  i,  83 ;  2  ed.  i,  99.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  454  ;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  2189.— Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  117.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  40.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Rafinesque,  Mod.  Bot.  ii,  31,  t.  62.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— 
Sertuin  Botanicum,  v  &  t. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Groom  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxv,  76. — Reicheubach,  Fl.  Exot.  ii,  44,  t. 
139.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  271  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,43.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii, 
479.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Griffith,  Mod.  Bot.  98,  f.  57.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— 
Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  230.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  14.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  67.— Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  214  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  49.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  374.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

LARGE-LEAVED  CUCUMBER  TREE. 

North  Carolina,  eastern  base  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  (Iredell  and  Lincoln  counties);  southeastern  Kentucky 
southward  to  middle  and  western  Florida  and  southern  Alabama,  extending  west  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  river, 
Louisiana;  central  Arkansas  (Garland,  Montgomery,  Hot  Springs,  and  Sebastian  counties). 

A  tree  6  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  limestone  valleys  of  northern  Alabama ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown, 
the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.5309;  ash,  0.35. 

6. — Magnolia  Umbrella,   Lamarck, 

Diet,  iii,  673. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  221. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  80. — Loiseleur,  Herb.  Amat.  iii,  t.  198. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642. — 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  475.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Seringe,  Fl. 
Jard.  iii,  227. — Gray,  Genera,  i,  62,  t.  24;  Proc.  Linnsean  Soc.  ii,  106,  f.  1-18;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  49. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  13.--Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  67.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  38.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  tripetala,  Linnams,  Spec,  l  ed.  536. 

M.  tripetala,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  2  ed.  756.— Marshall,  Arbustuin,  84.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  159.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  14.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  252;  2  ed.  iii,  331.— WUldenow,  Spec,  ii,  1258;  Enum.  i,  579.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  327.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  452.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  90,  t.  5 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  ed.  ii,  20,  t.  5.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  381.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  84;  2  ed.  i,  100.— Guimpel,  Otto  & 
Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  20,  t.  18.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  116.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  38.—  Torrqy,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  321.— 
Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312.— Griffith,  Mod.  Bot.  98.— 
London,  Arboretum,  i,  269,  t.  5.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  37«.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  891. 

UMBRELLA  TREE.     ELK  WOOD. 

Southeastern  Pennsylvania,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  central  Alabama  (Prattville,  Mohr) 
and  northeastern  Mississippi,  westward  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  in  central  (Hot  Springs)  and 
southwestern  Arkansas  (Fulton,  valley  of  the  Ked  river,  Harvey}. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter;  rich,  shady 
hillsides ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slope  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains. 

Wood"  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the 
heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4487;  ash,  0.20. 


22  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

7. — Magnolia   Fraseri,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  i,  59  &  t.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43. — Walpers,  Eep.  i,  70.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Chapman,  PI.  S. 
States,  14.— Curtis  in  Eep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  68.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Gray,  Manual  N_ 
States,  5  ed.  49.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  i,  372.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  auriculata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  673.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  337.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  ii,  1258;  Enum.  i,  579.— Michaux, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  328. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  22'Z — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  94,  t.  6 ; 
N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  23,  t.  56.— Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  ix,  t.  573.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1206.— Cubieres,  Mem.  Mag.  &  t.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  332.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  382.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  84  ;  2  ed.  i,  98.— De 
Candolle,  Syst.  i,  454;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  117.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  39.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  38.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  188.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii, 
477.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  276  &  t.— Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  229. 

M .  pyramidata,  Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  338.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  382.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  454 ;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayrie, 
Dend.  Fl.  117.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  v,t.  407.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1092.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,32.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  i,  83.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  221.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  277  &  t.— Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  230.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  211. 

M.  auricularis,  Salisbury,  Parad.  Lond.  i,  t.  43.— Kerner,  Hort.  t.  360. 

LONG-LEAVED  CUCUMBER  TREE. 

Alleghany  mountains,  from  Virginia  southward  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and  southern 
Alabama  (Clark  county,  Mohr),  extending  west  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  river,  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5003;  ash,  0.28. 

8. — Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Linnjeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  i,  535.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  202.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  78. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  32,  t.  13,  f.  32.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  158.— Schmidt,  Arb.  i,  48.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  14,  45.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  250;  2  ed.  iii,  329.— Gajrtner,  Fruct. 
ii,  t.  178.— Bot.  Mag.  t  .275.— Meeuch,  Meth.  222.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  102.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  ii,  93,  t.  147.— Trew,  Icon. 
1. 10. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1254;  Enum.  i,  579. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  326. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  62,  1. 18. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  15.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  viii,  137;  111.  iii,  36,  t.  491.— St.  Hilaire,  PI.  France,  iii,  t.  377.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot. 
Am.  76.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  2U2,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  35,  t.  61,— Eaton,  Manual,  63;  6  ed.  208.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  84;  2  ed.  i,  100.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  59;  Med.  Bot.  i,  91,  t.  8;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii, 
18.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  462;  Prodr.  i,  82.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  107,  t.  31.— Hayue,  Deiid.  Fl.  115.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  40.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  221 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  28.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  239.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  34,  t.  29.— 
Cobbett,  Woodlands,  No.  516.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  12. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  86.— Beck,  Bot.  15.— Liudley, 
Fl.  Med.  23.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vi,  488.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  284  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  302.— Ponn.  Cycl.  xxv,  341.— Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  44.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  309.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  98,  f.  58.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  529;  2  ed. 
ii,  605  &  t. — Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  240. — Gray,  Genera,  i,  64,  t.  25;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  50. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  9. — 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  212.— Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  11,  f.  2.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  14.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  77. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  15,  t.  571. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  215;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  25. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  39. — Engelmanu  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  183. — Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i,  143,  f. 
175-178. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  380. — Guibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  746. — Ridgway  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  663 ;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1882,  59.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6.— Eichler,  Sit.  Bot.  Brand,  xxii,  83,  f.  1-3.— Bell  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1879- '80,  53C. 

Tulipifera  Liriodendron,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  l. 
L.  procera,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  379. 

TULIP  TREE.   YELLOW  POPLAE.   WHITE  WOOD. 

Southwestern  Vermont,  through  western  New  England,  southward  to  northern  Florida  (latitude  30°) ;  west 
through  New  York,  Ontario,  and  Michigan  to  lake  Michigan,  south  of  latitude  43°  30',  thence  south  to  latitude 
31°  in  the  Gulf  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  river ;  through  southern  Illinois  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  Crowley'e 
ridge,  northeastern  Arkansas. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  30  to  60  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2  to 
4  meters  in  diameter  (Ridgicay) ;  rich  woods  and  intervale  lands,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Wabash  river  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  in  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  not  prominent ;  color,  light  yellow  or  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4230 ; 
ash,  0.23 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  construction,  interior  finish,  shingles,  in  boat-building, 
and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  pumps,  woodenware,  etc. ;  varieties  varying  slightly  in  color  and 
density  are  recognized  by  lumbermen. 

Liriodendrin,  a  stimulant  tonic,  with  diaphoretic  properties,  is  obtained  by  macerating  the  inner  bark, 
especially  of  the  root  ( Jour.  Philadelphia  Col.  Phar.  iii.5.  —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  556. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  871). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  23 


ANONAOEJil. 


9. — Asimina  triloba,  Dunal, 

Mon.  Auon.  83.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  479;  Prodr.  i,  87.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  42.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  66,  t.  53.— Hayuo, 
Dend.  Fl.  118.— Spivngel,  Syst.  ii,  639.—  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  222;  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  165  —Beck,  Bot.  16.— Don| 
Miller's  Diet,  i,  91.— Nuttall  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  vii,  11.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  304.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  293,  f.  39.— Gray, 
Genera,  i,  69,  t.  26,27;  Manual  N.  State*,  5  ed.  50.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  609.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  9.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  212.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  15.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  94.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  347.— Maont  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  199  &  figs.— Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5854.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  215;  Bot.  &  Fl.  26.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  41.— Engehnann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser. 
xii,  183.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  383.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  149.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus, 
1882,  60.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

Anona  triloba,  Linnanis,  Spec.  led.  537.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  10.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  125.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  158.— 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  29.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,254  ;  2  ed.  iii,  335.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1267 ;  Enum.  i,  580.— Nouvean 
Duhamel,  ii,  83,  t.  25.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  21.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  161,  t.  9;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  ed.  ii,  33,  t.  60.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  59.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  ii,  95,  t.  149. 

Anona  pendula,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  380. 
Orchidocarpum  arietinum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  329. 

Porcelid  triloba,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  95.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  383.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  92.— Barton,  Compond. 
Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  18.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  19.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  529.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  278.— Andubon,  Birds,  t. 
2,  162.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  371. 

Uvaria  trilol)Cl,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  45.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  30.— Caruel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Firenze,  1864,  9,  t. 
1,  f.  1-7.— Baillon,  Adansonia,  viii,  333;  Hist.  PI.  i,  193,  f.  220-228. 

A.  campaniflora,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  529. 

PAPAW.      CUSTARD  APPLE. 

Western  New  York  (Lockport  and  in  Monroe  county);  Ontario  (Queen stown  heights);  eastern  and  central 
Pennsylvania,  west  to  southern  Michigan,  southern  Iowa,  and  eastern  Kansas  (Manhattan),  south  to  middle 
Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  rich,  rather  low  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  lower  Wabash  valley 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  White  river,  Arkansas. 

Wood  very  light,  very  soft  and  weak,  coarse-grained,  spongy;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  color,  light  yellow  shaded  with  green,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity, 
0.3969;  ash,  0.21. 

10. — Anona  laurifolia,  Dunal, 

Mon.  Anon.  65.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  468;  Prodr.  i,  84.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  641.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xvi,  t.  1328.— Schnizlein,  Icon. 
1. 174,  f.  9.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  4.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  I860, 439.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  603. 

A.  glabra,  Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  2  [not  Linnaeus]. 

A.  Species,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

POND   APPLE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Malabar  to  bay  Biscayne,  on  the  west  coast,  Pease  creek  to  the  Caloosa  river, 
and  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limit  and 
on  the  west  coast  often  reduced  to  a  stout,  wide-spreading  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
within  the  United  States  on  the  low  islands  and  shores  of  the  Everglades  in  the  neighborhood  of  bay  Biscayue. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  scattered  open  ducts ;  color,  light 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5053 ;  ash,  4.86. 

The  large  fruit  (0.14  to  0.28  meter  long)  scarcely  edible. 


24  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CAPPARIDACE^E. 


11. — Capparis  Jamaicensis,  Jacquin, 

Stirp.  Am.  160,  t.  101.— Alton,  Hurt.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  285.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  252.— DescourtUz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  v.  t.  273.— 
Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  -39.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  18.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  32.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
75.— Eichler  in  Martius,  Fl.Brasil.  xiii,  270,  t.  04,  f.  11.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

C.  Breynia,  Liuujeus,  Spec.  2  ed.  721,  in  part.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  285.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  252,  in  part.— 
Swartz,  Obs.  210  [not  Jacquin].— Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  39. 

C.  cynophyllopkora,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  504  [not  subsequent  ed.  fide  Eichler,  I.  c.].— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  285.— 
Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  39. 

G.  Siliquosa,  Linnasus,  Spec.  2  ed.  721. 

C.  torulosa,  Swartz,  Prodr.  81.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  252.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  18. 

0.  wndnata,  Loddiges,  Cat.  [not  Wallich]. 

C.  emarginata,  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  78,  t.  9.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  201. 

Seini- tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  southward  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low  shrub; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  OH  Upper  Metacombe  and  Umbrella  Keys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  large  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  yellow  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6971 ; 
ash,  4.76. 


CANELLACE.E. 


12. — Canella  alba,  Murray; 

Linnaeus,  Syst.  14  ed.  iv,  443.— Swartz,  Obs.  190 ;  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  i,  96,  t.  8.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  851 ;  Enum.  i,  4%.— Aiton,  Hort. 
Kew.Sed.  iii,  144.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  Suppl.  3,  t.  10,  f.  4.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i.  563.— Hayne,  Arzn.  9,  t.  5.— Stevenson 
&  Churchill,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  t.  66.— Woodville,  Med.  Bot.  3  ed.  iv,  694,  t.  237.—  Liudley,  Med.  Bot.  116.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,  24,  t. 
16.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  181,  f.  98.— Miers  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  3  ser.  i,  348 ;  Contrib.  i,  116.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies, 
109.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  93.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  621,  f.  767.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Bentley  & 
Trimen,  Med.  PI.  i,  26,  t.  26. 

C.  Winterana,  Gsertner,  Fruct.  i,  377,  t.  77. 

Wintera  Canella,  Linnasus,  Spec.  2  ed.  636.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  viii,  799,  t.  399. 

G.  laurifolia,  Loddiges,  Cat.— Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  65.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  680. 

WHITE  WOOD.     CINNAMON  BARK.     WILD  CINNAMON. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys  (Elliott's  Key,  Key  Largo  to  Jew  Fish  Key);  through  the  West 
Indies. 

A  small  tree,  often  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.22  meter  in  diameter ;  not  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color, 
dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.9893;  ash,  1.75. 

The  pale  inner  bark  appears  in  the  Pharmacopcea  under  the  name  of  Cortex  canellce  albce,  furnishing  an 
aromatic  stimulant  and  tonic,  occasionally  employed  in  cases  of  debility  of  the  digestive  organs,  or  as  an  adjunct 
to  more  active  remedies  (Miers,  1.  c. — Fluckiger  &  Hanbury,  PJiarmacographia,  68. —  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed. 
210.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  337). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  25 


GUTTIFER^l. 


13. — Clusia  flava.  Linnams, 

Spec.  2  ed.  1495.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  977;  Enuin.  ii,  1043.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  444.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  105.— De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  559.— Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  134.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  111,  t.  77;  2  ed.  ii,  58,  t.  77.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  407.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  20-1.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  43.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4 
ser.  xiii,  352.— Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  340.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

C.  rosea,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  168. 

Jamaica  and  other  West  Indian  islands;  Key  West  (Blodgett)  prior  to  1840.  Not  detected  by  later  explorers 
(Palmer,  Garber,  Chapman,  Curtiss)  of  the  botany  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  and  probably  not  now  growing 
spontaneously  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

Wood  not  examined. 


TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 


14. — Gordonia    Lasianthus,  Linnaeus, 

Mant.  i,  570.— Ellis,  Phil.  Trans.  60,  518,  1. 11;  Letters,  t.  2.— L'Heritier,  Stirp.  Nov.  156.— Cavanilles,  Diss.ii,  307,  1. 161.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  177.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  231 ;  2ed.iv,  234.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  770;  111.  iii,  140,  t.594,  f.  1.— Swartz,  Obs.  271.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  840.—  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  43.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  668.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  236,  t.  68.— Desfoutaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  i,  484. — Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  259. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  131, 1. 1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  29,  t.  58. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  , 
Sept.  i,  451.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  84.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  i,  528.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  171.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  125.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
i,  573,  f.  99.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 168.— Reichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  t.  151.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  79.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  379,  f.  93.— 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  223. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  161. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  258.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  52. — 
Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  862.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  103,  t.  140,  141;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  104. — Choisy,  Mem.  Ternst.  <fe  Camel.  51.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  250. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  60.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv. 
N.  Carolina  1860,  iii,  80.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  English  ed.  274  &  figs.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  274 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  65.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iv, 
230,  f.  254,  255.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

Hypericum  Lasianthus,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  783.— Hill,  Veg.  Syst.  xv,  t.  1,  f.  3. 
O.  pyramidalis,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  Stirp.  386. 

LOBLOLLY  BAT.      TAN  BAY. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Malabar,  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf 
coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  sandy  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  not  durable;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color, 
light  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4728;  ash,  0.76;  somewhat  employed  in  cabinet-making. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  was  once  occasionally  used,  locally,  in  tanning  leather  (Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  160). 

15. — Gordonia  pubescens,  L'Heritier, 

Stirp.  Nov.  156.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  770.— Cavanilles,  Diss.  ii,  308,  t.  162.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  231;  2  ed.  iv,  234.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iii,  841. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  43. — Ventenat,  Jard.  Malm.  t.  1  (Schrader,  Nenes  Jour.  Bot.  1806,  121). — Nonveau 
Duhamel,  ii,  237. — Kcenig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  i,  171. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  484. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  259. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb. 
Am.  iii,  135,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  31,  t.  59. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  451. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  84. — Loiseleur,  Herb. 
Amat.  iv,  t.  236.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  171.— De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  i,  528.— Spreugel ,  Syst.  iii,  125.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  573.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  161. — Audubon,  Birds,  t.  185. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  80. — London,  Arboretum,  i,  380,  f.  94. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  America,  i,  223. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  258. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  54. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  862. — Gray,  Genera,  ii, 
102,  t.  141,  f.  11-14,  t.  142.— Choisy,  Mem.  Ternst.  &  Camel.  51.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  257.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  60.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  274;  Bot.  &  Fl.  65.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Goodale  &  Sprague,  Wild 
Flowers,  193,  t.  47. 

Franklinia  Altamaha,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  49.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  16,  465.— Rafineeque,  Atlant.  Jour.  79  &  f. 

G.  Frariklini,  L'Heritier,  Stirp.  Nov.  156.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  841.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  237.— Desfontaines,  Hist 
Arb.  i,  484.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  259.— Poiret,  Snppl.  ii,  816. 

Hichauxia  SCSSilis,   Salisbury,  Prodr.  Stirp.  386. 

Lacathea  florida,   Salisbury,  Farad.  Lond.  t.  56.— Colla,  Hort.  Ripul.  Appx.  i,  134. 


26  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

FRANKLINIA. 

Near  Fort  Barrington,  on  the  Altamaha  river,  Georgia  (J.  &  W.  Bartram,  Dr.  Moses  Marshall). 

Careful  explorations  of  Bartram's  original  locality  by  later  botanists,  especially  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Eavenel,  have 
failed  to  rediscover  this  species,  which  is,  however,  still  preserved  in  cultivation  through  the  original  plants 
introduced  by  the  Bartrams.  "Florida"  given  as  a  locality  by  Torrey  &  Gray,  I.  c.,  on  the  authority  of  Herb. 
Schweinitz,  and  followed  by  Chapman,  I.  c.,  is  probably  an  error  (Eavenel  in  Am.  Naturalist,  xvi,  235). 


STERCULIACE^l. 


16. — Fremontia  Californica,  Torrey, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.  vi,  5,  t.  2,  f.  2;  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  iv,  191 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  15,  71.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  68. — 
Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  319.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  146.— Bentharn  &  Hooker,  Genera,  i,  212, 982.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  5591. — 
Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  xiii,  t.  496.— Beige  Hort.  xvii.  236,  t.  13.— Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1867,  91  &  t.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  483.— 
Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1869,  610. — Seeiuanu,  Jour.  Bot.  vii,  297. — London  Garden,  1873,  54  &  t. — Planchon  in  Fl.  des 
Serres,  xxii,  175. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  88 ;  ii,  437. — Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  41,  357. 

Gheiranthodendron  Californicum,  Baillon,  Hist.  Pi.  iv,  70. 

SLIPPERY  ELM. 

California,  valley  of  Pitt  river,  southward  along  the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  the  Santa 
Lucia  mountains  southward  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Jacinto  mountains ;  rare  at  the  north,  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  southern  sierras  and  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
ranges. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  often  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall, 
much  branched  shrub;  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  many  groups  of  small  ducts  parallel  to  the 
thin,  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  layers  of  annual  growth  obscure;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thick 
sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7142 ;  ash,  1.69. 

The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  used  locally  in  poultices. 


17.— Tilia  Americana,  Linuseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  514.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  153.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  55.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  229;  2  ed.  iii,  299. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii, 
1162;  Enura.  i,  665. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  37. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  66. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  311,  t.  1;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  81,  t.  131.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  58;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  6.— Eaton,  Manual,  59.— James  in 
Long's  Exped.  i,  69.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  134,  t.  134.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  214;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  116.— London, 
Arboretum  i,  373  &  t. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  239. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  227. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
511;  2  ed.  ii,  584  &  t.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  47.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  96,  t.  136;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  103;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
5. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3ed.38. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  262.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep»  1858,5550.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
59. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  79. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  352. — Wood,  Cl.  Book, 
272;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  103. — Engelmaim  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  186. — Walpers,  Ann. 
vii,  449. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  480. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  188. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-'76, 191.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  174.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-^80,  5K— Rideway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mns.  1882,  61. 

T.  nigra,  Borkhauseu,  Haudb.  d.  Forstbot.  ii,  1219. 

T.  glabra,  Ventenat  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  iv,  9,  t.  2. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  i,  228.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  681.— Pursh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  362.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  3.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  112.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  2.— 
Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  55,  t.  45.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  108. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  553.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  365.— Beck,  Bot.  59.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  312.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  452.— Dietrich,  Syn. 
iii,  237. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422. 

T.  latifolia,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  367. 

T.  Canadensix,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  306.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  66.— Poiret  iu  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  683. 

T.  neglecta,  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  340,  t.  15 ;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  27, 29.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  359. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  27 

LIME  TREE.      BASS  WOOD.      AMERICAN    LINDEN.      LIN.      BEE  TREE. 

Northern  New  Brunswick,  westward  in  British  America  to  about  the  one  hundred  and  second  meridian, 
southward  to  Virginia  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  Georgia  and  southern  Alabama;  extending  west  in 
the  United  States  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  southwest  to 
the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  20  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  45 
meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.92  to  1.84  meter  in  diameter  (valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Ridgway);  common 
in  all  northern  forests,  and  always  an  indication  of  rich  soil;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  only 
along  river  bottoms. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather 
obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  or  often  slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity, 
0.4525 ;  ash,  0.55 ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  woodenware  and  cheap  furniture,  for  the  panels  and  bodies 
of  carriages,  the  inner  soles  of  shoes,  in  turnery,  and  the  manufacture  of  paper-pulp  (the  quickly-discolored  sap 
renders  it  unfit  for  making  white  paper). 

The  inner  bark,  macerated,  is  sometimes  manufactured  into  coarse  cordage  and  matting;  the  flowers,  rich  iu 
honey,  highly  prized  by  apiarists. 

Aqtia  tilice,  an  infusion  of  the  flowers,  buds,  and  leaves  of  the  different  species  of  Tilia,  is  used  in  Europe  as 
a  domestic  remedy  in  cases  of  indigestion,  nervousness,  etc.  (Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1428). 

Var.  pubescens,  London, 

Arboretum,  i,  374  &  t. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  48. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  103 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5. 
T.  Caroliniana,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  4.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  56.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  154. 
T.  Americana,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  153  [not  Linnjeus]. 

T.  pubescens,  Aitou,  Hort,  Kew.  ii,  229;  2  ed.  iii,  299.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  ii,  1162;  Enum.  i,  566.— Ventenat  iu  Mem.  Acad. 
Sci.  iv,  10,  t.  3.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  228,  t.  51.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  66.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  37.— Michaux  f. 
Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  317,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  85,  t.  133.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  363.— De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
i,  513.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  112.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  3.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  135.— Torrey,  Comp.  Fl.  N.  States,  215.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  553.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  365.— Beck,  Bot.  59.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  452.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxiv, 
447.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  237.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  262.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  59.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv. 
N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  79.— Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  449.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  i,  479.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

T.  laxiflora,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  306.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  683.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  66.— Willdenow,  Enum. 
Suppl.  38.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  113. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  215.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  i,  553.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  365.— Beck,  Bot.  59.— Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  343,  t.  15;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  32.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  48. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  237. 

T.  grata,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  367. 

T.  pubescens,  var.  leptophylta,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  ii,  63. 

f  T.  stenopetala,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  92.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  484. 

T.  truncata,  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  342;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  30.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  237. 

T.  Americana,  var.  Waltcri,  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  272:  Bot.  &  Fl.  64. 

North  Carolina  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  usually  near  the  coast ;  Houston,  Texas  (E 
Hall}. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  swamps  or  low  ground ; 
rare,  or  often  confounded  with  the  typical  T.  Americana. 

Wood  lighter,  but  not  otherwise  distinguishable  from  that  of  T.  Americana;  specific  gravity  0.4074;  ash,  0.65. 

18. — Tilia  heterophylla,  Ventenat, 

Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  iv,  16,  t.  5.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  229.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  683.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  363.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  3  ;  Sylva,  i,  90,  t.  23  ;  2  ed.  i,  107,  t.  23.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  553.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  365.— 
Spach  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  345 ;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  34.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  239.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  452.— 
Penu.  Cycl.  xxiv,  447.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  359.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  237.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
60.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  79.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  272  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
103.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1429.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 61. 

T.  alba,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  315,  t.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  84, 1. 132  [not  Waldstein  &  Kitaibel].— Eaton  <fe 
Wright,  Bot.  452.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  262. 

T.  laxiflora,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  363  [not  Michaux].— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  2. 
T.Americana,  var.  heterophylla,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  375  &  t. 
T.  heterophylla,  var.  alba,  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  272 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64. 


28  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WHITE  BASS  WOOD.    WAHOO. 

Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Alabama  and  Florida 
(valley  of  the  Apalachicola  river,  opposite  Chattahoochee,  Mohr),  west  to  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Indiana,  and  southern  and  central  Illinois  (valley  of  the  Illinois  river). 

A  tree  15  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  river  bottoms, 
often  on  limestone;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  mountains  and  in  middle  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4253 ;  ash,  0.62 ;  generally  confounded  with 
that  of  Tilia  Americana,  and  used  for  similar  purposes. 


MALPIGHIACE^]. 


19. — Byrsonima  lucida,  HBK. 

Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  v,  147.— De  Candolle,  Proclr.  i,  580.— Jussieu,  MOD.  Malpig.  ii,  40.— Walpers,  Rep.  T,  168.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba, 
115,  t.  28". — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  115.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  82. 

MalpigMa  lucida,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  852. 

TALLOWBERRY.     GLAMBERRY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys    (Boca  Chica,  No-Name  Key,  etc.) ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  branching 
from  the  ground,  and  frutescent  in  habit. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
a  little  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5888 ;  ash,  2.46. 

Fruit  edible. 


ZYGOPHYLLACE^;. 


20. — Guaiacum  sanctum,  Linnseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  382.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  707.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  16,  t.  86 ;  2  ed.  ii,  86,  t.  86.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  123,  t.  148.— Sclmizlein, 
Icon.  t.  SJ53,  f.  21.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  134.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  64.— 
Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  67.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

G.  verticals,  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  321. 

LIGNUM-VIT^. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Upper  Metacombe  and  Lignum- Vitas  Keys,  common;  Lower  Metacombe  and  Umbrella 
Keys,  rare ;  in  the  Bahamas,  St.  Domingo,  Cuba,  Porto  Eico,  etc. 

A  low,  gnarled  tree,  not  exceeding,  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  splitting  irregularly, 
containing  many  evenly-distributed  resinous  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  rich  yellow-brown, 
varying  in  older  specimens  to  almost  black,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  1.1432 ;  ash,  0.82 ;  used  in 
turnery  and  for  the  sheaves  of  ships'  blocks,  for  which  it  is  preferred  to  other  woods. 

Lignum  GuaiacL  Guaiacum  wood,  the  heart  of  this  and  the  allied  G.  officinale,  Linnaeus,  formerly  largely  used  in 
the  treatment  of  syphilis,  is  now  only  retained  in  the  Materia  Medica  as  an  ingredient  in  the  compound  deeoctioii  of 
sarsaparilla. 

Guaiac,  the  resinous  gum  obtained  from  these  species,  is  a  stimulating  diaphoretic  and  alterative,  or  in  large  doses 
cathartic,  and  is  still  employed  in  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  etc.  (Fliickiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia, 
92. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  456.^JVat  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  696.— Guibotirt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  551. — Berg, 
Pharm.  Anat.  All.  53,  t.  27). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  29 

21. — Porliera  angustifolia,  Gray, 
Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  28. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey,  42. 

Guaiacum  angmtifolium,  Engeluiann,  Wializ«nu»"  Rep.  29.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  158;  Genera,  ii,  123, 
t.  149. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  840. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  334. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  to  the  Eio  Grande  (Austin,  Matagorda  bay,  New  Braunfels.,  San 
Antonio,  Brownsville,  FortMcIntosh),  extending  west  to  the  Bio  Pecos  (Havard);  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern,  northern, 
and  western  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United  States  on  the  calcareous 
hillsides  bordering  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  smaller  and  less  regularly 
distributed  than  in  Guaiacum  ;  medullary  rays  very  thin,  numerous ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  turning  green  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  1.1101 ;  ash,  0.51 ;  probably  possessing  medicinal  properties 
similar  to  those  of  lignum-vitae. 


RUTAOE^l. 


22. — Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Miller, 

Diet.  No.  2.— Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  57.— Wangenheim,  Arner.  116.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  214.— Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  147.— 
Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  509 ;  2  ed.  ii,  581.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  148,  t.  156;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  41 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5 
ed.  110. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  423. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  253. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  250.— Wood,  01.  Book,  282;  Bot.  &  PI.  70.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i, 
563.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

X.  Clava-Herculis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  38;  111.  t.  811,  f.  3  [not  Linnaeus].— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  399.— Mcench,  Meth.  340. 
X.  fraxinifolium,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  167.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  52;  ii,  38. 

X.  fraxineum,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  757;  Enum.  1013;  Berl.  Baumz.  413.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  615.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
ii,  343.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  383.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  210.  -Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  vii, 
3,  t.  2.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  197.— Bigolow,  Med.  Bot.  iii,  156,  t.  59;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  405.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  726.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  945.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  373.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  113,  f.  96.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
i,  802.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  399.— Beck,  Bot.  70.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  364.— Linclley,  Fl.  Med.  216.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  i,  488,  f.  158  &  t.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1000.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  118.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  482.— Nees, 
PI.  Wied.  5.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  195,  f.  103.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  150.— Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PL  1. 19,  f.  9.— 
Schnizlein,  Icou.  t.  250,  f.  1-14.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  324  &  figs.— Baillon,  Hist.  PL  iv,  398r  f.  433-438. 

X.  mite,  Willdenow,  Enum.  1013.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  622.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  727.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  802.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  i,  489. 

X.  ramrflorum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  235. 

X.  tricarpum,   Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  118  [not  Michaux]. 

Thylax  fraxineum,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot,ii,  114. 

PRICKLY  ASH.     TOOTHACHE  TREE. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  west  to  northern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas,  south  to  the 
mountains  of  Virginia  and  northern  Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  not  often  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  or,  reduced  to  a  shrub, 
1.50  to  1.80  meter  in  height;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes; 
rocky  hillsides,  or  more  often  along  streams  and  rich  river  bottoms. 

Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.5054;  ash,  0.57. 

The  bark  of  Xanthoxylum,  an  active  stimulant,  is  used  in  decoction  to  produce  diaphoresis  in  cases  of 
rheumatism,  syphilis,  etc.,  and  as  a  popular  remedy  for  toothache  (U.  S.  Dispenxatvry,  14  ed.  940. — Bentley  in 
Tendon  Pharm.  Jour.  2  ser.  v,  399. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  1  ed.  iii,  562. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1535). 


30  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

23. — Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  Linnasns, 

Spec.  1  ed.  270,  in  part. — B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  25,  52;  ii,  38. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  754,  in  part. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  388. — 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  690.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  Her.  xiv,  312. 

X.  fraxinifolium,  Walter,  Fl.  Carolinians,  243  [not  Marshall]. 

Fagara fraxinifolia,  Lamarck,  111.  i,  334. 

X.  Carolinianum,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  39;  111.  403,  t.  811,  f.  1.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  214.— Engelmann  &  Gray 
in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  213.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  148,  t.  156,  f.  13,  14;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  110;  Hall's  PI 
Texas,  5.— Scheele  in  Kramer,  Texas,  432.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  8,  t.  83;  2  ed.  ii,  78,  t.  S?.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  253. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  66.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  103.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  282;  Bot.  &  Fl.  70.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  194.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

X.  aromaticum,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  755  (excl.  syn.).— Jacquin  f.  Eclogse,  i,  103,  t.  70. 

X.  tricarpum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  ii,  235.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  294.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  383.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept 
i,  210.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  726.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  690.— A.  de  Jussieu  in  Mem.  Mus.  xii,  t.25,  f.  38.— Sprengel,  Syst, 
i,  945.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  803.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  365.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  488.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  399.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot-  482.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1000. 

Kampmania  fraxinifolia,  Rafiuesque,  Med.  Rep.  v,  354. 

Pseudopetalon  glandulosum,  Ratinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  108;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  114. 
Pseudopetdlon  tricarpum,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  108;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  114. 
X.  Catesbianum,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  114. 

TOOTHACHE  TREE.      PRICKLY  ASH.      SEA  ASH.      PEPPER  WOOD.      WILD   ORANGE. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  bay  Biscayne  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  westward  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  northwestern  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas  (south  of  the  Arkansas  river),  and  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  12  to  14  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  of  very  rapid  growth; 
usually  along  streams  and  low,  rich  river  bottoms,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  form  with  trifoliate  leaves  is — 

X.  macrophyllum,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  10 ;  2  ed.  ii,  80.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  353. 
X.  Clava-Herculis,  var.  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  335. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  soft,  coarse-grained,  not  durable,  containing  many  scattered  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5056;  ash,  0.82. 

JT.  Clava-Herculis  probably  possesses  similar  medicinal  properties  to  those  of  the  last  species  (Nat.  Dispensatory 
2  ed.  1535). 

Vat.  fruticosum,  Gray, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  30. — Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  161. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  43. — Chapman,  Fl. 

S.  States,  66  ?  —Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  71. 

X.  Mrsutum,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861,  450;  1870,  136  (see  Gray  in  same,  1862,  162).— Young,  Bot.  Texas. 
195. 

Western  Texas,  Corpus  Christi  (Buckley),  mouth  of  the  Colorado  river  (Mohr),  near  Austin,  and  west  to  Devil's 
river  and  Eagle  pass;  Florida  (?)  (Chapman  I.  c.). 

A  low  shrub,  or  on  the  Texas  coast  a  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in 
diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.59C7  ;  ash,  0.76. 

24. — Xanthoxylum  Caribeeum,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  ii,  40.— Gartner,  Fruct.  i,  333,  t.  68,  f.  8.— Descourtil/,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  58.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5ser.  xiv, 
315. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  562. 

X.  Clava-Herculis,  LiuvuTuis,  Spec.  1  ed.  270,  in  part.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  727.— Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  194.— Grisebach, 
Fl.  British  West  Indies,  138. 

X.  lanceolatum,  Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,293.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  727. 

X.  Floridanum,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  14,  t.  85;  2  ed.  ii,  85,  t.  85.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  66.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  70.— Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  194.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  31 

SATIN  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  south  Babia  Honda  and  Boca  Chica  Keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  fine-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautifnl 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  orange,  the  sap-wooa  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.9002;  ash,  2.02. 

25. — Xanthoxylum  Pterota,  HBK. 

Nov.  Geu.  &  Spec,  vi,  3. — Kunth,  Syn.  iii,  325. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  725. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  680. — Macfadyen,  Fl. 
Jamaica,  190.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  11,  t.  84 ;  2  ed.  ii,  81,  t.  84.— Seemaun,  Hot.  Herald,  275.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
43. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  66. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  195. — Plauchon  &  Triana  ill  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xiv,  311. — Engler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xii2,  154. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i, 
169. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  335. 

Fagara  Pterota,  Linnaeus,  Aiuoen,  v,  393,  in  part.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  444 ;  111.  i,  335,  t.  84.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  666.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  263.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  40.— Turpin,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xvi,  107,  t.  127. 

Fagara  lentiscifolia,  Willdenow,  Enum.  i,  166.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  137. 

WILD   LIME. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  on  the  west  coast  from  about  latitude  29°  to  cape 
Sable;  southwestern  Texas,  and  southward  through  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  in  Florida  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  keys  of  the  west 
coast ;  in  Texas  not  common,  but  widely  distributed  as  a  small  shrub,  or  on  the  shores  of  Matagorda  bay,  west 
of  the  Nueces  river,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Eio  Grande  a  low  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous;  color, brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7444;  ash,  0.78. 

26. — Ptelia  trifoliata,  Linnieus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  118.— Medicus,  Bot.  Beobacht.  215.— Marshall,  Arbnstuni,  115.— Walter,  Fl.  Camliniana,  88.— Aiton.  Hort.  Kew.  i,  162;  2  ed. 
i,  264.— Lamarck,  111.  i,  336,  t.  84.— Moench,  Meth.  55.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  670;  Enum.i,  116.— Nouveau  Duhaiuel,  i,  252,  t.57.— 
Michaux,  Fl.Bor.  Am.  i,  99. — Schkuhr,  Hamlb.  83,  t.  83. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  706. — Persoou,  Syu.  i,  145. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  343.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  509.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  107.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  104.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb. 
Holz.  94,  t.  74.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  8.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  201.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  291.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  189 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  86.— Fl.N.  York,  i,  133;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  73;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  43.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  82.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  i,  441.— Turpin,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xliv,  2,  t.  128.— A.  do  Jussieu  in  Mem.  Mns.  xii,  t.  26,  f.  42.— Beck  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  x,  264 ; 
Bot.  71.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  806.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  369.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  215.— London, 
Arboretum,  i,  489  &  t.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  288.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  215.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  379.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  i,  497. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  153. — Scheele  in  Rcemer,  Texas,  432. — Gray,  Genera,  ii,  150, 1. 157;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
110.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  423.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610.— Agardh,  Theor.  &.  Syst.  PI.  t.  19,  f.  7,8.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  250.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  254.— Chapman.  Fl.  S.  States,  66.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii, 
107.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  353.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  283 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  71.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  250,  f.  15-26.— 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  195.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iv,  395,  f.  445,  446.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  i,  566.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8.— 
Hetnsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  171. — Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

Amyris  elemifera,  Linnsens,  Spec.  2  ed.  295.— St.  Hilaire,  Fam.  Nat.  i,  253. 
P.  mticifolia,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  68. 

HOP  TREE.      SHRUBBY   TREFOIL.      WAFER  ASH. 

Ontario  and  New  York  (banks  of  the  Niagara  river),  Pennsylvania  southward  to  northern  Florida,  west  to 
Minnesota  and  the  headwaters  of  the  Canadian  river ;  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Mimbres  river, 
New  Mexico  (Bigelotc),  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  4  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  shady,  rocky  hillsides. 

A  variety  with  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves,  not  rare  on  the  south  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  common  form  of 
western  Texas,  is — 

var.  mollis,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  680. — Engelmann  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  213. — Torrey 
in  Marcey's  Rep.  282.— Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  31;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  71.— Watson  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  335. 

P.  mollis,  Curtis  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  vii,  406;  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  107.— Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  259.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  67.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  196. 


32  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  the  annual  growths  clearly  marked  by  two  or  three  rows  of 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  thin;  color,  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity, 
0.8319;  ash,  0.30. 

The  bark  of  the  root  possesses  tonic  properties  and  is  employed  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and  fluid 
extracts  in  cases  of  dyspepsia,  debility,  etc.  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  1862,  198;  1867,  337. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed. 
1740. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1179) ;  the  bitter  fruit  is  occasionally  used  domestically  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

* 

27. — Canotia  holocantha,  Ton-ey, 

Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,68. — Gray  in  Ives'  Rep.  15;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii,  159. — Baillon,  Adausonia,  x,  18;  Hist.  Veg.  vi,  7,  42. — Brewer  & 
Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  190. — Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  24,  81,  t.  1. — Maximowicz  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg  v,  256. — 
Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106. 

Arizona,  White  Mountain  region,  valley  of  the  Gila  river  (Rothrock),  valley  of  Bill  Williams  Pork  (Bigeloic). 

A  small  tree,  C  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  large  shrub; 
dry,  rocky  mesas.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  prominent ;  color 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6885;  ash,  5.33. 


SIMARUBE^. 


28. — Simaruba  glauca,  De  Candoile, 

Diss.  in  Ann.  Mus.  xvii,  323 ;  Prodr.  i,  733. — Humboldt,  Bonplaud  &  Kunth,  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec,  vi,  10. — Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles, 
i,  66,  t.  14.— Planchon  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  v,  567.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  152.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  20,  t.  87 ;  2  ed.  ii,  88,  t.  87.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Grisebach,  PI.  British  West  Indies,  139.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  67.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl. 
72.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  357.— Engler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xii2,  223.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8.— 
Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  173. 

Quassia  Simaruba,  Linnanis,  Suppl.  234.— Wright,  Trans.  Edinburgh  Soc.  ii,  73,  t.  1,  2 ;  Bot.  &  Med.  Account  of  Q. 
Simaruba.— Gsertner,  Fruct.  i,  340,  t.  70.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  478,  t.  343,  f.  2.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  568.— Alton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  42.  -Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  23,  t.  5. 

Quasnia  dioica,  Bergi  us,  Mat.  Med.  355. 

8.  amara,  Aublet,  Guian.  t.  331.— Hayno,  Arzn.  iv,  t.  15.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  249,  f.  1-6. 

S.  medidnalis,  Endlicher,  Medz.  Pf.  525.— Berg,  Handb.  i,  373.— Berg  &  Schmidt,  Off.  Gew.  ii,  t.  13. 

PARADISE  TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a,  trunk  O.GO  meter  in  diameter;  within  the  United  States  not 
common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  containing  many  large  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
few,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  a  little  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4136;  ash,  0.93. 

The  bark  of  this  species  has  been  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  that  of  S.  officinalis,  DC.  as  an  aromatic, 
bitter  tonic  (U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  838. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1294). 


BTJRSERACE^. 


29. — Bursera  gummifera,  Jacqnin, 

Am.  Pict.  t.  65.— Linnseus,  Spec.  2  ed.  741.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  392,  t.  256.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1119.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  481.— 
Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  107.— De  Candoile,  Prodr.  ii,  78.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  t.  97.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  239.— 
Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  229.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  117,  t.  79 ;  2  ed.  ii,  C4,  t.  79.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  390.— Browne,  Trees  of  America, 
189. —Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  173.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 264 ;  1860,  440.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  68.— Wood, 
Bot.  &  Fl.  72.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  302.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  177.— 
Engler  in  De  Candoile,  Suites,  iv,  39. 

B.  OCUminata,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1120.— De  Candoile,  Prodr.  ii,  78. 

Elaplirium  integerrimum,  Tulasne  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  vi,  369.     (Fide  Engler,  I.e.) 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  33 

GUM  ELEMI.     GUMBO  LIMBO.     WEST-INDIAN  BIRCH. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast  Caloosa  river  and  Caximbas  bay; 
through  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.70  meter  in  diameter ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
common  trees  of  southern  Florida,  of  very  rapid  growth  and  decay. 

Wood  very  light,  exceedingly  soft  and  weak,  spongy,  containing  many  scattered  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  or  gray,  quickly  discoloring  with  decay ;  specific  gravity,  0.3003 ;  ash, 
2.04;  used  in  making  live-fences,  pieces  of  the  trunk  when  planted  in  the  coral  rock  of  the  keys  throwing  out  roots 
and  growing  rapidly. 

The  aromatic  resin  obtained  from  this  species  was  formerly  somewhat  used  in  various  forms,  under  the  name  of 
Caranna,  as  a  remedy  for  gout  ( Watts.  Chem.  Diet,  i,  14Q.—-ttuibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  1  ed.  iii,  525,  f.  749) ;  and  in  the 
West  Indies  is  manufactured  into  a  valuable  varnish.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used  as  a  domestic 
.substitute  for  tea. 

30. — Amyris  sylvatica,  Jacquin, 

Am.  Pict.  t.  108.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  333.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  351.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1271.— 
Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  231.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  393.—  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  174.— Planchou  &  Triana  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  321.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

Toxicodendron  arborescens,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  9. 

A.  dyatripa,  Sprengel,  Neue  Entdeck.  iii,  48.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81. 

Rhus  arborescens,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  73. 

A.  Plumieri,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81. 

A.  Floridana,  Nuttall  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v,  294;  Sylva  ii,  114,  t.  78;  2  ed.  ii,  61,  t.  78.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81.-Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  221.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  16.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  123.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  561.— 
Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  68.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  72.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

A.  cymosa,  Reichenbach  in  Sieb.  PI.  Trin.  No.  29  f . 
A.  maritima,  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,392  [not  Jacquin]. 

TORCH  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  resinous,  exceedingly  durable,  susceptible 
of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  light  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  1.0459; 
ash,  0.59. 


MELIACEJE 


31. — Swietenia  Mahogoni,  Linnaus, 

Spec.  2  ed.  548.— Jacquin,  Stirp.  Am.  t.  127.— Cavanilles,  Diss.  ii,  365,  t.  209.— Gssrtner,  Fruct.  ii,  89,  t.  96.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  678.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  557.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  338.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  64.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  125,  t., 
99.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  625.— Turpin  in  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  Atlas,  t.  170.— Tussae,  Fl.  Antilles,  iv,  t.  23.— Hayne,  Arzn.  i,  t.  19.— 
Hooker,  Bot.  Misc.  i,  21,  t.  16,  17. — A.  de  Jussieu  in  Mem.  Mus.  xix,  248,  t.  11. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  687,  f.  116. — Woodville,  Med. 
Bot.  3  ed.  iii,  620,  t.  220.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  164,  t.  21.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  155.— Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  175.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  242.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  360.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  447.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  436.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  98,  t.  75 ; 

2  ed.  ii,  46,  t.  75.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  304.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  226,  f.  1.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  263.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  62.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  131.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  66.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v, 
478,  f.  472-476.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  596.— Tippel  &  Bollevar,  Ausland.  Cult.   Pfl.,  Atlas,  i,  t.  2,  f.  1.— C.  De  Candolle, 
Suites,  i,  723.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  183. 

8.  Kenegalensis,  Desrousaeaux  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  678. 
Cedrus  Mahogoni,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  2. 

3  FOR 


34  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

MAHOGANY.     MADEIRA. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key);  through  the  West  Indies,  and  in 
Central  America. 

A  large  tree,  on  the  Florida  keys  rarely  exceeding  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  meter  in 
diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard',  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable,  susceptible  of 
a  high  polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  rich  reddish-brown,  turning  darker  with  age,  the  thin  sap- 
wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7282 ;  ash,  1.09 ;  varying  greatly  in  quality  in  different  regions ;  largely  used  and 
preferred  to  all  other  woods  for  cabinet-making  of  all  sorts,  interior  finish,  etc.;  formerly  somewhat  employed  in 
ship-building. 


OLAOIN-EJB. 


32. — Ximenia  Americana,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  Appx.  1193.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  112.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  435,  t.  297.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  338.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2 
ed.  ii,  352.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  533.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  124,  t.  36;  2  ed.  i,  138,  t.  36.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  223,  f.  1-9,  30,  31.— 
Cambessedes  in  St.  Hilaire,  Fl.  Brasil.  i,  341.— Wight  &  Walker-Arnott,  Prodr.  Fl.  Penins.  Or.  i,  89.— Walpers,  Eep.  i,  377;  Ann. 
vi,  565.— Kichard,  Fl.  Cuba,  304.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  310.— Baillon, 
Adansouia,  ii,  t.  9,  f.  5,  6. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  61. — Engler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xii,  9,  t.  2,  f.  1. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
8.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  185. 

Heymassoli  spinosa,  Anblet,  Guian.  i,  324,  t.  125.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  435. 

X.  mitltijtora,  Jacqnin,  Stirp.  Am.  106,  t.  177,  f.  31.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  435,  t.  297,  f.  1,  2.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xiii,  264. 

X.  montana,  Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  i,  121. 

WILD   LIME.      TALLOW  NTJT.      HOG  PLUM.      MOUNTAIN   PLUM. 

Florida,  east  coast  from  the  Saint  John's  river  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast  Caloosa  river  to  Caximbas 
bay;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil,  and  on  the  coast  of  the  Indian  peninsula  (introduced?,  A.  De  Candolle, 
Geog.  Bot.  ii,  1027). 

A  small,  low,  wide -spreading  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  in  diameter, 
or  in  pine-barren  soil  and  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  Florida  on  the  west  coast. 

Wood  very  heavy,  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  regularly-distributed  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  few,  thin ;  color,  brown,  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.9196 ;  ash,  0.73. 

Hydrocyanic  acid  has  been  obtained  from  the  edible  plum-shaped  fruit  (Fliiclciger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia, 
222). 


ILICOEJE. 


33. — Ilex  opaca,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  i,  169;  2  ed.i,  277.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  708;  Enum.  172;  Berl.  Baumz.  190.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  i,  8.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  228.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  151.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  Go. —Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  191, 1. 11 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  122,  t. 
84.— Barton.  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  95;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  94.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Raiinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  111; 
Med.  Bot.  ii,  7,  t.  53.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Rosmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  487.— Link,  Enum.  147.— James,  Cat.  176;  Long's  Expod. 
ii,  294.— Hayne,  Dend.Fl.  10.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  173;  Fl.  U.S.  194;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  87;  Fl.  N.  York,ii,2.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  679.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  3.— Beck,  Bot.  230.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  186.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  516  &  t. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  121 ;  Jour.  Bot.  i,  201.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282.— Bige'low, 
Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  64.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  17.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  427.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  554.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  432.—  Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  341;  2  ed.  ii,  385  &  t.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  167.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  426.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  17.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  269.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  58.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  490 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  207. — Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5ed.  306.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  372.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3, 29.-- 
Mellichamp  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  viii,  113. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  35 

I.   aquifoHvm,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  63  [not  Linnaeus].— Walter,  Fl.  Ciiroliniana,  241. 
I.  Canadensis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  64. 

I.  laxiflora,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  147;  111.  i,  355.— Pursh.  Fl.Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Ru;mer&  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,494;  Mant.  334.— 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14. — Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  17. — Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  427. — Dietrich,  Syn.  i, 
:,;->:>.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  517.— Eaton,  Manual,  6cd.  18<>.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282. 

I.  quercifolia,  Mecrburgh,  Icon,  ii,  t.  5. 
Ageria  opaca,  Rnfinesquo,  Sylva  Telluriana.  47. 

AMERICAN   HOLLY. 

Quincy,  Massachusetts,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Charlotte  harbor,  Florida,  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  southern  Indiana  southward  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  southwest  through  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub;  generally  in  low,  rather  moist  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  rich  bottoms  of  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  very  compact,  easily  worked  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  inconspicuous ;  color,  nearly  white,  turning  to  light  brown  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  still  lighter ; 
specific  gravity,  0.5818;  ash,  0.76;  used  and  admirably  adapted  for  cabinet  work,  interior  finish,  and  turnery  of  the 
highest  class. 

A  bitter  principle  (Ilicln),  common  to  other  species  of  the  genus,  has  been  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  this  tree 
(Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  xxviii,  314. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1670. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  7-'>4). 

34.— Ilex  Dahoon,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliuiaua,  241.— Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  228.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Kuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Roeiner  &  Schultes,  Syst. 
iii,  489  ;  Mant.  332.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  680.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  114.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  48.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  19.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i.  202.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  186.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  282.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  428.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  554.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  519.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  433.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  426.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  269.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  58.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  207.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  30(>. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — Maxiinowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3,  29. — 
Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  75,"). 

I.  Cassinc,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  125,  in  part. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  64. — Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  170,  in  part ;  2  ed.  i,  279. — Lamarck, 
Diet,  iii,  147 ;  111.  i,  355.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  709 ;  Enurn.  i,  172  ;  Hort.  Berol.  i,  t.  31.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  9.— 
Persoon,  Syn.  151. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  362. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117. — Kramer  & 
Schultes,  Svst.  iii,  490.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  10.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
ii,  17.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  428.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  544— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  517,  f.  184.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
282. — Gceppert  in  Del.  Sein.  Vratisl.  1885  (Linnwa,  xxvi,  746). 

I.  Cassine,  var.  latifolia,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  278. 

I.  CttSSinoides,  Link,  Enurn.  i,  148.—  Rueiner  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii;  Mant.  332. 

I.  laurifolia,  Nuttall  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  v,  289.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  186.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282. 

Ageria  palustris,  Eafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriaua,  47. 

Ageria  obovata,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  47. 

Ageria  heterophylla,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  48. 

DAHOON.      DAHOON   HOLLY. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf 
coast  to  the  prairie  region  of  western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  from  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  wet  soil ; 
not  common,  and  running  into  numerous  forms,  of  which  the  best  marked  are — 

var.  angustifolia,   Torrey  &  Gray,  FL  N.  America,  ined. 

I.  Cassine,  var.  angustifolia,  Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  709.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew,  2  ed.  i,  278.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  9,  t.  3. 

I.  angustifolia,  Willdenow,  Enum.  i,  172.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  118.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Roomer  &  Schultes,  Syst. 
iii,  489.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  4.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  17.— 
Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  201.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  428.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  554.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  517,  f.  185. 


36  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

I.  ligmtrina,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  708  [not  Jaequin].— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  429.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot,  282.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  123.  ' 

f  I.   WatSOniana,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  429. 

'VAT.  ttiyrtifolia  (only  in  low  cypress  swamps  and  ponds),  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  269. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  755. 

I.  myrtifolia,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  214.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  10,  t.  4.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  229.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
iii,  65. — Willdenow,  Euum.  Suppl.  8. — Rffimer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  489. — Link,  Enum.  148. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
*  429.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  426.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 

5  ed.  306. — Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3,  2(i. 

I.  rosmarifolia,  Lamarck,  111.  i.  356.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  151.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  <i.">. 

I.  ligustrifolia,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  19.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  497;  Bot.  &  Fl.  207. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the 
Bap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4806;  asb,  0.91;  that  of  var.  myrtifolia  heavier,  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.5873 ;  ash,  0.90. 

35. — Ilex  Cassine,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  241. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  170,  in  part. — James,  Cat.  176;  Long's  Exped.  ii,  294. — Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202. — Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  186.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  269.— Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  59.— Lesqnereux  in 
Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  208.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  306.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  373.— Maximowicz 
in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3,  22. 

I.  Cassine,  [3.  Linnseus,  Spec.  1  ed.  125. 

Cassine  Peragua,  Linnaeus,  Mant.  ii,  220.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  26.— Plenck,  Icon.  t.  239. 

Cassine  Caroliniana,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  652 

I.  VOmitoria,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  170;  2  ed.  i,  278.— Salisbury,  Prodr.  70.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  709.— Enum.  Suppl.  8. — 
B.  S.  Barton,  <Joll.  i,  36,  56.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  10.— Persoou,  Syn.  i,  151.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  362.— 
Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  41.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  118.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  491 ; 
Mant.  333.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  173.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  ii,  17.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— Spach,  Hist,  Veg.  ii,  430.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  393.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  555.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  518,  f.  186.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  282.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  433.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  169. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  544. 

I.  ligustrina,  Jaequin,  Coll.  iv,  105;  Icon.  Rar.  ii,  9,  t.  310  [not'Elliott].— Lamarck,  111.  i,  356. 
I.  Floridana,  Lamarck,  111.  i,  356. 

I.  Cassena,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  229.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65.— Rremer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  490.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  681.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States  426.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  497. 

I.  religiosa,  Barton,  Fl.  Virginica,  66. 
Cassine  ramulosa,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  363. 
Klerophyllus  Cassine,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  8. 
Hmetila  ramulosa,  Rafiuesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  45. 
Ageriff,  Cassena,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  47. 
Ageria  geminata,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Tellnriana,  48. 

CASSENA.      YATJPON.      YOPON. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  the  Saint  John's  river  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  west  along 
the  Gulf  coast  to  southern  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub,  sending 
up  many  slender  stems  and  forming  dense  thickets ;  sandy,  moist  soil,  along  ponds  and  streams,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  river  bottoms  of  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color, 
nearly  white,  becoming  yellow  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7270 ;  ash,  0.87. 

The  leaves  possess  powerful  emetic  properties,  and  were  employed  by  the  southern  Indians,  together  perhaps 
•with  those  of  J.  Dahoon,  in  the  preparation  of  their  "black  drink"  (Am,  Jour.  Pharm.  xliv,  217. —  U.  S. Dispensatory, 
14  ed.  1670.— Nat.  JMspensatory,  2  ed.  754). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  37 

36.— Ilex  decidua,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniaua,  241. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  269. — Curtis  in  Hep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  59. — 
Lesquereux  iu  Owen's 2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  497 ;  Bot .  &  Fl.  208.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  306.— Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  373. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — Miixiinowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  '3,  30. — Watsou  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii,  335. 

I.  pritwidcs,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  1(>9;  'i  ed.  i,  'J7H. — Lamarck,  111.  i,  355. — Willdrnow,  Spec,  i,  70U. — Kouveau  Dubaiuel,  i, 
11. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  ii,  229. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  151. — DesCc.iitaincs.  llii-t.  Arli.  ii.  362.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 
118.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Rccmer  &  Scliultes,  Syst.  iii,  488;  Mant.  332.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  1. 15. - Sprengel, 
Syst.  i,  495.— Audul>on,  Birds,  t.  *;».— Eaton,  Manual,  U  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  426. 

/.  ceativalis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  147 ;  111.  i,  350. 

Prinos  deciduus,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  16.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  20.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— London,  Arboretum, 
ii,  520. 

/.  ambiguuti,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  705. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward,  through  the  middle  districts,  to  western  Florida,  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  southern  Illinois  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  southeastern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  eastern 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states  a 
tall,  straggling  shrub ;  low,  wet  woods  along  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Iron  Mountain 
region  of  Missouri  and  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  creamy-white,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7420;  ash,  0.70. 


CYRILLACEJ;. 


37. — Cyrilla  racemiflora,  Liuuseus, 

Mant.i,  50;  Syst.  14  ed.  241.— Jacquin,  Icon.  Rar.  t.  47;  Coll.  i,  162.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  103.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  245;  111.  ii, 
144,  t.  147,  f.  2.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  215,  t.  46.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  255.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  294.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  119.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  218.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  256.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  96,  t.  74  ;  2  ed.  ii,  43,  t.  74.— Planchon  in 
Hooker's  Jour.  Bot.  v,  254.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  240,  f.  1-4,  6,  17,  19,  21.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  417.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858, 253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  272.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  105.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
130.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  540  &  f.— Baillon,  Adansonia,  i,  203,  t.  4.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  493 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  205.— Vasey, 
Cat,  Forest  Trees,  18. 

Andromeda  plumata,  Bartram,  Cat.— Marshall,  Arhustnm,  9. 

C.  Caroliniana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  158.—  Gartner,  f.  Fruet.  Suppl.  147,  t.  209,  f.  8.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  175.— Pursh,  FL 
Am.  Sept,  i,  170.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  145.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  436.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  v,  408.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  2456. — 
Walpers,  Rep.  vi,  421.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  805. 

Itea  Gyrilla,  L'Heritier,  Stirp.  i,  137,  t,  66.— Swartz,  Prodr.  50 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  506 ;  Ohs.  94,  t.  4.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1146.— 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  37. 

C.  racemosa,  London,  Arboretnm,  iv,  2577,  f.  2503. 

C.polystachia,  G.  parvifolia,  C.fwcata,  Rannesque,  Aulikon  Botanikon,  8. 

IRON  WOOD. 

North  Carolina  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  middle  Florida  (latitude  30°),  westward,  along  the  Gulf  coast, 
to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river,  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall 
shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  root;  open  swamps  and  low  thickets;  a  variety  (Chapman,  Curti/ss)  with 
narrower,  persistent  leaves,  and  thicker  spongy  bark,  in  pond  holes  and  wet  depressions  of  the  pine  barrens  of  the 
Apalachicola  region  of  western  Florida,  forms  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  weak,  hard,  close-graiifed,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  conspicuous;  color,  brown  tinged! 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6784 ;  ash,  0.42. 


38  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

38. — Cliftonia  ligustrina,  Banks, 

Ex.  Gsertner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  246,  t.  225.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  31.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  256.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
92,  t.  73 :  2  ed.  ii,  39,  t.  73.— Planchon  in  Hooker's  Jour.  Bot.  v,  255.— Walpers,  Rep.  vi,  422.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1412.— Schnizlein, 
Icon.  t.  240**,  f.  5,  7-10,  20.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  273.— Porcher,  Resources  S. 
Forests,  130.— Baillon  in  Adansouia,  i,  202,  t.  4,  f.  3-6.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18. 

Mylocaryum  ligustrinum,  Willdenow,  Enum.  i,  454.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1625.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  616,  t.  952,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  i,  302,  t.  14.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  41.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  508.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  231.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
323.— Darby,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  493;  Bot.  &  Fl.  205. 

TITI.     IKON  WOOD.     BUCKWHEAT  TEEE. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  river,  Georgia,  southward  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  west  Florida,  westward  along 
the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river,  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern 
limits  in  Florida  reduced/to  a  shrub;  margins  of  pine-barren  ponds  and  streams. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close  grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6249;  ash,  0.42;  largely  used  as  fuel,  burning  with  a  clear  flame. 


CELASTRACE.E. 


39. — Euonymus  atropurpureus,  jacquin, 

Hort.  Vind.  ii,  155,  t.  120.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  573 ;  111.  ii,  98.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  274  ;  2  ed.  ii,  29.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1132 ;  Enum.  i, 
256. — Michaux.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  155. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,243. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  iii,  26. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  356. — Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  i.  168.  —  Tnrpiu,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xvii,  532,  t.  272.— Eaton,  Manual,  28 ;  6  ed.  140.— Nuttall,  Genera,  155.— Rffirner  &  Schultes, 
Syst.  v,  466.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  24.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  293.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  4.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  173 ;  Fl.  U.  S. 
261;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  120;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  141;  Nicollet's  Rep.  147.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  788.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  5.— 
Beck,  Bot.  72.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  201.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  405.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  60.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  499,  f.  167.— 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  257.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  819.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  240.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  219,  f.  112.— Gray, 
Genera,  ii,  188;  Manual  N.  States,  5  e<i.  110. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  423. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
268.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  48.— Baillou  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  v,  314.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  76.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  102.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  289;  Bot.  &  Fl.  76.— 
Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  129. — Engelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  629. — Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  205.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

E.  Caroline.nsifl,  Marshall,    Arbustum,  43. 

E.  latifolius,  Marshall,  Arbnstnm,  44  [not  Aiton].— Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  22,  f.  4. 

BURNING  BUSH.      WAHOO.      SPINDLE  TREE.      AREOW  WOOD. 

Western  New  York,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  river  (Fort  Union),  Montana,  southward  to  northern 
Florida,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Kansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub  2  to  3 
meters  in  height;  low,  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  heavy,  very  close-grained,  liable  to  check  badly  in  seasoning;  medullary  rays  hardly  discernible;  color, 
white  tinged  with  orange ;  specific  gravity,  O.C592 ;  ash,  0.58. 

Walioo  bark,  a  mild  but  rather  uncertain  purgative,  is  used  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  decoctions,  tinctures, 
fluid  extracts,  etc.  (Am.  Jour.  Pharmacy,  xx,  80. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  402. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  559). 

40. — Myginda  pallens,  Smith, 

Rees'  Cycl.  xxv,  No.  4. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  13.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  554.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  146.— Chapman  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  3 ;  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Upper  Metacombe  Key ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary 
rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter  brown  tinged  with  red; 
specific  gravity,  0.9048 ;  ash,  3.42.  « 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  39 

41. — Schaefferia  frutescens,  Jacquin, 

Stirp.  Am.  259.— Gaertner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  249,  t.  225,  f.  7.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  402,  t.  809.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  727.— Da 
Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  41.—  Karsten,  PI.  Columbia;,  i,  t.  91.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  76.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  146.— 
Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  581. 

S.  COmpleta,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  327,  t.  7,  f.  A.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  741.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  371.— Macfadyen, 
Fl.  Jamaica,  207. 

S.  buxifolia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  42,  t.  56;  2  ed.  i,  190,  t.  56.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  264. 

YELLOW  WOOD.      BOX  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  southern  keys  from  Metacoinbe  Key  eastward,  Caloosa  river  and  sparingly  on  the 
Eeef  Keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  occasionally  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  generally  hollow 
and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure; 
•color,  light  bright  yellow,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7745 ;  ash,  2.54. 


EHAMNACE.E. 


42.  —  Reynosia  latifolia,  Grisebach, 

Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  34.—  Eggers,  Videnskab,  Medd.  fra.  Nat.  For.  173  &  t.  ;  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xiii,  40.—  Gray  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iv, 
208.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 


IwvigatUS,  Vahl,  Symbols,  iii,  41. 
Ceanothus  IwoigatUS,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  30. 
Scutia  ferrea,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  72  [not  Brongniart]. 
?  Rhamindium  revolutum,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 

RED   IRON  WOOD.      DARLING  PLTJM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Miami  (Garber),  bay  Biscayne,  and  on  the  southern  keys  (Curtiss);  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  rich 
•dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown;  specific  gravity,  1.0715;  ash,  3.20. 
The  edible  fruit,  ripening  in  April  and  May,  of  agreeable  flavor. 

43.  —  Condalia  ferrea,  Grisebach, 

Fl.  British  West  Indies,  100.—  Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  588.—  Gray  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iv,  208.—  Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 
Rhamnus  ferrea,  Vahl,  Symbols,  iii,  41,  t.  58. 
Zizyphus  emarginatus,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  iii,  1954. 
Ceanothus  ferreus,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  30. 
Scutia  ferrea,  Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  x,  363  [not  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  72].—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

BLACK  IRON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  bay  Biscayne,  on  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  11  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.38  meter  in  diameter,  generally  hollow  and 
defective;  common. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work;  remarkable  for 
the  large  percentage  of  ash;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  orange-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  1.3020;  ash,  8.31. 


40  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

44. — Condalia  obovata,  Hooker, 

Icon.  t.  287.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  685.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  169;  Genera,  ii,  172,  1. 164 ;  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,. 
32;  v,  27  ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  47.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  336. 

BLUE  WOOD.     LOGWOOD.     PURPLE  HAW. 

Eastern  and  southwestern  Texas, westward  through  southern  New  Mexico  to  southern  Arizona;  probably 
extending  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub ;  reaching 
its  greatest  development  along  the  streams  of  eastern  Texas;  one  of  the  common  "chaparral"  plants  of  western 
Texas,  here  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  seasoning,  containing  many  groups  of  largfr 
irregularly-arranged  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  1.1999;  ash,  7.0:5. 

45. — Rhamnus  Caroliniana,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  101. — Lamarck,  111.  ii,  88;  Diet,  iv,  476. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  153. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  47. — Persoon.  Syn.. 
i,  239.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  166.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  153.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  v,  285.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  289.— De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  ii,  26. — Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  768. — Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  174. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  32. — Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i, 
202. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  262. — Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  807. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  537. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  300. — Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  390.— Scheele  in  Rosiner,  Texas,  432.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  50,  t.  59 ;  2  ed.  i,  198,  t.  59.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  269.— 
Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  219  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  77. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  610. — Gray,  Hall'ft 
PI.  Texas,  5. 

? Frangula fragillix,  Rafinesquc,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  320;  Sylva  Telluriana,  27. 
Sarcomphalll8  Curolinianm,  Rafinesquc,  Sylva  Telluriana,  29. 

Frangula  Caroliniana,  Gray,  Genera,  ii,  178,  t.  lor  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  115.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
46. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251..— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  92. — Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  73.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

INDIAN   OHEKRY. 

Long  Island,  New  York,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  to  southern  Illinois,  Missouri  south  of  the 
Meramec  river,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  northern  Florida  (latitude  30°),  and  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  western  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states- 
generally  a  tall  shrub;  rich  woods  along  streams  r.nd  river  bottoms,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown^ 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5462;  ash,  0.64. 

The  edible  fruit  sweet  and  agreeable. 

46. — Rhamnus  Californica,  Eschscholtz, 

Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  x,  281  (Lintuea  Litt.-Ber.  1828,  149.— Presl,  Rep.  Bot.  i,  197).— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  3fl.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  263.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  806.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  390.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  101.— Hemsley, 
Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  197. 

R,  oleifolius,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  123,  t.  44.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  136,  328.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
America,  i,  260.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  390.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  10 ;  PI.  Hartweg.  302.— Durand  in  Jour. 
Philadelphia  Acad.  1855,  85.— Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  xlvi,  354,  f.  47-49. 

Undotropis  oleifolia,  Rafiuesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  31. 

jR.  laurifolius,  Nuttall  in  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  X.  America,  i,  260.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  390. 

Frangula  Californica,  Gray,  Genera,  ii,  178 ;  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  146.— Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  157  f 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  46 ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  261.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  vi,  69. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  78. 

California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  from  the  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  southward  to  Santa 
Barbara  and  fort  Tejon. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  41 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.37  meter  in  diameter  (Pringle),  or  commonly 
a  shrub,  along  the  sea-coast  and  at  high  elevations  often  prostrate;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Santa  Cruz  mountains.     A  low  shrubby  form,  densely  white-tomentose,  especially  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves,  of  southern  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico,  is — 
var.  tomentella,  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  101. 

R.  tomentellus,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  303.— Seemaun,  Bot.  Herald,  275.—  Walpcrs,  Ann.  ii,  '267. 

Frangula  Californica,  var.  tomentella,  Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  vi,  2R--Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74;  vii,  9. 
Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of 
open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  narrow,  obscure;  color,  brown  or  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity, 
0.6000;  ash,  0.58. 

47. — Rhamnus  Purshiana,  Be  Camlolle, 

Prodr.  ii,  25.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  538,  f.  all.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  123,  t.  43 ;  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  78.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
ii,  32.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  262.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  B07.—  Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  52;  2  ed.  i,  200.— Richardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  423.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  69.— Kocb,  Dendrologic,  i,  610.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  379.— Brewer  &. 
Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  101.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  86. 

R,  alnifollUS,  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  166  [not  L'Heriticr]. 
Cardiolepis  obtusa,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  28. 

Frangula  Purshiana,  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  259 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xiis,  29,  57.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
9.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  262. 

BEARBERUY.      BEAR  WOOD.      SHITTIM  WOOD. 

Puget  sound,  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington  territory  to  the  Bitter  Root  mountain, 
Idaho  (Mullau  pass,  Watson),  and  the  shores  of  Flathead  lake,  Montana  (Canby  &  Sargent),  southward  through 
western  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and  California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to  about  latitude  40°. 

A  small  tree,  often  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  depressions  and  along 
the  sides  and  bottoms  of  caiious  in  the  coniferous  forests,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slope 
of  the  Coast  Eange  of  southern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5072;  ash,  0.67. 

The  bark,  like  that  of  other  species  of  the  genus,  possesses  powerful  cathartic  properties,  and,  under  the  name 
of  Cascara  sagrada,  lias  recently  been  introduced  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts,  tinctures,  etc., 
immense  quantities  being  gathered  for  this  purpose  in  the  Oregon  forests  (Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  659). 

48. — Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  Eschscholtz, 

Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  x,  285.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  125.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  37.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  136, 
328. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  266. — Dietrich,  Syu.  i,  813.— Loudou,  Arbon-tnm,  ii,  540. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  185. — 
Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxx,  t.  38.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  44,  t.  57  ;  •>  ed.  i,  193,  t.  57.— Bentbam,  Bot.  Sulphur,  10;  PI.  Hartweg.  302.— Ann. 
Gand.  1847,  1. 107.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  14;  Bot.  MPX.  Boundary  Survey,  45;  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxpcd.  263.— Newberry  in 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  69.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii»,  57.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  78.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i, 
Gill.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x,  334.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  102.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

BLUE  MYRTLE. 

California  Coast  ranges,  from  Mendiciuo  county  south  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Louis  Eey  river  (Pala,  Parish 
Brothers). 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  the  southern 
limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Sequoia  forests  near  Santa 
Cruz. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
darker;  specific  gravity,  0.5750;  ash,  0.69. 

The  bark  of  the  root  may  be  expected  to  possess  similar  astringent  properties  to  that  of  the  shrubby  C. 
Americana,  used  with  advantage  in  cases  of  diarrhea  and  dysentery,  and  as  a  domestic  remedy  in  throat  troubles 
( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1609. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  373). 

49. — Colubrina  reclinata,  Brongniart, 

Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  t  ser.  x,  369.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  359.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  101.— Eggers  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  13, 40. 
Rhamnus  ellipticus,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  265  ;  2  ed.  ii,  17.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1098.— Swartz,  Prodr.  50 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  497. 
Zizyphus  Dominigensis,  Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  56. 

Ceanothus  reclinatus,  L'Heritier,  Sert.  6.— Reamer  &  Schultcs,  Syst.  v,  288.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  31.— Macfadycn,  Fl. 
Jamaica,  211. 


42  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

NAKED   WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Umbrella  Key,  on  the  north  end  of  Key  Largo,  and  sparingly  on  the  small  islands  south 
of  Elliott's  Key ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  region,  deciduous,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.25  meter  in 
diameter;  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on  Umbrella  Key,  here  forming  a  dense 
forest. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  containing 
many  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  light 
yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.8208 ;  ash,  1.75. 

"The  trunk  attains  a  size  of  over  1  meter  and  is  most  extraordinary.  When  0.152  meter  thick  it  becomes 
furrowed,  and  the  furrows  and  ridges  multiply  and  extend  in  all  directions;  trunks  0.75  to  1  meter  in  diameter 
appear  like  a  mass  of  braided  serpents.  On  small  trunks  the  bark  breaks  up  into  flakes  which  curl  up  and  drop 
off.  Between  the  ridges  where  the  bark  persists  the  edges  of  dozens  of  papery  layers  may  be  seen  "  (Gurtiss  in  let). 


SAPINDACEJL 


50. — ./Esculus  glabra,  Willdenow, 

Enum.  405.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  255. — Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  241.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  597.—  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  384 ;  Compend.  Fl. 
N.  States,  164.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  28,  t.  24.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  44.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  166.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
i,  652.— Beck,  Bot.  65.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  467,  f.  133. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  251.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1225.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  115.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  424.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  207, 1. 176, 177;  Manuel  N.  States,  5  ed.  118.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  79.—  Wood,  01.  Book,  288;  Bot.  &  Fl.  85.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser. 
xii,  187.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  508.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  61. 

M.  pallida,  Willdenow,  Euum.  406.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  242.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  597.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb. 
Holz.  29,  t.  25.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  166.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Eaton,  Manual,  Oed.  6.— Liudley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv, 
t.  51. — London,  Arboretum,  i,  463,  f.  134. 

JR.  ecjlinata,  Muhlenberg,  Cat.  38. 

JH.  Ohioensis,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  242;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  156,  t.  92. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  593. — De 
Caudolle,  Prodr.  i,  597.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  652.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  6.— Riddell,  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States,  34.— Lindley, 
Bot.  Reg.  xxiv,  51,  t.  51.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  71 ;  2  ed.  ii,  17. 

ME.  earned,  Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  25,  t.  22.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  43.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xiii,t.  1056.— Watson, 
Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  121.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  652. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  253.— Walpers,  Rep.  i, 425. 

Pama  glabra,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54  ;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  23. 

Pavia  pallida,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54 ;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  23. 

f  Pavia  carnea,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  23. — Don  in  Sweet's  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  301. 

f  Pavia  Watsoniana,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  23.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  253. 

f  2E.   Watsoniana,-  Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1225.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  425. 

JE.  Hippocastanum,  var.  Ohioensis,  London,  Arboretum,  i,  467.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  110. 

JE.  HippOCOStanum,   var.  glabra,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  467. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  111. 

JE.  Hippocastanum,  var.  pallida,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  468.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  111. 

OHIO  BUCKEYE.   FETID  BUCKEYE. 

Western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Alabama,  westward  through  southern 
Michigan  (rare)  to  southern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas  to  about  longitude  97°  west,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter;  rich  soil  along  streams  and 
river  bottoms,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  high  valleys  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split,  often  blemished  by  dark  lines  of  decay; 
medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  white,  the  sap-wood  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4542;  ash,  0.80;  largely  used  in 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  43 

common  with  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus  in  the  manufacture  of  woodenware,  artificial  limbs  (for  which 
the  wood  of  JEsculus  is  preferred  to  that  of  all  other  American  trees),  paper-pulp,  wooden  hats,  less  commonly  for 
the  bearings  of  shafting  and  machinery,  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

The  bark  of  the  allied  old  world  species  M.  Hippocaatanvm  occasionally  has  been  found  efficacious  as  a  substitute 
for  cinchona  bark  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1565. — Sat.  T>ixpcmatory,  2  ed. 
712),  and  similar  properties  may  be  looked  for  in  the  bark  of  JE.  ylalra. 

51. — ./Esculus  flava,  Alton, 

Hort.  Kew.i,494;  2  ed.  ii,  335.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  13;  Bot.  Appx.  26,  t.  15,  f.2.—  Willdeuow,  Spec.  ii,286;  Enurn.  i,  405;  Berl.  Bauraz. 
IS.^Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  385. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  255. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  242. — Jamos  in  Long's  Exped.  i,  22. — Guimpel, 
Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  27,  t.  23.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  44.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  430.— Watson,  Demi.  Brit,  ii,  1. 103.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab. 
t.  1280.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  252.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1225.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  7.— Eaton  &  Wriglit,  Bot.  116.— 
Walpers,  Rep.  i,  424. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  266. — Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  118. — Schnizlein, 
Icon.  t.  230XX,  f.  3. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  80.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  48.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  288 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  75.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  118.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

t 
^2?.  OCtandra,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  4.— Miller's  Diet.  No.  1. 

Pavia  Jlava,  Mcench,  Meth.  66.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  598.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  653.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii, 
55;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  25. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  471  &  t. 

j3H.  lutea,  Wangenheim  in  Schrift.  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  viii,  133,  t.  6. — Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  219. — Persoon,  Syn. 
i,  403.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  509. 

Pavia  lutea,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  94. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  15r>,  t.  38. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  237,  1. 11; 
N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  153,  t.  91. 

JE.  neglecta,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xii,  t.  1009. 

Pavia  neglecta,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  653.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  55;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  24.— London,  Arboretum,  i.  472. 

SWEET   BUCKEYE. 

Allegheny  county,  Pennsylvania  (T.  G.  Porter),  southward  along  the  Alleghauy  mountains  to  northern  Georgia 
(Augusta)  and  Alabama,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  to  southern  lown,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  28  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southwestern  limits 
reduced  to  a  shrub ;  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

A  variety  with  purple  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  the  leaflets  pubescent  beneath,  is — 

var.  purpurascens,   Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  118. 

M.  hybrida,  De  Candolle,  Hort.  Monsp.  1813,  75.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  334. 

J13.  discolor,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  255.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  242.— Bot.  Reg.  iv,  t.  310.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  4:36.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,  167.— Sertum  Botanicum,  iv  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  116.— Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  381. 

Pavia  discolor,  Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  769.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  653.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  7.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser. 
ii,  57;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  28. — London,  Arboretum,  i,  472. 

Pavia  hybrida,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  598.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  653.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  6.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 
2  ser.  ii,  56;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  27.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  472. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  116. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  512. 

JE.  Pavia,  var.  discolor,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  252.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  424.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vi,  167. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  creamy- 
white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4274 ;  ash,  1.00. 

52. — ^Esculus  Californica,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  .Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  251 ;  Sylva,  ii,  69,  t.  64 ;  2  ed.  ii,  16,  t.  64.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beeckey,  327.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
1225. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  116. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  424. — Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  9;  P).  Hartweg.  301. — Durand  in  Jour. 
Philadelphia  Acad.  1855,  85.— Rev.  Hort.  iv,  150,  f.  10,  11.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74 ;  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey,  48; 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  260.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  20,  69,  f.  1.— Bot,  Mag.  t,  5077.— Fl.  des  Serres,  xiii,  39,  t.  1312.— 
London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1858,  844. — Beige,  Hort.  ix,  121  &  t. — Gray  in  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  146. — Belander  in  Proc. 
California  Acad.  iii,  78. — Walpers,  Ann.  624. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  513. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot,  California,  i,  106. — Vasey, 
€at.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

Calothyrsus  Californica,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  62;  Hist.  Veg.  iii ,  35. 

Pavia  Californica,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ii,  123.— Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1862, 369  &  f. 


44  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

CALIFORNIA  BUCKEYE. 

California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  and  Mendocino  county,  southward  along  the  Coast  ranges  to 
San  Luis  Obispo,  and  along  the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  low,  widely-branching  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  often 
greatly  expanded  at  the  base,  or  more  often  a  much-branched  shrub  3  to  5  meters  in  height;  borders  of  streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  canons  of  the  Coast  Range,  north  of  San  Francisco  bay. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  white 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4980 ;  ash,  0.70. 

53. — Ungnadia  speciosa,  Endlicher, 

AtactaBot.  t.  36;  Nov.  Stirp.  Desc.  ix,  75.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,684;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,162.— Walpers,  Rep.  i, 423;  v, 
371;  Ann.  vii,  625.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  167;  Genera,  ii,  211,  t.  178,  179;  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  38;  v,  30  j 
Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  299 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Fl.  des  Serres,  x,  217,  t.  1059.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  48.— 
Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  230,  f.  2,  8.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  265.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  515.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  423. — 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  337. 

U.  heterophylla,  Scheele  in  Linneea,  xxi,  589 ;  Reamer,  Texas,  589. 
U.  heptaphylla,  Scheele  in  Linnaea,  xxii,  352 ;  Reamer.  Texas,  432. 

SPANISH   BUCKEYE. 

Valley  of  the  -Trinity  river  (Dallas,  Keverchon)  through  western  Texas  to  the  canons  of  the  Organ  mountains. 
New  Mexico  (Bigelow) ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
eastern  and  western  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  west  of  the  Colorado  river ;  bottoms  and  rich 
hillsides,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  between  New  Braunfels  and 
the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  numerous  evenly-distributed  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuous;  color,  red  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.6332 ;  ash,  1.17. 

Fruit  reputed  poisonous. 

54. — Sapindus  marginatus,  Willdcnow, 

/ 

Enum.  i,  432.— Muhlenberg,  Cat.  41.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  607.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  250.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  665.— Spach,  Hist. 
Veg.  iii,  54.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  255,  (585  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  162.— Eaton,  Manual,  G  ed.  323.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  411. — Nuttall,  Svlva,  ii, 72,  t.  65;  2  ed.  ii,  19,  t.  65.— Leavenworth  in  AID.  Jour.  Sci.  i,  49,  130.— Eugelmaun  &  Gray 
in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  241. — Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ri,  169;  Genera,  ii,  214,  t.  180;  Smithsonian 
Contrib.  iii,  38;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5. — Engelmann  in  Wislizeuus'  Rep.  12. — Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  138;  Marcy's  Rep.  282; 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  2,  74 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  47.— Scheele  in  Kcciner,  Texas,  433.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  230,  f.  22.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  79.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  288;  Bot.  &  Fl.  75.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  85.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  208. —Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  214.— Watson  in  Proc. 

Am.  Acad.  xvii,  337. 

• 

8.  saponaria,  Lamarck,  111.  ii,  441,  t.  307  [not  Linnreus].— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Arn.  i,  242.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi, 
663,  in  part.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  444.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  274.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  257.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  460.— Torrey 
in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  172.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  267. 

f  S.  inCEqualis,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  608. 

S.  fdlcatUS,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  261. 

8.  acuminata,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  22. 

S.  Drummondi,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  281  (excl.  var.).— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  417. 

WILD  CHINA.    SOAPBERRY. 

Atlantic  coast,  Savannah  river  to  the  Saint  John's  river,  Florida,  and  on  Cedar  Keys ;  southern  Arkansas, 
valley  of  the  Washita  river  (Prescott,  Letterman)  through  western  Louisiana  and  Texas  to  the  mountain  valleys  of 
southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  southward  into  Mexico,  and  in  the  West  Indies  (?  8.  incequalis). 

A  tree,  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  west  of  the  Colorado 
river  much  smaller,  rarely  9  meters  in  height;  along  streams  or  toward  the  western  limits  of  its  distribution  only 
in  mountain  valleys,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  river  bottoms  of  eastern  Texas. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  45 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  split  into  thin  strips ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8126 ;  ash,  1.50;  largely  used  in  Texas  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton-baskets, 
and  in  ^N"ew  Mexico  for  the  frames  of  pack-saddles. 

Saponin,  common  in  several  species  of  the  genus,  and  affording  a  substitute  for  soap,  may  be  looked  for  in  the 
fruit  and  roots  of  this  tree. 

55. — Sapindus  Saponaria,  Linua?us, 

Spec.  1  ed.  367;  Swartz,  Obs.  152.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  441,  t.  307.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  ii,  468.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  424.— Titford, 
Hort.  Bot.  Am.  61.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  663.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Mcd.  Antilles,  iv,  121,  t.  261.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  607.— 
Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  53. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  323. — Macfadyeu,  Fl.  Jamaica,  159. — Raiinesque,  New  Fl.  22. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
72 ;  2  ed.  20.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  280.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  126.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  349,  f.  353.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  10.— Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  3;  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  613. 

SOAPBERRY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne,  cape  Sable,  Caximbas  bay,  Thousand  Islands,  Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key; 
in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.38  meter  in  diameter;  common  on  cape  Sable, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on  the  Thousand  Islands  and  along  the  shores  of 
Caximbas  bay. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  tinged 
with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.8367  ;  ash,  4.34. 

The  fruit  and  roots  rich  in  saponin  and  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  substitute  for  soap  ( Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues, 
1  ed.  iii,  598. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1 751) ;  the  round,  black  seeds  for  beads,  buttons,  and  small  ornaments. 

56. — Hypelate  paniculata,  Cambessedes, 

Mem.  Mus.  xviii,  32.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  671.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  295.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  127.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  79.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. 

MelicOCCtt  paniculata,  Jussieu  in  Mem.  Mas.  iii,  187,  t.  5.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  j,  615.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  74,  t.  66;  2  ed. 
ii,  21,  t.  66. 

Exotliea  oblongifolia,  Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  232. 

H.  oblongifolia,  Hooker  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  226,  t.  7. 

INK  WOOD.      IRON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  east  coast,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  checking  in  drying; 
medullary  rays  obscure ;  color,  bright  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.9533 ;  ash,  1.25  ; 
used  in  ship-building,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  piles;  resisting  the  attacks  of  the  teredo. 

57. — Hypelate  trifoliata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  655,  t.  14.— Delessert,  Icon,  iii,  t.  39.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  614.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  78.— Grisebach,  Fl. 
British  West  Indies,  127;  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  46. 

WHITE   IKON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Upper  Metacombe  and  Umbrella  Keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close  grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil; 
medullary  rays  thin,  obscure;  color,  rich  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.9102;  ash,  1.38; 
used  in  ship-building,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  posts,  etc. 


46  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

58. — Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  Linn»us, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1055.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,435.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  252.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,989;  Enum.  i,  1045.— Desfontaines,. 
Hist.  Arb.  i,  391.— Nonvcan  Duhamel,  iv,  32.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  1. 11.— Hayne,  Deiid.  Fl.  210.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  451.— Torrey,  Fl.  U, 
S.  397;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  135.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  224.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.N. 
America,  i,  246.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  111.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  496;  2  ed.  ii,  566  &  t.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  200, 1. 174, 
f.  1-3;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,. 
251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  80.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  52.— Bucheuau  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xix,  285,  t. 
2,  f.  24.— Wood,  Cl.Book,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74.— Koch,  DendroloKie,  i,  521.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  373,  f.  418-420.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  10.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  175.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  53C. 

A.  Canadense,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  4. 

A.  Striatum,  Du  Roi,  Diss.  58;  Harbk.  i,  8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  29,  1. 12,  f.  2.—  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  381. — Ehrhart,  Beitr 
iv,  25.— Moanch,  Meth.  56.— Persoon,  Syn.  i  417.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  242,  1. 17;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
ii,  175,  t.  47.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  267.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  258.— De  Camlolle,  Prodr.  i,  593.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit, 
i,  t.  70. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  648. — Beck,  Bot.  64. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  407  &  t. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  85;  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  162.— Dietrich,  Syn.  1281.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  407.— Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  76. 

STRIPED  MAPLE.    MOOSE  WOOD.     STRIPED  DOGWOOD.     GOOSE-FOOT  MAPLE.    WHISTLE  WOOD. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  (Ha-Ha  bay),  northern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  islands  of  lake  Huron, 
south  through  the  northern  Atlantic  states,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  west  through 
the  lake  region  to  northeastern  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  cool  ravines  and  mountain 
sides. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5299 ;  ash,  0.36. 

59. — Acer  Spicatum,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  ii,  381. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  485. — Persoou,  Syn.  i,  417. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  593. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  648-i-Audiibon, 
Birds,  t.  134.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  77.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Beck,  Bot.  64.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  87;  Aun.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  163.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  406,  t.  26.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  246.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1281.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  185. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  74. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  497;  2  ed.  ii,  567  &  t. — Parry  in 
Owen's  Rep.  610.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  80.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  52. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  287 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  522. — Macoun  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  192.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  175.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  54C.— Nicholson  in 
London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  172. 

A.  Pennsylvanicum,  Du  Roi,  Diss.  61 ;  Harbk.  i,  22,  t.  1  [not  LinntBus]. — Waugcnheiui,  Amer.  82,  t.  12,  f.  30.— Marshall, 
Arbustuni,  2. 

A.  parvifiorum,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,  25;  vi,  40.— Moench,  Meth.  56. 

A.  montanum,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  435;  2  cd.  v,  447  (excl.  syu.  striatiim).—  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  253.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  988;  Ennm.  i,  1045.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  391.— Nouveau  Duhanu'l,  iv,  33.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t. 
13.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  267.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  59,  t.  48.^Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  213.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  452.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  398;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  224.- 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  111.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  408.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265. 

MOUNTAIN  MAPLE. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of  the  great  lakes  to  northern  Minnesota 
and  the  Saskatchewan  region,  south  through  the  northern  states,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall 
shrub ;  cool  woods  and  mountain  ravines,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  inconspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5330;  ash,  0.43. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  47 

60. — Acer  macrophyllum,  Pursh, 

Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  267.— Poirct,  Suppl.  v,  669.— Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  253;  Sylva,  ii,  77,  t.  (17:  2  ed.  ii,  24,  t.  (!'.— DC  faiidolle,  Prodr.  i, 
594.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Pcnn.  Cycl.  i,  78.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  e<l.  a.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  i,  112,  t.  IX.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
i,  618.— Spach  in  Ann.  .Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  1(15.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  246.—  Hooker  &  Arnott,  liot.  Becchcy,  :;27.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1281.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  408,  t.  28,  f.  117, 118.— Eaton  iV  Wright,  Hot.  lh>.— Bentham.  PI.  Mart \vcjr.  301.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  78. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  423. — Dnranil  in  Jonr.  Pliiladel]>hi:i  Acad.  1855,  84. — Torrey  in  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74  ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  47;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  25,-J.-  -Newberry  in  Pacific,  K.  R.  ]{ep.  vi,  21.  07.— Cooper 
in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii, '28,  57;  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  a">8. — Lyall  in  Jonr.  Linmcan  Sue.  vii,  1:54,  144. — Bolauder  in  Proc. 
California  Acad.  iii,  78. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  287;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. — Rothrock  in  Smithsonian  ]{cp.  1867,  3I!4. — Koch,  Demlrologic.  i, 
528. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  379. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  107. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. — Macoun  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  192. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  330. — Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1881, 10. 

A.  palmatum,  Rafiuesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48  [not  Thuuberg]. 

BROAD-LEAVED   MAPLE. 

Coast  of  Alaska,  from  latitude  55°  south  along  the  islands  and  coast  of  British  Columbia,  through  western 
Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  and  along  the  California  Coast  ranges  and  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  and  Hot  Spring  valley,  San  Diego  county  (Parish  Brothers),  not  ascending  above 
4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  along  streams  and  river  bottoms, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  bottom  lauds  of  the  Coquille  and  other  rivers  of  southern  Oregon, 
where,  with  the  California  laurel,  it  forms  dense,  heavy  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.4909 ;  ash,  0.54;  largely  used  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  ax  and  broom  handles, 
frames  of  snow-shoes,  etc. ;  specimens  with  the  grain  beautifully  curled  and  contorted  are  common  and  valued  in 
cabinet-making. 

61. — Acer  circinatum,  Pnrsh, 

Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  266.— Poiret,  Snppl.  v,  669. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  25;!;  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  vii,  16  (excl.  syn.);  Sylva,  ii,  80,  t. 
67 ;  2  cd.  ii,  27,  t.  67.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  i,  651.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  166;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  97.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  422,  f.  112,  127.— Torrey  & 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  247.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  112,  t.  :59.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282.— Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  91. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422. — Lindley  in  Paxton's  Fl.  Gard.  ii,  156,  f.  210  (London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1851,  791,  f.  211).— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.Rep.vi,  21,  69.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  28, 57  ;  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 258.— 
Lyall  in  Jour.  Liumean  Soc.  vii,  134. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  379. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  287,  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. — Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  523.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  258.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  107.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— 
Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii.  85. — Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  192. — G.  M.  Dawson,  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser. 
ix.  330.— Nicholson  in  London  Gaid.  Chronicle,  1881, 10. 

A.  virgatum,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48. 

VINE  MAPLE. 

British  Columbia,  valley  of  the  Fraser  river  (Yale)  and  probably  farther  north,  southward  through  Washington 
territory  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains  to  the  Mount  Shasta  region  of  northern  California,  rarely 
ascending  to  4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  truuk  0.20  to  0.30  metertin  diameter;  along  streams; 
the  stems  often  prostrate  and  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  or 
often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6060 ;  ash,  0.39 ;  used  as  fuel ;  by  lumbermen  for  ax 
and  shovel  handles,  and  by  the  coast  Indians  for  the  bows  of  fishing  nets. 

62. — Acer  glabrum,  Torrey, 

Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  172;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  259.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
America,  i,  247,  684.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  86;  2.  ed.,ii,33.— Newbcrry  in  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  vi.  69. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 258 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  51, 57;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  406. — Eugelmaun  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187. — Gray  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv,  259 ;  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1863, 59. — Porter  in  Hayden's 
Rep.  1870,  474;  1871,480.— Watson  in  King's-  Rep.  v,  52.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  19.— 
Coulter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1872, 763. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 192. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  107. — 
Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  83. — Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  750. 


48  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

A.  barbatum,  Douglas  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  113.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  420,  f.  125  (excl.  syn.). 
A.  Douglasii,  Hooker  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  77,  t.  6. 

A.  tripartitum,  Nnttall  in  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  247.— Dietrich,  Syn.ii,  1281.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Walpers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  85,  t.  71;  2  ed.  ii,  33,  t.  71.— Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1,  28;  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  73.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  69. 

DWAKF  MAPLE. 

British  Columbia,  valley  of  the  Fraser  river  and  probably  farther  north,  south  through  Washington  territory, 
Oregon,  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  to  the  Yosemite  valley;  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Idaho 
and  Montana  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Kocky  mountains,  south  through  Colorado  and  Utah,  in  the  east  Humboldt 
Range,  Nevada,  and  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  1  to  2  meters  in  height;  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  mountain 
canons  of  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  or  often  nearly 
white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6028;  ash,  0.30. 

63. — Acer  grandidentatum,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  247.— Dietrich,  Syn.ii,  1283.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
82,  t.  69;  2ed.  ii,  29,  t.  69.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  52;  PI.  Wheeler,  7.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  480.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  10.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  201,  208.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  83.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106.— 
Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  338.— Nicholson  in  London  Card.  Chronicle,  1881,  172. 

Western  Montana,  headwaters  of  the  Columbia  river  (Nuttall),  canons  of  the  Wahsatcli  mountains,  Utah,  and 
south  through  eastern  Arizona  to  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Mogollon  mountains,  E.  L.  Greene],  and  reported  in 
the  ranges  east  of  the  Eio  Grande;  southward  into  Coahuila  (Palmer}. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  along  streams; 
not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  distinct;  color,  light  brown,  or 
often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  O.G902;  ash,  0.64. 

64. — Acer  saccharinum,  Wangenheim, 

Amer.  36,  1. 11,  f.  26.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  379.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  251.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  434 ;  2  ed.  v,  447.— Ehrhart,  Beitr. 
iv,  24. — Persoou,  Syu.  i,  417. — Nouveau  Duhauiel,  iv,  29,  t.  8. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  985  ;  Euum.  ii,  1044. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
i,  392.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t.  3.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  218,  1. 15;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  153,  t.42.— Titford,  Hort. 
Bot.  Am.  105.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  2G6.— Eaton,  Manual,  44;  6  ed.  2.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  214.— Elliott, 
Sk.  i,  450.— Richardson,  Franklin  Jour.  26;  Arctic  Exped.  422.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  170;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  135.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  113.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i, 
650.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  406.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  170 ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  99.— London,  Arboretum,  i, 
411,  t.  31,  f.  122.-Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N-.  America,  i,  248.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282. —Walpers,  Rep.  i,  410.— 
Nees,  PI.  Med.  5. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  88 ;  2  ed.  ii,  35. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  83. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  480  ;  2  ed. 
ii,  258  &  t.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  200,  1. 174  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
265.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  80.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  Cl.  Book, 
286  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  80.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
206.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  606.— Ward  in  Ball.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22, 73.—  Sears  in  Bull. 
Essex  Inst.  xiii,  175.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 51C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  62. 

A.  saccharum,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  4. 

A.  barbatum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  253.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  989.— Potret,  Suppl.  ii,  575.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  266.— 
Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  255.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  451.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Torrey,  Fl.U.  S.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
169.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  224.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  649.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
iii,  178;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  118.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  249,  684.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  112.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  51. 

SUGAR  MAPLE.   SUGAR  TKEE.   HAKD  MAPLE.   ROCK  MAPLE. 

Southern  Newfoundland,  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  Saguenay  rivers,  shores  of  lake  Saint  John, 
west  along  the  northern  shores  of  the  great  lakes  to  Lake  of  the  Woods ;  south  through  the  northern  states  and 
along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Alabama  and  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  west  Florida  (var. 
Floridanum,  Chapman,  I.  c.) ;  west  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  (rare),  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  of  great  economic  value,  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or 
toward  its  southwestern  limits  greatly  reduced  in  size;  rich  woods,  often  forming  extensive  forests,  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  region  of  the  great  lakes. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  49 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6912;  ash,  0.54; 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  shoe  lasts  and  pegs,  saddle-trees,  in  turnery,  for  interior  finish,  and 
flooring;  in  ship-building  for  keels,  keelsons,  shoes,  etc.,  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel;  "curled"  maple  and 
"bird's-eye"  maple,  accidental  forms  in  which  the  grain  is  beautifully  curled  and  contorted,  are  common  and 
highly  prized  in  cabinet-making. 

Maple  sugar  is  principally  made  from  this  species;  the  ashes  of  the  wood,  rich  in  alkali,  yield  large  quantities 
of  potash. 

Var.  nigrum,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  248.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  136.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  411.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  84.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  ed.  119.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  54C. 

A.  saccharinum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  252  [not  Wangenheim]. 

A.  nigrum,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  238,  t.  16;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  od.  i,  163,  t.  43.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,266.— 
Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  669.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  450.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  397 ; 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  2.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  104 ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  170.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  532.— Gray  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  767;  vii,  422.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. 

BLACK   SUGAR  MAPLE. 

West«m  Vermont,  shores  of  lake  Champlain,  westward  to  southern  Missouri,  south  through  Tennessee  to 
northern  Alabama,  the  valley  of  the  Chickasaw  river,  Mississippi  (Mohr),  and  southwestern  Arkansas  (Fulton, 
Letterman). 

,     A  large  tree  along  streams  and  river  bottoms,  in  lower  ground  than  the  species  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
numerous  intermediate  forms. 

Wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  species ;  specific  gravity,  0.6915 ;  ash,  0.71. 

65. — Acer  dasycarpum,  Ehrhart, 

Beitr.  iv,  24.—  Mcouch,  Moth.  56.— Persoon,  Syii.  i,  417.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  985;  Enum.  ii,  1044.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  446.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  266.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  252;  Sylva,  ii,  87;  2  ed.  ii,  35.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  213.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  449.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  109;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  136,  t.  18;  Nicollet's  Rep.  147.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— 
Tausch,  Regensb.  Fl.  xii2,  553. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  423,  fig.  129  &  t. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  113; 
Jour.  Bot.  i,  200.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  407.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  248.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  487;  2  ed.  ii,  556  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  46.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  423.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  81.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  51.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
74.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii.  187.— Buchcnau  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xix,  285,  t.  11.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  119.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  88.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  541.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst. 
xiii,  3.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'«0, 53=.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  136,  f.  24.— Ridgway  in  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 62. 

A.  saccliarinum,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1055.  • 

A.  rubrum,  var.  pallidum,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  434. 

A.  eriocarpum,  Micbaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,253.—  Dosfontaines in  Ann.  Mus.  vii,  412,  t.  25,  f.  1 ;  Hist.  Arb.  i,  392.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
it,  573.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t.  8.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  205,  t.  13 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  146,  t.  40.— 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  30.— Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  116;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  177. — Darlington,  Fl.  Costrica,  2  ed.  245. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
1282. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  95. — Moohan  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1868,  140. 

SOFT  MAPLE.      WHITE  MAPLE.      SILVER  MAPLE. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  John's  river,  New  Brunswick,  to  Ontario,  south  of  latitude  45°,  south  to  western  Florida; 
west  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the  valley  of  the  Blue  river,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  along 
streams  and  intervales,  in  rich  soil ;  most  common  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
specific  gravity,  0.5269 ;  ash,  0.33 ;  somewhat  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  furniture,  for  flooring,  etc. ;  maple 

sugar  is  occasionally  made  from  this  species. 
4  FOR 


50  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

66. — Acer  rubrum,  Linnrens, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1055.— Du  Roi,  Diss.  59.— Marshall,  Arbusturn,  3.— Lamarck,  Diet.  ii,300;  111.  iii,438,  t.  844,  f.  3.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,23.— 
Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  93. — Aiton,Hort.  Kew.  iii,  434  (excl.  var. ) ;  '2  ed.  v,  446. — Mceuch,  Meth.  56. — Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
ii,253. — Persoon,  Syu.  i,  417. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  471. — Nonvcau  Duhamel,  iv,  31. — WQldOBOW,  Spec.  iv,984;  Eiunn.  ii,  1044. — • 
Desfontaines  in  Ann.  Mus.vii,413,  t.  25,  f.2;  Hist.  Arb.  i,  391.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  574.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t.  9.— Micliaux  f. 
Hist.Arb.  Am.  ii,810,t.  14;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i  149,  t.41.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  265.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  377.— Nnttall, 
Genera,  i,  252.— Eaton,  Manual,  44 ;  6 ed.  2.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  213. — Elliott,  Sk.  i,  449.— Torrey,  Fl.U.  S.  395 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
169;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  137.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 169.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  54, 67.— Tanscb,  Regensb.  Fl.  xii», 
552.— Penn.Cycl.  i, 79.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  114 ;  Jour.  Bot.  i,  199.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Spach,Hist.  Veg.  iii, 
113 ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  176.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  424,  f.  130  &  t.  —  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  249,  684.— Dietrich,  Syn. 
ii,  1282.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  405.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Reid  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1844, 
276.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  483;  2  ed.  ii,  551  &  t. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422. — Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  87;  2  ed.  ii,  34. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  46. — :Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  81. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  50. — Losquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
354. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. — Engelmann  in  Traus.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,187. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
79. — Bnchenau  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xix,  285,  t.  11.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  542.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
206.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 192.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176.— Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54C.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  172,  f.  30,  31.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  1882, 62. 

f  A.  glauciim,  Marshall,  Arbustum, 2. 

f  A.  Caroliniana,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  251. 

A.  COCcineum,  Miehaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  203 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  142. 

A.  sanguineum,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  Hi,  115 ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  176.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282. 
/ 

RED  MAPLE.      SWAMP  MAPLE.      SOFT  MAPLE.      WATER  MAPLE. 

New  Brunswick,  Quebec  and  Ontario,  south  of  latitude  49°,  north  and  west  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  south 
to  Indian  and  Caloosa  rivers,  Florida,  west  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  20  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  32  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter ; 
borders  of  streams  and  low,  wet  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Wabash 
and  Yazoo  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color,  brown,  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6178 ;  ash,  0.37  ;  largely  used  in  cabinet- 
making,  turnery,  and  for  woodenware,  gun  stocks,  etc. ;  an  accidental  variety  with  undulating  grain  is  highly 
valued. 

Ink  is  occasionally  made,  domestically,  by  boiling  the  bark  of  this  species  in  soft  water  and  combining  the 
tannin  with  sulphate  of  iron ;  formerly  somewhat  used  in  dyeing. 

Var.  Drummondii. 
A.  Drummondii,  Hooker  &  Arnott  in  Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  199.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  83,  t.  70 ;  2  ed.  ii,  30,  t.  70. 

Southern  Arkansas,  eastern  Texas,  western  Louisiana,  and  sparingly  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern 
Georgia. 

Well  characterized  by  its  obovate  or  truncate  leaves,  the  base  entire  or  slightly  creuulate-toothed,  densely 
covered,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  young  shoots,  with  a  thick  white  tomentum ;  fruit  convergent,  the  wings  bright 
red,  even  when  fully  ripe. 

A  large  tree,  in  deep,  wet  swamps,  connected  with  the  species  by  numerous  intermediate  forms  of  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  Alabama. 

Wood  lighter  than  that  of  the  species;  specific  gravity,  0.5459;  ash,  0.34. 

67. — Negundo  aceroides,  Mcench, 

Meth.  334.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  250.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  327.— Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Rep,  147;  Fremont's  Rep.  88; 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  73.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  92;  2  ed.  ii,  38,— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  166 ;  Mem.  Am.  Acad. 
new  ser.  iv,  29;  v,  309;  Genera,  ii,  202,  t.  175;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  41;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  120.— Richardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  423.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  46.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251 ;  Am.  Nat. 
iii,  306.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  81.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  53.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  287 ;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  74.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  188.— Porter  in  Haydeu's  Rep.  Ib70,  474.— Watson  in  King's  Rep. 
v,  52 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  7.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  19.— Macoun  &  Gibson  in  Trans.  Bot 
Soc.  Edinburgh,  xii,  319.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  207.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76,  192.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  108.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  84.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  214.— 
Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  48C.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881, 
815.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mna.  1882,  63.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  338. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES  51 

Acer  NegutldO)  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1056. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  30,  t.  12,  f.  29. — Marshall,  Arbii8tum,2. — Lamarck,  Diet,  ii, 
380.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  250.— Aiton,  Hurt.  Kew.  iii,  436;  2ed.  v,  448.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  253.— Persoon, 
Syn.  i,  418. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,391. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  992;  Euum.  ii,  1046. — Nouveau  Duhamol,  iv,  27,  t. 
7.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t.  40.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  247, 1. 18;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  172,  t.  46.— Pursh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  268.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  216.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  452.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  C9.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8. 
298 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170 ;  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  172 ;  Emory's  Rep.  407.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— Guimpel, 
Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  119,  t.  95. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1283. — London,  Arboretum,  i, 
460,  t.  46,  47.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265.— Buchenau  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xiv,  285,  t.  11  &  figs.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i, 
544.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  374,  f.  426. 

Negundium  fraxinifoKum,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Rep.  v,  354.— Desvaux,  Jonr.  Bot.  v,  170. 

Negundo  frajcinifolium,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— De  Candollc,  Prodr.  i,  596.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  114  ;  Jlour.  Bot.  i, 
200.— Don,  Minor's  Diet,  i,  651.— Beck,  Bot.  64.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  119.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48.— Browne, 
.Trees  of  America,  106. — Scheele  in  Reamer,  Texas,  433. — Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  227,  f.  2, 18. 

f  N.  Mexicanum,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  596.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  214. 
N.  trifoliatum,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48. 
N.  lobatum,  Rafinesqne,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48. 

N.  Califprnicum,  Scheele  in  Roomer,  Texas,  433  [not  Torrey  &  Gray]. 

• 

BOX  ELDER.  ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Shores  of  the  Winooski  river  and  lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  near  Ithaca,  New  York,  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
and  south  to  Hernando  county,  Florida  (not  detected  in  northeastern  Florida) ;  northwest  through  the  lake  region  of 
the  United  States  and  Manitoba  to  the  Dog's  Head,  lake  Winnipeg,  and  along  the  southern  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan 
to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Bocky  mountains ;  west  in  the  United  States  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Eocky 
mountains  of  Montana,  through  Colorado  to  the  Wahsatch  mountains,  Utah;  southwest  through  the  basin  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  western  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Mogollon  mountains,  eastern  Arizona ;  southward  into 
Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  or,  exceptionally,  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  moist 
soil,  borders  of  streams,  etc.;  in  the  Eocky  Mountain  region  in  high  valleys,  between  5,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation; 
one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  trees  of  the  American  forest,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Wabash  and  Cumberland  rivers. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  creamy-white, 
the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.4328 ;  ash,  1.07;  occasionally  used  in  the  interior  finish  of 
houses,  for  woodenware,  cooperage,  and  paper-pulp. 

Small  quantities  of  maple  sugar  are  sometimes  obtained  from  this  species. 

68. — Negundo  Californicum,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  250,  684.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,S27,  t.  77.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  327.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  410.— Bentham, 
PI.  Hartweg.  301.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  90,  t.  72 ;  2  ed.  ii,  37,  t.  72.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 258,  in  part.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
i,  545. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  108. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,1881,815. 

Acer  Californicum,  Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1283. 

N.  aceroides,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,74;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  47;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  250  [not  Mfflnch].— 
Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  78. 

BOX  ELDEE. 

California,  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  river  (Sacramento,  and  in  Marin  and  Contra  Costa  counties), 
southward  in  the  interior  valleys  of  the  Coast  ranges  to  about  latitude  35°,  canons  of  the  western  slopes  of  the  San 
Bernardino  mountains  (Pariah  Brothers). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  nearly  white,  or 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.4821 ;  ash,  0.54 ;  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap 
furniture. 


52  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


A  N  A  C  A  R  D  I  A  C  E 


69. — Rhus  cotinoides,  Nuttall, 

MBS.  in  Herb.  Philadelphia  Acad. ;  Travels,  177.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  70.— Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  285 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  73.— Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1881,  125.— Mohr  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1881,  217. 

B.  COtinUK?  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  21C. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  285. 
Cotinus  Americanus,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  1,  t.  81 ;  2  ed.  ii,  71,  t.  81. 
Gotinus  coggygria,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  351,  in  part. 

Indian  territory,  "  on  the  light,  broken,  calcareous,  rocky  banks  of  the  Grand  river,  a  large  tributary  of  the 
Arkansas,  at  a  place  then  known  as  the  Eagle's  Nest,"  (Nuttall,  1.  c.) ;  Alabama,  north  of  the  Tennessee  river  on 
southern  slopes  of  the  Cumberland  mountains  (on  a  hill  near  Bailie's  farm,  twelve  miles  from  Huntsville,  on  the 
Madison  road,  Buckley,  Mohr),  and  doubtfully  reported  north  of  the  Alabama  line,  in  Tennessee. 

CHITTAM  WOOD. 

In  Alabama,  a  small  wide-branching  tree,  9  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter; 
on  limestone  benches  from  700  to  900  feet  elevation,  in  dense  forests  of  oak,  ash,  maple,  etc.;  local  and  very  rare; 
not  rediscovered  in  Arkansas  or  the  Indian  territory ;  in  Alabama  nearly  exterminated. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays,  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color, 
bright,  clear,  rich  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6425;  ash,  0.50;  largely  used  locally 
for  fencing,  and  yielding  a  clear  orange  dye. 

70. — Rhus  typhina,  Linnaius, 

Amcen.  iv,  311.— Medicns,  Bot.  Beobacht.  1782,  228.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  95.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  129.— Walter,  Fl.  Carolinians, 
255.— Aiton,  Hort.  Ke-w.i,  365;  2ed.ii,  162.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.vi,  89.— Mcench,  Meth.  72.— Willdenow,  Spec.i,  1478;  Enum.  i,  323.— 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  51. — Schkuhr,  Handb.  237.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  182.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  164,  t.  47.— Persoon,  Syn.  i, 
324.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  325.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  503.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  39;  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  i,153.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  204.— Eaton,  Manual,  35 ;  6  ed.  302.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  203.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi, 
643.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  33.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  360.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8.  322 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  140;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  128.— De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  ii,  67.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  936.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  17,  18.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  126.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  70.— 
Beck,  Bot.  76.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  212.— Bennett,  PI.  Jav.  Rar.  80.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  550,  f.  224.— Torrey  &  Gray,  FL 
N.  America,  i,  217,  680.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  392.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  126.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1002.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  501;  2  ed.  ii,  571  &  t.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  184.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  186.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  43.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  69.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  98.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  353.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  384;  Bot.  &  Fl.  73.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  208.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  111.— 
Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  576.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  197.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  488.— Nat. 
Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1230.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  63.— Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  377. 

Datisca  Mrta,  Liunicus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1037.— Dou,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  290. 

E.  hypselodendron,  Moench,  Meth.  73. 

B.  Canadense,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  5.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  163. 

R.  viridiflora,  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  163.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  504.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  67.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
i,  203.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  70.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1002.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  551.— Browne,  Trees  of  America, 

184. 

R.  typhina,  var.  viridiflora,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  378. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  53 

STAGHOBN  SUMACH. 

New  Brunswick,  west  through  the  valley  of  the  Saiut  Lawrence  river  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  central  Alabama  and 

Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub;  dry 

hillsides  or  often  along  streams  in  sandy,  moist  soil.  A  variety  with  laciniate  leaves  occurs  near  Hanover,  New 
Hampshire,  var.  laciniata,  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  284.— Bot.  &  Fl.  73). 

Wood  light,  brittle,  soft,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  four  to  six  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  yellow  streaked 
with  green,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4357;  ash,  0.50;  occasionally  used  for  inlaying  cabinet 
work;  the  young  shoots  for  "sap  quills"  in  drawing  the  sap  of  the  sugar  maple. 

Bark  and  leaves  astringent,  rich  in  tannin,  and  somewhat  used  locally  as  a  dye  and  in  dressing  skins  (Special 
Rep.  No.  26,  U.  8.  Ay.  Dep.  22,  t.  3) ;  an  infusion  of  the  berries  used  domestically  as  a  gargle  in  cases  of  catarrhal 
sore  throat. 

71. — Rhus   copallina,  Liunseus, 

Spec.  1  cd.  266.— Medicus,  Bot.  Beobacht.  1782,  224.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  128.— Wangenheim,  Amer. 96. —Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  255.— 
Gsortner,  Fruct.  i,  205,  t.  44.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kc\v.  i,  366;  2  ed.  ii,  163.— Plenck,  Icon.  t.  233.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  346,  t.  207,  f.  3.— 
Jacquin,  Hort.  SchiJnb.  iii,  50,  t.  341.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1480;  Enum.  i,  324.— Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  182.— Schkuhr,  Handb. 
237.— Nouveau  Dnbanicl,  ii,  160.— Persoon,  Syii.  i,  324.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  325.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  506.— 
Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  39.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  205.— Eaton,  Manual,  34;  6ed.  302.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  203.— Rcemer  & 
Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  647.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  34.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  362.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  323 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  140 ;  Fl.  N.  York, 
129.— De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  68.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  936.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  72.— Beck,  Bot.  75.— Hooker  in  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  214.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  217.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  392.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  126.— 
Dietrich,  Syii.  ii,  1003.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  554.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  503  ;  2  ed.  ii,  574. — Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  186.— 
Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  vi,  28;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  Ill ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Scheele  In  Roemer,  Texas,  431.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  43.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  69.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  92.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  352.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  284 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  73.— Engelmann  in 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  207.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  575.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  197.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1236.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  73.— Ridgway  in  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  63.— Engler  in  De  Caudolle,  Suites,  iv,  384. 

f  R.  copallina,  vars.  latifolia,  latialata,  angustifolia,  and  serrata,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  384. 

DWARF   SUMACH. 

Northern  New  England,  south  to  Manatee  and  Caximbas  bay,  Florida,  west  to  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the 
valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  a  low  shrub 
1  to  2  meters  in  height;  dry  hills  and  ridges,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas  and 
eastern  Texas ;  running  into  various  forms.  The  best  marked  is — 

var.  leucantha,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  68.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  158. 
K.  leucantha,  Jacquin,  Hort.  Schonb.  iii,  50,  t.  342.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  215. 
B.  copallina,  var.  angustialata,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  384. 

Shrubby,  leaflets  lanceolate,  flowers- white. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  prominent;  color,  light 
brown  streaked  with  green,  or  often  tinged  with  red ;  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5273 ;  ash,  0.60. 

Leaves  and  bark  astringent,  rich  in  tannin ;  the  leaves  largely  collected,  principally  in  Maryland,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  and  Tennessee,  and  ground  for  tanning  and  dyeing  (Special  Rep.  No.  26,  V.  S.  Ag.  Dep.  26,  t.  5); 
the  fruit,  acid  and  astringent,  used,  as  well  as  that  of  the  shrubby  Rhus  glabra,  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of 
decoctions,  fluid  extracts,  etc.,  as  a  gargle  in  the  treatment  of  sore  throat. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray, 

Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  158.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  44.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  33d. 
R.  copallina,  var.  integrifolia,  Eugler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  384. 

Western  Texas,  Dallas  (Reverchon)  to  the  Eio  Grande. 

A  small  tree,  with  lanceolate,  elongated  leaflets,  5  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.15  meter  in 
diameter;  calcareous  soil;  common;  specific  gravity,  0.5184;  ash,  0.85. 


54  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

72. — Rhus  venenata,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ii,  68.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  126.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  71.— Beck,  Bot.  76.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,215.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  284.- 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  552,  f.  226.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  218,  681.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  392.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
1003.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  130.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  186.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  185.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
504;  2  ed.  ii,  575  &.  t.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  44.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  69. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  93.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  353.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  284;  Bot.  &  Fl.  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  111.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— 
Bailey  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  5,  f.  3.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  73.— Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  397. 

B.  vernix,  Linnanis,  Spec.  1  ed.  265,  in  part.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  177.— Medicus,  Bot.  Beobaeht.  1782,  223.— Marshall, 
Arbustnm,  130.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  92.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  366 ;  2  ed.  ii,  163.— Plenck,  Icon.  t.  234.— Lamarck,  111. 
ii,  346,  t.  207,  f.  2.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1479;  Enum.  i,  323.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  23,  50.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  236.— 
Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  183. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  165. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  324. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  325. — 
Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  505.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  203.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  39 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
154.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,205.— Eaton,  Manual,  34;  6  ed.  302.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  i,  96,  1. 10;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
126.— Rremer  &  Schultes,  Syst.vi,  646.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  34.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  362.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  323;  Compend. 
Fl.  N.  States,  203.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  936.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,202.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  255.— Porcber,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  206. 

POISON   SUMACH.      POISON  ELDEE. 

Northern  New  England,  south  to  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  western  Louisiana,  west  to  northern 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
tall  shrub;  low,  wet  swamps  or,  more  rarely,  on  higher  ground. 

Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  moderately  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  three  or  four 
rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure ;  color,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.4382 ;  ash,  0.64. 

The  whole  plant,  as  well  as  the  allied  R.  Toxicodendron,  to  most  persons  exceedingly  poisonous  to  the  touch, 
owing  to  the  presence  of  a  volatile  principle,  Toxicodendric  acid  ( U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  908. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed. 
1464);  the  white  milky  sap  turning  black  in  drying  and  yielding  a  valuable  lacquer  (Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  I.  c.) 

73. — Rhus  Metopium,  Linnaeus, 

Amcen.  v,  395.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  51.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  49,  t.  79.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  67.— Macfadyen,  Fl. 
Jamaica,  225.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  121,  t.  80 ;  2  ed.  ii,  68,  t.  80.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  381.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— 
Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  175.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  69.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  73.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. 

Metopium  Linncei,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  367. 
POISON  WOOD.      CORAL   SUMACH.      MOUNTAIN  MANCHINEEL.      BUM  WOOD.      HOG  PLUM.      DOCTOR  GUM. 

Semir tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  reaching  in  the  United 
States  its  greatest  development  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne,  near  Miami;  one  of  the  most  common  trees  of  the 
region,  the  large  specimens  generally  decayed. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red.  the  sap-wood  light  brown 
or  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.7917;  ash,  2.39;  little  esteemed. 

A  resinous  gum,  emetic,  purgative,  and  diuretic,  is  obtained  from  incisions  made  in  the  bark  of  this  species 
(Pharm.  Jour,  vii,  270. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  489). 

74. — Pistacia  Mexicana,  HBK. 

Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  vii,  22,  t.  608.— De  Candolle,  Prodr,  ii,  64.— Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  v,  27.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
44.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  109.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.—  Hemsley, 
Bot.  Ain.-Cent.  i,  221.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  338. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Eio  Grande  (near  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  river,  Bigelow)',  southward  into  Mexico  (Saltillo, 
Palmer,  etc.). 

Wood  not  collected. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  55 

LEGUMINOSJE. 

75. — Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  339. 

E.  amorpholdes,  var.  orthocarpa,  Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  Hi,  46;  v,237. 
E,  amorphoides,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  51,  in  part. 

Western  Texas,  valleys  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  and  Eio  Grande,  west  to  the  Santa  Rita  and  Santa  Catalina 
mountains,  Arizona  (Pringle) ;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.09  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low  shrub; 
dry,  gravelly  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  near  the  summit  of  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains,  at  3,000 
feet  altitude. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  very  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  denned  by  numerous  rows  of 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  reddish-brown,  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  specific  gravity 
0.8740;  ash,  1.28. 

76. — Dalea  spinosa,  Gray, 

Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  315;  Ives'  Rep.  10.— Torrey,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  78;  vii,  9,  t.  3.— Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  53.— 
Walpors,  Ann.  iv,  485.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  266.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  132.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot. 
California,  i,  143.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent.  249. 

Asagrcea  spinosa,  Baillon  in  Adansonia,  ix,  232 ;  Hist.  PI.  ii,  288. 

Colorado  desert,  southern  California  (Agua  Calieute,  Toras,  etc.),  and  eastward  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Gila 
river,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  short,  stout  trunk  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter  (Parry, 
Parish  Brothers],  or  often  a  low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly,  rocky  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  walnut-brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5536;  ash,  4.04. 

77. — Robinia  Pseudacacia,  Linnreus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  722. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  133. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  16,  t.  7. — L'Heritier,  Stirp.  Nov.  158. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  186. — 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  53 ;  2  ed.  iv,  323.— Giertner,  Fruct.  ii,  307, 1. 145.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  1131 ;  Enum.  i,  769.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  65.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  60,  t.  16. — Poiret  in  Lamarck  Diet,  vi,  222;  111.  iii,  163,  t.  606. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  311. — 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  302. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  245, 1. 1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  92,  t.  76. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
ii,  487.— Eaton,  Manual,  82;  6  ed.  306.— Thomas  in  Am.  Month.  Mag.  &  Crit.  Rev.  ii,  90.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  118.— Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  140.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  242.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  261.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  247.— Torrey  m  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii, 
178;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  271;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  165;  Emory's  Rep.  408.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  140.— Audnbon,  Birds,  t. 
104.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  237.— Beck,  Bot.  82.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  258.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  294.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  609,  f.  305  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  397.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  295.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  197.— 
Emerson,  Trees,  Massachusetts,  460 ;  2  ed.  ii,522  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  238,  f.  123.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  1053.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  65.— Darby  Bot.  S.  States,  280.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  94.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  48.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  356.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  319 ;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
95. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  xii,  t.  427. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  188. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  131. — Koch,  Dendrologie, 
i,  55.— Verlot  in  Rev.  Hort.  1873,  152  &  f.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  226.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mns.  1882,  65\ 

Pseudacacia  odorata,  Mosnch,  Meth.  145. 
R.fragilis,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  336. 

LOCUST.   BLACK  LOCUST.   YELLOW  LOCUST. 

Alleghany  mountains,  Pennsylvania  f  Locust  ridge,  Monroe  county,  Porter)  to  northern  Georgia;  widely  and 
generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the  Eocky  mountains,  and  possibly  indigenous  in 
northeastern  (Crowley's  ridge)  and  western  Arkansas  and  the  prairies  of  eastern  Indian  territory. 

A  tree  22  to  25  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  west  of  the  Mississippi  river 
much  smaller  or  often  a  low  shrub  1.80  to  3  meters  in  height,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia. 


56  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  two  or  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  color,  brown  or,  more  rarely,  light 
green,  the  sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7333 ;  ash,  0.51  (Trecul  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xix,  182,  t.  2,  f.  1; 
t.  6,  7,  f.  10.);  largely  used  in  ship-building,  for  posts,  of  all  sorts,  construction,  and  in  turnery;  preferred  to 
other  American  woods  for  treenails,  and  in  this  form  largely  exported. 

The  bark  of  the  root  tonic,  or  in  large  doses  purgative  and  emetic  (U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1746. — Nat. 
Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1233) ;  formerly  widely  planted  as  a  timber  tree  (Cobbett,  Woodlands,  par.  323) ;  its  cultivation  in 
the  United  States  now  generally  abandoned  on  account  of  the  destructive  attacks  of  the  locust  borer  (Oyllene picta, 
Packard  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Entomological  Com.  No.  7,  95). 

78. — Robinia  viscosa,  Ventenat, 

Hort.  Cels.  4,  t.  4.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  5<iO.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  1131 ;  Einim.  ii,  769.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  65.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  64, 
1. 17.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  222.— B.  S.  Barton,  Bot.  Appx.  29,  t.  21.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  311.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  302.— 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2ed.  iv,  323.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  262,  t.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  ii,  104,  t.  77. — Pursh,  Fl,  Am.  Sept.  ii,  488. — 
Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  118.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  140.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  242.— Do Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  262.— Gnimpel.Otto &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz. 
81,  t.  65.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  247.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  236.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  306.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  260.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  295.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  620,  t.  87,  f.  306.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  397.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  209.— 
Dietrich,  Syu.  iv,  1053.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  280.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  1858, 251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  94.— Curtis  in 
Kep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  49.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  319;  Bot.  &  Fl.  95.—  Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  193.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  131.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. 

E.  glutinosa,  Curtis,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  560.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  59. 

CLAMMY  LOCUST. 

"  High  Alleghauy  mountains  south  of  latitude  35°  "  (Michaux).  "Open  woods,  slopes  of  Buzzard  ridge,  altitude 
4,500  feet,  near  Highland,  Macon  county,  North  Carolina"  (J.  Donnell  Smith). 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  not  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  very  rare,  and  not 
rediscovered  until  1882  by  the  numerous  botanists  who  have  visited,  during  the  last  thirty  years,  the  localities  where 
the  Michauxs,  father  and  son,  discovered  this  species ;  widely  cultivated  and  now  occasionally  naturalized  in  the 
Atlantic  states. 

Wood  (of  a  cultivated  specimen)  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  many  rows  of  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific 
gravity,  0.8094 ;  ash,  0.20. 

79. — Robinia  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray, 

Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  314. — Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  79 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  53. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  491. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  419. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub. 
No.  4, 23.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. 

LOCUST. 

Colorado,  valley  of  the  Purgatory  river  (near  Trinidad),  headwaters  of  the  Canadian  river,  through  western  and 
Suuch western  New  Mexico  to  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  mountains  (Lemmon,  Pringle),  Arizona  (4,500  to  7,000 
feet  altitude),  southern  Utah,  Mount  Zion  canon,  west  fork  of  the  Eio  Virgin,  and  near  Kanah. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
upper  limits  of  growth  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Purgatory 
river,  Colorado. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow ; 
specific  gravity,  0.8034 ;  ash,  0.60. 

80.— Olneya  Tesota,  Gray, 

Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  328;  Ives'  Rep.  11. — Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  iv,  11,  82;  vii,  10,  t.  5;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
58.— Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  479,  587.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  157.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,260. 

IEON  WOOD.     ARBOL  DE  HIEERO. 

California,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  south  of  the  Mohave  mountains,  valley  of  the  lower  Gila  river, 
southwestern  Arizona ;  southward  in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree  in  the  United  States,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.45  meter  in  diameter; 
dry  arroyos  and  canons ;  in  Sonora  more  common  and  of  larger  size. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  57 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  the  grain  generally  contorted,  difficult  to 
cut  and  work,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with 
red,  the  sap-wood  clear  bright  yellow;  specific  gravity,  1.0C02;  ash,  2.29  (the  heart-wood,  1.1486;  ash,  2.59;  sap- 
wood,  0.8958 ;  ash,  1.85) ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  canes. 

81. — Piscidia  Erythrina,  Linmi-us, 

Spec.  2  ed.  993.— Jacqnin,  Amer.  206.— Swartz,  Obs.  277.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  443';  111.  iii,  163,  t.  605.—  Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  84.— 
Lunan,  Hort.  Jam.  i,  269. — Humboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kunth,  Nov.  Geu.  &  Spec.  vi,382. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  267. — Descourtilz, 
Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  iii,  203,  t.  196.— Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  i,  258.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  31,  t.  52;  2  ed.  i,  180.— Bentham  in  Jour. 
Linnaian  Soc.  iv,  Suppl.  116;  Bot.  Sulphur,  81.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  110.— Grisebach, 
Fl.  British  West  Indies,  200.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  175.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,319. 

Erythrina  piscipula,  Linnscus,  Spec.  1  ed.  107. 
P.  Carthagenensis,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  267. 

JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne,  west  coast,  Pease  creek  to  cape  Sable,  and  on  the  southern  keys ;  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  containing  few  large 
scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  color,  yellowish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific 
gravity,  0.8734;  ash,  3.38 ;  one  of  the  favorite  woods  of  the  region  for  boat-building,  fire- wood,  and  charcoal. 

The  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  narcotic,  occasionally  administered  in  the  form  of  tinctures,  or  used,  as  well 
as  the  young  branches  and  leaves,  to  poison  or  stupefy  fish. 

82. — Cladrastis  tinctoria,  Kafinesque, 

Fl.  Kent.-1824;  Neog.  1825;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  210;  New  Sylva,  iii,  83.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  390.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  807.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  192.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  294.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
113.— Porcher  Resources  S.  Forests,  175.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  301 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  84.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  143.— Vasey,  Cat. 

Forest  Trees,  11. 

Virgilia  lilted,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  266,  t.  3 ;  Travels,  289 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  106,  t.  78.— Parsh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  i,  309.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  284.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  53.— Loiseleur,  Herb.  Amat.  t.  297.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii, 
98.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iv2,  1, 171.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  112.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  397.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  163.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  480.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1501.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  565,  t.  78. 

C.    lutea,   Koch,Dendrologie,  i,6. 

YELLOW  WOOD.  YELLOW  ASH.  GOPHER  WOOD. 

Central  Kentucky,  cliffs  of  the  Kentucky  and  Dick's  rivers;  middle  Tennessee,  mountains  of  east  Tennessee  to 
Cherokee  county,  Uorth  Carolina. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  or,  exceptionally,  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  rich 
hillsides;  in  Kentucky  on  the  Trenton  limestones,  and  reaching  its  best  development  in  middle  Tennessee;  rare 
and  very  local,  the  large  trees  generally  hollow  or  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  open  ducts,  and  containing  many  evenly-distributed  similar  ducts ;  color,  bright, 
clear  yellow,  changing  with  exposure  to  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6278;  ash,  0.28; 
used  for  fuel,  occasionally  for  guustocks,  and  yielding  a  clear  yellow  dye. 

83. — Sophora  secundiflora,  Lagasca; 
• 

De  Candolle,  Cat.  Hort.  Monsp.  148;  Prodr.  ii,  96. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  110. — Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  54. — Rev.  Hort.  4 
ser.  iii,  £01,  t.  11. — Bcntham  &  Hooker,  Genera,  i,  555. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  321.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  347. 

Broussonetia  secundiflora,  Ortega,  Dee.  v,  61,  t.  7. 
Virgilia  secundiflora,  Cavanilles,  Icon.  t.  401. 

Agastianis  secundijlora,  Rafinesque,  New  Sylva,  iii,  86. 
Dermatophyllum  speciosum,  Scheele  in  Linnaja,  xxi,  458. 

S.  spetiosa,  Bentham  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  178. — Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1, 38;  Smithsonian  Contrib. 
iii,  54;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  7. — Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  439. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  58. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
242.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 


58  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

FEIGOLITO. 

Matagorda  bay,  Texas,  west  to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  (Havard). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often,  especially 
west  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  a  tall  shrub,  rarely  exceeding  2  meters  in  height,  forming  dense  thickets ;  borders 
of  streams,  generally  in  a  low,  rather  moist  soil. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  orange  streaked  with  red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  brown  or  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.9842 ;  ash,  1.59 ; 
furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

The  seeds  contain  an  exceedingly  poisonous  alkaloid,  Sophoria  (R.  C.  Wood  in  Philadelphia  Med.  Times,  August 
4,  1877. — Rothrock  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  133. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1333). 

84. — Sophora  affinis,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  390. — Leaveuworth  iu  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  ix,  130. — Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  178;  Hall's  PI. 
Texas,  7. — Scheele  in  Roemer,  Texas,  428. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

Styphnolobium  affine,  Walpers,  Rep.  i,  807. 

Arkansas,  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river  (Letterman)  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  prairies. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  bright,  clear  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  0.8509 ;  ash,  0.73. 

Ink  is  occasionally  made  domestically  from  the  resinous  exudations  of  the  pod. 

85. — Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  i, 733 ;  111.  Hi,  412,  t.  823.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  241,  t.  51.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  460;  Enum.  ii,  1019;  Berl.  Baumz.  169.— 
Persoon,  Syn.ii,626.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,250.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2ed.v,  400.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  272,  t.  23 ;  N. 
American  Sylva.3  ed.  i,  182,  t.  50.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  304.— Nuttall,  Genera,ii,243.— Hayne,  Dend.  F1.203. — James  in  Long's 
Exped.  i,  138. — Reichenbach,  Mag.  Bot.  t.  40. — Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  480. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  327. — Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.York, 
ii,  193 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  376 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  196 ;  Emory's  Rep.  407.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  166.— Don,  Miller's  Dict.429.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  162.— Beck,  Bot.  93.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  89.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  256  &  t.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
America,  i,  398. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  258. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  809. — Browne,  Trees  of  America, 
218.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  251.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  358.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  300 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  83.— 
Engelmauu  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  190. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  145. — Briot  in  Rev.  Hort.  1870,436. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12.— BeU  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 63.— Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  Suppl.  618. 

Guilandina  dioica,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  381.—  Marshall,  Arbustum,  56.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  56. — James  in  Long's  Exped. 
i,  138. 

Hyperanthera  dioica,  Vahl,  Symbol®,  i,  31. 

G.  dioica,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  5.—  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  ii,  87,  f.  52, 53. 

KENTUCKY  COFFEE  TREE.      COFFEE  NTTT. 

Conococheague  creek,  Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania  (Porter) ;  western  New  York,  shores  of  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  lakes,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  river, 
Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  to  about 
longitude  96°  west,  south  to  middle  Tennessee.  • 

A  tree  25  to  33  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  bottoms;  not 
common. 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  liable  to  check  iu  drying, 
easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6934;  ash,  0.67;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making,  for  posts,  rails,  &c. 

The  fresh  leaves,  macerated  and  sweetened,  are  used  in  Tennessee  as  a  poison  for  house-flies;  the  seeds 
formerly  as  a  domestic  substitute  for  cofi'ee. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  59 

86. — Gleditschia  triacanthos,  Linnieus, 


Enum.  1058 ;  Berl.  Bauinz.  1G3.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  100,  t.  25.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  164, 1. 10 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed! 
108,  t.  79.— Pureh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  221.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  i,  138.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  218.— Elliott,  Sk. 
ii,  709.  -Guimpel,  Otto  <fe  Hayno,  Abb.  Holz.  157,  t.  132.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  479.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  918.  -Torrey,  Compend.  FL 
N.  States,  375;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  192.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  42, 146,  150.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vii,  78.— Don,  Miller's  Diet  ii  428  — 
Beck,  Bot.  93.-Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  158.-Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  92.-Torrey  &  Gray.Fl.  N.  America,!,  398.-Loudon,  Arboretum, 
ii,  650,  t.  90, 91.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  254.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  212.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  539.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  295.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251.— Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii*,  42;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  145.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  115.— 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  49.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  358.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  300 ;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  83.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  190.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  195.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  8.— Hunt 
in  Am.  Nat.  i,  433.— Yonng,  Bot.  Texas,  246.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12.-Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 64.— Burgess  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

G.  spinosa,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  54. 

G.  Melilobd,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  254. 

G.  macrantha,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Banmz.  164. 

G.  elegans,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  323. 

Melilobus  heterophylla,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  121. 

HONEY  LOCUST.   BLACK  LOCUST.   THREE-THORNED  ACACIA.   SWEET  LOCUST.   HONEY  SHUCKS. 

Pennsylvania,  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  west  through  southern  Michigan  to  eastern  Nebraska, 
eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to  about  longitude  96°  west;  south  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida  (not  detected 
in  eastern  Florida),  northern  Alabama,  northern  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree,  25  or  30  meters,  or  exceptionally  40  meters,  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  low, 
rich  bottom  lands,  or  more  rarely  on  dry,  sterile  hills;  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  "barrens"  of  middle  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottoms  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  basin;  widely  cultivated 
for  shade  and  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  now  somewhat  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  states  east  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains. 

A  not  uncommon  form,  nearly  destitute  of  thorns,  is — 

var.  inermis,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  221.— De  Candolle,  Mem.  Leg.  t.22,f.  109;  Prodr.  ii,  479.— Eaton,  Manual, 6  ed.  158.— 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  398.— London  Arboretum,  ii,  650,  t.  92,  93.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  213. 

G.  inermis,  Linniens,  Spec.  1509,  in  part.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  100.— Bent  ham  in  Trans.  Linniean  Soc.  xxx3,  557. 

A  form  with  spines  and  fruit  shorter  than  those  of  the  type  is — 

var.  brachycarpos,  Michaux,  F).  Bor.-Am.  ii,  257.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  398.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  213. 
G.  brachycarpa,  Piirsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  221.— De  Candolle,  Prodr,  ii,  479.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  919.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  428.— 

Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  158.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  254.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  653.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  539. 
s 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  moderately  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 

susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  many  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  bright  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6740;  ash,  0.80; 
used  for  fence  posts  and  rails,  wagon  hubs,  construction,  etc.;  its  value  hardly  appreciated. 
Beer  is  sometimes  made  domestically  by  fermenting  the  sweet,  unripe  fruit  (Porcher  I.  c.). 

87. — Gleditschia  monosperma,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  254.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  257.  — Schkuhr,  Handb.  iii,  555.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  623.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii, 
24.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1097;  Enum.  1058;  Berl.  Banmz.  165.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  101.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.v,  474.— 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  169,  t.  11 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  111,  t.  80.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  221.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 
641.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  218.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,709.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  479.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  919.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet.  428.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  158.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  98.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  398.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  254.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  653,  f.  364.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  215.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  539.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  295.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  115.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  300;  Bot.  &  Fl.  83.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  145.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
12— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  64. 

G.  triacanthos,  var.  monosperma,  Linnieus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1057.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  444. 

G.  aquatica,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  54. 

G.  Carolinensis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  465 ;  111.  iii,  447,  t.  857,  f.  2.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vu,  74. 

G.  triacantha,  Gasrtner,  Fruct.  ii,  311, 1. 146,  f.  3  [not  Linnasns]. 

G.  inermit,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  9  [not  Linnaeus]. 


60  FOREST  TEEES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WATER  LOCUST. 

South  Carolina  to  Matanzas  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazo* 
river,  Texas,  'and  through  Arkansas  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  or,  exceptionally,  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  deep 
swamps ;  rare  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom 
lands  of  southern  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas,  here  often  covering  extensive  areas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  rich  bright 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  heavier  sap-wood  clear  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.7342;  ash,  0.73. 

88. — Parkinsonia  Torfeyana,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  135.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  162. 

Cerddium  floridum,  Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  E.  Eep.  iv,  11,  82;  v,  360,  t.  3;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  59.— Gray  in  Ire** 
Rep.  11. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. — James  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  982. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  327. 

• 
GREEN-BARK   ACACIA.      PALO   VERDE. 

Colorado  desert,  southern  California  (Inio,  Toras,  etc.,  Parish  Brothers),  east  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Gila 
river,  Arizona. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  sometimes  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter; 
low  carious  and  depressions  in  the  sandhills  of  the  desert;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  not  strong,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible- of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many 
small  evenly-distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear 
light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.6531 ;  ash,  1.12. 

89. — Parkinsonia  microphylla,  Torrey, 

Pacific  R.  E.  Eep.  iv,  82;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  59. — Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  812. — Gray  in  Ives'  Eep.  11. — Bentham  in  Martius,  Fl. 
Brasil.  xv2,  78.— Watson,  PI.  Wheeler,  8;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  136.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  162. — ifemsley,  Bot.  Am.- 
Cent.  i,  327. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Bill  Williams  rivers,  eastward  through  southern  Arizona. 

A  small,  much-branched  tree,  6  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter  (Wickenburg, 
Pringle),  or  often  a  low  shrub  1  to  3  meters  in  height. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large,  scattered,  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  0.7449;  ash,  3.64. 

90. — Parkinsonia  aculeata,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  375.— Jacquin,  Stirp.  Am.  121,  t.  80.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  475,  t.  336.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  513.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii, 
24.— De  Candolle,  Mem.  Leg.  ii,  t.  21;  Prodr.  ii,  486.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  54,  t.  12. — Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica, 
334.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  87;  Martius,  Fl.  Brasil.  xv2,  78,  t.  26.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  265.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  Survey,  59.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  204 ;  PI.  Loreutz.  81. — Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  8.— Brewer  &  Watson, 
Bot.  California,  i,  162.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  327. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  348. 

Corpus  Christi,  Texas,  west  along  the  Mexican  boundary  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Arizona  (Yunia); 
and  southward  into  Mexico;  probably  of  American  origin,  but  now  widely  naturalized  throughout  the  tropical 
and  warmer  regions  of  the  globe  (4-  De  Candolle,  Geog.  Bot.  ii,  719, 770,  793). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  small 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  lighter, 
often  tinged  with  yellow;  specific  gravity.  0.6116;  ash,  2.32. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  61 

91. — Cercis  Canadensis,  Linn»>uH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  374.— Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  10.— Marshall,  Arbustum.  32.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  586.— Wangenbeim,  Amer.  84.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  135.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  47;  2  ed.  iii,  2-2.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  508;  Euum.  439;  Berl.  Baumz.  84.— Nouveau 
Duhamel,  i,  19. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  265. — Scbkubr,  Handb.  354. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  454. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  254. — 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  308.— Eaton,  Manual,  46 ;  6  ed.  89.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  283.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  53.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  470.— Torrey 
in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  194 ;  Fl.  U.  S.  441 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  188;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  188;  Nicollet's  Rep.  149 ;  Emory's  Rep.  408.— 
De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  518.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  346.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  116,  t.  92.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  167; 
Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  468.— Beck,  Bot.  94.— Spach,  Hist.  Yog.  i,  129.  — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i, 
392.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  659  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  190.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  155.— Browne,  Trees  of  America, 221.— Gray 
in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1,  38;  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  144. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  611. — 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  67.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  294.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  114.— 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  50. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  357. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  301;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  84. — Engelmanu  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  190. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  197. — Koch,  Dendrologie  i,  14. — 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  ii,  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  65. 

Siliquastrum  cordatum,  Ma-nch,  Meth.  54. 

C.  Canadensis,  var.  pubescens,  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  308.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  659. 

REDBUD.      JUDAS   TREE. 

Western  Pennsylvania,  southward  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  westward  through 
southern  Michigan  and, Minnesota  to  eastern  Nebraska;  southwest  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  the  eastern 
portions  of  the  Indian  territory,  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  16  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods,  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas,  the  Indian 
territory,  and  eastern  Texas,  here,  when  in  bloom,  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  forest. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  exceedingly  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6363;  ash,  0.72. 

92. — Cercis  reniformis,  Engelmann; 
Scheele  in  Rcemer,  Texas,  428. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  348. 

C.  occidentalis,  var.  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  177.— Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  440.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  58. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  161. 

C.  occidentalis,  Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  7  [not  Torrey].— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  340,  in  part. 
C.  occidentalis,  var.  Texensis,  Watson,  Index,  i,  209. 

REDBTJD. 

Middle  and  western  Texas  west  of  the  Colorado  river ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub  forming  dense 
thickets ;  limestone  hills ;  formerly  often  confounded  with  the  shrubby  C.  occidentalis  of  the  California  coast 
region. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous ;  color,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ; 
specific  gravity,  0.7513 ;  ash,  0.77. 

93. — Prosopis  juliflora,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ii,  447.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  viii,  107,  t.  550.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  270.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  861.— Bentham,  Rev.  Mim. 
in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxx,  377. — Schnizleiu,  Icon.  t.  277,  f.  13. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  163. — Kothrock  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  42,  107.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  344. 

P.  glandulosa,  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  192,  t.  2;  Emory's  Rep.  139;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  82.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
ii,  400.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii.  1424. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  376. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  861. — Bentham  in  Hooker's  Jour. 
Bot.  iv,  348;  London  Jour.  Bot.  v,  81.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  217.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  420;  PI. 
Wheeler,  8.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  7.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

Algarobia  glandulosa,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  399 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  164.— Engelmann  &  Gray  in  Jour. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  242.— Engelmann  in  Wislizenns'  Rep.  10.— Scheele  in  Rojmer,  Texas,  427.— Gray  in  Jour. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  181 ;  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  60;  v,  51 ;  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  304  ;  Ives'  Rep.  11.— 
Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  158 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  20,  82 ;  vii,  10 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  60. — Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  259;  Scientific  Press,  San  Francisco,  Nov.  1871,  &  f.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594. 

P.  odordta,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  313,  t.  1  (excl.  fruit). 


62  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

MESQUIT.      ALGAROBA.      HONEY  LOCUST.      HONEY  POD. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Trinity  river  (Dallas,  etc.)  to  the  northern  and  western  limits  of  the  state ;  west  through 
New  Mexico  aud  Arizona  to  the  mesas  west  of  the  San  Bernardino  mountains,  California,  reaching  southern 
Colorado,  southern  Utah  (Saint  George),  and  southern  Nevada;  southward  through  southern  Mexico ;  in  Jamaica. 

A  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  sometimes  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  meter  in  diameter, 
or  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  on  dry  prairies  and  high  rocky  plains,  or  west  of  the  Eocky  mountains, 
along  desert  streams,  here  often  forming  open  forests,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United 
States  in  the  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz  and  other  streams  of  southern  Arizona ;  in  western  Texas  (Fort  Stockton, 
etc.),  on  account  of  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairies,  rarely  1  meter  in  height,  the  roots  then  enormously 
developed,  often  weighing  several  hundred  pounds,  forming,  as  they  are  here  locally  known,  "  underground  forests" 
and  furnishing  the  best  and  cheapest  fuel  of  the  region. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  almost  indestructible  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  containing  many  evenly-distributed,  rather  large,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  distinct ; 
color,  rich  dark  brown  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7652 ;  ash,  2.18 ;  of  the  root, 
specific  gravity,  0.8493 ;  ash,  3.02 ;  exclusively  used  for  the  beams  and  underpinnings  of  the  adobe  houses  of  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico;  for  posts  and  fencing,  and  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  the 
fellies  of  heavy  wheels,  etc. ;  the  best  and  often  the  only  fuel  of  the  region,  burning  slowly  with  a  clear  flame,  and 
producing  valuable  charcoal,  but  unsuited  for  the  generation  of  steam  on  account  of  its  destructive  action  upon 
boilers. 

A  gum  resembling  gum  arable  is  yielded  by  this  species ;  the  unripe  and  pulpy  pods  rich  in  grape  sugar,  edible, 
and  furnishing  valuable  and  important  fodder. 

94. — Prosopis  pubescens,  Bentham, 

London  Jour.  Bot.  v,  82 ;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxx,  380. — Walpers,  Ann.  i.  259. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  420 ;  PI. 
Wheeler,  8.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  163.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  42,  107.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent. 
i,  344. 

P.  odorata,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  313, 1. 1  (for  fruit). 
P.  Emoryi,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  139. 

Strombocarpa  pubescens,  Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  60  ;  v,  51 ;  Ives'  Rep.  9.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii, 
163.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  11,  20,  82;  v,  360,  t.  4;  vii,  10;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  60.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 259 ;  Scientific  Press,  San  Francisco,  Nov.  1871  &  f.- Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

Strombocarpa  odorata,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  158. 

SCREW  BEAN.      SCREW-POD   MESQUIT.      TORNILLA. 

Valley  of  the  Eio  Grande  (Presidio),  western  Texas,  westward  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  (valley  of  the 
Gila  and  Colorado  rivers)  to  southern  California  (White  Water,  Parish  Brothers,  Vallecito,  Thurber),  and  southward 
into  Mexico;  southern  Utah  (Saint  George),  and  southern  Nevada  (Ash  Meadows). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall, 
much-branched  shrub;  sandy  or  gravelly  bottom  lands,  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United 
States  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter ;  specific  gravity, 
0.7609 ;  ash,  0.95 ;  used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

The  pods  used  as  fodder,  and  sometimes  made  into  flour  by  the  Indians. 

95. — Leucaena  glauca,  Bentham, 

Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iv,  417 ;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxx,  443.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  884.— Griaebach,  Fl.  British  Weet 
Indies,  220.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  351.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  350.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  619. 

Mimosa  glauca,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  2  ed.  1504. 

Acacia  glauca,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1075.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  467. 

Acacia  frondosa,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1076.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  468. 

Acacia  biceps,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1075.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  467. 

Mimosa  leucocephala,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  12. 

Acacia  leucocephala,  Link,  Enum.  Hort.  Berl.  ii,  444.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  467. 

Mimosa  biceps,  Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  75. 

Mimosa  frondosa,  Klein  in  Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  76. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  63 

Western  Texas,  San  Saba  to  Devil's  river  (Buckley) ;  southward  into  Mexico ;  semi-tropical  Florida  (introduced, 
Curtiss),  and  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  or,  in  Florida, 
low  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  ground. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small,  regularly-distributed  open  ducts;  layers  of 
annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  rich  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  clear 
yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.9235 ;  ash,  3.29. 

96. — Leucsena  pulverulenta,  Bentham, 

Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iv,  417  ;  Rev.  Mini,  in  Trans.  Linuican  Soc.  xxx,  443.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  351. 
Acacia  pulverulenta,  Schlechtendal  in  Linnasa,  xii,  571. 
Acacia  esculenta,  Martens  &  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  x2,  312. 

Southern  Texas,  valley  of  the  lower  Bio  Grande ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  often  forming  dense 
thickets;  rich,  sandy  loam. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing-many  small,  regularly- distributed  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow ;  specific 
gravity,  0.6732 ;  ash,  1.01. 

97. — Acacia  Wrightii,  Bentham, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  64 ;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxx,  521.— Gray,  Smithsonian  Contrib.  v,  53.— Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  626.— 
Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  161.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  61.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  351. 

CAT'S  CLAW. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river  (New  Braunfels),  westward  and  Southward  to  the  valley  of  the 
Eio  Grande;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a 
low,  much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of 
small  open  ducts,  and  containing  many  scattered  smaller  ducts ;  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable ;  color, 
bright,  clear  brown  streaked  with  red  and  yellow,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.9392;  ash,  0.63. 

98.— Acacia  Greggii,  Gray, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  65;  v,  53;  Ives'  Rep.  11. — Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  'Rep.  158;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vii,  10;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  61. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  625. — Bentham,  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxx,  521. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860, 442. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i.  164.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  108.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  353.— James  in  Am. 
Nat.  xv,  981. 

CAT'S  CLAW. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Eio  Grande,  westward  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  San  Diego, 
California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
a  shrub ;  dry  mesas  and  in  low  canons ;  common ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
numerous  rows  of  rather  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.8550 ;  ash,  0.91 ;  used  for  fuel. 

A  resinous  gum  resembling  gum  arabic  is  produced  by  this  species  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  Iii,  419). 

99. — Acacia  Berlandieri,  Beutham, 
London  Jour.  Bot.  i,  522 ;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxx,  529. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  919. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  500. 

A.  tephroloba,  Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  65;  v,  54.— Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  625.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
61. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,352. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  351. 

Southern  Texas,  valley  of  the  Nueces  (La  Salle  county)  to  Devil's  river ;  southward  into  Mexico. 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
tall  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  ground;  the  large  specimens  usually  hollow  and  defective. 
Wood  not  examined. 


64  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

100. — Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  Bentham, 

Kev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxx,  534. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  SuppL  619. 
Mimosa  latisiliqua,  Linnsens,  Spec.  2  ed.  1504. 

Acacia  latisiliqua,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1067.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  255.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  467.— Maofadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica, 
318.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  34,  t.  53 ;  2  ed.  i,  183,  t.  53.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264. 

L.  Bahamensis,  Bentham  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii,82. 
Acacia  Bahamensis,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  221. 

WILD   TAMARIND. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's,  Plantation,  and  Boca  Chica  Keys) ;  through  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  bark  of  the  young, 
vigorous  trees  smooth;  the  older  trees  generally  decayed  and  defective,  with  rough,  dark  bark  (Curtiss). 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  containing  many 
•cattered,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6418;  ash,  2.12;  somewhat  used  locally  in  boat-  and  ship-building,  and  considered 
equal  to  mahogany  for  this  purpose. 

101. — Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati,  Bentham, 

Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  200;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxx,  572,  648. — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  276. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  116.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

Mimosa    Unguis-cati,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  2  ed.  1497.— Jacquin,  Hort.  Schcenb.  iii,  74,  t.  392.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles, 
i,t.  11. 

Inga    Unguis-cati,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1006.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  436.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  37,  t.  54;  2  ed.  i,  86,  t.  54. 

Mimosa  rosea,  Vahl,  Eclogse,  iii,  33,  t.  25. 

Inga  rosea,  Stendel  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  437. 

Ingaforfex,  Kunth.Mim.  12,  t.  16. 

P.  forfex,  Bentham  in  Hooker's  London  Jonr.  Bot.  iii,  199. 

Inga  Guadalupensis,  Desvanx,  Jour,  i,  70. 

Mimosa  Guadalupensis,  Persoon.syn.  ii,26a. 

Inga  microphylla,  Humboldt  &  Bonpland  in  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1004. 

P.  microphyllum,  Bentham  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  200. 

P.  Guadalupensis,  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  116. 

OAT'S  CLAW. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Caximbas  bay,  and  on  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
throwing  out  many  spreading,  vine-like  stems  from  the  ground. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuous; 
color,  rich  red  varying  to  purple,  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.9049;  ash,  2.46. 


ROSACES. 


102. — Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  Linnseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  513.— Jacquin,  Stirp.  Am.  154,  t.  94.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  224  ;  111.  ii,  542,  t.  428.— Poiret,  Snppl.  iii,  135.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  iii,  200.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  525.— Lindloy  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  98.— Turpin,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  236.— Tussac, 
Fl.  Antilles,  iv,  91,  t.  31.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  369,  t.  5,  f.  4.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  406.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  1 ;  Ann.  iv,  642.— 
Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  91 ;  Fl.  Nigritiana,  336.— Spreugel,  Icon.  t.  274,  f.  1-13.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860, 439.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  119.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  :£*).— Baillou  in  Adansonia,  vii,  221 ;  Hist.  PI.  i,  427,  f.  486,  487.— Hooker 
f.  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  ii,  7. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  287. — Henisley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  365. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  65 

COCOA  PLUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  bay  Biscayne,  west  coast  Caxiinbas  bay,  and  oil  the  southern  keys ; 
through  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  along  sandy  beaches  a 
low,  prostrate  shrub  1.08  to  2.16  meters  in  height ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on 
the  borders  and  islands  of  the  Everglades,  near  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  irregularly-distributed,  not  large,  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap  wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.7709 ;  ash,  0.87. 

Varieties  are  distinguished  by  A.  II.  Curtiss  with  the  skin  of  the  edible  fruit  white  or  black,  the  latter  more 
ovate  with  narrower,  softer  stones  (?  var.  pellocarpa,  Hooker  f.  1.  c. — G.  pellocarpa,  Miquel,Prim.  Esseq.  193. — 
Orisebach,  I.  c.). 

103. — Prunus  Americana,  Marshall, 

Arbustum.iii. — Darlington  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  iii,  87, 1. 1 ;  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  72. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  285. — Beck,  Bot.  95. — Torroy 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  407 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  104.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  377.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  19,  t.  48 ;  2  ed.  i,  169,  t.  48.— 
Torrey.Fl.  N.  York,  i,  194;  Emory's  Rep.  408 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  82.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  449;  2  ed.ii,  511. —Hooker 
in  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  217. — Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  59. — Gray  in  Mein.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1, 40 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  148. — 
Scheele  in  Rcemer,  Texas,  430.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  611.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  119.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  56. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  358. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  32? ;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
102. — Engelrnann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xiii,  190.— Koch,  Drendrologie,  i,  101. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's 
Snrv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 33. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,194. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  52.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54".— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 65. 

P.  Mississippi,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  112. 

P.  spinosa,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  146  [not  Linnaeus]. 

P.  nigra,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  165 ;  2  ed.  iii,  198.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  993 ;  Berl.  Baumz,  311.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet.  v, 
674.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Bot.  Mag.  1. 1117.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  331.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  469;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
199. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477. — Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  59. 

Gerasus  nigra,  Loiselenr  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  32.— Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  167; 
Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  513.— Beck,  Bot.  96. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  399.—  Loudon,  Arboretum, 
ii,704,f.411,  412. 

P.  Memalis,  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  542  [not  Michaux]. 
P.  COCCinea,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  135. 

WILD  PLUM.  CANADA  PLUM.  HORSE  PLUM. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  (Quebec)  to  the  valley  of  Bainy  and  Assinaboine  rivers  and  southern  shores  of 
lake  Manitoba;  northern  Vermont,  western  New  England,  and  southward  through"  the  Atlantic  states  to  the 
Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  river,  Dakota,  and  Cheyenne 
canon,  Pike's  Peak  region,  Colorado,  southwest  through  Arkansas,  the  Indian  territory,  to  about  longitude  102°, 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Concho  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  woods, 
or  along  streams  and  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom  lands  of 
eastern  Texas. 

A  form  with  the  young  leaves  and  pedicles  pubescent  is — 

var.  mollis,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  407. 

P.  Memalis,  Michaux,  FL  Bor.-Am.  i,  284.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  679.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
ii,206.— Nonvean  Duhamel,  v,  184.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  73.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i, 398.— Rasmer, 
Syn.  Mon.  iii,  59. 

P.  mollis,  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  470 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  199.— Beck,  Bot.  95. 

Gerasus  Memalis,  Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  168.— Beck,  Bot.  96.— London,  Arboretnm, 
ii, 704. —Don,  Miller's  Diet.  ii,504. 

Cerasus  Americana,  Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  bright  brown  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7215;  ash,  0.18 j 
nsed  for  the  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

Often  cultivated  for  theyellow,  red,  or  rarely  nearly  black,  acid  or  rarely  sweet  fruit,  and  furnishing  an  excellent 
stock  on  which  to  graft  the  varieties  of  the  domestic  plum. 
5  FOE 


66  FOEEST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

104. — Prunus  angustifolia,  Marshall, 
Artrastmn,  iii. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  103. 

P.  Chicasa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  284.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  680. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  302. — 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  183.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  542.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  194 ;  Pacific  R.  E.  Rep.  iv,  82. — 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  476. — Audubon,  Birds,  t.  53.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  285. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  397. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  America,  i,  407  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  377.— Roomer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  58.— Darlingtou,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  73.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  299. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  250.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
251. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  119.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina  1860,  iii,  56.— Lesquereux  in 
Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  858.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  328 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  102.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  148 ;  Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  9.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  1251.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  33.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  65. 

P.  insititid,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  146.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  60. 

CerOSUS  Chicasa,  Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  5:58.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  168;  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24. — Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  ii,  514. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  705. 

CHICKASAW  PLUM.     HOG  PLUM. 

Probably  native  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  southern  Rocky  mountains,  where  it  is  found  at  an  altitude  of 
7,000  feet,  and  of  the  high  plateau  east  and  southeast  of  them ;  now  widely  naturalized  by  early  cultivation 
throughout  the  Atlantic  forests  south  of  Pennsylvania,  and  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  extending  as  far 
north  as  southern  Michigan. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk,  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub; 
generally  along  streams  or  borders  of  prairies,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  or 
red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6884;  ash,  0.28;  often  cultivated  for  its  globose  red  or  yellow  fruit. 

105. — Prunus  Pennsylvanica,  Linnaeus  f. 

Snppl.  252. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  992 ;  Euum.  518 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  310. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  45. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  673. — 
Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  35. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  9. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  198. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  331. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i, 
302.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  468;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  198.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  73.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.,  285.— 
Beck  in  Am.  Journal  Sci.  1  ser.  xiv,  112. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  42. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  130. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  57.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  102.— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1863,  61 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  148.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  117. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 33. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  2 ed.  ii, 
513.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  194.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 
54C. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176. 

fP.  lanceolata,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  240,  t.  3,f.  3. 

Cerasus  borealis,  Michaux.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  286.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  32.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  159,  t.  8;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3ed.il,  152,  t.  90.— Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  558.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  513.— Beck,  Bot. 
97. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  703,  f.  410. — Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  78. 

P.  borealis,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  674.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  538.— Eaton,  Manual,  54.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  i,  223.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  302.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1598.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  205. 

?P.  persicifolia,  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  205. 

?  Cerasus  persicifolia,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  9.— Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  537.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
ii,  512. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  411. — Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  81. 

Qerasus  Pennsylvanica,  Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  168.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  514.— 
Beck,  Bot.  97.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  409.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  705.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  196.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  15;  2  ed.  i,  165.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  265.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  1  ed.  451.— Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  57. —Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  115.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  611. — 
Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  425.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  327. 

WILD  BED  CHERRY.   PIN  CHERRY.   PIGEON  CHERRY. 

Labrador,  shores  of  Hudson's  bay,  and  west  through  the  Saskatchewan  region  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Fraser 
river  (Soda  creek,  Macoun);  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois, 
central  Iowa,  and  along  the  high  Alleghany  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  the  Eocky  mountains 
of  Colorado. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  67 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  truuk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the 
Eocky  Mountain  region  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  in  all  the  northern  forests,  in  northern  New  England 
taking  possession  of  ground  cleared  by  fire  of  the  coniferous  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  sap-wood  clear 
yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.5023;  ash,  0.40. 

The  small  acid  fruit  used  domestically  and  by  herbalists  in  the  preparation  of  cough  mixtures,  etc. 

* 

106. — Prunus    umbellata,  Elliott, 

6k.  i,  541.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  286.— Dietrich,  Syn.  hi,  44.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  119.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  328;  Bot.  &  Fl.  102.— 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  251. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

P.pumila,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  146  [not  Linnaeus], 

CeraSUS  umbellata,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  409.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  190.— Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  78. 

SLOE.      BLACK  .SLOE. 

South  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  central  Alabama 
to  eastern  Mississippi  (Holly  Springs  and  Enterprise,  Mohr). 

A  small  tree,  5  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.38  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  dark  reddish-brown,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8202 ;  ash,  0.12. 

The  black  or  red  pleasantly  acid  fruit  used  as  a  preserve. 

107. — Prunus  emarginata,  Walpers, 

Rep.  ii,  9. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  42. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  714. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  79. — Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  284.— 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  167. 

GerasUS  emarginata,  Douglas  in  Hooker,  Fl.Bor.-Am.  i,  169.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  515.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America, 
i,  410.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  79.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  83.— Bolander  in 
Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  79. 

CeraSUS  erecta,  Presl,  Epimel.  Bot.  194.— Walpers,  Ann,  iii,  854. 
Cerasus  glandulosa,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,  59. 

Vancouver's  island  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  river,  south  through  western  Washington  territory  and 
Oregon,  cast  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Bitter  Boot  mountain,  Idaho  (Lolo  trail,  Watson),  and  the  valley  of  the 
Jocko  river,  Montana  (Canby  &  Sargent).  California  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  and  on  the 
Coast  ranges,  from  San  Francisco  bay  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains  ( G.  E.  Vasey),  reaching  an  elevation  of  from 
3,000  to  4,000  feet. 

A  tree  often  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  at  high 
elevations  and  throughout  central  California  reduced  to  a  shrub  2  to  3  meters  in  height,  or  in  the  Santa  Lucia 
mountains  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter  (Vasey) ;  generally  along  streams 
or  in  low,  rich  woods. 

The  wood  of  the  type  not  collected. 

Var.  mollis,  Brewer, 
Bot.  California,  i,  167.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  86. 

Cera&US  mollis,  Douglas  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  169.— Hooker,  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  217.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  515. — 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  410. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  417. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
14,  t.  46;  2  ed.  i,  164,  t.  46. — Rffimer,  Syn.  Mou.  iii,  79. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped,  425. — Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  vi,  73. — Cooper  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rep.  xii,  29,  59;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  406. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linn:ean  Soc.  vii,  131.  — Gray 
in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,.  381. 

P.  mollis,  Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  9.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  42.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  284.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— 
Macoun  iu  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  194. 

The  common  northern  and  Idaho  form,  more  or  less  wooly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown 
streaked  with  green  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4502 ;  ash,  0.21. 


68  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

108. — Prunus  serotina,  Ehrbart, 

Beitr.  iii,20.— WilldenoW,  Spec,  ii,  988;  Enum.  517;  Berl.  Baumz.  301.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  34.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  204.— Alton, 
Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  196.— Eaton,  Manual,  54 ;  6  ed.  284.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  302.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  54.— Guimpel, 
Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  45,  t.  37. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  70. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  478. — Nees,  PI.  Neuwied,  9. — Hooker  f.  in  Trans. 
Linuiciin  Soc.  xxii2,  327. — Curtis  in  Eep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  56. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas, 
358.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  102.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,  190.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  120.— Gray,  Manual 
N.  States,  5  ed.  149 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  9.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  122.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  284.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
2  ed.  ii,  515  &  t.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  167.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  ii,  97,  t. 
97.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176.— Bell  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1«79-'80, 54C.— Eidgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 66. 

P.  Virginiana.  Miller,  Diet.  No.  3  [not  Linnseus].— Du  Eoi,  Obs.  Bot.  12;  Harbk.  ii,  191.— Wangenheim,  Amer.34,  t.  14.— 
Medicus,  Bot.  Beobacht.  1782,  345. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  112. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  146. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii, 
163.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  664.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  329.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  540.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  467; 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  189.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  204. 

CeraSUS  Virginiana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  285.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  151,  t.  6 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  147, 
t.  88.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  169  (excl.  syn.).— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  515.— Beck,  Bot.  97.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2 
ed.  289. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  710,  f.  418. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  268. 

CeraSUS  Serotina,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  3.— Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  540.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  416. — 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  410.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  712,  f.  419  &t.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— Torrey, 
Fl.  N.  York,  i,  196;  Pacific  R.  E.  Eep.  vii,  11.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  432.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,  41,  t.  35.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
288. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1  ed.  453. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  115 ;  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi, 
186.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  75.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  299.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858, 252.— Porcher, 
Eesources  S.  Forests,  169.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  425.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  326.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California 
Acad.  iii,  79. 

P.  cartilaginea,  Lehmann,  Ind.  Seui.  Hamburg,  1833. 
Padus  serotina,  Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  14,  f.  8. 
Padus  Virginiana,  Ecemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  86. 
Padus  cartilaginea,  Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  86. 

WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.   RUM  CHERRY. 

Southern  Ontario,  southward  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Matanzas  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  to 
the  valley  of  the  Missouri  river,  Dakota,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  upper  San 
Antonio  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  or,  exceptionally,  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  rich, 
generally  elevated  woodlands;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains  from  West  Virginia  southward ;  not  common  and  of  small  size  in  the  Gulf  region  and 
Texas 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color,  light  brown  or  red,  growing  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.5822;  ash, 
0.15;  largely  used  and  esteemed  in  cabinet  work,  interior  finish,  etc.,  and  now  becoming  scarce. 

The  bark  contains  a  bitter  tonic  principle,  and  infused  with  cold  water  generates  a  small  percentage  of 
hydrocyanic  acid ;  employed  as  a  tonic  and  sedative  in  cases  of  pulmonary  consumption  in  the  form  of  cold 
infusions,  sirups,  and  fluid  extracts  (Proc.  Am,  Phar.  Assoc.  xxiii,  209. — Globley  in  Jour.  Pharm.  et  Ohimie,  xv,  40. — 
Ouibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  1  ed.  iii,  317. — Pharm.  Jour.  3  ser.  iv,  44. — Fluckiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmocographia,  224. — 
U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  749. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2ed.  1177) ;  the  bitter  fruit  used  domestically  in  the  preparation 
of  cherry  brandy. 

NOTE. — The  closely-allied  P.  Virginiana  of  the  north  Atlantic  region,  a  tall  ahrub,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  does  not 
assume  arborescent  habit. 

109. — Prunus  Capuli,  Cavanilles, 

Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477.— Schlechtendal  in  Limisca,  xiii,  69,  404.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  123.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  367.— 
Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  352. 

CeraSUS  Capollin,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  539.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  515.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  713,  f.  420.— Bentham, 
PI.  Hartweg.  10.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  232.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  432.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  412.— Gray  in 
Smithsonian  Contrib.  v,  54. 

CeraSUS  Capuli,  Seringe  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  541.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  516.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  422. 

P.  Capollin,  Zuccarini  in  Abhandl.  Acad.  Munich,  ii,  345,  t.  8.— Rosmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  87.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  62.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  53. 

P.  Canadensis,  Mocino  &  Sesse",  PI.  Mex.  Icon.  ined. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  69 


WILD   CHEERY. 

Apache  and  Guadalnpc  mountains,  Texas,  west  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  San  Francisco  mountains;  southward  through  northern  New  Mexico,  and  in  Peru. 

A  small  tree,  in  the  United  States,  rarely  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.30  meter  in  diameter ; 
bottoms  of  canons  and  mountain  valleys,  generally  between  5,000  aud  7,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  moderately  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  or 
often  bright,  clear  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7879  ;  ash,  0.20. 

110. — Prunus  demissa,  Walpors, 

Kep.  ii,  10.— Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  43.— Benthaui,  PI.  Hartweg.  307.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  63.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  80 ; 
PI.  Wheeler,  8.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  481.— Coulter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1872, 764.— Rothrock,  PI.  Wheeler,  37.— Braudegee  in 
Hayden's  Rep.  1875, 236.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  167.— Vasey,  Cat,  Forest  Trees,  13.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette, 
ii,  86.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada.  1875-76, 194.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  368. 

Cerasus  serotina,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bur. -Am.  i,  169,  iii  parr. 

Cerasus  demissa,  Nuttall  in  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  411.— Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1, 40.—  Durand  in 
Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  iar>5, 87.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  83.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  73.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 259 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 59. 

Padus  demissa,  Rremer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  87. 

P.  Virginiana,  var.  demissa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  284.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  381. 

WILD   CHERRY. 

Vancouver's  island  east  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  Montana,  south  through  the  Pacific 
region;  in  Sonora.  . 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
low  shrub ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  valleys  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California,  near 
the  coast;  in  southern  California,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  ranges,  a  low  shrub  confined  to  high, 
mountain  valleys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6951 ;  ash,  0.50. 

111. — Prunus  Caroliniana,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,  163;  2  ed.  iii,  196.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  987.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  667.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  34.— Desfontaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  ii, 203.— Nuttall,  Genera,!,  302.— Sprengel,  Neue  Entdeck.  i,  304;  Syst.  ii,  478.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  71.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  540.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  159,  190.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  286.— Schlechtendal  in  Linn&a,  xiii,  89.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  43.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  120.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  57.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  103.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  124.— 
Yonng,  Bot.  Texas,  252.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  9.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

P.  Carolina,  Miller,  Diet.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  198. 
P.  serratifolia,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  114.      . 
P.  Lusitanica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  146. 

Cerasus  Caroliniana,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  285.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  5.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  156,  t.  7; 
N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  150,  t.  89.— Seringe  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  540.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  516.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  i,  420.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  432.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  720,  f.  423.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  411. — 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  190.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  272.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  299.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  291.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  171.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  326. 

P.  sempervirens,  Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  33. 

fBumelia  serrata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  155.— Rcemer  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  iv,  498. 

fAchras  serrata,  Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  36. 

Leptocarpa  Caroliniana,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  18;  2ed.  i,  167. 

Ghimanthus  amygdalinus,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  159. 

Laurocera&m  Garoliniana,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  90. 


70  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WILD  ORANGE.   MOCK  ORANGE.   WILD  PEACH. 

North  Carolina,  south,  near  the  coast,  to  bay  Biscayne,  Florida,  and  southern  Alabama,  west,  along  the  Gulf 
coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  evergreen,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter ; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich,  light,  deep  soil  of  the  bottoms  of  eastern  Texas,  here 
often  covering  extensive  tracts  known  as  "peach  brakes";  not  common  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  seasoning,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  reddish-brown,  or,  more  rarely,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific 
gravity,  0.8C88 ;  ash,  0.41. 

Generally  planted  in  the  southern  states  as  an  ornamental  and  hedge  plant;  foliage,  bark,  and  fruit  contain 
prnssic  acid,  the  leaves,  especially  when  partly  withered,  often  proving  fatal  to  animals  browsing  upon  them. 

112. — Prunus  sphserocarpa,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  81;  Fl.  lud.  Occ.  ii,927  [not  Michaux]. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  937. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet.  v,G66. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  34. — Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  ii,  516. — Schlechtendal  in  Liniuua,  xiii,  87. — Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  10. — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  231. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.620. 

,  CerasUS  sphcerocarpa,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  4. — Seriuge  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  540. — London,  Arboretum  ii, 

721.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  3141.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  421. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  western  shores  of  bay  Biscayne  (Curtiss);  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  not  exceeding  C  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  high 
rocky  woods  or,  more  rarely,  along  the  borders  of  streams  and  ponds ;  rare. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  very  small  open  ducts;  layers 
of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  obscure;  color;  light,  clear  red,  the  sap-wood  pale  yellow;  specific  gravity, 
0.8998;  ash,  0.87. 

113. — Prunus  ilicifolia,  Walpere, 

Eep.  ii,  10.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  43. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  63;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  285. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot. 
California,  i,  168;  ii,  443. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

CerasUS  ilicifolia,  Nuttall  in  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  340,  t.  83.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  411.— Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  16,  t.  47 ;  2  ed.  i,  165,  t.  47.— Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  139 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  83.— Paxton,  Brit  Fl.  Garden, 
iii,  44,  f.  254. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  654. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  259. — Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii, 
•22.— Bolauder  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  79;  iv,  22.— London  Garden,  1873,  131  &  fig. 

LaurOCCraSUS  ilicifolia,  Rceiner,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  92. 

ISLAY. 

California,  Coast  ranges  from  San  Francisco  bay  south  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state,  extending  to 
the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

A  small  tree,  evergreen,  often  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  when 
distant  from  the  coast  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  seasoning,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  many  regularly -distributed  rather  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  bright 
reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9803;  ash,  0.78;  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

114. — Vauquelinia  Torreyi,  Watson, 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  147.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  169.—  Maximowicz  in  Act!  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  v1,  237.— Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am.-Cent.  i,  370. 

Spiraea  Californica,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  140. 

V.  COrymbosa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  64  [not  Correa]. 

Arizona,  high  mountains  near  the  Gila  (Emory),  summits  of  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains  (Pringle,  Lemmon) ; 
in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree  in  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains,  4  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.20  meter  in 
diameter;  dry  slopes  and  rocky  bluffs  at  2,700  to  4,000  feet  elevation,  granitic  soil;  generally  hollow  and  decayed. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  specific  gravity,  1.1374;  ash,  1.45. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  71 

115. — Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  427.— Hooker,  Icon.  t.  324.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  28,t.51;  2  ed.  i,  178,  t.  51.—  Walpers,  Rep.  ii,46.— 
Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  119.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  83,  420;  PI.  Wheeler,  8.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  481.— Coulter  in 
Hayden%  Rep.  1872,765. — Parry  iu  Am.  Nat.  ix,201,  270;  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  i,  146. — Engelmann  in  Simpson's  Rep.  435. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  174. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. — Sargent  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  421. — Rothrock  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  43,  111,  360. 

MOUNTAIN   MAHOGANY. 

Coeur  d'Alene  mountains,  Idaho,  southward  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains  of  Montana  and 
Wyoming ;  eastern  extremities  of  the  Blue  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  Wahsatch  mountains, 
Utah,  and  west  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of 
•California,  extending  southward  into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

A  small,  low  tree,  rarely  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  north 
of  Utah  and  Nevada  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  dry,  rocky  mountain  slopes,  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high  ranges  of  central  Nevada. 

A  shrubby  variety  of  the  Wahsatch  mountain  and  other  ranges  of  Utah,  characterized  by  its  rigid,  intricately 
branched  growth,  short,  revolute  leaves  and  smaller  flowers  and  fruit,  is — 

var.  intricatus,  M.  E.  Jones  in  herb. 

C.  intricatus,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x,  346.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  fx,  270 ;  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  i,  147. 

C.  brevifolius,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,83  [not  Gray]. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  brittle,  difficult  to  work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ; 
medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color,  bright,  clear  red,  or  often  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow ; 
specific  gravity,  1.0731 ;  ash,  1.04 ;  furnishing  the  most  valuable  fuel  of  the  region,  and  largely  manufactured  into 
•charcoal. 

116. — Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  Nuttall; 

Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  337.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  427;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  164.— Hooker,  Icon.  t.  323.— Walpers, 
Rep.  ii,  45.— Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  89  ;  Emory's  Rep.  139;  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  158  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,83;  Bot.  Hex.  Boundary 
Survey,  63;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  287. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  119. — Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  iv1,  41;  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii, 
68;  v,  54;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  vii,146;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii,  411;  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1863,61.— Engelmann 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.iiew  ser.  xii,  190.  — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  79. — Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1870,  475;  1871, 
481.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  82.— Porter  .&  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 34.— Rothrock,  PI.  Wheeler, 
37;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  111,  359.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  174;  ii,  444.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— M.  E.  Jones, 
Excur.  Bot.  12, 15, 20,  21. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  374. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  353. 

MOUNTAIN   MAHOGANY. 

California,  valley  of  the  Klamath  river,  southward  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  mountains,  and  in  Lower  California ;  Eocky  mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  mountains 
of  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Sonora. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
..at  an  elevation  of  6,000  to  8,000  feet. 

A  glabrous  variety  of  southern  California,  with  dark  green  leaves,  is — 

var.  glaber,  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,175. 

C,  betulcefolillS,  Nuttall  in  Hooker,  Icon.  t.  322.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  46. 

C.  betutoides,  Nuttall  in  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  427.— Hooker  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,218. 
A  form  with  small  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  leaves,  of  northern  Mexico,  is — 
var.  paucidentatUS,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,  353. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  bright  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.9365 ;  ash,  0.46  j 
furnishing  valuable  fuel. 


72  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

117. — Pyrus  coronaria,  Linnseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  480.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  ii,  166.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  229.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  118.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  176;  2 
ed.  iii,  209. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1019;  Enum.  527;  Berl.  Baumz.  330.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  40.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  340.— Eaton, 
Manual,  56;  6  ed.  291.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  307.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  228.— Hayne,  Dend.  F1.86. — Torrey,  Fl.  U. 
S.  i,  180;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  203;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  223.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  2009.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  559.— Bot.  Reg.  viii,  651.— Spreugel, 
Syst.  ii,  510. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  635. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  617. — Beck,  Bot.  113. — Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25. — 
Reichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  t.  240. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  223. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  154. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  908 &t. — 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  297. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  428. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  612. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  307. — Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  128. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  69. — 
Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  532;  Bot.  &  Fl.  112. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  149. — Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  161. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  214. — Weuzig  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii,  40  (excl.  var. ). — Macoun  &  Gibson  in  Trans. 
Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  xii,  325.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— London  Garden,  xix,  400,  t.  280.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
22,78.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 66. 

Malus  coronaria,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  2.— Moanch,  Meth.  (182.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  292.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  562.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  140. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vi,  139,  t.  44,  f.  1.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  65,  t.  10;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  58,  t.  65. — Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  55.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  136,  t.  8. — Reamer,  Syn.  Hon. 
iii,  191. — Decaisue  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  154. — Carriore  in  Rev.  Hort.  1877,  410  &  t. 

Cratcegus  coronaria,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  357. 

Mains  microcarpa  coronaria,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1884,  104,  f.  24. 

AMERICAN   CRAB.      SWEET-SCENTED   CRAB. 

Ontario,  valley  of  the  Humber  river,  shores  of  lake  Erie,  southward  through  western  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  central  Alabama  and  northern 
Mississippi ;  west  to  southern  Minnesota,  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  northern  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  rich,  rather  low  woods, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Ohio  region. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure ;  color,  Jbrown  varying  to  light  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7048 ;  ash,  0.52 ;  used  for 
levers,  handles  of  tools,  and  in  turnery. 

Often  planted  for  ornament  on  account  of  its  fragrant  blossoms ;  the  small,  yellow-green  austere  fruit  used  for 
preserves,  and  occasionally  made  into  cider. 

118. — Pyrus  angustifolia,  Alton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,  176;  2 ed.  iii,  209. — Willdenow,  Spec.  ii,1020. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet.- v,  455. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  40. — Pursh,  Fl,  Am.  Sept. 
i,341.—  Elliott,  Sk.i,  559.—  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  480 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  203.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  509.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  635.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  132.— Bot.  Reg.  xiv,  1207.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  647.— Beck,  Bot.  113.— Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25.— 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  471.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  909  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  382.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  154.— Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  24;  2  ed.  i,  174. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  307.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  128. — 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  69. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  333; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  112. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  161. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  213.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— Ridgway  in  Proc, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,66. 

P.  coronaria,  Wangeuheim,  Anier.  61,  t.  21,  f.  47  [not  Linnasus].— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148. 
Malus  angustifolia,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  292.— Decaisne  in  Nonv.  Arch.  Mns.  x,  155. 

Malus  sempervirens,  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  141. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vi,  638,  t.  43,  f.  1.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  524.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ii,  135,  t.  8,  6gs.— Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  191. 

P.  coronaria,  var.  angustifolia,  Wenzig  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii,  41. 
Chloromeles  sempervirens,  Decaisne  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  xxiii,  126. 

AMERICAN  CRAB  APPLE.   SOUTHERN  CBAB  APPLE. 

Pennsylvania  ?,  southern  Delaware,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Illinois,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee 
region  of  western  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods;  most  common 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  river  bottoms  of  the  south  Atlantic  states ;  less  common  west  of 
the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure :  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.6895 ;  ash,  0.33;  used  for  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

The  austere  fruit  used  for  preserves  and  made  into  cider. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  73 

119. — Pyrus  rivularis,  Douglas ; 

Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  203,  t.  68.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  647.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.America,  i,  471.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  383.— 
Walpers,  Eep.  ii,  53.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  154.— Lcdebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  ii,  99.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  22,  t.49;  2ed.  i,  172,  t.  49.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  428.  —Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  85;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  292.— Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  73.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  '259 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  29,  60.— Rothrock  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867,  435,  446.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
i,  212. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  382. — Wenzig  iu  Linnsea,  xxxviii,  38. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  188. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  87. — Macouii  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  195. — Dawson  in 

•      Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  330. 

P.  diversifoUa,  Bougard  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  133. 

P.fuSCtt,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,254. 

P.  subcordata,  Ledebonr,  Fl.  Rossica,  ii,  95. 

Mdlus  rivularis,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii, 215.— Decaisno  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  155. 

Malus  diversifoUa,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  215.—  Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  155. 

Mai  us  Subcordata,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  192. 

OREGON  CRAB  APPLE. 

Coast  of  Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  and  islands  of  British  Columbia,  through  Washington  territory 
and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  to  Sonoma  county,  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  rich,  low  woods, 
generally  along  streams,  often  forming  dense  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  liable  to  check  badly  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.8316;  ash,  0.41;  used  for  mallets,  mauls,  bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 

The  small,  black,  pleasantly  acid  fruit  occasionally  used  as  a  preserve,  and  prized  by  the  Indians  as  food. 

120.— Pyrus  Americana,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ii,  637.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit.  i.  t.  54.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  511.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  204.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  648.— Beck, 
Bot.  113.— Audubou,  Birds,  t.  363.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  472.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  920  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  383.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  224.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  155.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  25,  t.  50;  2  ed.  i,  175,  t.  50.— Browne,  Trees  of 
America,  326. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  439  ;  2  ed.  ii,  499. — Parry  iu  Owen's  Rep.  612. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  428. — 
Lange,  PI.  Greenl.  134. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  129. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv. 
N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  70.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  333;  Bot.  &  Fl.  112.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  168.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  161.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  190.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  189.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— Macoun  in. 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  195.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176.— Bell  iii  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54°. 

Sorbus  Americana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  145.— Willdenow,  Euum.  520.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  341.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v, 
164.— Eaton,  Manual,  55 ;  6  ed.  351.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Hayrie,  Dend.  Fl.  75.— Torrey,  Fl  .17.  S.  477  ;  Compend. 
Fl.  N.  States,  202.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii ,  95.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  207.— Rosmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  138.— Maximo wicz 
•    in  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  174. — Wenzig  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii,  71. — Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  158. 

SorbltS  aucuparia,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  234,  in  part.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  1.  ed.  119.— Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus. 
.     x,  158,  in  part. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  Americana,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  38  &  addend. 

P.  aucuparia,  Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  81,  in  part. — Sehlechtendal  in  Linnaea,  x,  99. — Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnxan  Soo.  xxii',. 
290,  327,  in  part. 

Sorbus  humifusa,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  265. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

Greenland?,  Labrador,  Newfoundland,  Anticosti  island,  and  westward  along  the  southern  shore  of  James'  bay 
to  the  valley  of  the  Nelson  river  (White  Mud  falls),  southward  through  all  mountainous  regions  of  the  northeastern 
states,  and  along  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina;  in  northern  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  swamps  and  in 
moist,  rocky  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  northern  shores  of  lakes  Huron  and  Superior. 


74  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

A  form  with  smaller  fruit,  peculiar  to  the  high  southern  Alleghany  mountains,  is — 

var.  microcarpa,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  472. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  a.  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  280. 

Sorbus  microcarpa,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  341.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  164.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  555.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  477.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  351.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  95. — Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  138. 

P.  microcarpa,  Sprongel,  Syst.  ii,  511.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  636.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  648.— Beck,  Bot.  113.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  383.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  921. 

Sorbus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa,  Wenzig  in  Liunaea,  xxxviii,  71. 
Sorbus  riparia,  Rafinesque,  New  Sylva,  15. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5451 ;  ash,  0.83. 
Often  planted  for  ornament. 

121. — Pyrus  sambucifolia, 

Chamisso  &Schlechtendal  inLinnsea,  ii,  36.— Bongard  iiiMem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  133.— Don,  Miller'sDict.  ii,  648.— Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  472.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  53.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  155.— Ledebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  ii,  99.— Trautverter  &  Meyer, 
Fl.  Ochot.  37.—  Maximowicz,  Prim.  Fl.  Amurensis,  103.— Rothrock  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867,  446.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
161 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  3c«2.— Porter  in  llaycleirs  Rep.  1870, 475.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  92.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ; 
Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  38. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  189. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 195. — 
Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  87. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  10.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  176. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  /9.  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  290. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  Schrank,  PI.  Labrador,  25,  in  part  [not  Linnaeus]. 

P.  Americana,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  73  [not  De  Candolle].— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 60.— Torrey,  Bot. 
Wilkes  Exped.  292. 

P.  aucuparia,  Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  81,  in  part.— Schlechtendal  in  Linncea,  x,  99,  in  part.— Hooker  in  Trans.  Liniuuau  Soc. 
xxii2,290,  327.  in  part. 

Sorbus  sambucifolia,  Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  139.— Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  174.— Wenzig  in 
Linntea,  xxxviii,  73. — Decaisue  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  159. 

Sorbus  Sitchensis,  Reemer,  Syu.  Mon.  iii,  139. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

Labrador  to  northern  New  England  and  the  shores  of  lake  Superior ;  high  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific 
region  from  Alaska  to  southern  New  Mexico ;  in  Kamtchatka. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Pacific  forests 
generally  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  cold,  wet  swamps  or  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development. in 
northern  New  England  and  Minnesota. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5928 ;  ash,  0.35. 

The  bark  and  unripe  fruit  of  tbe  American  mountain  ashes,  like  those  of  the  nearly-allied  P.  aucuparia  of 
Europe,  are  extremely  astringent,  and  occasionally  used,  domestically,  in  infusions,  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment 
of  diarrhea  (Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1333). 

122. — Crataegus  rivularis,  Nnttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  161.— Walpers, Rep.  ii,  58.— Nuttall,  Sylva, ii,9;  2  ed.  i,  160.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  258;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  107.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 92.— Porter 
in  Haydeu's  Rep.  1871,  482.— Coulter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1872,  765.— Brandegee  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1875,  236.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  14.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  195.—  Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

C.  sanguinea,  var.  Douglasii,  Coulter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1872,  765  [not  Torrey  &  Gray]. 

British  Columbia,  south  through  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  territory,  east  and  southeast  along  the 
mountain  ranges  of  Idaho,  Montana,  Utah,  and  Colorado,  to  the  Pinos  Altos  mountains,  New  Mexico  (Greene). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall, 
much-branched  shrub,  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets  along  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  bright  reddish -brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.7703 ;  ash,  0.35. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  75 

123. — Cratsegus  Douglasii,  Lindley, 

Bot.  Reg.  xxi,  1. 1810. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  823,  f.  584  &  t. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  147. — Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xlviii,  26. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  189. — Macoun  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1875-76, 195. — Engelmanu  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

f  O.  glandulosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337,  in  part. 

C.  punctata,  var.  brevispina,  Douglas  iu  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201. 

C.  sanguined,  var.  Douglasii,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Walpers,  Eep.   ii,  58.— Dietrich ,  Syn.  iii,  160.— 
Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  292.— Eegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  116. 

C.  SCtnguinea,  Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  6,  t.  44;  2  ed.  i,  157,  t.44  [not  Pallas].— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  259;  Am.  Nat. 
iii,  407.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

Anthomeles  Douglasii,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  140. 

C.  rivularis,  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  189  [not  Nuttall]. 

British  Columbia,  valley  of  the  Parsnip  river,  in  about  latitude  55°  N.,  south  through  Washington  territory 
and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Pitt  river,  California,  extending  east  through  Idaho  and  Montana  to  the  western 
base  of  the  Rocky  mountains  (valley  of  the  Flathead  river,  Canby  &  Sargent). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub 
throwing  up  many  stems  from  the  ground  and  forming  impenetrable  thickets ;  rather  wet,  sandy  soil  along 
streams,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains;  toward  its  eastern 
limits  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color,  nearly  white  tinged  with  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6950 ;  ash,  0.33; 
used  for  wedges,  mauls,  etc. 

The  small,  sweet,  black  fruit,  ripening  in  August,  is  largely  collected  by  the  Indians. 

124. — CratfiCgUS    brachyacantha,   Sargent  &  Englemann; 
Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

HOGS'  HAW. 

New  Orleans?,  (Drummond  in  herb.  GVa^pMinden,  Louisiana  (Mohr) ;  Concord,  Texas  (Sargent);  Longview, 
'Texas  (in  fruit,  Lettermari). 

A  tree  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  in  low» 
very  rich  soil ;  the  largest  North  American  representative  of  the  genus. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.6793 ;  ash,  0.42. 

The  large  blue-black  fruit  greedily  eaten  by  hogs  and  other  animals. 

125. — Crataegus  arborescens,  Elliott, 

8k.  i,  550.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i ,  466.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— 
Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  f>8.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  10,  t.  45 ;  2  ed.  i,  160,  t.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306. —Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858, 
252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Young,  Fl.  Texas,  259.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— 
Engelmanu  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  4. 

Phcenopyrum  arborescens,  Eosmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  153. 

C.  CrUS-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia,  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  109,  in  part. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  river,  South  Carolina  (Aiken,  Ravenel),  south  to  the  Ghattahoochee  region  of  western 
Florida;  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river,  near  Saint  Louis  (Engelmann),  south  and  southwest  to  western  Louisiana, 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams 
and  in  rather  low,  wet  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  very 
numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6491 ;  ash,  0.57. 

The  small  globular  fruit  bright  red  or,  more  rarely,  orange. 


76  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

126. — Crataegus  Crus-galli,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  476.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  115.— Medicus,  Bot.  Beobacht.  ii,  344.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  147.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
ii,170;  2  ed.  iii,  202.— WUldenow,  Spec,  ii,  1004.— Micaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,288.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Pursh,  Fl.Am.  Sept:  i,  338.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  55 ;  6  ed.  111.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Barton,  Compcud.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  225 ;  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  54.— Elliott, 
Sk.  i,  548.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  476 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  202 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  221.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  56.— De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
ii,  626.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  i,  200 ;  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— Beck,  Bot.  111.—  Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
America,  i,  463.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  820,  f.  574, 575  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  206.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  iii,  158.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  278. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  433 ;  2  ed.  ii,  492  &  t. — Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. — 
Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  612. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  cd.  83. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  30o. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 252. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  83. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
359.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Poreher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  148.— Gray,  Manual  X.  States,  5  od.  100;  Hall's  PL 
Texas,  9. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  258.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  108.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xlviii,  19.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  66. 

C.  ludda,  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  13.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  53, 1. 17,  f.  42.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,506.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,629.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  Crus-galli,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  88.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  441.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  157.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
iv,  149.— Willdenow,  Enum.  522;  Berl.  Baumz.  244.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  80.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  142. 

f  Mespilus  cuneiformis,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  88. 

• 

Mespilus  lucida,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,  17.— Moench,  Meth.  685.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  57. 

Mespilus  cuneifolia,  Mcench,  Meft.  684. 

C.  Crus-galli,  var.  splendens,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii, 202. 

Mespilus  Watsoniana,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  57. 

C.  Watsoniana,  Rojmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. 

COCKSPUR  THORN.     NEWCASTLE  THORN. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  west  through  southern  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  through  the  Atlantic 
forests  to  the  valley  of  the  Chipola  river,  western  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  running  into  various 
forms.  The  best  marked  are — 

var.  pyracanthifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  170 ;  2  ed.  iii,  202.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  626.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America, 
i,  404.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  820, 1. 128,  f.  580.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  278.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg, 
i,  109,  in  part. 

C.  salicifolia,  Medicns,  Bot.  Beobacht.  ii,  345. — Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. 

C.  Crus-galli,  var.  salicifolia,  Alton,  I.  c. ;  2  ed.  I.  c.— Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  244.— De  Candolle,  I.  o.— London,  I.  c.  f. 
551-553,  578  &  t.— Browne,  1.  c.— Regel,  I.  c.  110. 

Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var.  salicifolia,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  80. 
Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia,  Hayne,  I.  c. 
Mespilus  salicifolia,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  144. 
C.  Coursetiana,  Roamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. 

var.  ovalifolia,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  t.  I860.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  821,  f.  579  &  t.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  109. 

Mespilus  ovalifolia,  Hornemann,  Hort.  Hafn.  Snppl.  52.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  143. 

Mespilus  prunellifolia,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  72. 

C.  ovalifolia,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— Rojmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. 

C.  prunellifolia,  De  Candolle,  1.  c.— Don,  I.  c.— Rosmer,  7.  c. 

Mespilus  elliptica,  Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  170.  t.  144  [not  Lamarck].— Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  ii,68. 

var.  linearis,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  626.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  821,  f.  577.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  278.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  110. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  77 

Mespilus  lucida,  var.  angustifolia,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,  la 
C.  linearis,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Rcomer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  118. 
Mespilus  linearis,  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  156.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  70.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  57. 

var.  prunifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray,  PI.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  821,  f.  576  &  t.— 
Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  110. 

Mespilus  prunifolia,  T  Marshall,  Arbustuui,  90.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  443.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  150,  t.  40.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,  506. 

Mespilus  rotundifolia,  Ehrhart,  Boitr.  iii,  20. 

C.  prunifolia,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.—  Bosc  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— Lindley,  Bot.  Eeg. 
xxii,  t.  1868.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  Bosciana,  Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  58. 
G.  Bosciana,  Rremer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  118. 

Wood  heavy,  bard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  rather  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7194 ;  ash, 
0.56. 

The  long,  strong  spines  are  occasionally  collected  and  used  to  fasten  sacks  and  for  similar  purposes.     ' 

127. — Crataegus  coccinea,  Linnseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  476.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  167 ;  2  ed.  iii,  200.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1000  (excl.  syn.).— Michaux, 
PI.  Bor.-Am.  i,  288.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337.— Eaton,  Manual,  55;  6ed.  111.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— 
Schrank,  Pfl.Labrad'or, 26.  -Barton,  Compend,  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  226.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  77.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  553.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  474 ; 
Compend. Bot.  N.  States,  201;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  221 ;  Emory's  Rep.  408.— De  Candolle,  -Prodr.  ii,  627.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201 ;  Bot. 
Mag.  t,  3432.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Meyer,  PL  Labrador,  8i.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Lindley,  Bot.  Keg.  23, 1. 1957.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465.— Bigelo  w,  Fl.  Beston.  3  ed.  206.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  160.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  58.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  816,  f.  564-566,  t.  121.—  Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  270,  f.  18-20, 22.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  434 ;  2  ed.  ii, 
493  &  t. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  427. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3ed.  83. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  305. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  252.— Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  43  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  82.—  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  309.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Kaleniczonko 
in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  9. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  177. — Bell  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  55C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 66. 

Mespilus  COCCinea,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  87.— Mcench,  Meth.  684.— Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,442.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  156.— 
Willdenow,  Enum.  523;  Berl.  Baumz.  238.— Wendland  in.Regensb.  Fl.  1823,  699.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  507.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ii,  64. 

Mespilus  rotundifolia,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  20.— Wendland  in  Regensb.Fl.  1823,  700 — Watsoh,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  58.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  148. 

Pyrus  glandulosa,  Moench,  Meth.  680. 

G.  glandulosa,  Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1002  (excl.syn.).— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,337,  in  part.— Torrey,  FLU.  8.475;  Compend. 
Fl.  N.  States,  201.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 10 12.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  ii,  599.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  111.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  817, 
f.  550,  567,  568  &  t.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  427.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  84.— 
Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  120. 

Mespilus  glandulosa,  Willdenow,  Enum.  523.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  507.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  62.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  145. 

Mespilus pubescens,  Wendland  in  Regensb.Fl.  1823,700. 

C.  Crus-galli,  Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  2  ed.  194  [not  Linnaeus]. 

/  Mespilus  Wendlandii,  Opiz  in  Regensb.Fl.  1834,590. 

C.  macracantha,  Loddiges  in  London,  Arboretum,  ii,  819,  f.  572, 573  &  t. 

0.  glandulosa,  var.  macracantha,  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  1. 1912. 

Mespilus  flabellata,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  63. —Koch,  Dendrologie,  1,148. 

Halmia  flabellata,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  136. 

Anthomeles  rotundifolia,  Kramer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  140. 

Phcenopyrum  C0CCJ»ewm,Ro3tner,  Syn.  Mou.  iii,  156. 

Phcenopyrum  Wendlandii,  Roemor,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 


78  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

SCAELET  HAW.     EED  HAW.     WHITE  THORN. 

West  coast  of  Newfoundland,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  and  the  northern  shores  of  the 
great  lakes  to  Manitoba,  south  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  open  upland  woods  or  along 
streams  and  borders  of  prairies ;  very  common  at  the  north,  rare  at  the  south ;  running  into  many  forms,  varying 
in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  fruit,  etc.  The  best  marked  are — 

var.  viridis,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465.—  Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  149. 

C.  viridis,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  476.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1001.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  551.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr. 
ii,  630.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  601.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,2  ed.  293.— Eaton  &  Wright^ 
Bot.  212.— Beck,  Bot.  305.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  305.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  332;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. 

f  Phcenopyrum  Viride,  Kramer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 

Mespilus  viridis,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  149. 

C.  glandulosa,  var.  rotundifolia,  Eegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  120. 

var.  populifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465. 

C.  populifolia,  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  553  [not  Walter].— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112— Beck,  Bot.  305.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  212.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  305. 

Mespilus  populifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447. 

Phcenopyrum  populifolium,  Eoeraer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 

0.  COCdinea,  var.  typica,  Eegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  121. 

var.  oligandra,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,, 
the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8618;  ash,  0.38.  k 

128. — Crataegus  subvillosa,  Schrader, 
Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Goett. — Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  E.  Eep.  iv,  35.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  TI.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 66. 

C.  coccinea,  var.  mollis,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465. — Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  186.— Parry  ift 
Owen's  Eep.  612.— Eegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  121. 

* 

Pheenopyrum  subvillosum,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  154. 

C.  mollis,  Scheele  in  Linnaea,  xxi,  569;  Eoemer,  Texas,  Appx.  473. — Walpers,  Ann.  ii,523. 

G.  sanguinea,  var.  mllosa,  Euprecht  &  Maximowicz,  Prim.  Fl.  Amurensis,  101. 

C.  Texana,  Buckley  in  Proo.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861,  454  (see  Gray  in  same,  1862,  163).— Yonng,  Fl.  Texas,  258. 

* 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  mollis,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  330 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  14. 

Mespilus  tilicefolia,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  151. 

SCAELET  HAW. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  (possibly  introduced) ;  central  Michigan  to  eastern  Nebraska,  south  to  middle  Tennessee, 
and  southwest  through  Missouri,  Arkansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  along  borders 
of  streams  and  prairies. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light 
brown  or  light  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7953 ;  ash,  0.69. 

The  large  red  fruit  often  downy,  edible,  and  of  agreeable  flavor. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  79 

129. — Crataegus  tomentosa,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  476  (excl.  syn.  Gronovius). — Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  ii,  151. — Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  183. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i, 
466.— Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  160.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  222.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1  ed.  435;  2  ed.  ii,  494  &  t.— Parry  in 
Owen's  Rep.  612. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rop.  1858, 252. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
359. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  330. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  191. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160. — Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  258. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  195. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mns.  1882,  66. 

C.  leucophlceos,  Meench,  Hort.  Weiss.  31,  t.  2.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  106. 
Mespilus  Calpodendron,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  ii,  67. 

C.  pyrifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  168 ;  2  ed.  iii,  200.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1001.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv, 
131.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  292.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  550.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S. 
475;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  201.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  i,  201.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii, 
599.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  111.— Lind]"y,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  1. 1877.— Louden,  Arboretum,  ii,  819,  f.  571  &  t.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  211. 

Mespilus  latifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  444.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  156.— Nouvean  Duhamel,  iv,  150.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
ii,60. 

0.  latifolia,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212.— Roomer, 
Syn.  Mou.  119. 

Mespilus  pyrifolia,  Willdenow,  Enum.523;  Berl.  Baumz.  240.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  15.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  507.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  78. 

Mespilus  lobata,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  71. 
Mespilus  odorata,  Wondland  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1823,  700. 
Mespilus  pruinosa,  Wendlaud  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1823, 700. 
C.  lobata,  Bosc  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  628. 
C.  flava,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  202  (excl.  syn.). 
Halmia  tomentosa,  Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  135. 
Halmia  lobata,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  135. 
Phcenopyrum  pruinosum,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  155. 

• 

t  C.  coccinea,  var.  viridis,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  86  [not  Torrey  <fc  Gray]. 
C.  tomentosa,  var.  pyrifolia,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. 
C.  cocctwea,Brandegee  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1875,  236  [not  Linnsens]. 
C.  leUCOCephalus,  Lavallee,  Arboretum  Segrez.  78,  t.  22  [not  Momch]. 
C.  COCCinea,  var.  COrdata,  Lavalle~e,  Arboretum  Segrez.  81,  t.  22. 

BLACK   THORN.      PEAR  HAW. 

New  Brunswick,  westward  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  great 
lakes  to  the  Saskatchewan  region,  southward  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western 
Florida,  and  eastern  Texas  west  to  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  southwestern 
Colorado,  and  southwestern  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  C  to  9  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  here  forming  dense  thickets  along  mountain  streams ;  the  most  widely- 
distributed  of  the  North  American  Cratwgi,  varying  greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  color  of  the  fruit,  form  of  the 
leaves,  amount  of  pubescence,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  bright  reddish- 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7633;  ash,  0.50. 


SO  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Var.  punctata,  Gray, 

Manual  N.  States,  2  ed.  124.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871, 
481.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

C.  punctata,  Jacquin,  Hort.  Viiidob.  i,  10,  t.  28.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  169;  2  ed.  iii,  202.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1004.— 
Michaux,  FJ.  Bor.-Am.  i,  289.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  37.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  338.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  548.— Torrey,  Fl.  U. 
S.  476 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  202 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  222.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201  (excl. 
var.);  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  589.— Eatou,  Manual,  6  ed.  111.— Beck,  Bot.  111.— Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  466.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  818,  f.  569,  570  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  iii,  159.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  277.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  435 ;  2  ed.  ii,  495.— Gray,  Manual 
N.  States,  1  ed.  128. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  427. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  84. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
306.— Lfsquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  330 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. — Engelmann  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  191. — Kaleniczeuko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  14. 

Mespilus  cornifolia,  Muenchhausen,  Hausv.  v,  145.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  444.— Koeh,  Dendrologie,  i,  134.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
ii,  60,  t.  10,  f.  c. 

C.  Crus-galli,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  52.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  195  [not  Linnanis]. 

i 
Mespilus  cuneifolia,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  21.~Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  506.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  61. 

Mespilus  punctata,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  152.— Willdenow,  Enuin.  524 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  243.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
iv,  70.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  79.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  57.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  61.— Wenzig  in  Linnzea,  xxxviii,  128. 

Mespilus  pyrifolia,  Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  155. 
C.  punctata,  var.  rubra  and  aurea,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  202. 
C.  latifolia,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627. 
f  C.  flexuosa,  Schweiuitz  in  Long's  2d  Exped.  ii,  Appx.  112. 
C.flava,  Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  292  [not  Alton]. 
C.  cuneifolia,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  118. 
C.  obovatifolia,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mou.  iii,  120. 
Hdlmia  punctata,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  134. 
Halmia  cornifolia,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  134. 
C.  tomentosa,  \ar.plicata,  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  330;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. 
C.  punctata,  var.  xanthocarpa,  Lavalle~e,  Arboretum  Segrez.  i,  53,  t.  16. 
Fruit  larger  than  that  of  the  species,  dull  red  or  yellow. 

130. — Crataegus  cordata,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,168;  2  ed.  iii,  200.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1000.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36. —Eaton,  Manual,  55;  6  ed.  111.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,554.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  U.S. 474;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 201.— De  Candolle,  Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  63.— Lindley,  Bot,  Reg. 
xiv.t.  1151.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Torrey  &  Gray.Fl.  N.  America,  i,  467.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  825  <fc  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  280.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  427.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  83.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  82.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  159.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  257.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  114.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc. 
Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,31. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

Mespilus  Phcenopyrum,  Ehrhart  in  Liuureus  f.  Suppl.  254 ;  Beitr.  i,  181 ;  ii,  67.— Moench,  Meth.  685.— Lamarck,  Diet, 
iv,  446. 

C.  populifolia,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147  [not  Elliott].— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337. 

Mespilus  acerifolia,  Burgsdorf  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  442.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  151.— Spach,  Hist. Veg.  ii,  65. 

Mespilus  cordata,  Miller,  Icon.  t.  179.— Willdenow,  Ennm.  523;  Berl.  Baumz.  239.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  77.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 
507.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  138. 

Phcenopyrum  cordatum,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  157. 
Phcenopyrum  acerifolium,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  157. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  81 

WASHINGTON   THORN. 

Valley  of  the  upper  Potomac  river,  Virginia,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  extending  west  through  eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Wabash  river,  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  generally  along  banks  of 
•treams. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7293 ;  ash,  0.46. 

Formerly  widely  planted  as  a  hedge  plant. 

131. — Crataegus  apiifolia,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  287.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  38.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  336.— Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  552.— De Candolle,  Prodr.  ii, 
627.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  192.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,25.— Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  467.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  824,  f.  588,  589  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  121.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1658,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Wood, 
Cl.  Book,  331 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  159 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  9.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  257.— Kaleniczenko  in 
Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  29.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

C.  oxyacantha,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147  [not  Linnaeus]. 

Mespilus  apiifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  89.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  68.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  508.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  67. 

Mespilus  monogyna,  var.  apiifolia,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  160. 

C.  OXyacantha,  var.  apiifolia,  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  119. 

PARSLEY    HAW. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  about  latitude  28",  extending  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
•outhern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  slender  stem  rarely  exceeding  0.08  to  0.10  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  a  low  shrub,  throwing  up  many  stems  from  the  ground ;  low,  rich  soil,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  pine-barren  hummocks  of  central  Florida. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very 
obscure ;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7453 ;  ash,_ 
0.97. 

132. — Crataegus  spathulata,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  228.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  226.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  552.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1261.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599. — Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25. — Gray  in  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiii  under  1. 1957;  Manual  N.  States, 

5  ed.  159.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Torrey  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  467.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  825,  f.  591  &  t.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  212.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  126.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  359. —Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  257.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 

'  xlviii,  31.— Ridgway  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  728. 

Mespilus  Azarolus,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  89  [not  Linnajus]. 

Mespilus  spathulata,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  68. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  157. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  507. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
66.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  137. 

C.  microcarpa,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii.t.  1846. 
Phcenopyrum  spathulatum,  Rosmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  355. 

SMALL-FRUITED   HAW. 

Virginia,  southward  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley 
of  the  Washita  river,  Arkansas  (Hot  Springs,  Letterman),  and  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub;  margins  of  streams  and  prairies;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  bottom  lands  of 
western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light 
brown  or  red.  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7159;  ash,  0.66. 

6  FOR 


82  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

133. — Cratsegus  berberifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  4(59.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  59.— Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  Hi,  115.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  332.— Eegel  in  Act. 
Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  123. — Eugelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

Mespilus  berberifolia,  Wenzig  In  Linmca,  xxxviii,  125. 
Phanopyrum  ellipticum,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mou.  iii,  155. 
Phceiiopyrum   Virginicum,  Ro3mer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  155. 

New  Orleans!  (Drummond,  No.  1051);  Opelousas,  Louisiana  (Carpenter,  Sargent). 

A  small  tree,  G  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  prairies,  in  low 
ground ;  the  fruit  and  wood  not  yet  collected. 

134.— Crataegus  aestivalis,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  468.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  58.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  162.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  12 ;  2  ed.  i,  162.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  331 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Regel  in  Act. 
Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  124.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

Mespilus  CBStivalis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447. 

C.-elliptica,  Elliott,  Sk.i,  548  [notAiton]. 

C.  luoida,  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  549  [not  Ehrhart]. 

C.  opaca,  Hooker  &  Arnott  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25. — London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2563. 

Anthomeles  aistivalis,  Rcsmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  141. 

MAY  HAW.     APPLE  HAW. 

South  Carolina,  south  to  northern  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley 
of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter ;  generally  in  sandy  soil  along 
the  margins  of  streams  and  ponds ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  western 
Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown 
or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6564;  ash,  0.57. 

The  large,  globular,  fragrant,  red  fruit,  of  agreeable  subacid  flavor,  used  as  a  preserve,  in  jellies,  etc. ;  ripening 
in  May. 

135. — Crataegus  flava,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,  169 ;  2 ed.  iii,  201.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1002.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  i,  338.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— 
DeCandolle.Prodr.  ii,  628.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  59.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  600.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiii,  t.  1939.— Torrey  <fc 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  468. —Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  823,  f.585  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  28.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  83.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  332 ;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  111.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  122.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscow,  xlviii,  27. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

Mespilus  flexispina,  Meench,  Verz.  Baum.  62,  t.  4.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  139. 

C.  glandulosa,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  168 ;  2  ed.  iii,  201  [not  Michaux].— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Poiret,  Stippl.  iv,  69,  in  part. 

Mespilus  Caroliniana,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  442.— Desfontaines,  Hist,  Arb.  ii,  156.— Sprongel,  Syst.  ii,  507. 

C.  Caroliniana,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  554.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  flava,  Willdenow,  Enum.  523.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  70.— Watson,  Deud.  Brit,  i,  t.  59.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  59. 

C.  turbinata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  Addend.  735.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  543.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  549.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  turbinata,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  506.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  66. 

C.  flava,  Var.  lobata,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiii,  t.  1932. 

C.  lobata,  Bosc  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  628.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  824,  f.  554,  586. 

Phcenopyrum  Carolinianum,  Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  152. 

Anthomeles  flava,  glandulosa,  and  turbinata,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  141. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  83 

SUMMER   HAW.      YELLOW   HAW. 

Virginia,  southward,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
eastern  Texas  and  southern  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  much-branched 
shrub  2  to  3  meters  in  height  ;  borders  of  streams,  in  low,  sandy  soil  subject  to  overflow. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  medullary 
rays  very  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7809  ;  ash,  0.79. 

Fruit  small,  red  or  yellow,  acid. 

Var.  pubescens,  Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  ICO. 


Memalis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148.—  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447. 
C.  viriclis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147  [not  Linnams].  —  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  551. 

C.  elliptica,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  168;  a  ed.  iii,  201.—  Walldenow,  Spec,  ii,  1002.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  i,  337.—  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.—  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  475;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  201.—  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii, 
627.—  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201.—  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.—  Beck,  Bot.  33.—  Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  111.—  Torrey  & 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  469.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  109.—  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  84.  —  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  122. 

Mespilus  elliptica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447.—  Weuzig  in  Liuntea,  xxxviii,  125.—  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  140. 

C.  glandulosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  288  [not  Aiton].—  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  128.—  Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

C.  Michauxii,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,38. 

C.  spathulata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  336  [not  Michaux].—  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.—  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  t.  1890; 
xxiii,  under  1.  1957. 

Mespilus  Michauxii,  Hornemaun,  Hort.  Hafh.  455.—  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  69. 

C.  flava,  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  551  [not  Aiton  J. 

C.  Virginica,  Loddiges  in  London,  Arboretum,  ii,  842,  f.  560,615.—  Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  58. 

SUMMER-HAW.      BED   HAW. 

Virginia,  southward  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  sparingly  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana. 

A  low  tree  growing  with  the  species,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  pubescence  of  the  calyx  and 
young  branches,  the  smaller  flowers,  and  larger,  bright  red  or  yellow,  globular  or  pear-shaped  fruit. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color,  bright 
red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7683;  ash,  0.91. 

The  large,  edible  fruit  used  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  in  preserves,  jellies,  etc. 

NOTE.  —  Crata-gus  panifolia,  Aitou,  of  the  south  Atlantic  region,  a  low  shrul),  is  not  included  in  this  catalogue. 

136.  —  Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  Roemer, 
Syn.  Mon.  iii,  105.—  Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  144,  t.  9.—  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  188  ;  ii,  444. 

Cratcegus  arbutifolia,  Poiret  in  Nonveau  Duhamel,  iv,  131  ;  Diet.  Suppl.  i,  292.—  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  202.—  Loddiges, 
Bot.  Cab.  t.  201. 

Aronia  arbutifolm,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  306. 

Photinia  arbutifolia,  Liudley  in  Trans.  Liunsean  Soc.  xiii,  103;  Bot.  Reg.  vi,  491  &  under  1.  1956.—  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  508.— 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  631.  —  Chaiuisso  &  Schlechtendal  in  Linmea,  ii.  542.  —  Don,  Miller's  Diet.  ii.  602.  —  Spach,  Hist. 
Veg.  ii,  80.—  Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Beechey,  139,  340.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  473.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  162.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  868,  f.  619.  —  Bcntham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  14;  PI.  Hartweg.  307.  —  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  140; 
Sitgresives'  Rep.  119;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  85;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  64  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  291.  —Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  329.  —  Bolamler  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  80.  —  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.  —  Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  599.  _ 
Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  IfiO.  —  Wenzigin  Linnaea,  xxxviii,  96. 

Mespilus  arbutifolia,  Link,  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.ii,  36. 

Photinia  salicifolia,  l'resl,Epimel.  Bot.  204.—  Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  858. 

H.  Fremontiana,  Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  144. 


84  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TOYON.   TOLLON.   CALIFORNIA  HOLLY. 

California  Coast  ranges,  Mendocino  to  San  Diego  county,  extending  east  to  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  small,  low-branched  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to 
0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close  grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9326; 
ash,  0.54. 

137. — Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torroy  &  Gray, 

PI.  N.  America,  i,  473.— Walpers,  Eep.  ii,  55.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  158.— Torrey,  PI.  N.  York,  i.  225.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  282.— 
Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  i,  443;  2  ed.  ii,  503  &  t.— Parry  iu  Owen's  Rep.  612.— Darlington,  PI.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  86.— 
Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  428.— Seemann,  Bot.  Herald,  52.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxii2,  290,  327.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252. — Chapman,  PI.  8.  States,  129. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  68. — Lesquereux 
in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  329;  Bot.  &  Fl.  110.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  191.— 
Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  168.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  162.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  180.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trues,  14.— 
Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  175.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  66. 

Mespilus  Canadensis,  Linnseus,  Spec.  1  ed.  478  (excl.  syn.  Gronovius).— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
ii,  173. 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  476  (excl.  syn.  Gronovius). 

Pyrus  Botryapium,  Linnaeus  f.  Suppl.  255.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  90,  t.  28,  f.  65.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  i,  183 (;  ii,  68.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  1013;  Enum.  525;  Berl.  Baumz.  322.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  207.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  339.— Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  83.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  100,  t.  79.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  509.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  60.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
3  ed.  308. 

Cratwgus  racemosa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  84.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  148.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  133.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  292. 

Mespilus  nivea,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  90. 

Mespilus  Canadensis,  var.  cordata,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,29l. 

Aronia Botryapium,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  39.— Nuttall, Genera,!, 557.— Elliott, Sk.  i, 557.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.479;  Compend.Fl. 
N.  States,  203.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  29.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  135. 

Mespilus  arborea,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  68,  t.  11 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  60,  t.  66.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  55. 

A.  Botryapium,  Lindley  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xiii,  100.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  632.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  202.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  604.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  84.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  874,  f.  627-629  &  t.— 
Reamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  145. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  307. — Wenzig  in  Linnsea,  xxxiii,  110. — Decaiane  in  Nouv.'Aroh. 
Mus.  x,  135. 

Aronia  arborea,  Barton,  Compend.  Philadelph.  i,  228. 
Aronia  cordata,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  196. 
A.  OVttlis,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  202,  in  part. 
Pyrus  Bartramiana,  Tausch,  Fl.  xxi,  715. 
Pyrus  Wangenheimiana,  Tausch,  Fl.  xxi,  7J5. 
A.  Bartramiana,  Reemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  145. 
A.  Wangenheimiana,  Reamer,  Syn.  Mou.  146. 

JUNE  BERRY.   SHAD  BUSH.   SERVICE  TREE.   MAY  CHERRY. 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  west  along  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay  to  the  Saskatchewan  region, 
south  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  northern  Florida,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  some  forms  reduced  to 
a  low  shrub  (var.  rotundifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray ;  var.  oligucarpa,  Torroy  &  Gray);  common  at  the  north,  rare  at  the  south, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghauy  mountains ;  varying  greatly 
in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  flowers,  amount  of  pubescence  on  the  leaves  and  young  shoots,  etc. 

The  best  marked  arborescent  variety  is — 

var.  oblongifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  473.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  55.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  158.— Torrey,  Fl.  N. 
York,  i, 225;  Nicollet's  Rep.  149.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  i,  444;  2  ed.  ii,  504  &  t.— Wood.Cl.  Book,  330;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  110.— Gray,  Manuel  N.  States,  5  ed.  162.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  195. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  85 

Cratccgus  spicata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  84.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  148.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  132.— Poiret,  SuppL  i,  292. 
Mespilus  CanadensM,  var.  obovalis,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  291. 

Pyrus  OVttlis,  Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1014  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  323.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  340.— Schrank,  PI.  Labrador, 26.— Bigelow, 
Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  207. 

Aronia  ovallS,  Torrcy,  Fl.  U.  S.  479  ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  203.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  29.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  135. 

A.  ovalis,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,632.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  81.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,202,  in  part.—  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii, 
604.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  85.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  876,  f.  632. 

A.  intermedia,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  85.— Wenzig  in  Linnaea,  xxxiii,  118. 

A.  oblongifolia,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  147. 

A.  spicata,  Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  135,  t.  9,  f.  5. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  somewhat  in  seasoning,  satiny,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  dark  brown  often  tinged  with  red.  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7838 ;  ash,  0.55 ;  the  small  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 

NOTE. — The  closely  allied  Amelanchicr  alnifolia,  Nuttall,  a  low  shrub,  is  widely  distributed  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  interior 
Pacific  region. 


HAMAMELACE^l. 


138. — Hamamelis  Virginica,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  2ed.  124.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  58.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  423.— Wangenheim,  Amer.89,  t.29,  f.  62.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  68;  111.  i, 
350,  t.  88.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  167 ;  2  ed.  i,  275.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  i,  88,  t.  27.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  701 ;  Ennm.  171 ;  Berl.  Banmz. 
172.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,  100.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  150.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  29.— Pnrsh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  116.—  Nuttall, 
Genera,  i,  107.— Nouveau  Duhamel, vii,  207,  t.  60.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  219.— Reamer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  483.— Loddiges, Bot.  Cab.  t.  598.— 
Barton,  Fl.  N.  America,  iii,  21,  t.  78.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  192;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  86;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  260.— Guimpel,  Otto  <fc 
Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  95,  t.  75. — Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  491. — Kafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  227,  f.  45.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  268. — Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  i,  275;  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  48.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  396,  f.  69.— Beck,  Bot.  152.— Eaton,  Manual  6  ed.  164.— Spach, 
Hist,  Veg.  viii,  79.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  550.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  597.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1007,  f.  756,  757.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  260.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  63.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  416;  2  ed.  ii,  473  &  t.— Darby,  Bot.  8. 
States,  328.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  98.—Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  13,  f.  7.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  1. 167,  f.  18-25,  27-29.— 
Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.2  ser.  xxiv,  438;  3  ser.  v,  144;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  173.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  157. — Curtis  in  Eep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  105. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  362. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  375 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  120. — 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  193. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  58. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  458. — BaiUon  in 
Adansonia,  x,  123;  Hist.  PI.  iii,  389,  f.  462-4G4.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  291.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  408  &  f. 

H.  dioica,  Walter,  Fl.  Cavoliniana,  255.— Gnieliu,  Syst.  Veg.  i,  281. 

H.  androgyna,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  255.— Gmelin,  Syst.  Veg.  i,  282. 

H.  corylifolia,  Moench,  Meth.  273. 

H.  matrophylla,  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  116.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  698.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  220.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  483.— 
Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot,  i,  230.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  164.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  396.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  261. 

Trilopus  Virginiana,  nigra,  rotundifolia,  and  dentata,  Rafinesque,  New  Sylva,  15-17. 

H.  Virginiana,  var.  parvifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  107.— Torrey,  F1.U.  S.  193;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  87.— Don,  Miller1* 
Diet,  iii,  396.— Beck,  Bot.  152.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  597. 

H.  parvifolia,  Raliuesquc,  Med.  Bot.  i,  230. 
Trilopus  parvifolia,  Rafinesqne,  New  Sylva,  17. 

WITCH  HAZEL. 

Northern  New  England  and  southern  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  through  the  Atlantic  region  to  northern 
Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  exceptionally  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.37  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
a  tall  shrub  throwing  up  many  stems  from  the  ground ;  common ;  rich,  rather  damp  woodlands,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  region  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 


86  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  hardly  distinguishable;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity, 
0.6856 ;  ash,  0.37. 

The  bark  and  leaves  rich  in  tannin,  and  largely  used  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts,  decoctions, 

etc.,  in  external  applications,  and  as  a  reputed  remedy  in  hemorrhoidal  affections  (New  York  Jour.  Med.  x,  208. 

Trans.  Am.  Med.  Assoc.  i,  350. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1661. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  704). 

139. — Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  Linnteus, 

Spec.  led.  999.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  77.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  49, 1. 16,  f.  40.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  237.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  533;  111. 
iii,  367,  t.  783.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kc\v.  iii,  365  ;  2  ed.  v,  30R.— Grcrtner,  Fruct.  ii,  57,  t.  90.— Mo-nch,  Meth.  340.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i, 
48.— B.S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  1(5.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,475;  Ennm.  985;  Berl.  Baums!.  214.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii,  202.— rersoon, 
Syn.  ii,573. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  541. — Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  97. — Schkuhr,  Haiulb.  iii,  275,  t.  307. — Nouvean  Duhamel,  ii, 
42, 1. 10;  vii,  207,  t.  60.— Michaux  f.  Hint.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  194,  t.  4;  N.American  Sylva,3  ed.  ii,  42,  t.  64.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.Philadelph. 
92;  Compend.  Fl.Philadflpl).  ii,  177.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  635.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  208.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana, 
116.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  219;  Trans.  Am.  Pbil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  lf>8.— Nees,  Fl.  Offic.  t.  95.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  621.— Sprengel,  Sy.st.  iii,  864.— 
Humboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kuutb,  Nou v.  Gen.  &  Spec,  vii,  273. — Andubon,  Birds,  t.  44. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357 ;  Fl.  N. 
York,  ii,  217.— Beck,  Bot.  326.— Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  64. —Eat on  &  Wright,  Bot.  302.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  84.— London, 
Arbore turn,  iv,  2049,  f.  1961  &  t.— Lindley.Fl.  Med.  322.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  581,  f.  254.— Broomfield  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  vii,  144.— 
Scbnizleiu,  Icon.  t.  98,  f.  5-21. — Seemann,  Bot.  Herald,  34(5.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  157.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  77.—  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
362.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  375 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  120.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  344.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  157.— Oliver  in  Hooker 
f.  Icon,  xi,  13. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  174. — Koch,  Dendrologie,ii,  464. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  291. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
15.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  412  &  figs.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iii,  397,  f.  471-474.— Guibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  300,  f. 
445.— Ridgway  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  664;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  67.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  53.— Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am. -Cent,  i,  400. 

L.  Styraciflva,  var.  Mexicana,  Orsted,  Am.-Cent.  xvi,  t.  11. 
L.  macrophylla,  Orsted,  Am.-Cent.  xvi,  t.  10. 

SWEET   GUM.      STAR-LEAVED   GUM.      LIQUIDAMBER.      RED   GUM.      BILSTED. 

Fairfleld  county,  Connecticut,  to  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Ohio,  White,  and  Wabash  rivers,  south  to  cape 
Canaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  southwest  through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to 
the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas;  in  central  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to  36  or,  exceptionally,  48  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in 
diameter ;  in  low,  wet  soil ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississippi  basin,  here,  with  the  cotton  gum,  forming  a  large  proportion  of  the  heavy  forest  growth. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  inclined  to  shrink  and  warp  badly  in 
seasoning,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  bright  browii  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap- wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5910;  ash,  0.61;  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used 
in  the  construction  of  buildings  for  plates,  boarding,  and  clapboards,  in  cabinet  work  as  a  substitute  for  black 
walnut,  and  for  veneering  and  street  pavements;  its  great  economic  value  hardly  appreciated  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  experienced  in  properly  seasoning  it. 

The  balsamic  exudation  obtained  from  this  species  at  the  south  collected  by  herbalists  and  sometimes  used  in 
the  form  of  a  sirup  as  a  substitute  for  storax  in  the  treatment  of  catarrhal  affections,  or  externally  as  an  ointment  in 
dressing  frost-bite,  abscess,  etc.,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  chewing  gums  (Fliickiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia, 
246.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  834). 


RHIZOPHORACE^E. 


14O. — Rhizophora  Mangle,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  443.— Jacquin,  Amer.  141,  t.  89.— Gartner,  Fruct.  i,  212,  t.  45,  f.  L— Lamarck,  III.  ii,  517,  t.  396;  Diet,  vi,  160.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  844.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  2.— Decourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  45,  1. 10.— Vellozo,  Fl.  Fluin.  1. 1.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  32.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  301.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  332,  t.  34.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  484.— Nuttall  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser. 
v,  295.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  290.— Arnott  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  i,361.— Walpere,  Rep.  ii,  70.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur, 
14.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  312.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  55. — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  274.— Schnizlein,  loon.  t. 
263,  f.  1-7.— Maout  &  Deeaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  419.— Eichler  in  Martius,  Fl.  Brasil.  xii-,  420,  t.  90.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
15.— Baillon,  Hist^Pl.  vi,  284,/.  253-259. 

R.  racemosa,  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.-Esseq.  185.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  :i2. 

R.  Americana,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  95,  t.  24;  2  ed.  i,  112,  t.  24.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  87 

MANGROVE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern  keys ;  delta  of  the  Mississippi  river 
and  coast  of  Texas ;  southward  through  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America ;  now  widely  naturalized  throughout 
the  tropics  of  the  old  world  (A.  De  Candolle,  Geog.  Bot.  ii,  772). 

A  tree  12  to  18,  or,  exceptionally,  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  more 
commonly  not  exceeding  4  to  7  meters  in  height ;  low  saline  shores,  reaching  in  the  United  States  its  greatest 
development  on  bay  Biscayue  and  cape  Sable  ;  south  of  latitude  29°,  bordering  with  almost  impenetrable  thickets 
the  coast  of  the  Florida  peninsula,  ascending  the  rivers  for  many  miles,  especially  those  flowing  from  the  Everglades, 
and  entirely  covering  many  of  the  southern  keys. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  rather  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark 
reddish  brown  streaked  with  lighter  brown,  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  1.1617;  ash,  1.82;  furnishing 
valuable  fuel ;  not  greatly  affected  by  the  teredo,  and  used  for  piles. 


COMBRETACEJ;. 


l4l.  —  Conocarpus  erecta,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  176.—  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  96;  111.  i,  126,  f.  1.—  Jacquin,  Amer.  t.  78.—  Gsertner,  Fruct.  ii,  470,  t.  177,  f.  3.—  Swartz,  Obs'.  79.— 
Willdenow,  Sp.  i,  994.—  Alton,  Hort.  Ke-sv.  2  ed.  i,  381.—  Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  47.—  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  16.—  Decourtilz,  Fl. 
Med.  Antilles,  vi,  68,  t.  399.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  304.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  K.  America,  i,  485.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  113,  t.  33  ;  2  ed. 
i,  128,  t.  33.—  Kichard,  Fl.  Cuba,  526.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  136.—  Grisebach,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  277.—  Eichler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xiv2,  101,  t.  35,  f.  2.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 

BUTTON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Tampa  bay  to  cape  Sable  ;  through  the 
West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  often  8  or,  exceptionally,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in 
diameter  ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United  States  on  Lost  Man's  river,  north  of  cape 
Sable;  or  reduced  to  a  low  under  shrub  (var.  procumbens,  De  Candolle,  l.  c.—  Eichler,  l.  c.;  C.  procumbens,  Linnaeus,  Spec. 
1  ed.  177.—  Jacquin  1.  c.  79,  t.  52,  f.  2.  —  G?ertner,  1.  c.  iii,  205,  f.  4—  Grisebach,  I.  c.  ;  C.  acutifolia,  Willdenow  in  Kramer  &  Schultes, 
Syst.  v,  574). 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  dark  yellow  brown,  the  sap  -wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9900;  ash,  0.32;  burning 
•lowly  like  charcoal,  and  highly  valued  for  fuel. 

142.  —  Laguncularia  racemosa,  Gaertner  f. 

Fruct.  Suppl.  209,  t.  217.—  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  17.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  305.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  117,  t.  34  ;  2  ed.  i,  132,  t.  34.—  Bentham, 
Bot.  Sulphur,  14,  92.—  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  527.—  Eichler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xiv2,  102,  t.  35,  f.  3.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  264.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  136.—  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  276.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15.—  Baillon,  Hist.  PI. 
vi,  278. 

Conocarpus  racemosa,  Linnajus,  Spec.  2  ed.  251  ;  Syst.  181.—  Jacquin,  Amer.  80,  t.  53.—  Swartz,  Obs.  79.—  Willdenow,  Spec. 
i,995. 


COmmutata,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  332. 
Bucida  Buceras,  Vellozo,  Fl.  Flum.  iv,  t.  87  [not  Linnaeus]. 
L.  glabrifolia,  Presl,  Reil.  Hamk,  ii,  22.—  Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  63.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  136. 

WHITE  BUTTON  WOOD.   WHITE  MANGKOVE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Cedar  Keys  to  cape  Sable;  through 
the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America  ;  coast  of  tropical  Africa. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  or,  exceptionally,  22  meters  in  height  (Shark  river,  Florida,  Curtiss),  with  a  trunk 
0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  very  common  ;  saline  shores 
of  lagoons  and  bays. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact  ;  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  :  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  dark  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7137;  -ash,  1.62. 


88  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MYRTACE^. 


143. — Calyptranthes  Chytraculia,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  79 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  921.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  975.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  192.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  237.— Nuttall, 
Sylva,  i,  101,  t.  26 ;  2  ed.  i,  117,  t.  2(5.— Berg  in  Linnsea,  xxvii,  26. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 264.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  State*, 
131.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  232.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  408. 

MyrtUS  Chytraculia,  Linnaeus,  Amren.  v,  398.— Swartz,  Obs.  202. 
Eugenia  pollens,  poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  122. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  shores  of  bay  Biscayne,  Key  Largo;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  rather  large  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8902; 
ash,  3.32. 

144. — Eugenia  buxifolia,  Willdenow, 

Spec.  ii,960.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  28.—  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  275. -Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  108,  t.  29;  2  ed.  i,  123,  t.  29.— Cooper  in  Smithsoniam 
Rep.  1858, 264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  131.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  236.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 

Myrtus  buxifolia,  Swartz,  Prodr.  78 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  899. 

Myrtus  axillaris,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  412. 

E.  myrtoides,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  125. 

MyrtUS  Poireti,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  483. 

U.  triplinervia,  Berg  in  Linnaea,  xxvii,  190,  in  part. 

GTJRaEON  STOPPER.      SPANISH   STOPPER. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Eomano ;  i» 
the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  reaching  iim 
greatest  development  on  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  Everglades. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  dark  brown  shaded  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9360;  ash,  1.50 ;  somewhat  used 
for  fuel. 

145. — Eugenia  dichotoma,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  iii,  278.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  103,  t.  27;  2  ed.  i,  120,  t.  27.— Berg  in  Linnsea,  xxvii,  261.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  131. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 

E.  divaricata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  202. 

?  MyrtUS  dichotoma,  Vahl  in  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  53. 

AnamomiS  punctata,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  240. 

NAKED  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  cape  Canaveral,  common ;  west  coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Eomano; 
in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.15  meter  in  diameter. 

A  form  with  the  leaves,  buds,  and  calyx  more  or  less  pubescent  (E.  dichotoma,  var.  fragrans,  Nuttall,  l,  c.;  E. 
pungens,  Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  964 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1242 ;  E.  montana,  Aublet,  Guian.  i,  495,  t.  195),  not  rare  in  West  Indies, 
and,  according  to  Nuttall,  collected  by  Mr.  Baldwin  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Smyrna,  Florida,  has  not  been 
rediscovered  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  or  red, 
sap-wood  yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.8983 ;  ash,  0.74. 

The  small,  edible  fruit  of  agreeable  aromatic  flavor,  and  greatly  improved  by  cultivation  in  rich  soil. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  89 

146. — Eugenia  monticola,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  iii,  275.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  131.— Grisebach ,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  236.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 
Myrtus  monticola,  Swartz,  Fl.Ind.  Occ.ii,  898. 
E,  triplinervia,  Berg  in  Liniuea,  xxvii,  19J,  in  part. 
E.  amllaris,  Berg  in  Linnoja,  xxvii,  201,  in  part. 

STOPPER.   WHITE  STOPPER. 

Florida,  Saint  John's  river  to  Umbrella  Key ;  rare;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  northern  Florida  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  brown, 
often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.9156 ;  ash,  1.89. 

147. — Eugenia  longipes,  Berg, 
Linnoea,  xxvii,  150.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  620. 

STOPPEE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  No-Name  Key  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter ;  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap-wood  brown  tinged 
with  red  ;  specific  gravity,  1.1235 ;  ash,  3.48. 

The  small  red  fruit  with  the  flavor  of  cranberries. 

» 

148. — Eugenia  procera,  Poiret, 

Suppl.  ii,  129.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  268.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  106,  t.  28;   2  ed.  i,  122,  t.  28.— Berg  in  Linntea,  xxvii,  207.— Cooper  ui 
Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  131.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  238.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16. 

Myrtus  procera,  Swartz,  Prodr.  77;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  887.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  968. 
E.  Baruemis,  Grisebach,  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  [not  Jacquin],  87. 

EED    STOPPER. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  shores  of  bay  Biscay ne,  Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  often  forming  extensive  groves, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United  States  in  the  neighborhood  of  Miami,  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong  and  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
hardly  distinguishable ;  color,  light  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.9453 ;  ash,  2.62 ; 
probably  valuable  in  cabinet-making  and  as  a  substitute  for  box-wood  for  coarse  wood-engraving. 

NOTE.— Ptridium  Gitaiai-a,  Raddi,  the  Guava,  widely  cultivated  in  the  tropics  for  its  fruit,  is  now  sparingly  naturalized  in  semi-tropical 
Florida. 


CACTACE^. 


149. — Cereus   giganteus,  Engelmann; 

Emory's  Eep.  158  ;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiv,  335 ;  xvii,  231 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iii,  287 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  Cactacese,  42,  t.  61, 
62  &  front.;  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  247.— Thurber  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  v,  302,  305.— Fl.  des  Serres,  x,  24, 
&  t. ;  xv,  187,  t.  1600.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  E.  E.  Eep.  iv,  12.— Engelmann  &  Bigelow  iii  Pacific  R.  E.  Eep.  iv,  36.— Walpers, 
Ann.  v,  46. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1*58,  259. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  ix,  Misc.  95. — Marcou  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  France,  2  ser.  iii, 
676.—  Lindley,  Treasury  Bot.  256,  t.  17. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. — Eotbrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  front.  — Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am. -Cent,  i,  :i4;i. — James  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  982,  f.  3. 

PiloCi'TCUK  Engdmanni,  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  ix,  Misc.  95. 


90  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

SUWARROW.      SAGUARO.     GIANT  CACTUS. 

Valley  of  Bill  Williams  river,  Arizona,  south  and  east  through  central  Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro 
river  ;  southward  in  Sonora. 

A  tall,  columnar  tree,  8  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  stony 
mesas  or  low  hills  rising  from  the  desert. 

Wood  of  the  large,  strong  ribs,  very  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  solid,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish, 
almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  ground ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  broad ;  color,  light  brown 
tinged  with  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.3188 ;  ash,  3.45;  used  in  the  region  almost  exclusively  for  the  rafters  of 
adobe  houses,  for  fencing,  and  by  the  Indians  for  lances,  bows,  etc. 

The  edible  fruit  largely  collected  and  dried  by  the  Indians. 


150. — Cornus  alternifolia,  Linnaeus  f. 

Suppl.  125.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  116;  111.  i,  303.— L'Heritier,  Cornns,  10,  t.  6.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  19.— Alton,  Hort.Kew.  i,  159;  2  ed. 
i,  262.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  664;  Enum.  165;  fieri.  Bauinz.  104.— Micliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  93.— Porsoon,  Syn.  i,  144.— Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.i,  351.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  157,  t.  45.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  109.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  99.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst. 
iii,  323;  Mant.  251.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  210.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abl).  Holz.  53,  t.  43.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  180 ; 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  83;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  288.— Sprengel,  Syst,  i,  451.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  271.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  275.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  398.— Beck,  Bot.  154.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  109.— Tausch  in  Regensb.  Fl.  xxi,732.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.viii,  92.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  503.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  649.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1010,  f.  760.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  210.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  60.— C.  A.  Meyer  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  v,  6,  13.— Walpers,  Rep.  v,  932.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  409;  2  ed.  ii,  463  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  613.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  110.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858, 252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  167.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  167.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  391 ;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  201.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  690.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  303. 

C.  alterna,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  35. 

DOGWOOD. 

New  Brunswick,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Superior, 
eouth  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  low,  rich  woods  and  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.6696;  ash,  0.41. 

151. — Cornus  florida,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  117.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  35.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  114;  111.  i,  302.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  51,  t.  17,  f.  41.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliuiana,  88. — L'Heritier,  Cornus,  4.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  157;  2  ed.  i,  261. — Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  661;  Enum.  164;  Berl. 
Baumz.  100.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  73.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  12,  45;  ii,  17,  19.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  526.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
i,  91.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  143.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  350.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  82.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  41, 1. 16,  f.  7.— Nouveau 
Dnhamel,  ii,  153.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  138,  t.  3 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  176,  t.  48.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  108.— 
Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  69,  t.73;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  59.— Eaton,  Manual,  19;  6  ed.  108.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  98.— Barton,  Med.  Bot.  i, 
43,  t.  3.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  319.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  6.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  21,  t.  19.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  207.— 
Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  208;  Fl.  U.  S.  178;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  82;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  290;  Nicollet's  Rep.  151;  Emory's 
Rep.  408.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  451.— Beck  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  x,  264 ;  Bot.  153. — Andubon,  Birds,  t.  8,  73,  122.— Rafinesqtie,  Med. 
Bot.  i,  131,  f.  28  — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  273.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  277,  in  part ;  Companion  Bot,  Mag.  i,  48.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
iii,  400.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  81.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  504.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  652.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1017,  f. 
769.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  209.— Reid  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1844,  276.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  350.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  413;  2  ed.  ii,  467  &  t. — Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  347,  f.  164.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,  50,  t.  42.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped. 
429.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  111.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  339.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  168.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  60.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  364.— Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  391;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Blakio  in  Canadian  Nat.  vi,  1.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  194.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  59.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  200 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  11. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  694.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
303.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  vii,  68,  f.  46.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  53.— Bentley  & 
Trimen,  Med.  PI.  ii,  136,  t.  136.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  55C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  67. 

Benthamidia  fiorida,  Spach,  Hist,  Veg.  viii,  107. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  91 

FLOWERING   DOGWOOD.      BOX  WOOD. 

Southern  New  England,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota,  and  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  latitude  28° 
50'  in  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern 
limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  rich  woods ;  very  common,  especially  at  the  south. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  checking  badly  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  brown,  changing  in  different  specimens  to  shades  of  green 
and  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific;  gravity,  0.8153;  ash,  0.67;  used  in  turnery,  for  wood  engravings  and  the 
bearings  of  machinery,  hubs  of  wheels,  barrel  hoops,  etc. 

The  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  in  common  with  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  possesses  bitter  tonic 
properties,  and  is  used  in  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  and  malarial  fevers  (Am.  Jour. 
Pharm.  vii,  109.— Maisch  in  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  315.— U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  352.— Nat.  Dispensatory.  2  ed. 
4G7). 

152. — Cornus  Nuttallii,  Audnbon, 

Birds,  t.  467.—  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  652.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  435.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartwcg.  312.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  51,  t. 
97;  2  ed.  ii,  117,  t.  97.— Durand  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1855,  89.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  iv,  94;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  71;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  326.— Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  24,  75.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  259; 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  29,  63.— Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnsean  Soc.  vii,  134.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,  387.— Brewer  &  Watson, 
Bot.  California,  i,  274;  ii,  452.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  !<>.— Hall  in  Co.ilter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  88.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep. 
Canada,  1P75-76,  198. — G.  M.  Dawsoii  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  331. 

C.  florida,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  277,  in  part. 

FLOWERING  DOGWOOD. 

Vancouver's  island  and  along  the  coast  of  southern  British  Columbia,  through  western  Washington  territory 
and  Oregon,  and  southward  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  California  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  small,  slender  tree,  sometimes  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  ascending 
the  Cascade  mountains  to  3,000  feet,  and  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  from  4,000  to  5,000  feet  elevation; 
common;  rich,  rather  damp  soil,  generally  in  the  dense  shade  of  coniferous  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with 'red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7481;  ash, 
0.50 ;  somewhat  used  in  cabinet-making,  for  mauls,  handles,  etc. 

153. — Nyssa  capitata,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  253.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  508.— Miehaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  257,  t.  20 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  37,  t.  113.— 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  480.— Poiret,  Snppl.  v,  740.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  685.— Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  62.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  236.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  464.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  493.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  168.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  364.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  392 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  456. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16. 

N.  Ogeche,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  97. 

N.  COCCinea,  Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  17. 

N.  tomentosa,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  508. 

N.  candicans,  Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  259.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,614.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
1113.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Poiret,  Suppl.iv,  116.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  v,  167.— 
Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  v,  557.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  879.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1318,  f.  1199.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  426. 

N.  montana,  Gicrtner,  Fruct.  iii,  201,  t.  216. 

OGEECHEE  LIME.   SOUR  TUPELO.   GOPHER  PLUM. 

Georgia,  from  the  valley  of  the  Ogeechee  to  the  Saint  Mary's  river,  west  Florida  (near  Vernon,  Mohr),  and 
in  southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  9  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  deep  swamps  and  river 
bottoms ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable,  containing  many  regularly- 
distributed  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific 
gravity,  0.4G13  ;  ash,  0.34. 

A  conserve,  under  the  name  of  "  Ogeechee  limes",  is  made  from  the  large,  acid  fruit. 


92  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

» 

154. — Nyssa  sylvatica,  Marshall, 

Arbustum,  97.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  260,  t. 21 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  29, 1. 110.— Poiret,  Snppl.  iv,  116.— Barton,  Prodr.  FL 
Philadelph.  97;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  193. 

2f.  aquatica,  Linnajus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1058,  in  part.— St.  Hilaire,  Fam.  Nat.  ii,  152.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  614.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb. 
Am.  ii,  165,  t.  22;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  31,  t.  111.— Rffimer&  Schultes,  Syst.  v,  576.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
97;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  192.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 133.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  684.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  i,  878.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  236.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  464.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
492.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  168.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii.  168.— Porcher,  Resources  S. 
Forests,  347.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  455.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  304.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16. 

N.  multiflora,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  46, 1. 16,  f.  39.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  684.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  253.— Beck,  Bot.  307.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  236.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  463.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  161,  t.  95.— Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  312,  t.  17 ;  2  ed.  ii,  353  &  t.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  1. 108,  f.  1, 2.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  254.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  492.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  168.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  62. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  364. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  392;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  201.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  554.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  304.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  16. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  53. — Bessey  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  134.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep. 
Canada,  1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 68.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

N.  Caroliniana,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  507  ;  Lamarck,  111.  iii,  442,  t.  851,  f.  1. 

N.  biflora,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  253.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  508.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  ii,  259.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1113 ; 
Enum.  1061 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  256.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Gsrtner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  203,  t.  216.— Alton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  v,479.— Pursh.Fl.Am.  Sept.  i,  177.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.v,  167.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
iv,  115.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  200  ;  Compend.  Bot.  N.  States,  372.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  229.— Eaton,  Manual, 
116.— Beck,  Bot.  307.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1317,  f.  1195,  1196.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  423.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI. 
v,  266,  f.  241-244. 

JV.  integrifolia,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  446.— Peraoon,  Syn.  ii,  614. 
N.  Canadensis,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  507. 

N.  villosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  ii,258.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1112.— Desfontaines  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed- 
v,  479.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  380.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 276.— Roemer  &  Schnltes,  Syst. 
v,  575.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Torrey,  Compend.  Bot.  N.  States,  372.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  878.— London,  Arboretum,  iii, 
1317,  f.  1197,  1198. 

N".  multiflora,  var.  sylvatica,  Watson,  Index,  442. 

TUPELO.   SOUR  GUM.   PEPPERIDGE.   BLACK  GUM. 

Valley  of  the  Kennebec  river,  Maine  (Kent's  Hill,  Prof.  Stone),  West  Milton,  Vermont,  west  to  central  Michigan, 
south  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  much  smaller; 
borders  of  swamps,  or  on  rather  high,  rich  hillsides  and  pine  uplands ;  at  the  south  often  in  pine-barren  ponds 
and  deep  swamps,  the  base  of  the  trunk  then  greatly  enlarged  and  swollen  (N.  aquatica). 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  unwedgeable,  difficult  to  work,  inclined. to  check  unless  carefully 
seasoned,  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  numerous  regularly-distributed  small  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  yellow  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable; 
specific  gravity,  0.6353;  ash,  0.52;  now  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  rollers  in  glass  factories,  ox  yokes, 
and  on  the  gulf  coast  for  wharf  piles. 

NOTE.— Various  forms  of  Nyssa,  which  at  different  times  have  beeu  considered  by  botanists  as  entitled  to  specific  rank,  are 
connected  by  so  many  intermediate  forms,  and  offer  so  few  distinctive  characters,  that  they  are  hero  united  into  one  polymorphous 
species,  which  thus  enlarged  may  properly  bear  Marshall's  earlier  name  of  Nyssa,  sylvatica,  rather  than  the  more  familiar  Nyssa  multiflora 
of  Wangenheim. 

155. — Nyssa  uniflora,  Wangenheim, 

Amer.  83,  t.  27,  f.  57.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  253.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  686.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  493.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  168.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  62.— Wood, 
Cl.  Book,  392;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  201.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  455.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  304.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees.  16. 

N.  aquatica,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1058,  in  part.— Marshal],  Arbustum,  96.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  507. —Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  36. 

N.  denticulata,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  446;  2  ed.  v,  480.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  015.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1114.— Gajrtner  f. 
Fruct.  Suppl.  203,  t.  216.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  178.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  115.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236.— Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  229.— Roomer  &  Schultes,  Syst,  T,  577.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  879. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  93 

N.  angulosa,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  507;  111.  iii,  442,  t.  851,  f.  2.— Roemer  &  Sehultes,  Syst.  v,  578. 
N.  palustris,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  175- 

N.  tomentosa,  Micliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  259.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  615.— Willdeuow,  Spec.iv,  1113.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.i, 
177.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236.— Rcemer  &  Sehultes,  Syst.  v,  577.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  685.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Audnbon, 
Birds,  t.  13.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  879.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  493. 


N.  angulisans,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  259.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  879.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  465. 

N.  grandidcntata,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arl>.  Am.  ii,  252,  t.  19;  N.  Ame 
1319,  f.  1200,  1201.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 

N.  capitata  var.  grandidentata,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  426. 


N.  grandidcntata,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arl>.  Am.  ii,  252,  t.  19 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  34,  t.  112.— London,  Arboretum,  iii, 
1319,  f.  1200,  1201.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  364. 


LARGE  TUPELO.   COTTON  GUM.   TUPELO  GUM. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Mary's  river,  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf 
states  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern  and  southeastern  Missouri  to 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Illinois. 

A  large  tree,  21  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  deep  swamps  and  river 
bottoms  subject  to  frequent  overflow ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  the  bottom  lauds  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  river  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  cypress  swamps  of  western  Louisiana  and 
eastern  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light 
brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5194;  ash,  0.70;  used  in  turnery,  largely  for  woodenware,  broom 
handles,  and  wooden  shoes ;  that  of  the  root  for  the  floats  of  nets,  etc.,  as  a  substitute  for  cork. 


CAPRIFOLIAOE^E. 


156. — Sambucus  glauca,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  13.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  453.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.R.Rep.vi,  12;  Ives'  Rep.  15;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  71. — Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.v,66;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,387;  Syn.  Fl.  N.America,  i*,  9. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 
134.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  278.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  88.— Rothrock  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  135,  363. 

IS.  Caiifbrnica,  Hort.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  72. 

?  8.  Mexicana,  Ne wherry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  75  [not  Presl]. 

ELDER. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river  and  Vancouver's  island,  British  Columbia,  southward  through  California  to  the 
Mexican  boundary,  extending  west  to  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  and  the  Wahsatch  range,  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  limits  reduced  to  a  large  shrub ;  confined  to  valleys,  in  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  conspicuous ; 
color,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5087 ;  ash,  1.57. 

The  large  blue-black  fruit  edible  and  sometimes  cooked. 

157. — Sambucus  Mexicana,  Presl, 

Hort.  Hasnk. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  322. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  437. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1030. — Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib. 
v,  66;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i3,  9.—  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  95;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  71.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot. 
California,  i,  278.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  135.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  1. 

S.  glauca,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  313  [not  Nuttall]. 

S.  vellttina,  Dnrand  «fe  Hilgard  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  new  ser.  iii,  39. 


94  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

ELDER. 

Valley  of  the  Nueces  river  (San  Patricio),  south  and  west  along  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
to  Posa  creek,  Kern  county,  California,  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  bottom  lands,  in 
moist,  gravelly  loam. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4014;  ash,  2.00. 

158. — Viburnum  Lentago,  Linnasus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  268.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  160.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  100. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  116.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  372;  2  ed. 
ii,  168.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1491;  Enum.  327;  Berl.  Baumz.  531.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  129.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  234.— Michaux, 
Fl.  Bor.-Atn.  i,  178. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  327. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  344. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  viii,  658. — Pursh,  Fl.Am. 
Sept.  i,  201.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  40.— Eaton,  Manual,  34  ;  6  ed.  387.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Hayne,  Dencl.  Fl.  37.— 
Rcemer&  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  637. —Elliott,  Sk.  i,  365.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  318;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  138;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  305.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  21.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  934.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  125, 1. 102.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  iv,  325.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  i,  279.  —Beck,  Bot.  156.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  440.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  311. —London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1033, 
f.  780.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1011.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  473.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  15.— Bigelovr,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  123.— 
Penn.  Cycl.  xxvii,  294. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  364  ;  2  ed.  ii,  412. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestvica,  3  ed.  115. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States, 
342.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  171.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  398;  Bot.  &  Fl.  147.— Eugclmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,194; 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  269.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  206 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i2,  12.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  62. — 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  309.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16.— Macoun  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  Canada,  1875-76,  198.— Bidgway  in 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1882,  68. 

SHEEPBERRY.   NANNYBERRY. 

Southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay  west  in  British  America  to  about  longitude  102°,  south  through  the  northern 
states  to  southern  Indiana  and  Saint  Louis  county,  Missouri,  and  along  the  Alleghauy  mountains  to  northern 
Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  rocky  ridges 
and  along  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich,  moist  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
far  north. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  emitting  a  disagreeable  odor;  medullary  rays  thin,  barely 
distinguishable;  color,  dark  orange-brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;'  specific  gravity,  0.7303;  ash,  0.29. 

159. — Viburnum  prunifolium,  Linnaras, 

Spec.  led.  268.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  160.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  98.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  116.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  371;  2  ed.  ii, 
167.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  i,  1487;  Enum.  326;  Berl.  Bauinz.  530.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  53.— Nonveau  Duhamel,  ii,  128,  t.  38.— 
Schkuhr,  Handb.  233. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  i,  178. — Persoon,  Syu.  i,  32G. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  344. — Poiret  in  Lamarck, 
Diet,  viii,  653.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  201.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadeph.  39 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  151.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
i,  202. — Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  631.-  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  37. — Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  318 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  138.— Elliott,  Sk. 
i,  365.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  933.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  125, 1. 101.— Watson,  Deud.  Brit,  i,  t.  23.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  23.— 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  325. — Beck,  Bot.  156.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  440.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  312.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1034, 
1. 193.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  27 9. —Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  14.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  451.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed. 
115.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  342.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  171.— Wood,  Cl.  Book.  398;  Bot,  &  Fl.  147.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
206;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i2, 12.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  269.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  62.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  309.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 68.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  96. 

V.  pyrifolium,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  658.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  201.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Barton,  Compend. 
Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  152.— Reemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  631.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  37.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  22.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  345;  Cat.  Hort.  Paris,  3  ed.  404.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  325.— Beck,  Bot.  156.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1034,  f.  781,  782.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston,  3  ed.  123. 

V.  prunifolium,  var.  ferrugineum,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  15. 

BLACK   HAW.      STAG  BUSH. 

Fairfield  county,  Connecticut,  valley  of  the  lower  Hudson  river  (Fishkill  landing),  south  to  Hernando  county, 
Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  west  to  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  9. meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  at 
the  north  generally  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched  shrub ;  usually  on  rocky  hillsides,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.8332;  ash,  0.52. 

The  edible  fruit  sweet  and  insipid ;  the  tonic  and  astringent  bark  somewhat  used  in  the  treatment  of  uterine 
disorders  in  the  form  of  decoctions  or  fluid  extracts  (Bunion  Mcd.  and  Sury.  Jour.  October  10, 1867. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory, 
14  ed.  1783.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1821). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  95 


RUBIACEJ]. 

160. — Exostemma  Caribaeum,  Rcemer  &  Schnltes, 

Syst.  v,  18.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  i,705.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  359.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  481.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  722.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
viii,  395.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  36.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  180.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  324.— 
Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues, 7  ed.  iii.  187,  f.  628.— Gray,  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America,  i3,  23. 

Cinchona  Caribwa,  Jacquin,  Stirp.  Amer.  t.  176,  f.  65.— Gaertner,  Fruct.  i,  109,  t.  33.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  228;   2  ed.  i, 
372. — Lambert,  Cinchoua,  38, 1. 12  (excl.  syu. ). — Andrews,  Dot.  Rep.  vii,  t.  481. 

Cinchona  Jamaicencis,  Wright  in  Trans.  Royal  Soc. Ixvii,  504, 1. 10. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  beautifully  streaked  with  different  shades  of 
yellow  and  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear,  rich  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.9310;  ash,  0.23. 

» 

161. — Pinckneya  pubens,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  103,  t.  13.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  30.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  372.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Ain.ii,276,t.24;  N. 
American  Sylva,  i,  180,  t.  49.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  158.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  37.— Barton,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  25,  t.  7.— Sprengel,  Syst. 
i,  705.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  269.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  57,  t.  72.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  366.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 165.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  263.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  486.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  433.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  400.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  357.— Torrey  & 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  37.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  354.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  365,  f.  174.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  347.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  179.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  401;  Bot.  &  Fl.  150.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
404.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i3,  23. 


Cinchona  Caroliniana,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  40. 

P.  pubescens,  Persoon,  Syn.  i,  197.— Gasrtner  f.  Fruct'.  Suppl.  81,  t.  194,  f.  3. 


GEORGIA  BAEK. 

South  Carolina,  near  the  coast;  basin  of  the  upper  Apalachicola  river  in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  low, 
sandy  swamps ;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by 
four  to  six  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.5350 ;  ash,  0.41. 

Infusions  of  the  bark  are  successfully  used  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fever,  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona 
(U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.1734). 

162. — Genipa  clusiaefolia,  Grisebach, 
Fl.  British  West  Indies,  317.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i2,  29. 

Gardenia  clusiaifolia,  Jacquin,  Coll.  Appx.  37,  t.  4,  f.  3.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  199.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  381 ;   Dietrich, 
Syn.  i,  796. 

Randia  clusiwfolia,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  179.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. 

SEVEN-YEAR  APPLE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  much-branched,  knotty  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.10  meter 
in  diameter,  or  in  Florida  more  often  a  shrub ;  saline  shores. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  shaded  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  1.0310;  ash,  1.06. 

The  large  insipid  fruit  popularly  but  incorrectly  supposed  to  require  seven  years  in  which  to  ripen. 


96  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

163. — Guettarda  elliptica,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  59 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  634.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  218.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  200.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  859.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  4*12.— De 
Candolle,Prodr.  iv,  457.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  787.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  551.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.America,  ii,  35.— Grisebach,  PI. 
British  West  Indies,  332.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i2, 30. 

G.  Blodgettii,  Shuttleworth  in  herb.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  178.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  ou  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing 
numerous  scattered  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red; 
•peciflc  gravity,  0.8337 ;  ash,  1.05. 


ERICACEJ5. 


164. — Vaccinium  arboreum,  Marshall, 

Arbnetum,  157.— Michonx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  230.— Persoou,  Syn.  i,  479.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  270.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  285.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  263.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  495.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  853.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1159.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii, 
567.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1264.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  414.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1885.—  Walpera,  Ann.  ii,  1096.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  259.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  482;  Bot.  &  Fl.  198.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  373.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  369.— 
Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',20.— Vasey.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  71. 

V.  mucronatum,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  139  [not  Linnaeus]. 

V.  diffusum,  Aitou.Hort.  Kew.  ii,  356.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1607.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  96. 

Batodendron  arboreum,  Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2ser.  viii,261;  Sylva,  iii,  43;  2  ed.  ii.lll. 

FARKI.EBEEET. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Hernando  county,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states,  and  from  southern 
Illinois  and  southern  Missouri  south  through  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  bay. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern 
limits  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  very  common  throughout  the  pine  belt  of  the  Gulf  states  along  the  larger 
ponds  and  streams,  in  moist,  sandy  soil,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  eastern  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  twist  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly 
distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.7610;  ash,  0.39;  somewhat  used  in  turnery  in  the  manufacture  of  small 
handles,  etc. 

165. — Andromeda  ferruginea,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  138.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  67  ;  2 ed.  iii,  52.— Willdenow,  Sp.  ii,  609.— Mlchaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  252.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
i,  190.— Ventenat,  Hort.  Malmaison,  80,  t.  80.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  480.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  257.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  292.— 
Elliott,  Sk.i,  489. —Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  420. -Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  263.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  488;  Bot.  &  FL  202.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
N.  American1, 33. 

A.  rhomboid alis,  Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  192. 
A.ferruglnca,  var.  arborcsctns,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,252. 
A.  ferruginea,  var.  frulicosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,252. 
A.  rigida,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  292.— Loddiges,  Bot,  Cab.  t.  430. 

Lyonin  ferruginea,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  266.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  830.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1109.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
1399.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  fi()0.— Koch.  Dendrologie,  ii,  122. 

Lyonia  rigida,  Nnttall,  Genera,  i,26C.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  830.— De  Candolle,  Prodr,  vii,  600. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  97 

South  Carolina  to  iiorthern  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  in  rich  hummocks,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  often 
crooked  or  semi-prostrate;  or  in  sandy  pine-barren  soil  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  height;  the 
leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  venation,  etc. 

Wood  lu'uvy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.7f>00 ;  ash,  0.40. 

166. — Arbutus  Menziesii,  Pursh, 

Fl.Am.  Sept.  i,282.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  ii,  286.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  834.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1122.— De  Camlolle,  Prodr.  vii,  582.— 
Dietrich,  Syu.  ii,  Ki37.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  36.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  143.— Kuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  42,  t.  95 ;  2  ed.  ii,  109, 
t.95.—  Torroy  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  116;  Bot.  \Vilkes  Exped.  378.— Xewbcrry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  23,  79,  f.  22.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 260 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  •-!',  6i>. — Lyall  in  Jonr.  Linnacan  Soc.  vii,  131. — Grayiu  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,393; 
B  t.  California,  i,  •)">-',  in  pait ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  Anu'rica,  ii1, 27,  in  part. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii, 
86. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7(i, 'J(i:i. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,331. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent. 
ii,  276. 

A.  2>rocera,  Douglas  in  Liudley's  Bot.  Reg.  xxi,  t.  1753.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1121.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  582.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1387.— Paxton,  Mag.  Bot.  ii,  147  &  t.— Walpers,  Rep.  vi,  416. 

A.  laurifolia,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxx,  t.  67.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  36. 

MADRONA. 

Islands  of  British  Columbia,  from  Seymour  narrows  southward  through  Washington  territory  and  Oregon, 
near  the  coast,  and  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  California  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  25  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally, 
much  larger  (the  great  specimen  near  San  Rafael,  Marin  county,  California,  6.85  meters  in  circumference  2  meters 
from  the  ground);  south  of  San  Francisco  bay  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  hillsides,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color, 
light  brown  shaded  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7052;  ash,  0.40;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  gunpowder,  the  bark  in  tanning. 

167.— Arbutus  Xalapensis,  HBK. 

Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  iii,  281.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  286.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  834.— Hooker,  Icon,  i,  t.  27.—  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  66.— 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  583.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1388.— Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  1105.— Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  192  &  t. 

?A.  variens,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  77.— Paxton,  Brit.  FJ.  Card,  ii,  118.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  277. 
fA.  macrophylla,  Martens  &  Galcotti  in  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.ix,  9.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  725. 

A.  Menziesii,  Gray  in  Bot.  California,  i,  452,  in  part ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  27,  in  part.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi,  25,  183  [not  Pursh]. 

Southern  Arizona,  Santa  Kita  mountains,  between  4,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation ;  southward  through  northern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  with  white,  scaly  bark,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ; 
dry,  gravelly  slopes;  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7099; 
ash,  0.25. 

168. — Arbutus  Texana,  Buckley, 

Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861,460.—  Gray  in  Proe.  Philadelphia  Acad.  18C2, 165.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  370. 
A.  Menziesii,  Gray  in  Bot.  California,  i, 452,  in  part;  Syn.  Fl.N.  America,  ii',27,  in  part. 
?A.  Xalapensis,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  111. 

Western  Texas,  Hays  and  Travis  counties  (Buckley),  west  tb  the  Guadalupe  and  Eagle  mountains  (Havard), 
.and  southward,  probably  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  dry  limestone  hills  and 
ridges;  rare. 
7  FOR 


98  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter,  tinged  with  red;  specific  gravity,  0.7500;  ash,  0.51;  used  in  turnery,  the  manufacture  of  mathematical 
instruments,  etc. 

NOTE. — The  synononiy  and  specific  position  of  the  Mexican  species  of  Arbutus  which  reach  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  are  still  obscure,  and  cannot  be  well  elucidated  with  the  existing  knowledge  of  the  Mexican  flora. 

169. — Oxydendrum  arboreum,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  vli,  601.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1389.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  263.--Lesquereux  in  Owen's 
2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  372.-  Curtis  in  Eep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  79.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  489  :  Bot.  &  Fl.  203.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  296;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  33.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  128.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17.— Nat. 
Dispensatory,  2  ed.  798. 

Andromeda  arborea,  Linnams,  Spec.  1  ed.  394.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  158.— Marshall,  Arbustuin,  7.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  105. — 
Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  138. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  69  ;  2  ed.  iii,  53. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  612;  Ennm.  452 ;  Berl.  Baumz. 
31.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  255.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  178.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  905.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  257.— 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  222,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3ed.ii,  126,  t.  85.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  295.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  i,  265.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  491.— Barton,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  105,  t.  30.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  59.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i, 
420;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  182.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  291.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  266.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  419. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  379. 

6 

Andromeda  arborescens,  Persoon,  Syn.i,  480.— Willdeuow,  Enum.  453.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1210. 

Lyonia  arborea,  Don  in  Edinburgh  Phil.  Jour,  xvii,  159. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  831. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1111. — Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ix,  486.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  356. 

SORREL  TREE.   SOUR  WOOD. 

Western  Pennsylvania,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  western  Florida  and  the  eastern  shores 
of  Mobile  bay,  west  to  middle  Tennessee  and  through  the  upper  regions  of  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.35  meter  in  diameter;  usually  in  rather  dry, 
gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.7458  j-  ash,  0.37  ;  used  for 
the  handles  of  tools,  bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 

* 
170. —  Kalmia  latifolia,  Linnams, 

Spec.  1  ed.  301.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  335.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  72.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  345;  111.  ii,487,t.  363,  f.  1.— Gsertner, 
Fruct.  i,  305,  t.  63,  f.  7.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  64,  t.  24,  f.  50.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  138.— Alton,  Hort,  Kew.  ii,  64;  2  ed.  iii,  47. — 
Lamarck,  111.  487,  t.  363,  f.  1.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,t.  87.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  600;  Enum.  450;  Berl.  Bauniz.  202.— Schkuhr, 
Handb.  359, 1. 116.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  258.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  477.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  220.—  Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  419.— 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  144,  t.  4;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  62, t. 67.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 296.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  49.— Eaton,  Manual,  47;  6  ed.  195.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  i,  113, 1. 13 ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  179.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  267.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  54.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  481.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  422 ;  Compend.  Fl.N.  States,  182.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,293.— Andubon, 
Birds,  t.  55.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  16,  t.  57.— Sertnm  Botauicum.iv  &  t.— Beck,  Bot.  219.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii, 850.— Lindley, 
Fl.  Med.  380.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1151,  f.  959.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  729.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  498, 1. 139.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  41. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1407. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  363. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  392 ;  2  ed.  ii.  443  &  t. — 
Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  428,  f.  192.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  172.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  420.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
253. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  264. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  99. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  484;  Bot.  &  Fl.  200.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  381.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  298; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 38. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  152. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. — London  Garden,  xxii,  6,  t.  343. 

LAUREL.      CALICO  BUSH.      SPOON  WOOD.      IVY. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Erie,  south  to  western  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states 
to  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Bed  river,  Arkansas  (Hot  Springs,  Letterman). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
a  low  shrub;  rich  woodlands;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains,  here  often  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  principal  medullary  rays  broad,  dark  brown, 
conspicuous,  intermediate  rays  numerous,  thin,  inconspicuous;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7KJO  ;  ash,  0.41 ;  used  for  tool  handles,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

The  leaves,  buds,  and  fruit,  reputed  poisonous  to  cattle,  are  occasionally  used  medicinally  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory, 
14  ed.  1682.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  798). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  99 

171. — Rhododendron  maximum,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  391.— Marshall,  Arlmstum,  127.— Gtertuer,  Fruct.  i,  304,  t.  63,  f.  6.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  63,  t.  22,  f.  49.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
ii,  67;  2  ed.  iii,  50.— Moenrh,  Meth.  45.— Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  365;  111.  ii,  44H,  t.  364,  f.  1.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  18.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  606;  Enum. '451;  Berl.  Bauin/.  357. — Xouveau  Duliamel,  ii,  141. — Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i, 259. — Schkiihr,  Handb.  362. — 
Persoon,  Syn.  i,  478. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  221. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  951. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  144,  t.  4;  N.American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  64,  t.  68.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Eaton,  Manual,  47 ;  6  ed.  301.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  268.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot. 
iii,  101,  t.  51 ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  rd.  17b.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  483.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  57.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  426 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  184.— 
Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  292.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  103.— Beck,  Bot.  220.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1134,  f. 
932.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  722.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  43.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  503.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1404.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  391.  —Browne,  Trees  of  America,  359.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  384  ;  2  ed.  ii,  435  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  428.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  171. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  421. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
265. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  97. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  373. — Wood,  Cl.  Book, 
491 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  204.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  380.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  300 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii1, 42.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  169. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. 

B.prOCerum,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  287. 

R.  maximum,  var.  roseum,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.i,484. 

B.  maximum,  var.  album,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  484. 

B.  maximum,  var.  purpureum,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  484. 

B.  purpureum,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1134.— Dietrich,  Syn,  ii,  1404. 

B.  Purshii,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1135. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1404  (var.  album,  Pursh,  I.  c.). 

GREAT   LATJEEL.      ROSE   BAY. 

Nova  Scotia  and  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Erie,  south  through  Kew  England,  New  York,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or 
often  a  tall,  straggling  shrub;  at  the  north  in  cold  swamps;  rare;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains,  steep,  rocky  banks  of  streams,  etc.;  never  on  limestone. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  clear 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6303;  ash,  0.36;  occasionally  used  in  turnery  for  the  handles 
of  tools,  etc.,  and  a  possible  substitute  for  box-wood  in  engraving.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used 
domestically  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  sciatica,  etc. 


MYRSINACE^. 


172. — Myrsine  Rapanea,  Roemer  &  Schultes, 

Syet.  iv,  509.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iy,  10.— Dietrich,  Syu.  i,  618.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  97.— Miquel  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  ix, 
307,  t.  50-52.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii1,  65. 

Bapanea  Cfuyanensis,  Aublet,  Gnian.i,  121,  t.  46.— Swartz,  Obs.  51;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  262.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  48,  t.  122,  f.  1. 

Samara  pentandra,  Swartz,  Obs.  51 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  262  [not  Aitou]. 

Samara  floribunda,  Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  6ti5.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  46,  t.  122,  f.  1. 

Caballeria  coriacea,  Meyer,  Prim.Fl.  Esseq.  118. 

M.  Floridana,  A.  De  Caudolle   in  Trans.  Linnrean  Soc.  xvii,  107;  Prodr.  viii,  98.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  98.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  277. 

M.  Jioribunda,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  393. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Indian  river  southward  to  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or 
often  a  shrub ;  borders  of  ponds  and  fresh-water  creeks  ;  in  the  West  Indies  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  conspicuous;  color,  brown 
tinged  with  red  and  beautifully  striped  with  the  darker  medullary  rays,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable; 
specific  gravity,  0.8341 ;  ash,  0.81. 


100  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

173- — Ardisia  Pickeringia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii,  69,  t.  102;  2  ed.  ii,  133,  t.  102.— A.  De  Canclolle,  Prodr.  viii,  124.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  277.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.— Gray,  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  65.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  294. 

Cyrilla- paniculata,  Nuttall  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v,290. 

Picker ingia  patniculala,  Nuttall  iu  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  vii,  1. 

MABLBEEEY.      CHEEEY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Romano;  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub; 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  very 
numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  brown,  beautifully  marked  with  the  darker  medullary  rays,  the  sap-wood  a 
little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8602;  ash,  1.85. 

174. — Jacquinia  armillaris,  Jacquiu, 

* 

Amer.  53,  t.  39.— Liunieus,  Spec.  2  ed.  272.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  257 ;  2  ed.  ii,  5. — Lamarck,  111.  ii,  46,  t.  39.— Vahl,  Eclog.  i, 26.— Swartz^ 
Obs.  85.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1064 ;  Euum.  246.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  234.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  490.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  668.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  24.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  638.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  123.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  149.— Miquel  in 
Martius,  Fl.  Brasil.  ix,  282,  t.  27.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  276.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  397. — Seemanu,  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  279. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii!,  66. — Hemsley, 
Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii, 294. 

Chrysophylhtm  Barbasco,  Lcefling,  Iter.  204,  277. 

JOE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys ;  rare ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low,  rigid  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  meter  in 
diameter ;  in  the  Bahamas  and  other  West  Indian  islands  probably  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  checking  and  shrinking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  scattered 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  light  clear  brown  tinged  with  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  0.6948;  ash,  3.45. 

The  saponaceous  leaves  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 


SAPOTAOEJB. 


175. — Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  i,  552;  111.  ii,  42.— Desconrtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  71.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  158.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies, 
398.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  67.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  634. 

0.  Ganeto,  ft.  Linnams,  Sp.  3  ed.  278  (excl.  syn.  Lcefling). 

C.  monopyrenum,  Swartz,   Prodr.  49;  Fl.   Ind.  Occ.  i,  480.— Persoon,  Syn.   i,  236.— Rojnier  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv  703.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  666.— Bot.  Mag.'t.  3303.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  638. —Miquel  in  Martius,  Fl.  Brasil.  vii,  94. 

C.ferrugineum,  Gartner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  120,  t.  202,  f.  1. 

C.  microphylhim,  Chapman  in  Coulters  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  9.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18  [not  A.  De  Candolle]. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  (Elliott's  Key,  No-Name  Key,  Key  Largo),  west 
coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Sable;  rare  ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous; 
color,  light  brown  shaded  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9360;  ash,  1.24. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  101 

176.  —  Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron,  Jacquin, 

Coll.  ii,  1.  17,  f.  5.—  Lamarck,  111.  ii,  41,  1.  120,  f.  2.—  Gacrtner  f.  Fruct.  Snppl.  125.—  Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  666.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  622.—  A.  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  181.—  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  399.—  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii',  67. 

Bumelia  pallida,  Swartz,  Prodr.40;  Fl.Iud.Occ.4K). 

Acliras  pallida,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  533. 

Bumelia  Mastichodendron,  itemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  493. 


S.  pallidum,  Sprengcl,  .SyKt.  i.  666.—  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  180.  —Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  274.—  Vasey,  €at.  Forest 
Trees,  18. 

Bumelia  fatidissima,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  39,  t.94  ;  2  ed.  ii,  108,  t.  94.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  265. 

MASTIC. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  cape  Romano  to  cape  Sable  ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
tree  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  few"  scattered  small 
open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous  ;  color,  bright  orange,  the  sap-wood  yellow  ;  specific  gravity, 
1.0109  ;  ash,  5.14  ;  not  affected  by  the  teredo;  largely  used  in  ship-  and  boat-building. 

The  dry  fruit,  of  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor,  eagerly  eaten  by  animals. 

177-  —  Dipholis  salicifolia,  A.  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  viii,  188  (Delessert,  Icon.  Mex.  ined.  t.  40).  —  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  t.  542.  —  Miquel  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  vii,  45,  1.  18.  —  Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  274.—  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  401.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.—  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii1,  67. 

Achras  salicifolia,  Linnajus,  Spec.  2  ed.  470. 

Bumelia  salicifolia,  Swartz,  Prodr.  50  ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  491.—  Lamarck,  111.  ii,  42.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1086.—  Aiton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  12.—  Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  494.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621. 

Sideroxylon  saHcifolium,  Gartner  f.  Fruct.  Snppl.  124,  t.  202.  —  Lamarck,  HI.  ii,  42. 

BUSTIC.      CASSADA. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys  ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  the  large  trees  hollow  and 

defective;  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  checking  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish,  containing  many  scattered  large  open  ducts;  color,  dark  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.931G  ;  ash,  0.32. 

178.  —  Bumelia  tenax,  Willdenow, 

Spec,  i,  1088;  Ennm.  248;  Berl.  Baumz.  67.  -Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  12.—  Rrerner  &,  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  496.—  Elliott,  Sk.  i,  288.— 
Persoon,Syn.  i,237.-  Hayne.Dend.  Fl.  18.—  Sprcugel,  Syst.  i,664.—  Eaton,  Manual,  6*ed.  60.—  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.—  London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1193,  f.  1017.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  388.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  162.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  35,  t. 
92;  2ed.  ii,  104,  t.  92.—  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  196.—  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  428.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.  — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  501  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.—  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  68. 

Sideroxylon  tenax,  Liumeus,  Mant.  48.—  Jacquin,  Coll.  ii,  252.—  Lamarck,  Diet.  i,  245;  111.  ii,  42.  —Aiton,  Hort.  Kew,  i,  262.— 
Stvartz,  Obs.  91.—  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  204.—  Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  461. 

Sideroxylon  Carolinensc,  Jacquin,  Obs.  iii,  3,  t.54. 

Sideroxylon  sericeum,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  100. 

Sideroxylon  chrysophylloidefi,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  i,  123.—  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  53. 

B.  chrysophylloides,  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  1">5.—  Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  135.—  Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  1.  10. 

fB.  reclinatd,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275  [not  Ventenat]. 


102  .FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  well  characterized, 
as  in  all  the  North  American  species,  by  large  open  ducts,  defining,  with  several  rows,  the  rings  of  annual  growth, 
and  connected  by  conspicuous  branching  groups  of  similar  ducts,  giving  to  a  cross-section  a  beautifully  reticulated 
appearance ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  streaked  with  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific 
gravity,  0.7293 ;  ash,  0.78. 

179. — Bumelia  lanuginosa,  Persoon, 

Syn.  i,  237.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  155.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  135.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  497.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  288.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  60.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1194.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  162.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  428. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,253. — Chapmaa,  Fl.  8.  States, 275. — Lesqaereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  374.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  F1.210.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15;  Syn.Fl.N.  America, 
ii1,  68.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  377.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

fSideroxylon  tenax,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  100. 
Sideroxylon  lanuginosum,  Michaux.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,l22. 

?B.  oblongifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  135 ;  Sylva,iii,33;  2  ed.  ii,  102.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  664.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  60.— Eaton 
&  Wrfght,  Bot.  162.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1194.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  viii,  190. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374. 

B.  ferruginea,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  34 ;  2  ed.  ii,  103. 

B.  tomentOStt,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190. 

B.  arborea,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861, 461. 

GUM  ELASTIC.      SHITTIM  WOOD. 

Georgia  and  northern  Florida  to  Mobile  bay,  Alabama ;  southern  Illinois  and  southern  Missouri,  through 
Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Bio  Grande,  Texas  (Eagle  pass,  Havard)  (B.  oblongifolia). 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states 
much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  6  meters  in  height ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich 
bottom  lands  of  eastern  Texas. 

A  low,  depressed  form  of  the  sand-hills  of  the  Altamaha  river,  Georgia,  still  to  be  rediscovered,  with  small 
leaves  and  "edible  fruit  as  large  as  a  small  date",  is  var.  macrocarpa,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  68  (B.  macrocarpa, 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  37;  2  ed.  ii,  106). 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  very  compact,  the  open  ducts  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6544;  ash,  1.23;  somewhat  used  in 
cabinet-making,  for  which  it  is  well  suited. 

A  clear,  very  viscid  gum  exuded  from  the  freshly-cut  wood  is  sometimes  used  domestically. 

180. — Bumelia  spinosa,  A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  viii,  191  (Delessert,  Icon.  Mex.  ined.  t.  75).— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  ii,  299.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  112. 

Santa  Catalina  mountains,  Arizona,  at  an  elevation  of  2,700  feet  (Pringle) ;  Parras  and  Saltillo,  Mexico  (Palmer, 
No.  787). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  near 
water-courses. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ; 
color,  light  rich  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity.  0.6603 ;  ash,  1.24. 

181. — Bumelia  lycioides,  Gaertner  f. 

Fruct.  Suppl.  127, 1. 120.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  237.— Willdenow,  Enum.  249 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  68.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  237.— Nuttall,  Genera. 
i,135;  Sylva, iii, 31,  t. 91;  2ed.ii,101,t.91.— Rremer  &  Schultes,  Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.  19.— Elliott,  Sk.i, 287. —Sprengel, 
Syst.  i,  664.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  60.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1193,  f.  1016.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.ix,  388. —Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  162.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  189.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  441.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  427.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374.— 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 68.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  376.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent.  ii,298. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  103 

Sideroxylon  lycioides,  Liuuams,  Hort.  Clift'.  488  (rxol.  hub.).—  Lamarck.  Diet,  i,  246;  111.  ii,  42.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,262;  2 
ed.  ii,  13.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  i,  1090.—  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  122.— Pnrsh,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  i,  155.— Jaume  St.  Hilaire, 
Fl.  &  Pom.  Am.  Franc,  t.  81. 

Sideroxylon  decandrum,  Liuim-iis,  Mant.  Id.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1091. 
Syderoxylon  Ifeve,  Walter,  Fl.  Carolinian:i.  ion. 

IKON  WOOD.      SOX'THERN  BUCKTHORN. 

Coast  of  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois,  south  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  and  through 
southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Eio  Concho,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  low, 
rich  soil,  or  often,  in  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  a  low,  semi-prostrate  shrub,  described  as — 

var.  reclinatum,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  68. 
Sideroxylon  reclinatum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  iitii. 

B.  redinata,  Ventenat,  Cboix,  t.  22.— Persoou,  Syn.  i,237.—  Pnrsb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  155.— Reamer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,496.— 
Elliott,  Sk.i, 287.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.fiO.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621. —Don,  Miner's  Diet,  iv,  30.— London,  Arboretum, ii, 
1193.— A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  428.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thjn;  color,  light  brown  or 
yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7467 ;  ash,  0.81 . 

182. — Bumelia  cuneata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  496.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  237.— Reamer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  498.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  665.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  i,  621.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  401. —Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  68.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  u.297. 

Achras  CUneifolia,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  534. 

B.  angustifolia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  38,  t.  93 ;  2  ed.  ii,  106,  t.  93.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858, 265. 

Sideroxylon  cuneatum,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  181. 

B.  parvifolia,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

B.  myrsinifolia ,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  192. 

B.  reclinata,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  109  [not  Ventenat]. 

ANTS'  WOOD.    DOWNWARD  PLUM.    SAFFRON  PLUM. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Merritt's  island,  Indian  river,  and  southward  to  the  southern  keys,  not  rare;  west  coast, 
Cedar  Keys  to  cape  Eomano,  rare ;  rocky  shores  and  in  the  interior  of  low,  barren  keys ;  Texas,  valley  of  the 
lower  Rio  Grande,  Boss  to  Laredo,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  or  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7959;  ash,  1.90. 

183. — Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  viii,  204.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii', 69. 
Achras  Zapotilla,  var.  parviflora,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  28,  t.  90;  2  ed.  ii,97,  t.  90. 
M.  dissecta,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  400,  in  part. 
Aehras  mammosa,  Sieber,  PI.  Triu.  No.  33  [not  Liunseus  nor  Bonpland]. 

WILD   DILLY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys,  common ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  low,  gnarled  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter ;  generally 
hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  rich,  very  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  1.0838 ; 
ash,  2.G1. 


104  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

EBENACE^l. 


184. — Diospyros  Virginiana,  Linnajus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1057.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  127,  345.— Marshall,  Arbustuiu,  40.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  84,  t.  28,  f.  58.— Walter.  PI. 
Caroliniana,  253.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  446;  2  ed.  v,  478.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  61,  74.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  11,45;  ii, 
52.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii,  258.— Gaertner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  138,  t.  207.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1107;  Enurn.  1061;  fieri.  Banmz. 
127.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  528.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  1806.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  208.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  106.-- 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.ii,  195,  t.  12;  N.  American  Sylva,  :i  ed.  ii,  157,  t.  93.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  265.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
vi,  84.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  97;  Compend.  Fl.  Plnladelph.  ii,  198.— Eaton,  Manual,  117;  6  ed.  126.— Nuttall,  Gi-m-ra. 
ii,  240.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  228.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  712.— Collin,  Forslag  af  nagra  Nord-Americas  Trad.  23.— Ton-ey,  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  375.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  87.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  202.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  146.— Rarinesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  153,  t.  32.— 
Beck,  Bot.  229.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  39.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1195,  t.  200,  201.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  225.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  iv,  228.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  368.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  435,  f.  196.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  437.— Belg.  Hort.  iv,  118  &  t.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  425.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  176.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 

«  273. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  70. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374. — "Ettingsh.  Blatt- 
Skel.  Dikot.  89,  t.  38,  f.  12."— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  500 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  385.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  200.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308 ;  Hall's  PL  Texas,  15;  Syn.  PL  N.  America,  ii1,  69.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii,  204.— Hieru  in  Trans.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.  xii1,  224.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii, 
59.— Eidgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  68. 

D.  concolor,  Mtsnch,  Meth.  471. 

D.  Guaiacana,  Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  417. 

D.pubescens,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  265  [not  Persoon].— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  139.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  38.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1196. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  pubescem,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  240.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  713. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  microcarpa,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  115. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  concolor,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  155. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  macrocarpa,  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  155. 

D.  Persimon,  Wikstrom,  Jahr.  Schwed.  1830,  92. 

D.  dliata,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  25  [not  A.  De  Candolle]. 

D.  calytina,  Audibert,  Cat.  Hort.  Tonn.  (ex.  Spach).— London,  Gard.  Mag.  1841,  394. 

D.  angustifolia.  Audibert,  Cat.  Hort.  Tonn.  (ex.  Spach).— London,  Gard.  Mag.  1841, 394. 

D.  ludfla,  Hort.— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841,  394. 

D.  intermedia,  Hort.— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841,394. 

PERSIMMON. 

Light-house  point,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  southward  to  bay  Biscayne  and  the 
Caloosa  river,  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi;  southern  Ohio  to  southeastern  Iowa,  southern  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  10  to  20  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  meters  in  height  (Ridgway),  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.GO  meter  in 
diameter ;  very  common  and  often  entirely  occupying  abandoned  fields  throughout  the  middle  and  lower  regions 
of  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the  lower 
Ohio  basin. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  containing  few  scattered, 
open  ducts,  the  rings  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  more  rows  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown,  or  often  nearly  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown,  often  containing  numerous 
darker  spots;  specific  gravity  of  the  sap-wood,  0.7908;  ash,  0.96;  used  in  turnery  for  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks, 
etc.,  and  preferred  for  shuttles;  the  dark  heart- wood  only  developed  in  very  old  specimens  and  rarely  seen. 

The  yellow  edible  fruit  exceedingly  austere  until  after  frost,  then  becoming  sweet  and  luscious,  or  in  the  Gulf 
states  ripening  in  August  without  austerity ;  sometimes  used  domestically,  fermented  with  hops,  corn-meal,  or 
wheat  bran,  as  a  beverage  under  the  name  of  "  simrnon  beer". 

A  decoction  of  the  bitter  and  astringent  unripe  fruit  and  inner  bark  occasionally  used  in  the  treatment  of 
diarrhoea,  sore  throat,  hemorrhage,  etc.  (B.  R.  Smith  in  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  October,  1846, 215. — J.  E.  Bryan  in  same, 
May,  1860,  215.—  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  380.—  Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  514). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  .105 

185. — Diospyros  Texana,  Scheele, 

Linntea,  xxii,  145 ;  Roomer,  Texas,  441 ;  Appx.  763.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  14.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  109.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  266.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  376.— Hieru  in  Trans.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.  xii1, 238.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  70.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  300. 

BLACK  PERSIMMON.   MEXICAN  PERSIMMON.   CHAPOTE. 

Western  Texas,  Matagorda  bay  to  the  valley  of  the  Concho  river ;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low 
shrub;  not  rare,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Texas  along  the  rich  bottoms  of  the  Guadalupe  river ; 
borders  of  prairies,  in  rich  soil ;  in  Mexico  more  common  and  of  larger  size. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  taking  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  few  minute, 
scattered,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  nearly  black,  often  streaked  with  yellow,  the  thick 
sap-wood  clear  bright  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.8460;  ash,  3.33;  used  iu  turnery  for  the  handles  of  tools,  etc., 
suitable  for  wood-engraving,  and  probably  the  best  substitute  among  American  woods  for  box-wood. 

The  small  black  fruit  sweet  and  insipid. 


STYRACACE^. 


186. — Symplocos  tinctoria,  L'Heritier, 

Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  i,  176. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  1436. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iv,  419. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  339. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv, 
2.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  272.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  65.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  499;  Bot.  &  F1.209.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  310;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii>,  71.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  374.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18. 

Hopea  tinctoria,  Liuna;us,  Mant.  105.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  189.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  42.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  72.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  217.— Gicrtner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  146,  t.  209,  f.  2.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  419.— Michaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  iii,  61,  t.  9;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.iii,  45,  1. 117.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  451.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  83.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  173.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  176.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  420.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  272.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  425.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  388. 

HORSE   SUGAR.      SWEET  LEAF. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  to  about  latitude  30°  in  Florida,  and  west,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western 
Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas  (Malveru,  Texarkana,  Letterman). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub; 
borders  of  cypress  swamps  or  in  deep,  damp,  shaded  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light 
red,  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5325;  ash,  0.68. 

Leaves  sweet,  greedily  eaten  by  cattle  and  horses,  and  yielding,  as  does  also  the  bark,  a  yellow  dye. 

187. — Halesia  diptera,  Linnsens, 

Spec.  2  ed.  636.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  57.— Lamarck,  Diet.  ii,66.— Willdenow,  Spec.  ii,849;  Enum.496;  Berl.  Baumz.  171.— Cavanilles, 
Diss.  vi,  333,  t.  187.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  40.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  4.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  143.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v, 
144._pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  450.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  83.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  508.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  66.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t. 
1172.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  84.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  164.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  7.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1191,  f.  1014.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ix,  426.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  260.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  270.— Miers,  Contrib.  i,  193.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
425.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  271.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  499;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  201.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  71. 

H.  retlCUlatd,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860,  444. 

SNOW-DROP   TREE.      SILVER-BELL   TREE. 

South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida,  near  the  coast,  and  west  through  the  lower  region  of  the  Gulf  states  to 
eastern  Texas  and  Garland  county,  Arkansas  (Harvey). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub 
sending  up  many  clustered  stems  from  the  root;  borders  of  swamps,  in  low,  wet  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity.  0.5705;  ash,  0.42. 


106  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

188. — Halesia  tetraptera,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  2  ed.  636.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  57.— Gtertner,  Fruct.  i,  160,  t.  32,  f.  2.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  66  ;  111.  ii,  521,  t.  404,  f.  1.— Alton,  Hort. 
Kew.  ii,  125;  2  ed.  iii,  143.— Mcench,  Meth.  507.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia  i,  t.  46.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  849;  Enum.  496;  Berl. 
Baumz.  170.— Cavanilles,  Diss.  vi,  338,  1. 186. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  40.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  4.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  216.— 
Nouveau  Duharnel,  v,  143,  t.  45.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  449.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  82.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  910.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  507.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  66.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1173.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  84.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  43,  t.  35.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  164.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  6.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1190,  f.  1012,  t.  196,  197.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  426.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  260.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  270.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  366.— Miers,  Contrib.  i,  191,  t.  93.— Darby, 
Bot.  S.  States,  425.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Agardh,  .Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  22,  f.  16,  17.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
•  271.— Curtis  in  Eep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  80. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  499;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— O'rsted  in  Saerskitt.  Affcryk. 
af  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  18(56,  89,  f.  2.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  310;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  71.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  199.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  374.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18. 

RATTLEBOX.      SNOW-DROP    TREE.      SILVER-BELL   TREE.      CALICO  WOOD. 

Mountains  of  West  Virginia  to  southern  Illinois,  south  to  middle  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub ;  generally 
along  streams,  in  rich  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains;  common  in  cultivation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5628;  ash,  0.40. 

NOTE. — Halesia  parviAora,  Michaux,  of  southern  Georgia,  and  Florida,  does  not  attain  the  size  or  habit  of  a  tree. 


OLEACE.E. 


189. — Fraxinus  Greggii,  Gray, 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  64 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 74.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  ii,  305. 
F.  ScMedeana,  var.  parvifolia,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  166. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Bio  Grande,  from  the  San  Pedro  to  the  Pecos  river;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter  (Lampasas 
mountains,  Mexico,  Buckley],  or  often  a  graceful  shrub;  limestone  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  obscure;  color, 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7904;  ash,  0.93. 

190. — Fraxinus  anomala,  Torrey; 
Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  283.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  203.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  74. 

Southwestern  Colorado,  McElmo  river  (Brandegce),  southern  Utah,  Kanawa,  Leeds,  Silver  Leaf,  Labyrinth 
canon  of  the  Colorado  river,  valley  of  the  Eio  Virgen,  near  Saint  George. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  with  the  habit  of  a 
dwarf  pear  tree;  common  on  elevated  sandstone  mesas  and  plateaus. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  containing  many  large,  open,  scattered  ducts,  the  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6597;  ash,  0.85. 

191. — Fraxinus  pistacisefolia,  Torrey, 

Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  128 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  166.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19 ; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 74.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii, 
305. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  113. 

F.  velutina,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  149. 

F.  COriacea,  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  302,  in  part.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  186,  t.  22.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.  . 

F.  pistacicefolia,  var.  COriacea,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  74. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  107 

ASH. 

Mountains  of  western  Texas,  through  southern  New  Mexico,  southern  and  eastern  Arizona,  to  southern 
Nevada  (Ash  Meadows,  Rotlirock) ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diamrtcr;  generally  along  borders 
of  streams,  in  elevated  canons,  less  commonly  in  dry  soil,  the  foliage  then  thick  and  coriaceous  or,  more  rarely, 
velvety  toinentose  (var.  coriacea,  Gray,  I.  c.) ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  detective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin:  cole;-,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6810;  ash,  0.02;  occasionally  used  in  wagon-building,  for  ax  handles,  etc. 

192. — Fraxinus  Americana,  LinmcuN, 

Spec.  2ed.  1510.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  254.— Alton,  Hort.  Ke\v.  iii,  445;  2  ed.  v,  476.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1102;  Enum.  1060; 
fieri.  Baumz.  145.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Xat.  Fr.  Berliu,  iii,  393.— Vabl  Enum.  i,  49.— Persoon,  Syn. 
ii,  604. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,102. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  iv,  63. — Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  106,  t.  H;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  ed.  iii,  49,  t.  118  (excl.  fruit).— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  97;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii.  192.— Eaton,  Manual,  114. — 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  221.— Cobbett,  Woodlands,  131.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1232,  f.  1055 
&  t.— Penn.  Cycl.  x,  455.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  408.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  51.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  125,  t.  89.— A.  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  177. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  394. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  238. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  369.— Curtis  in  Geological  Eep.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  54.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  597;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
277. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  206. — Porcher,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  494.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  74.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  U, 
252. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  452. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  207. — Sears  in  Bull. 
Essex  Inst.  xiii,  177.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  52C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  68. 

F.  Caroliniensis,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  81. 

F.  alba,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  51.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  223. 

F.  aeuminata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  542.— Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  205.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  9.— Nuttall,  Genera,  H.231; 
Sylva,  iii,  64 ;  2  ed.  ii,  129.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  220.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  672.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  l!71 ;  Nicollot's  Rep.  154. — Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  277. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  8. — Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  148.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  56.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  247.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  333; 
2  ed.  ii,  376  &  t.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  494.  ' 

?  F.  jicglandifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  542.— Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  208.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  221.— Beck,  Hots  232.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55. 

F.  CanadensiS;  Gartner,  Fruct.i,  222,  t.  49. 

F.  epiptera,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  256.—  Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1102;  fieri.  Baumz.  147.— Persoon,  Syn. 
ii,  603  — Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  672.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  96.—  Rcerner  &  Schultes,  Syst.  278.— Eaton,  Manual,  6ed.  148.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
iv,55.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237.— Penn.  Cycl.  x,  455.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bqt.247.—  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  50.— 
A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  277.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 399. 

F.  lancea,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808, 209  (fide  London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237). 

F.  discolor,  Mnhlenberg,  Cat.  111.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  37.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  297. 

F.  Americana,  var.  latifolia,  London,  Arboretum,  ii,  123-2.—  Browne, Trees  of  America,  396. 

f  F.  juglandifolia,  var.  serrata,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  221. 

t  F.  juglandifolid,vsir.  xubserrata,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.221. 

WHITE   ASH. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  southern  Ontario  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  to  northern  Florida,  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  west  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  15  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  42  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  low,  rich,  rather  moist  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands 
of  the  lower  Ohio  Eiver  basin;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  smaller,  of  less  economic  value,  and 
generally  replaced  by  the  green  ash  (Fraxinvx  riridis). 

\  form  of  the  southern  states  with  remarkably  small  fruit  has  been  described  as — 


108  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

var.  microcarpa,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii>,  75. 

F.  albicans,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1H62,  4,  in  part. 

F.  Curtissii,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, '20. 

Wood  heavy,  hurd,  strong,  ultimately  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  occupying  in  slowly-grown  specimens  nearly  the  entire  width  of  the  annual 
rings;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.6543;  ash,  0.42;  specific  gravity  of  the  heavier  sap-wood,  0.7180;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implements,  carriages,  handles,  oars,  and  for  interior  and  cabinet  work. 

Var.  Texensis, 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  iil,  75. 

F.  albicans,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862, 4,  in  part. 

F.  COriacea,  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  302,  in  part. 

F.  pistadcefolia,  Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19  [not  Torrey]. 

Western  Texas,  Dallas  (Eeverchon),  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  rocky  hills  and 
ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  more 
rows  of  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7636;  ash,  0.70 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  species. 

193. — Fraxinus  pubescens,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  ii,  548.  —Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  254.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1103;  Enum.  1060;  Berl.  Baumz.  148.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in 
Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  393. — Vahl,  Enum.  i,  51. — Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  604. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  102. — Nouveau 
Duhamel,  iv,  62.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  476.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Rcerner  &  Schultes,  Syst.  279.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 
231.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  673.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i ,  95.— Torrey ,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  371 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  126.— 
Beck,  Bot.  232.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  148.— Don.  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1233,  f.  1056.— Penn.  Cycl.  x,  455.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  247. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  51. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  337 ;  2  ed. 
ii,  380.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  239.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. —Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  370.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  54.— Wood,  01.  Book,  597;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5 ed.  402;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  75.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  452.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii, 
177.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 69. 

F.  Pennsylvanica,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  51.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  253. 
F.  nigra,  Du  Roi,  Harbk.2  ed.  i,398  [not  Marshall]. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  longifolia,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1104.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  9.— Loddiges,  Cat. 
ed.  1836.— -London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1233. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  lalifolia,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1104.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
223.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  148.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1233.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. 

F.  pubescent*,  var.  SubpubescellS,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  148.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1234. — A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  395. 

F.  longifolia,  Bosc  in  Meni.  Inst.  1808, 209. 
F.  subvillosa,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  209. 

F.  totnentosa,  Michaux   f.   Hist.  Arb.  Am.   iii,   112,  t.  9 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  53,  t.  119.— Barton,  Compend.  FL 
Philadclph.  ii,  192. 

F.  Americano,  vaT.pubescens,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  395. 
F.  oblongocarpa,  Buckley  iu  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1864,  4. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  109 

RED   ASH. 

New  Brunswick  to  southern  Ontario  and  northern  Minnesota,  .south  to  northern  Florida  and  central  Alabama. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  swamps,  in  low  ground ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  north  Atlantic  states ;  rare 
west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  probably  not  extending  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  brown, 
the  sap-wood  light  brown  streaked  with  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.6251 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  specific  gravity  of  the  lighter 
sap-wood,  0.5609;  somewhat  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  more  valuable  white  ash,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded. 

194. — Fraxinus  viridis,  Michaux  f. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  115,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  oil.  iii,  54,  t.  120  (excl.  fruit).— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  222.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Eep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  :i70.— Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii*,  46 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
19;  Syn.Fl.  N.America,  ii1,  75. — Curtis  iii  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  54. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
382.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  598;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  284.— Yonng,  Bot.  Texas,  453.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
20.— Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  207.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  49.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii, 
305. — Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

F.  juglandifolia,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1104;  Enum.  1060;  Berl.  Baumz.  140  [not  Lamarck].— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50.— Pcrsoon, 
Syn.  ii,  604.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  63,  t.  16.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  476.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Roemer 
&Schultes,  Syst.  i,  278;  iii,  Suppl.  255.— Eaton,  Manual,  114.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
371.— Beck,  Bot.  233.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1236,  f.  1061,  1062  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  247.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  373. 

?F.  Caroliniana,  Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  1103;  Enum.  1060;  Berl.  Baumz.  148.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  51.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed. 
ij  400.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  62.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  673.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
'  148.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  147.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. 

F.  juglandifolia,  var.  subintegerrima,  Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50. 

F.  expanm,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  150.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  i,  279.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1238.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  399. 

F.  Americana,  var.  juglandifolia,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  398. 

F.  Novai- Anglim,  Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii,  251  [not  Miller  nor  Wangenheim] 

GREEN   ASH. 

Shores  of  lake  Champlain,  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island,  and  southward  to  northern  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  Montana,  the  Wahsatch  mountains  of  Utah,  and  the 
ranges  of  eastern  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  or  in 
low,  rather  moist  soil ;  at  the  west  confined  to  the  bottom  lands  of  the  large  streams  and  to  high  mountain  canons. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  numerous  scattered,  small, 
open  ducts,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7117  ;  ash,  0.65;  inferior  iu  quality,  although  often 
used  as  a  substitute  for  white  ash. 

Var.  Berlandieriana,  Torrey, 

Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  166.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  75.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  305.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xviii,  113. 

F.  Berlandieriana,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. 

F.  trialata,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862,  5. 

Texas,  west  of  the  Colorado  river;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams, 

in  low,  rich  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  small,  scattered,  open  ducts,  the  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5780;  ash,  0.54. 


110  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

195. — Fraxinus  platycarpa,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  256.— Vahl,  Enurn.  i,  49. — Persoon,  S.yn.  ii,  605. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Amb.  i,  103. — Nouvean  Duhamel,  iv,  64. — Michaux  f. 
Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  128,  1. 13;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  63,  t.  124.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Reamer  & 
Schnlteg,  Syst.  i,278.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  2-25.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  673.— Sprengel,  Syst.i,  96.  —Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  149.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  247.— A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  viii,  277.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  370. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  53. — 
Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  598;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402  ;  Syn.  Fl. 
N.  America,  ii1,  75. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  453. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

?F.  Caroliniana,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  6.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  518.—  Reamer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  i,  278.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  258. 

F.  excelsior,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  254  [not  Linnaeus]. 
F.  Americana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,50  [not  LiBnseus]. 
F.  pallidtt,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  209. 
F.  pubescens,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,210  [not  Lamarck]. 

F.  triptera,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,232  ;  Sylva,  iii,  62,  1. 100;  2  ed.  127,  1. 100.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  674.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  56.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,1240. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  274. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. 

F.  curvidens,  Hoffrnannsegg,  Vcrz.  d.  Pflanzenkult.  29. 

F.  pauciftora,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  61,  1. 100  ;  2  ed.  ii,  126,  t.  100. 

F.  Americana,  var.  Caroliniana,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  398 

F.  Americana,  var.  triptera,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  399. 

F.  Nuttallii,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860,  444. 

F.  nigrescens,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862,  5. 

WATER  ASH. 

Southeastern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Canaveral  and  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  west  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas,  and  the  Washita  river,  southwestern  Arkansas ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  deep  river 
swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  not  conspicuous ;  medullary 
rays  few,  obscure;  color,  nearly  white,  or  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.3541 ;  ash,  0.73. 

196. — Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  255. — Willdenpw,  Spec,  iv,  1104.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Bosc  inMem.  Inst.  1808, 211.— Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  64.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  118,  t.  11 ;  2  ed.  iii,  61,  t.  123.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am;  Sept.  i,  8.—  Rcetner  &  Schultes,  Syst.  i,  278.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223.— Spreugel,  Syst.  i, 
96.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  149.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1235,  f.  1059,  1060.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viiir 
296.— Penn.  Cyel.  x,  455.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  247.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  370.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  598 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  75.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  259.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  453.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  20. — Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  63. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  69. — Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gazette,  vii,  95. 

F.  tetragona,  Cels  in  Nouv.  Cours,  Agr.  vii,  73. 

F.  quadrangular  is,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

F.  nervosa,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

F.  quadrangulata,  var.  nervosa,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1235. 

F.  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  397. 

F.  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata  nervosa,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  397. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  Ill 

BLUE    ASH. 

Southern  Michigan  to  central  Minnesota,  south  to  northern-  Alabama,  and  through  Iowa  and  Missouri  to 
northeastern  Arkansas  (Duvall's  bluff,  Letterman). 

A  tree  18  to  25  or,  exceptionally,  37  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter ; 
generally  on  limestone  hills,  rarely  extending  into  the  bottom  lands,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
basin  of  the  lower  Wabash  river. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  yellow  streaked  with 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7184  ;  ash,  0.78 ;  largely  used  for  flooring,  in  carriage-building,  etc. 

The  inner  bark,  macerated,  dyes  blue. 

197. — Fraxinus  Oregana,  Nuttall. 

Sylva,  iii,  59,  t.  99 ;  2  ed.  ii,  124,  t.  99.— Torrey  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rep.  iv,  128.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  25,  87.— Cooper  ia 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  28,  68;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  260.— Gray  in  Bot.  California, 
i,  472 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  76.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  51. 
F.  grandifolia,  Bent-ham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  33. 

OREGON   ASH. 

Shores  of  Puget  sound,  south  through  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  west  of  the  eastern  valleys  of  the 
Cascade  mountains,  along  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  San  Francisco  bay  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  Hot  Spring  mountains,  California. 

A  tree  sometimes  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  moist  soil, 
generally  along  streams,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  many  large,  open,  scattered  ducts, 
the  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  with  several  rows  of  similar  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5731 ;  ash,  0.34;  specific  gravity  of  the  lighter  sap-wood, 
0.5030 ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  frames  of  carriages  and  wagons,  in  cooperage,  for  fuel,  etc. 

198. — Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  ii,  549.— Muhlcnberg  &  Willdenowin  Neue  Schrii'ten  Gesell.  Nat.Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  393.— Willderiow,  Spec,  iv,  1099  ;  Enum.  1059 ;  Berl. 
Baumz.  150. — Vahl,  Eiitim.  i,  51. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605. — Desibntaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103. — Bosc  in  Mem.  lust.  1808,  211. — Nouveau 
Diihamcl,  iv,  60. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  v,  475. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  122,  t.  12;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  159,  t.  122. — 
Pnrsh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,8.—  Rconier  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  i,  279.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  2!!1.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,192.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  224.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  371 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  12G.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  148.— Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  iv,  54.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1234,  f.  1057,  1058.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  299.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  50.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  147.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278.— EmeL-son,  Trees  Massachusetts,  338;  2  ed.  ii,381  &  t.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  239.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  598; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 76.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Ridgway  in  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882, 69.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 46<=. 

F.  nigra,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  51. 

F.  NoVW-Anglice,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  51. 

F.  crispa,  Hort. 

F.  sambltcifolia,  var.  crispa,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1234. 

F.  Americana,  var.  sambucifolia,  Bro wne,  Trees  of  America,  393- 

BLACK   ASH.      HOOP  ASH.      GROUND  ASH. 

Southern  Newfoundland,  along  the  northern  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  southwesterly  to  the  eastern 
shores  of  lake  Winnipeg,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  New  Castle  county,  Delaware,  the  mountains  of 
Virginia,  southern  Illinois,  and  northwestern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  25  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  swamps  and  low  river  batiks; 
the  most  northern  representative  of  the  genus  in  America. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable,  separating  easily  into  thin 
layers;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 


112  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

thin;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6318;  ash,  0.72; 
specific  gravity  of  the  heavier  sap-wood,  0.7465;  largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  barrel  hoops,  in  cabinet- 
making,  and  the  manufacture  of  baskets. 

NOTE. — Fraxinus  dipetala,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  of  the  California  Coast  ranges  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevadas, 
and  F,  euspidata,  Torrey,  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  do  not  attain  arborescent  habit  or  dimensions. 

The  following,  characterized  by  Bosc  in  Mem.  lust.  1808,  niaiuly  from  the  foliage  of  garden  specimens  of  supposed  North  American 
origin,  cannot  be  safely  referred  to  our  species :  F.  alba,  cinerea,  elliptica,  fusca,  mixta,  nigra,  orata,  pannosa,  pulveruUnta,  Eichardi,  rubicttnda, 

and  rufa. 

< 

199. — Forestiera  acuminata,  Poiret, 

Snpplj  ii,  664. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  194. — Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  v,  176. — Toriey  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  154. — Engelmann 
&  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  262. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  370. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  600;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  363  (excl.  var.).;  Syn.  Fl.  N. 
America,  ii1,  76. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  224. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

Adelia  acuminata,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  225,  t.  48. 

Borya  acuminata,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  711.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  366.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  675.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  57.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  159. 

Borya  ligustrina,  Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  711,  in  part.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  366,  in  part.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  ed." 
358,  iu  part. 

Borya  nitida,  Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  66. 

Bigelovia  acuminata,  Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxxix,  No.  4. 

PRIVET. 

Western  Georgia,  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and 
northward  through  Arkansas  to  southern  Missouri  and  Cahokia  creek,  Illinois  (opposite  Saint  Louis). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  swatnps  and 
streams,  in  low,  wet  soil ;  common  in  the  Gulf  region,  near  the  coast,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  rather  conspicuous; 
/color,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown;  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.6345;  ash,  0.72. 

200. — Chionanthus  Virginica,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  8.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  33. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  60. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  92. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  14;  2  ed.  i,23. — 
Lamarck,  111.  i,30,  t.  9,  f.  1.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  46;  Enum.  14;  fieri.  Baumz.  87.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  98.— Michaux,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  i,  3. — Vahl,  Enum.  i,  44. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  9. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  111. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  7. — Roemer  & 
Schultes,  Syst.i,  72.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,5;  Sylva,  iii, 56, t. 88;  2ed.il,  122,  t.  88.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  6.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  2.— Torrey, 
Fl.  U.  S.  i,  7  ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  34.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1264.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz. 
93,  t.  73.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  92.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1206,  f.  1029,  1030.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  viii,  259. —Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  37. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  193. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  295. — Browne,  Trees  of  America, 
371. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  238. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,253. — Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  3i9. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  95.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 382. — Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  599 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  276.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  494.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N. 
America,  ii1,  77. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  262. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  452. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

C.  trifida,  Moench,  Meth.  437. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  latifolia,  Vahl,  Enum.  i,  44.—  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  23.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.—  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
2.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  angusti/olia,  Vah'l,  Enum.  i,44.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  23.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  2. —Watson,  Dead. 
Brit,  i,  1. 1.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  montana,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  II.  S.  i,  7 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  92.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  194.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  295. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  maritima,  Pursh,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  7;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.92.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  194.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  295.— 
Regel,  Gartenflora,  xvi,  t.  564. 

C.  maritima,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

<C.  heterophylla,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  86. 

C.  longifolia,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bofc.  i,87. 

C.  montana,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  88. 

C.  O.ngmtifolia,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  88. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  113 

FRINGE  TREE.   OLD  MAN'S  BEARD. 

Lancaster  county  and  the  banks  of  the  Brandy  wine,  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida, 
and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree, 6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  truuk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  streams  in 
low,  rich  soil ;  very  common  in  cultivation 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open 
ducts,  connected  as  in  that  of  Bitmelia  by  branching  groups  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure; 
color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  O.G372;  ash,  0.51. 

A  decoction  of  the  tonic  and  anti-periodic  bark  of  the  root  sometimes  employed  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent 
fevers  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  xliv,  398. —  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1012). 

201. — Osmanthus  Americanus,  Bontham  &  Hooker, 
Genera,  ii,  667. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  i,78. 

Olea  Americana,  Linnaeus,  Mant.  24.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  98.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  543;  111.  i,  28.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  1, 
14;  2  ed.  i,22. — Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  45 ;  Enum.  Hi. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,222. — Vahl,  Enum.i,  41. — Persoon,Syn.i, 
9. — Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i.  112. — Nouveau  Dnliamel,  v,  67. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  50,  t.  6;  N.  American 
Sylva,  ii,  3  ed.  128,  t.  86. — Pursh.  Fl.  Aui.  Sept.  i,  7. — Rromer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  i,  70. — Kafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  38. — 
Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  5. — Elliott,  Sk.  i,  f>. — Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  34. — Groom  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  315. — Dietrich,  Syn. 
1,37.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  iv,48.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  267.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  239.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  37.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  333.— A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  viii,  286.—  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  381.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,253. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  369. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  57. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — Wood,Cl.  Book,  599;  Bot.  &  Fl.  276. — Porcher,  Resoxirces  S. 
Forests,  493.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  451.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

DEVIL   WOOD. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  eastern 
Louisiana,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  pine-barren  swamps,  in  moist,  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  unwedgeable,  difficult  to  work,  containing  many  radiating 
groups  of  open  cells  parallel  to  the  thin,  obscure,  medullary  rays ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light 
brown  or  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.8111 ;  ash,  0.46. 


BORRAGINACE^E. 


202. — Cordia  Sebestena, 

Spec.  1  ed.  190.—  Jacqnin,  Amer.  t.  42.— Lamarck,  111.  i,  421,  t.  96,  f.  1.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1073;  Enum.  248.— Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  iii, 
157, 1. 157. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  45. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  166. — Trattinick,  Archiv.  t.  354. — Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  452. — 
Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  649.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  794.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  8.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Antilles,  iv,  205,  t.  277.— Chamisso  in  Linnsea, 
vi,  755.— Audubou,  Birds,  1. 177.— Don,  Miller  s  Diet,  iv,  375.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i, 611.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  81, 1. 106;  2 ed.  ii,  145, 1. 106.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  478.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 180. 

?  G.  juglandifolia,  Jacquin,  Amer.  t.  43. 

C.  spetiosa,  Willdenow  in  Reemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  799.— A.  De  Camlolle,  Prodr.  ix,  476. 

Sebestena  scabra,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  38. 

GEIGER   TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys;  rare;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.08  meter  in  diameter;  rich  hummock 
soil;  ornamental  and  becoming  a  large  tree  in  cultivation. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  few  scattered,  small,  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  very  numerous,  thiu,  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow ;  specific 

gravity,  0.7108;  ash,  4.22. 
8  FOR 


114  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

203.— Cordia  Boissieri,  A.  Do  Candolle, 
Prodr.  ix,  478. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  135. — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860,442. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  180. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Bio  Grande,  westward  to  New  Mexico  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub. 

Wood  light,  rather  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.6790 ; 
ash,  3.53. 

204.— Bourreria  Havanensis,  Miers, 
Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  238.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  181. 

Ehretia  Havanensis,  Willdenow  in  Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  805.— Humboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kunth,  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec, 
vii,  206.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ix,  508. 

Ehretia  tomentosa,  Lamarck,  111.  i,  425.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  1.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  648. —Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  630. 

B.  tomentosa,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  390. 

B.  recurva,  Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  238. 

B.  OVata,  Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  238. 

Ehretia  Bourreria,  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  329  [not  Linnaeus].— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

B.  tomentosa,  var.  Havanensis,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  482. 

STKONG  BAKE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key,  etc.) ;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  10  or,  exceptionally,  15  meters  (Key  Largo,  Gurtiss)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in 
diameter;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

A  form  (generally  shrubby  in  Florida)  with  scabrous  or  hispidulous  leaves  is — 

var.  radula,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  181. 

Ehretia  radula,  Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  2.  — Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  630.— A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ix,  506.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  329. 

B.  radula,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  390.— Chamisso  in  Linnsea,  viii,  120.— Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  238. 

Cordia  Floridana,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  Hi,  83,  t.  107;  2  ed.  ii,  147,  t.  107.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown  streaked  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  not  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.8073; 
ash,  2.79. 

205. — Ehretia  elliptica,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ix,  503.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  138.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  266.— Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  228,  t.  85.— 
•  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  181. 

KNACKAWAY.     ANAQUA. 

Texas,  Corpus  Christi  to  New  Braunfels  (Mohr),  and  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande. 

A  tree  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.50  meter  in  diameter ;  generally  along  borders  of 
streams,  in  rich  loam,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  between  the  Guadalupe  and  Nueces  rivers,  50  to  75 
miles  from  the  Gulf  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable,  containing  many  small  open  ducts 
arranged  in  numerous  concentric  rings  within  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  these  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6440; 
ash,  1.31. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  115 


BIGNONIACE^l. 


206. — Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  64.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ix,  226.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  182.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  285.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  50.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  513;  Bot.  &  Fl.  218.— Bureau,  Mon. 
Bignoniaceae,  t.  25.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  321,  in  part ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  319,  in  part.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  302.— 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  385.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19,  in  part.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  548. 

Bignonid  Catalpa,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  cd.  622  (excl.  syn.).— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  417.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  21.— Wangenheira, 
Amer.  58,  t.  20,  f.  45.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  289 ;  Enum.  (>49.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  25.— Desibntaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
i,  189.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  217,  t.  6 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  55,  t.  64.— Bartou,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
66. — Rafinesque,  FL  Ludoviciana,  159. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  460. — Mauut  &  Decaiaue,  Bot.  English  ed.  602 
&f. 

C.  COrdifolia,  Jaume  St.  Hilaire  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  13,  in  part  (excl.  t.  5).— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  9.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  10.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  24.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  16;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  20.— Beck,  Bot.  245.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  85.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  363.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  1*2.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  184.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  439. 

G.  syringaifolia,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1094.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  175.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  24.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
i,  10.— Eaton,  Manual,  8;  6  ed.  85.— Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  3.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  2.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1285.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  70.— Sertum  Botanicum,  i,  t.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  499;  Penn.  Cycl.  vi,363.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  230.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1261  &  t.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  82.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  77 ;  2  ed.  ii,  140.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York, ii,  25.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  406. 

C.  COmmunis,  Du  Mont,  Bot.  Cult.  2  ed.  iii,  242. 

CATALPA.      CATAWBA.      BEAN  TEEE.      CIGAR  TREE.      INDIAN  BEAN. 

Southwestern  Georgia,  valleys  of  the  Little  and  Apalachicola  rivers,  western  Florida,  and  through  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps,  in  rich  loam ;  rare  and  local ;  long  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  now  extensively  naturalized 
throughout  the  middle  and  southern  Atlantic  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the  thin  (one  or  two 
years')  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4474;  ash,  0.38;  used  and  highly  valued  for  fence 
posts,  rails,  etc.;  a  reputed  emetic. 

A  decoction  of  the  seeds  and  dried  bark  occasionally  used  in  cases  of  asthma  and  bronchitis  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
xlii,  204.— C7.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1608.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  367). 

207. — Catalpa  speciosa,  Warder; 

Engelmaun  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  1.— Sargent  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle  1879,  784.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1862,  70.— 
Barnes  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ix,  74. 

C.  COrdifolia,  Jaume  St.  Hilaire  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  13,  in  part,  t.  5.— Nuttall  in  Trails.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  183. 

* 

C.  bignonioides,  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  375  [not  Walter.]— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  321,  in  part ; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1,  319,  in  part.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19,  in  part.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  59. 

WESTERN   CATALPA. 

Valley  of  the  Vermilion  river,  Illinois,  through  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
southeastern  Missouri  and  western  Arkansas. 

A  tree  20  to  35  or,  exceptionally,  45  meters  in  height  (Eidgicay),  with  a  trunk  1  to  2  meters  in  diameter;  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich  bottom  lands;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Wabash  river;  cultivated  and  now  widely  naturalized  through  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  brown,  the 
thin  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.4165  ;  ash,  0.39 ;  largely  used  for  railway  ties,  fence  posts,  rails,  etc.,  and 
adapted  for  cabinet  work  and  interior  finish. 


116  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

208. — Chilopsis  saligna,  D.  Don, 

Edinburgh  Phil.  Jour,  ix,  261.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  22-!.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  566.— Gray  in  Bot.  California,  i,  587 ;  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America, 
iil,  320.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  217.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  494.— Rusby  in  Bull. 

Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 
i 

Bignonia  Uncarts,  Cavnnilles,  Icon,  iii,  35,  t.  269. 

0.  UneariSj  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ix,  227. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 266. 
C.  glutinosa,  Engelmann  in  Wislizenus'  Rep.  10. 

DESERT   WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Eio  Grande,  Texas  (Laredo,  Letterman),  west  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the 
San  Gorgonio  pass  and  the  San  Felipe  caiion,  San  Diego  county,  California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

.  A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  mesas  and  banks  of 
depressions  and  water-courses  in  the  desert;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many  scattered,  small,  open  ducts, 
the  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5902;  ash,  0.37. 

209. — Crescentia  cucurbitina,  Linnseus, 

Mant.  2  ed.  250.— Swartz,  Obs.  234.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  311.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  168.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iv,  37.— Gajrtner  f. 
Fruct.  Suppl.  230,  t.  223.  —Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  567.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  232.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ix,  246.— Seeinann  in  Jour. 
Bot.  &  Kew  Gard.  Misc.  vi,  274  ;  ix,  142. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  524.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  445.— Hemsley,  Fl.  Am.  Cent. 
ii,489. 

G.  ovata,  Burmann,  Fl.  Ind.  132. 

C.  latifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  558 ;  111.  iii,  96,  t.  547.— Deseourtik,  Fl.  Antilles,  iii,  143, 1. 182. 
G.  lethifera,  Tussac,  Fl.  Antilles,  iv,  50, 1. 17. 
G.  toxicaria,  Tussac,  Fl.  Antilles,  iv,  50, 1. 17. 
G.  obovata,  Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  130,  t.  46. 

BLACK   CALABASH   TREE. 

f 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  near  Miami,  and  on  Little  river  (Garber,  Gurtiss) ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.12  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small,  regularly -distributed,  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.6319 ;  ash,  1.35. 


VERBENACEJE. 


210. — Citharexylum  villosum,  Jacquin, 

Coll.  i,  72 ;  Icon.  Rar.  t.  118.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  142.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iv,  36.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  614.— Schauer  in  De  Candollo, 
Prodr.  xi,  610.— Walpers,  Rep.  iv,  76.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  309.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii1, 
340.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  537. 

FIDDLE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  (Pumpkin  Key,  Curtiss);  and  through  the  West 
Indies  to  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  iu  Florida  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or 
north  of  bay  Biscayne  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  within  the  United  States 
its  greatest  develop  iieut  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne,  Lost  Man's  river,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  containing  numerous 
small,  regularly -distributed,  open  ducts;  color,  clear  bright  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8710 ; 
ash,  0.52. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  117 

211. — Avicennia  nitida,  Jacqnin, 

Amer.  177,  t.  112,  f.  1.— Pei-soon,  Syn.  ii,  143.— Chamisso  in  Linni«a,  vii,  370.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  768.— Martius,  Mat.  Med.  Brasil.  49; 
Bot.  Brasil.  ix,  303.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  619.— Schauor  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xi,  699.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  502.— 
Gray,  Syn.  FI.  N.  America,  ii',  341. 

A.  tomentosa,  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  221  [not  Jacquin].— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  79,  t.  103;  2  ed.  ii,  143,  t.  105.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  310.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

A.  oblongifolia,  Nuttall?;  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  310.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Tr.-es,  19. 
BLACK  MANGROVE.      BLACK  TREE.      BLACK  WOOD. 

Florida  coast,  Saint  Augustine  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  Cedar  Keys  to  cape  Sable;  deltas  of  the 
Mississippi  river ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  20  to  23  meters  in 
height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  meter  in  diameter;  north  of  Mosquito  inlet  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  common  along 
saline  shores  and  swamps,  throwing  up  many  leafless,  corky  stems,  and  forming,  with  the  red  mangrove  (Rhizoplibra), 
impenetrable  thickets,  or,  more  rarely,  scattered  and  round-headed ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United 
States  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  north  of  cape  Sable. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  the  eccentric  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap- 
wood  brown;  specific  gravity,  0.9138;  ash,  2.51. 


212. — Pisonia  obtusata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  I960.— Jacquin,  Hort.  Schojnb.  iii,  36,  t.  314.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  449,  t.  861.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1226. — Choisy  in  D« 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xiii2,  443.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  374.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  71.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

PIGEON  WOOD.   BEEF  WOOD.   CORK  WOOD.  PORK  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  saline  shores  and  beaches, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  and  Old  Ehodes  Keys. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large  open  ducts;  layers  of 
annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker; 
specific  gravity,  0.6529;  ash,  7.62;  probably  of  little  value. 

NOTE. — The  semi-prostrate  and  vine-like  trunks  of  P.  acultata,  Linnaeus,  of  the  same  region,  although  attaining  a  considerable  size, 
cannot  be  properly  considered  arborescent. 


POLYGONACE.E. 


213. — Coccoloba  Floridana,  Meisner; 

De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xiv,  165.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  392.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  376.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 
C.  parvifolia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  25,  t.89;  2  ed.ii,95,  t.89  [not  Poiret].— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265. 

PIGEON  PLUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  cape  Eomano  to  cape  Sable. 

A  tree  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
common  trees  of  the  region. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  containing 
few  small,  scattered,  open  ducts;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  rich  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9S35;  ash,  5.03;  valuable  and  somewhat  used  for 
cabinet- making. 

The  edible  and  abundant  grape-like  fruit,  ripening  in  February  and  March,  is  eagerly  devoured  by  raccoons 
and  other  animals. 


118  ,  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

214. — Coccoloba  uvifera,  Jacquin, 

Amer.  112,  t.  73.— Gsortner,  Fruct.  i,  214,  t.  45,  f.  3.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  34 ;  2  ed.  ii,  421.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  445,  t.  316,  f.  2.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  457;  Enum.  431. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  61. — Persoou,Syn.  i,  442. — Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  61. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  ii,  421.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  252.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Antilles,  ii,  41,  t.  77.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  3130.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Telluriana,  ii, 
34.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  542.— Dietrich,  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  1326.— Nattall,  Sylva,  iii,  23,  t.  88;  2  ed.  ii,  93,  t.  88.— Carson,  Mod.  Bot.  ii, 
21,  t.  67. — Meisner  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xiv,  152;  Bot,  Brasil.  v1,  42. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858.  265. — Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  391. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  376. — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  161. 

Polygonum  nvifera,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  305. 

SEA  GRAPE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Tarapa  bay  to  cape  Sable;  through  the 
West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  gnarled  and  contorted  trunk  often  0.90  to 
1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low,  generally  prostrate  shrub;  saline  shores  and  beaches;  common. 

West  Indian  forms,  differing  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  etc.,  are — 

var.  ovalifolia,  Meisner,  I.  c. 

var.  Lceganensis,  Meisner,  I.  c. 

C.  Leeganensis,  j.icqnin,  AUXT.  113,  t.  ITS,  f.  33. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  few  scattered,  rather  small,  open  ducts;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  hardly 
distinguishable;  color,  rich  dark  brown  or  violet,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9635;  ash,  1.37;  valuable 
for  cabinet-making* 

The  edible  fruit  of  agreeable  subacid  flavor. 


LAURACE^E. 


215. — Persea  Carolinensis,  Nees, 
t 

Syst.  Laurinarum,  150.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  492.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1339.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  63.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  63.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  620;  Bot.  &  Fl.  290.—  Meisner  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xv1,  50.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  eel.  422  ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  473.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  473.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  21. 

Laurus  Borbonia,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  370,  in  part,— Marshall,  Arbustum,  73.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  133.— Aiton, 
Hort.  Kew.  ii,  39;  2  ed.  ii,  429.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  450.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  481.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  65.— 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  163. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesby,  Carol,  i,  63,  t.  63.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  245.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  449.— Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  i,  65.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  321.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  22.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  ItiO,  t.  2 ; 
N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  116,  t.  82.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  401.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  665.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  174.— Beck.  Bot.  305.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  199.— Loudon,  Aboretum,  iii,  1299, f.  1168, 
1169.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  293.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  414.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  491.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t. 
106,  f.  5-12. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  glabra,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276. 
•   Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  obtusa,  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276. 
Laurus  Caroliniana,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  323.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  258. 
P.  Borbonia,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  268. 

P.  (7aro/iwe?m'.?,var.  (jlabriuscula,  Meisner  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv1,  51. 

RED   BAY. 

Southern  Delaware?,  south  to  bay  Biscayne  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

A  tree  15  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
in  low,  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  many  evenly-distributed  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  bright  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6429 ;  ash,  0.76 ;  formerly  somewhat  used  in  ship-build  ing,  interior  finish,  and  for 
cabinet  work. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  119 

Var.  palustris,  Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  393. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  pubescens,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276. 

P.  Carolinensis,  var.  pubescens,  Meisner  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xv',  51. 

North  Carolina  to  Alabama,  generally  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  low,  sandy  banks 
of  pine-barren  streams  and  swamps ;  well  distinguished  from  the  species  by  the  longer  peduncles  densely  clothed, 
as  are  the  young  shoots  and  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  with  short,  brown  toinentum,  and  by  the  somewhat  coarser- 
grained  orange-colored  wood. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  rather  large  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  orange  streaked  with  brown ;  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  gray ;  specific  gravity, 
0.6396 ;  ash,  0.37. 

216. — Nectandra  Willdenoviana,  Nees, 

Syst.  Laurinarum,  290,  321.—  Meisner  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi3,  165. 
Laurus  sanguinea,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  707. 

Laurus  Catesbyana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  244.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  321.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  275.— Elliott,  Sk.  i, 
462.— Sprengel,  Syat.  ii,  265.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  199.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  294.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  491. 

Laurus  Catcsbcei,  Persoon,  Syn.  i,  499.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  258. 
Gymnobalanus  Catesbyana,  Nees,  Syst.  Laurinarum,  483. 
S.  Bredemeieriana,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  xxi,  505. 
Persea  Catesbyana,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  393.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

LANCE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  and  cape  Romano  to  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies  to 
Central  America. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter ;  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  cape 
Romano. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many  small,  regularly-distributed,  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  specific  gravity, 
0.7693 ;  ash,  0.60. 

217. — Sassafras  officinale,  Nees, 

Handb.  der  Med.  Pharm.  Bot.  ii,  418;  Syst.  Laurinarum,  488.— Hayne,  Arzn.  i,  12, 1. 19.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  338.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1357.— 
Spach,  Hist  Veg.  x,  503.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  158.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  359 ;  2  ed.  ii,  359  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
551. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  251. — Spruce  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  vii,  278. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
254. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  394. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  63. — Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  384.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  620;  Bot.  &  Fl.  290.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  350.— Meisner  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv1, 
171.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  423;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  364.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  473.— Vasoy,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  21.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  59.— Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iii,  220,  t.  220.— Ridgway  iu  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,70.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 55". 

Laurus  Sassafras,  Limucus,  Spec.  1  ed.  371.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  356.— Kalni,  Travel*,  English  ed.  i,  146,  341.— Marshall, 
Arbnstmn,74.—  Waugenheim,  Amer.  82,  t.  27,  f.  56.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  134.  - Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,40;  2  ed.  ii, 
429. — Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  454. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i.  t.  11. — B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  11,  19;  ii,  27. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii, 
485;  Enum.  435;  Bed.  Baumz.  208. —Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  243.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  349.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  450.— 
Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  361. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  66. — Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  130. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii, 
173,  t.  1;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  113,  t.  81. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  277. — Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  25. — 
Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  142,  t.  35 ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  170.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  259  ;  Sylva,  i,  88 ;  2  ed.  i,  104.— Elliott,  Sk.  i, 
464.— Nees,  PI.  Offic.  t.  131.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  408  ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  174.—  Desconrtilz,  Fl.  Antilles,  vii,  51,  t. 
464.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  144.— Stephenson  &  Churchill,  Med.  Bot.  iii,  t.  126.— Beck,  Bot.  305.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
199.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  254.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  293.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  416.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  49-.>. 

Persea  Sassafras,  Sprengel,  Syst,  ii,  270.— Schnizlein,  Icon,  t,  106,  f.  15-23. 


120  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

SASSAFRAS. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  southwestern  Vermont,  and  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to 
southeastern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory;  south  to  Hernando  county,  Florida,  and  the  valley 
of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  exceptionally  24  to  27  meters 
in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  2.25  meters  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  small  tree  or 
shrub;  rich,  sandy  loam,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory; 
at  the  south  often  taking  possession,  witli  the  persimmon,  of  abandoned  fields  in  the  middle  districts. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  slightly  aromatic, 
checking  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  with  three  or  four  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  dull  orange-brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.5042 ;  ash,  0.10; 
used  for  light  skiffs,  ox  yokes,  etc.,  and  largely  for  fence  posts  and  rails,  and  in  cooperage. 

The  root,  aud  especially  its  bark,  outers  into  commerce,  affording  a  powerful  aromatic  stimulant;  the  oil  of 
sassafras,  distilled  from  the  root,  is  largely  used  in  imparting  a  pleasant  flavor  to  many  articles  of  domestic  use; 
the  pith  of  the  young  branches  infused  with  water  furnishes  a  mucilage  used  as  a  demulcent  in  febrile  and 
inflammatory  affections  (Sharpe  in  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  1863,  53. — Proctor  in  Proa.  Am.  Pharm.  Aftsoc.  1866,  217. — 
U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  814. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1274;  Fluckiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia,  483). 

"  Gumbo  filet,"  a  powder  prepared  by  the  Choctaw  Indians  of  Louisiana  from  the  mucilaginous  leaves,  is  used 
at  the  south  in  the  preparation  of  "gumbo"  soup. 

218. — Umbellularia  Californica,  Nuttall, 
Sylva,  i,  87;  2  ed.  i,  102.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  61. 

Laurus  regia,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  137. 

Oreodaphne  Californica,  Nees,  Syst.  Laurinarum,  463.— Benthani,  PI.  Hartweg.  334;  Bot.  Sulphur,  49.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
1356.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  389.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  iv,  133 ;  v,  364 ;  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  184.— 
Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  24,  88,  f.  3.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  5320. 

Tetrantliera  Californica,  Hooker  &  Aruott,  Bot.  Beechey,  159.— Meisner  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv',  192.— Torrey  in  Bot. 
Wilkes  Exped.  451. 

Drimophyllwm  pauciftorum,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  85,  t.22;  2ed.i,102,  t.22. 

t 

MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.     CALIFORNIA  LAUREL.    SPICE  TREE.      CAGIPUT.    CALIFORNIA  OLIVE.    CALIFORNIA  BAY  TREE. 

Rogue  River  valley,  Oregon,  south  through  the  California  coast  ranges  to  San  Diego  county,  and  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern 
limits  and  at  high  elevations  a  small  tree  or  shrub ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
rich  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small, 
regularly-distributed,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  rich  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6517 ;  ash,  0.39 ;  used  on  the  Oregon  coast  in  ship-building,  for  jaws,  bitts,  cleats,  cross-trees,  etc.; 
the  most  valuable  material  produced  by  the  Pacific  forests  for  interior  and  cabinet  work. 

The  leaves  yield  a  volatile  oil,  Oreodaphne  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  xlvii,  105). 


ETJPHOKBIACE^. 


219. — Drypetes  crocea,  Poiteau, 

Mem.  Mus.  i,  159,  t.  8.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  66,  t.  63 ;  2  ed.  ii,  12,  t.  63.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
410.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  32 ;  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  15.— Miiller  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv3,  455. 

Schcefferia  lateriflora,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  329. 

D.  sessiliflora,  Baillon,  Etucl.  Gen.  Euphorbiace®,  Atlas,  45,  t.  24,  f.  34-40. 
D.  glauca,  Grisebach  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  new  ser.  viii,  157  [not  Vahl]. 
D.  crocea,  var.  Ivngipes,  Miiller  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xva,  456. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  121 

GUIANA   PLUM.      WHITE  WOOD. 

• 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscay  ne  to  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.17  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color, 
rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.9209;  ash,  6.14. 

Var.  latifolia,  MUII.T, 

De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv2,  456. 

D.  glauca,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  66:  2  ed.  ii,  14.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  410. 

D.  alba,  var.  latifolia,  Grisebach  iu  Nachrich.  d.  Konigl.  Gesell.  Wiss.  Univ.  Gutting.  1865,  165,  in  part. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscay  ne  to  the  southern  keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.35  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  brown  streaked  with  bright  yellow,  the  sap-wood  dull  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.9346;  ash,  8.29. 
Perhaps  a  distinct  species,  the  fruit  and  flowers  not  recently  collected. 

220. — Sebastiania  lucida,  Mailer; 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv2,  1181. 

Gymnanthes  lucida,  Swartz,  Prodr.  96. 

Exctecaria  lucida,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  1122.—  WiMenow,  Spec,  iv,  865.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  155.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  634.— 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  60,  t.  61 ;  2  ed.  ii,  6,  t.  61.— A.  de  Jussieu,  Tent.  Euphorh.  1. 16,  f.  55.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  199.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  256.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1S58,  265.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  405.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  50.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

CEAB  WOOD.      POISON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayue  to  the  southern  keys;  common  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  the  large  specimens 
generally  hollow  and  decayed. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure ;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  specific  gravity, 
1.0905  ;  ash,  2.78 ;  now  largely  manufactured  into  canes,  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

221. — Hippomane   Mancinella,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  cd.  1191.— Jacquin,  Amer.  250.  t.  159.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  694.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  378;  2  ed.  v,  333.— Swartz,  Obs.  369.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  571.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  589.— Titford,  Hort.  Hot.  Am.  Suppl.  9,  t.  12,  f.  5.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  374,  t.  793,  f.  1.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  805.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  524.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  54,  t.  60;  2  ed.  i,  202,  t.  60.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  163.— 
Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  200.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  224.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Baillon,  Etud.  Gen.  Eaphorbiacese,  t.  6, 
f.  12-20.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  404.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  120.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  50.— Regel, 
Gartenflora,  xv,  163,  t.  510.— Milller  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv2,  1201.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  243,  f.  3.— Maont  &  Decaisne,  Bot. 
English  ed.  693  &  f.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

Mancinella  venenata,  Tussac,  Fl.  Antilles,  iii,  21,  t.  5. 

MANCHINEEL. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys ;  common ;  through  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America  to  the 
Pacific. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.17  meter  in  diameter; 
abounding  in  white,  milky,  exceedingly  caustic  poisonous  sap.  "  Rain  washing  the  leaves  becomes  poisonous,  and 
the  smoke  of  the  burning  wood  injures  or  destroys  the  eyes." — (A.  H.  Curtiss}. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  evenly-distributed,  small,  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow;  specific  gravity  (sap-wood), 
0.5772;  ash,  5.16. 


122  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


URTICAOE^E. 


222. — Ulmus  crassifolia,  Nuttall, 

Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  169. — Plauchon  in  Aim.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  279 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvu,  162. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  426. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  633.— Gray,  Hall's,  PI. 
Texas,  21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. 

U.  opaca,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  35,  t.  11 ;  2  ed.  i,  51,  t.  11.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  503. 

CEDAR  ELM. 

Arkansas,  south  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  extending  west  to 
Eagle  Pass. 

A  tree  18  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  or 
southwestern  limits  much  smaller ;  borders  of  streams,  in  rich  soil ;  one  of  the  most  common  and  valuable  timber 
trees  of  Texas  west  of  the  Trinity  river,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  Guadalupe 
and  Trinity  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary 
rays  obscure;  marked,  in  common  with  that  of  all  the  North  American  species,  by  concentric  circles  of  irregularly- 
arranged  groups  of  small  open  ducts ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific 
gravity,  0.7245 ;  ash,  1.20 ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wagon  hubs,  saddle-trees,  chairs,  etc.,  and  very  largely  for 
fencing. 

223. — Ulmus  fulva,  Michaux, 

PI.  Bor.-Am.  i,  172.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  291.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  14.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 200.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxxix,  No. 
10.— Eaton,  Manual,  31;  6  ed.  376.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  201.— Roeraer  &  Sehultes,  Syst.  vi,  301.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  333.— Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  32.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.i,299;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  132;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,166;  Fremont's  Rep.  97.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 
931.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  271.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  142.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  114.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  464.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1407,  f.  1247.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,992.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xv,  363;  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 
107.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  297;  2  ed.  ii,  334  &  t.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  501.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  551.— 
Planchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  276. — De  Candolle,  IJrodr.  xvii,  161. — Scheele  in  Rcemer,  Texas,  446. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  426. — 
Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  436. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  255. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  502. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
254. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  416. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860,  55. — Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  386.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  633;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  310.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new 
ser.  xii,  208. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  422. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  496. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep. 
Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  233,  t.  233.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  1882, 72.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 55C. 

U.  pubescens,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  111. 

U.  Americana,  var.  rubra,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  319 ;  2  ed.  ii,  107.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1325.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  31. 

f  U.  crispa,  Willdenow,  Enum.  295 ;  Berl.  Banmz.  520. 

U.  rubra,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  278,  t.  6 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  73,  t,  128. 

• 

RED   ELM.      SLIPPERY  ELM.      MOOSE  ELM. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  Ontario  and  northern  Dakota,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region 
of  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  hillsides, 
in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  splitting  readily 
when  green;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  or  red,  the,  thin  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6956;  ash,  0.83;  largely 
used  for  wheel  stock,  fence  posts,  rails,  railway  ties,  sills,  etc. 

The  inner  bark  mucilaginous,  nutritious,  and  extensively  used  in  various  medicinal  preparations  (Am.  Jour. 
Pharm.  xxiv,  180.— Philadelphia  Med.  Times,  1874, 303.—  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  913.— Nat. Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1480.— 
Flilckiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia,  501). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  123 

224. — Ulmus  Americana,  Lindens. 

Spec.  led.  226.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  eil.  ii,  298.— Marshall,  Arbustimi,  150.  -Wangcuheim,  Amer.  4f>.— Gtertner,  Fruct.  i,  225,  t. 49, 
f.  5.—  Walter,  Fl.  Carol iniana,  111.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  319;  2  c<l.  ii.  107.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1325;  Euum.  295  ;  Suppl.  14  ;  Berl. 
I  la  11  in/.  519. — NouveauDuhamel,  ii,  147. — ScUkuhr,  Handb.  179. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  173. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  191. — Desfontaiues, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  442.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  209,  t.  4  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  67,  t.  126.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  199.— 
Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxxix,  No.  7.— Eaton,  Manual,  HI :  (i  ed.  370. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  150. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i, 
201.— Rcemer  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  vi,  300.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  833.— Hayne,  Demi.  Fl.  31.— Torrey.Fl.  U.  S.  1,298;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
I'M;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  165 ;  Nicollet's  Rep.  160:  Emory's  Rep.  412.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  930.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— London,  Arboretnm, 
iii,  1406,  f.  1246.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  142.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  114.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  992.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
404. — Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  x!  ser.  xv,  :!64 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  108. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  286;  2  ed.  ii,  322  &  t. — Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  499. — 1'hinelion  in  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  3  ser.  x,268;  Do  Candolle.,  Prodr.  xvii,  155. — Scheele  in  Ra'mer,  Texas,  446. — 
Walpors,  Aim.  iii,  424. — Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiii,  398. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  436. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,3 
ed.  255. — Darby.  Bot.  S.  States,  502. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  410. — Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860,  55. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  380. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  633 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  298. — 
Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  311. — Eugelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  208. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442. — Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  21.— Kocb,  Dendrologir,  ii,  421.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  496.— Winchell  in  Lmllow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  68.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  22. — Haydon  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2ed.  121. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,209. — 
Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  177.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882, 71.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  48°. 

U.  mollifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  156. 

U.  Americana,  var.  pendula,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,320;  2  ed.  ii,  107.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1326.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am,  Sept.  i, 
200.— Eaton,  Manual,  31.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  364;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  109. 

U.  Americana,  var.  alba,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  320;  2ed.  ii,  107.—  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  32. 

U.  pendula,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  519.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  33. 

U.  alba,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  115 ;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  38. 

U.  Americana,  var.  scabra,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  364;  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  109.— Walpers.Ann.  iii,  424. 

U.  Americana,  var.  Bartramii,  Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  424. 

U.  Americana,  var.  ?  aspera,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  states,  416. 

U.  Floridana,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  416. 

WHITE   ELM.      AMERICAN  ELM.      WATER  ELM. 

Southern  Newfoundland  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Superior  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains, 
in  about  latitude  52°  N. ;  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  extending  west  in  the  United  States 
to  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota,  central  Nebraska,  the  Indian  territory,  in  about  longitude  100°  W.,  and  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Concho,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  35  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  2.70  meters  in  diameter;  rich,  moist  soil,  borders 
of  streams,  etc.;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  only  in  river  bottoms. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6506;  ash,  0.80;  largely  used  for  wheel  stock,  saddle-trees,  flooring,  in 
eooperage,  and  now  largely  exported  to  Great  Britain  and  used  in  boat-  and  ship-building. 

225. — Ulmus  racemosa,  Thomas, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xix,  170  &  t.— Beck,  Bot,  334.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  370.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  464.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  37, 
t.  12;  2  ed.  i,  53,  t.  12.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  166,  t.  96.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  500.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
254.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  633 ;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  299.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Sargent  in  Rep. 
Massachusetts  Board  Ag.  1873,  271.— Boll  iii  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  55C.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  649. 

U.  Americana,  Planchon  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  155,  in  part. 

ROCK  ELM.      CORK  ELM.      HICKORY  ELM.      WHITE   ELM.      CLIFF  ELM. 

Southwestern  Vermont  (Robbing),  west  through  western  New  York,  Ontario,  and  southern  Michigan  to 
northeastern  Iowa(Waverly,  Beascy),  and  south  through  Ohio  to  central  Kentucky. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  20  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  meter  in  diameter; 
low,  wet  cliiy,  rich  uplands,  rocky  declivities,  or  river  cliffs ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southern  Ontario  and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. 


124  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  with  one  to  two  rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, .obscure ;  color, 
light  clear  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7263 ;  ash,  0.60; 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  heavy  agricultural  implements,  wheel  stock,  and  for  railway  ties,  bridge  timbers, 
sills,  etc. 

226. — Ulmus  alata,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  17I5.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  291.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  275,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva.  3  ed.  iii,  71,  t.  127.—  Pursh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Nuttall,  Geuera,  i,  201.—  Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  209.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  333.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  931.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  18.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  376.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1408,  f.  1248.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  992.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  464.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  493.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  502.— Planchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  270  ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvii,  155. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  425.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  503.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
417. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  55. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386. — Wood,  Cl.  Book, 
633;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  311.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot. 
Texas,  496.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 70. 

U.  pumila,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  111  [not,  Linnteus]. 

U.  Americana,  var.  alata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  XT,  364  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  109. 

WAHOO.      WINGED  ELM. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  through  the  middle  districts  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida ;  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  south  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and  southwest  through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  the  eastern 
portions  of  the  Indian  territory  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter ;  generally  in  dry,  gravelly 
soil,  or,  rarely,  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and  river  bottoms ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  southern  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable;  medullary  rays  distant,  not 
conspicuous ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7491 ;  ash,  0.99 ;  largely  used  for  hubs, 
blocks,  etc. 

227. — Planera  aquatica,  Gmelin, 

Syst.  ii,  150.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  967  ;  Enum.  Snppl.  14 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  281.— Persoou,  Syn.  i,  291.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Hayne, 
Dend.  Fl.  202.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  266.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  360.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  355 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  116.— 
Planchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  261 ;  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  167.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  428.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  633-^Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii,  424.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  497.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. 

Anonymos  aquatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  230. 

P.  Gmelini,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  248.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  446.— Rffimer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  305.— Elliott,  Sk. 
i,  334.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,493.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  551.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  503. 

P.  ulmifoliat  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  283,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  80,  t.  130.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  429.— 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  05,  t.  21. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1413,  f.  1251. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  515.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860, 81. 

?  Ulmus  nemoralis,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  319;  2  ed.  ii,  108.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1326;  Berl.  Baumz.  520.— Desfontaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  ii,  442.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxxix,  No.  8.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  201.— Beck,  Bot.  334.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  376.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  464. 

Ulmus  aquatica,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  165. 

P.  Bicliardi,  Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  493,  in  part.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  175  [not  Michaux]. 

Valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  river,  North  Carolina,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and 
through  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi  to  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  extending 
north  through  Arkansas  and  southern  Missouri  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river  and  central  Kentucky. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  cold,  deep,  inundated 
river  swamps;  rare  in  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  Gulf  states;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  Red  River  valley  and  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5294;  ash,  0.45. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  125 

228. — Celtis  occidentalis,  Linmmis, 

Spec.  2  ed.  1478.— Du  Koi,  Harbk.  i,  141.— Marshall,  Arbnstum,  29.—  Waugenheim,  Araer.  48.— Ga»rtuor,  Fruct.  i,  374,  t.  77,  f.  3.— Walter, 
Fl.  Carolinians,  250.— Aiton,  Ilort.  Kew.  iii.  i;!7 ;  •>  <•<!.  v,  449.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  137 ;  111.  iii,  437,  t.  844,  f.  1.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia, 
i,  t.  36.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  944;  Etium.  1046  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  82.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,36,  t.9.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,249.— 
Persoon,  Syn.  i,  292.— Dostbntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  448.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  2A">,  t.  8;  N.  American  Sylva,  3ed.  iii,  38, 1. 114.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.—  Eaton,  Manual,  31 ;  (i  od.  30.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Keeuier  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  306.— Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  216.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  584.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,300;  Coinpcnd.  Fl.  N.  States,  132;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  107  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  456.— 
Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  119,  t.9(i.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  932.— Watson,  Demi.  Brit,  ii,  147.— Beck,  Bot.  334.— Kufinesquo,  New 
Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  32.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  M17  &  t,— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  142.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  Mi.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  40 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  133.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  517.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  306, 
1. 16;  2  ed.  ii,  344  &  t.— Plancbon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  288 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  174.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  436.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  256.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  503.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— Ourtisin  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  61.— LesquereuxmOwen's2dRep.  Arkansas,  386.— 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  634  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  208. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  312. — 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  432.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota, 
2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Burbank  iu  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii,  215.— Putzbys  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  xxii,  206.— 
Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 209.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 72. 

G.  crassifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  138.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  37.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  228,  t.  9 ;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  40,  t.  115.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,307.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  300;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  132;  Fremont's  Rep.  97  ;  Emory's  Rep.  412.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  932.— 
Beck,  Bot.  334. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83. — Rafiuesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  34. —  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1418,  f.  1254. — 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot  186.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  39 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  130.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490.— Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  519. — Emerson,  Trees  of  Massachusetts,  309 ;  2  ed.  ii,  347  &  t. 

C.  obliqua,  Moench,  Meth.  344. 

G.  occidentalis,  var.  scabrimcula,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  995 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  2  cd.  82.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  217.— London, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1417. 

G.  occidentalis,  var.  tenuifolia,  Persoon,  Syn.  i,  292. 

C.  cordata,  Persoon,  Syu.  i,  292.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,448.— Du  Mont,  Cour.  Bot.  Cult.  vi,389. 

C.Jaimgata,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  2  ed.  81;  Ennm.  Suppl.  68.— Ro3mer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  306.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 
932. — Ralinesque,  New.  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,34. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1420. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  432. 

G.  pwmila,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  306.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,300 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
132. — Beck,  Bot.  334. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  86.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  3i. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1420.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  186. 

G.  alba,  Raflnesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  25 ;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  32.— Planchon  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  177. 
C.  canina  and  G.  maritima,  Rafinesque  in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  &  Crit.  Rev.  ii,  43, 44. 

G.  occidentalis,  var.  cordata,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  2  ed.  82.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  217.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  306.— 

London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1417. 

t 
C.  tenuifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202;  Sylva,  i,  135;  2  ed.  i,  149.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  36. 

C.  occidentalis,  var.  integrifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  634;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  299. 

C.  Mississippieiisis,  Bosc,  Diet.  Ag.  new  ed.  x,  41.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  088.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  42;  Hist. 
Veg.  xi,  136. — Plauchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  287  ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  176.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  397.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 254. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443 ; 
Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 23.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mns.  1882,  72. 

C.  integrifolia,  Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  v,  169.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254. 

G.  longifolia,  Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  v,  169  ;  Sylva,  i,  134,  t.  40;  2  ed.  i,  148,  t.  40.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  & 
Bot.  i,  33. — Planchon  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  177. 

G.  heterophylla,  G.  patula,  C.  •  Floridiana,  G.  fmcata,  C.  salicifolia,  C.  morifolia,  C.  maritima,  Rafinesque, 

NewFl.&  Bot.  i.  31-37. 

C.  occidentalis,  var.  grandidentata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  40 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  133.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 
C.  occidentalis,  var.  serrtllata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  4t ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  134.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 
C.  crassifolia,  var.  tilicefolia,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  39;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  131.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 
C.  crassifolia,  var.  morifolia,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 2  ser.  xvi,  39;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  131.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 
G.  crassifolia,  var.  eucalyptifolia,  Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2 ser.  xvi,  40;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  131.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 


126  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

C.  Audibertiana,  Spach  in  Ann  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  41 ;  Hist.  PI.  xi,  135.— Planchou  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  rvii,  174. 

C.  Audibertiana,  var.  OVata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  41;  Hist.  Veg.  si,  135. 

C.  Audibertiana,  var.  oblongata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  41 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  135. 

C.  Lindheimeri,  Engelmaim  in  herb.  A.  Braim.  (Koeh,  Drendrologie,  ii,  434). 

C.  Berlandieri,  Klotsch  in  Linusea,  xviii,  541.— Planchon  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178. 

C.  Tcxana,  Scbeelein  Liniiica,  xx,  146;  Roomer,  Texas,  446;  Appx.  146. 

C.  Occidentalism  var.  crassifolia,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  ed.  395 ;  5  ed.  443.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  634  ;  Bot.  &  PI.  299. 

C.  OCeidentalis,VH,T.pumila,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  ed.  397;  5  ed.  443.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States.  417.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860,  62. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  321. 

SUGAR BERRY.      HACKBERRY. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  west  to  eastern  Dakota,  south  through  the  Atlantic  region  to  bay  Biscayne 
and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  to  39  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.50  meter  in 
diameter;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Mississippi  River  basin;  rich  bottoms  or 
dry  hillsides;  sometimes  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (C.  pumila),  and  varying  greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  texture 
of  the  leaves  (C.  Mississippiensis  Iccvigata,  integrifolia,  crassifolia,  etc.) :  the  extremes  connected  by  innumerable 
intermediate  forms,  which,  thus  considered,  make  one  polymorphous  species  of  wide  geographical  range. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  containing  many  small  groups  of  smaller  ducts 
arranged  in  intermediate  concentric  rings ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  clear  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7287  ;  ash,  1.09;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap 
furniture. 

Var.  reticulata. 

C.  reticulata,  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  247.— Eaton,  Manual.  6  ed.  86.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  35.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  186.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  133,  t.  39;  2  ed.  i,  146,  t.  39.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  518.— Planchon  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  293;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.R.  Rep. 
ii,  175.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  401.— Watson  in 
PI.  Wheeler,  16.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi,  238.—  Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 

C.  Douglaffii,  Planchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  293 ;  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 

fC.  OCcidentalis,  var.  pumila,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  321  [not  Gray]. 

C.  Itrevipes,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  3  ser.  xiv,  297.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  238. 

,     .  HACKBERRY.      PALO   BLANCO. 

Western  Texas  (Dallas,  Ravenel)  to  the  mountains  of  southern  Arizona,  and  through  the  Rocky  mountains  to 
eastern  Oregon  ;  in  the  Tehachipi  pass,  California  (Pringle). 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  d.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  generally 
in  high  mountain  canons,  or  in  the  more  arid  regions  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  well  characterized  by  its  small,  thick, 
coriaceous  leaves,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  underside  along  the  prominent  reticulated  veins,  and  by  the  light-colored, 
deeply-furrowed  bark,  but  connected  with  the  typical  C.  occidentalis  by  intermediate  forms  not  rare  in  western  Texas. 

Wood  not  distinguishable  in  structure  or  color  from  that  of  the  species  ;  specific  gravity,  0.7275;  ash,  1.22. 

229- — Ficus  aurea,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  ii,  4,  t.  43 ;  2  ed.  i,  154,  t.  43.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  415.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22. 
F.  aurea,  var.  latifoiia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  4 ;  2  ed.  i,  154. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Indian  river  to  the  southern  keys. 

A  large  parasitic  tree,  germinating  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of  other  trees,  and  sending  down  to  the  ground 
long  aerial  roots,  which  gradually  grow  together,  kill  the  inclosed  tree,  and  form  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  to  1.20 
meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  light,  soft,  very  weak,  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  durable;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly 
distinguishable;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.2616;  ash,  5.03. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  127 

230. — Ficus  brevifolia,  Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  3,  t.  42  ;  2  eel.  i,  153,  t.  42.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  415.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayiie  to  the  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Pumpkin  Key,  Curtiss). 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  large,  open,  scattered  ducts  and  many  groups  of 
much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  concentric  circles ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6398 ;  ash,  4.36. 

231. — Ficus  pedunculata,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  450;  2  ed.  v,  486.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  415.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  151. 
F.  complicata,  Humboldt,  Bouplaml  &  Kunth,  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  ii,  48. 
Urostigma  pedunculatum,   Miqnel  in  Hooker,  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  450.— Walpers,  Ann.  i,  677. 

WILD  FIG.      INDIA-RUBBER   TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Umbrella  and  Boca  Chica  Keys,  etc. 
Curtiss);  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  shrubby 
and  much  branched  from  the  ground;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  large,  open,  scattered  ducts,  with  many  groups 
of  small  ducts  arranged  in  concentric  circles;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  orange-brown,  the 
sap-wood  undistinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4739 ;  ash,  4.92. 

232. — Morus  rubra,  Linnieus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  986.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  93.— Waugenheim,  Anier.  37,  t.  15,  f.  35.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  241.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii, 
343;  2ed.  v,  266.—  Mcench.Meth.  343.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  377.—  Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  70.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  179.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  369;  Ennui.  967;  Berl.  Banmz.  252. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  91,  t.  23. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  558. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  416.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  232,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii, 42, 1. 116.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  639.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  105;  6  ed.  230.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  89.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  209.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  155.— Elliott,  Sk. 
ii,  574.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  492.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  352 ;  Nicollet's  Rep.  160;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  220 ;  Emory's  Rep.  412.— 
Raflnesque,  Mod.  Bot.  ii,  243;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,43;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  13.— Beck,  Bot.  316.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  551.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1359  &  t.— Seringe,  Descr.  &  Cult,  du  Mur.  223,  t.  20.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  323.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  48.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  457. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  280 ;  2ed.  i,  314. — Darlington,  Fl.  Ceetrica,  2  ed.  285. — Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  503.— Cooper  in  Smithsoman  Rep.  1858,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  415.— Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 47 ;  Manual 
N.  States,  5  ed.  444. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  71. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386. — 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  635 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  300.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  305.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  208.— 
Koch  Deudrologie.  ii,  447. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  494. — Bureau  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  245. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska 
&  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.  No.  11, 34.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mas.  1882, 73.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

M.  Canadensis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  380.— Seringe,  Descr.  &  Cult,  du  Mur.  224. 

M.  scabra,  Willdenow,  Enum.  967 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  152. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  209. — Rafinesque,  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees, 
29.— Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  154.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  492.  — Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

M.  tomentosa,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  113;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  30. 

M.  reticulata,  M.  Canadensis,  M.  parvifolia,  and  M .  riparia,  Ran uesque,  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  29-31. 

M.  rubra,  Var.  Canadensis,  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1300. 

M.  Missouriensis,  Audibert,  Cat.  Jard.  Tonnelle. 

M .  rubra,  var.  tomentosa,  Bureau  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  246. 

M,  rubra,  var.  incisa,  Bureau  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  247. 


128  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

BED  MULBERRY. 

Western  New  England  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to 
the  Black  hills  of  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  south  to  bay  Biscayne  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  or,  exceptionally,  2.15  meters  in 
diameter  (P.  J.  Bercfanans,  Augusta,  Georgia);  generally  in  rich  bottom  lands;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  basins  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  rivers. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  orange-yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5898;  ash,  0.71; 
largely  used  in  fencing,  cooperage,  for  snaths,  and  at  the  south  in  ship-  and  boat-building. 

The  large  dark  purple  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 

233. — Morus  microphylla,  Buckley, 
Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862, 8.— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862, 167.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  494. 

M.  parvifolia,  Engelmann  in  herb.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.  U.  8. 
Dept.Ag.No.il,  34. 

MEXICAN  MULBERRY. 

Valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Gila  river,  New  Mexico;  and 
southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  mountain  canons  of  southern  New  Mexico; 
in  Texas  generally  on  limestone  formations. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  with  several  rows  of  small  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  orange  or,  rarely,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific 
gravity,  0.7715;  ash,  0.68. 

The  small  acid  fruit  hardly  edible. 

234. — Maclura  aurantiaca,  Nuttall, 

^ 

Genera,  ii,  234;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.v,  169;  Sylva,  i,  126,  t.  37,  38;  2  ed.i,  140,  t.37,  38.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  158.— 
Delile  in  Bull.  Soc.  Ag.  Her.  1835  &  t.— Eatou,  Manual,  6  ed.  217.— Seringe  in  Mem.  Soc.  Ag.  Lyon,  1835,125  &  t;  Descr.  & 
Cult,  du  Mur.  232,  t.  273.— Lambert,  Pinus,  2  ed.  ii,  Appx.  4,  t.  3.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1342, 1362,  f.  1226-1228;  Gard.  Mag.  xi,  312, 
f.  45-47.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  311.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  53.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  465.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  504.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 254.— Miquel  in  Martins,  PI.  Brasil.  iv,  158.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  635;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  101.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii,  437.— Bureau  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  227. — Dumen  in  Proc.  California  Acad. 
v,  398. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Guibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  325.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.  No.  11, 35. 

Toxylon  Maclura,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  43 ;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  13. 
loxylon  pomiferum,  Rafinesque  in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit.  Rev.  ii,  118. 
Broussonetia  tinctoria,  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  246  [not  Kunth]. 

OSAGE   ORANGE.     BOIS  D'ARC. 

Southwestern  Arkansas,  south  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river,  southeastern  portions  of  the  Indian 
territory,  and  southward  in  northern  Texas  to  about  latitude  32°  50'  N.  (Dallas,  Reverchon,  etc.). 

A  tree,  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  rich  bottom 
lauds;  most  common  and  probably  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  valley  of  the  Red  river  in  the  Indian 
territory. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  flexible,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  iu  contact  with  the 
ground,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small  open  ducts,  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  broad  bands  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  bright  orange, 
turning  brown  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.7736;  ash,  0.68;  largely  used  for  fence 
posts,  paving  blocks,  railway  ties,  wheel  stock;  extensively  planted  for  hedges,  especially  in  the  western  states. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  129 


PLATANACE^l. 


235. — Platanus  occidentalis,  Limueus, 

:8pec.  1  ed.  999.— DuRoi,  Harbk.  ii,  134.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  lor,.— Wangenlieim,  Amer.  31,  t.  13,  f.  31.— Walter,  PI.  Caroliniana,236.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  365;  2  ed.  v,  305.—  Mconch,  Meth.  358.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  55.— Michaux,  PI.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— 
Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  438. — Nouveau  Duharnel,  ii,  6,  t.  2. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  474  ;  Enum.  984  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  284. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii, 
575. — Desfoutaincs  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  545. — Schkuhr,  Haudb.  iii,  274,  t.  306. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  524. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  184, 
t.  3 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  4-8,  t.  63.— Pursh,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  6:!5.— Barton,  Prodr.  PI.  Philadolph.  91 ;  Coinpend.  Fl.  Philadolph. 
176.— Eaton,  Manual,  110 ;  6  ed.  267.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  219.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  171.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  i,  23.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii, 
620.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  665.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  1. 100.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  35G  ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  218 ;  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  Survey,  205.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  206.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2043,  f.  1959  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  361.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  158. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  384. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  227  ;  2  ed.  i,  261  &  t. — Scheele  in  Rcemer,  Texas, 
446.— Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiii,  399.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  282.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509.— Agardh,  Theor.  & 
Syst.  PI.  t.  xiii,  f.  1,2.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Hartig,  Forst.  446,  t.  54.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  418.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  76.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  640;  Bot.  &  Fl.  303.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3, 159.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  447 ;  Hall's  PL 
Texas,  21. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  468. — Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  97,  f.  1-24. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  498. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska 
&  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  73.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1879-'80,  55". 

P.  lobata,  Meench.Meth.  358. 

P.  hybriddS,  Brotero,  Fl.  Lus.  ii,  487. 

P.  vulgaris,  var.  angulosa,  Spach  in  Ann.  Soi.Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  293;  Hist.  Veg.xi,79. 

SYCAMORE.  BUTTON  WOOD.  BUTTON-BALL  TREE.  WATEE  BEECH. 

Southern  Maine  and  southeastern  New  Hampshire  to  northern  Vermont  and  the  northern  shores  of  lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie,  west  to  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  south  to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas,  extending  southwest  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river. 

The  largest  tree  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  often  30  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  4.20  meters  in 
diameter;  generally  along  streams  and  river  bottoms,  in  rich,  moist  soil;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split  and  work;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  broad  bands  of  small  ducts;  the  numerous  medullary  rays  very  conspicuous,  as  in  that 
of  all  the  North  American  species;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5678; 
ash,  0.46;  largely  used  for  tobacco  boxes  (its  principal  use),  ox-yokes,  butchers'  blocks,  and,  rarely,  in  the 
manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

236. — Platanus  racemosa,  Nuttall; 

Audubon,  Birds,  t.  362;  Sylva,  i,  47,  t.  15;  2  ed.  i,  63,  t.  15.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  336.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  33, 
89,  t.  11,  f.  10.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204;  Ives'  Rep.  27;  Bot.  Wilkes 
Exped.  457.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  160.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  469.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Watson,  Bot. 
California,  ii,  66. 

P.  occidentalis,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  160,  380  [not  Linnaeus]. 

P.  Californica,  Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  54. 

P.  Mexicana,  Moricand,  PI.  Rar.  Amer.  1. 13  f— Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vii,20. 

SYCAMORE.       BUTTON  WOOD. 

California,  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river,  south  through  the  interior  valleys  and  coast  ranges  to  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  state. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  rich 
soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  narrow  bands  of  small  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4880;  ash,  1.11. 
9  FOR 


130  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

237. — Platanus  Wrightii,  Watson, 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x,  349.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Eusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 
P.  Mexicana,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  151  [not  Moricand]. 
P.  racemosa,  Watson,  PI.  Wheeler,  16  [not  Nuttall].— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239. 

SYCAMOKE. 

Valleys  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro  river,  Arizona ;  southward  into 
Mexico. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  banks  of  streams  and 
high  mountain  canons. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows 
of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  very  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4736;  ash,  1.35. 


JUGLANDACE^. 


238.— Juglans  cinerea, 

Spec.  2  ed.  1415.— Jacquin,  Icon.  Ear.  i,  t.  193.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  21,  t.  9,  f.  21.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 
iii,  361 ;  2  ed.  v,  296.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  503 ;  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  7.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  22,  31 ;  ii,  43.— Muhlenberg  & 
Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  388. — Michaux,  Fl.Bor.-Am.  ii,  191. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  456;  Ennm. 
978;  Bert.  Banmz.  193.— Persoon,  Syn.ii,  556.— Desfontaines,  Hist.Arb.  ii,  347.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  636.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  92.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  115,  t.  32  ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  378.— Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6  ed.  192.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  220; 
Sylva,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  37.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  163.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  622.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  865.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357 ; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  180.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  234.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  142.— Beck,  Bot.  335.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  170.— Lindley, 
Fl.  Med.  307.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1439,  f.  1262.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  143.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  287.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  182 ;  2  ed.  i,  207  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  589.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  42,  t.  86.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington, 
Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  262.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  5t8.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  45. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2<1  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  640  ;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
304. — C.  Do  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  16,  t.  4,  f.  45;  Prodr.  xvi2,  137. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  317. — Engelmann 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  447. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  589. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep. 
Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. — Bentley  &  Trimen, 
Med.  PI.  iv,  247,  t.  247. — Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  36,  f.  6. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  178. — Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1878-'80,  53".— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882,  76. 

J.  oblonga,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  3.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  332— Mcench,  Meth.  696.— Retzins,  Obs.  i,  10. 

J.  oblonga  alba,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  67. 

J.  cathartica,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  165,  t.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  109,  t.  31. 

Carya  cathartica,  Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  178. 

Wallia  cinerea,  Alefeld  in  Bonplandia,  1861,  334. 

BUTTERNUT.      WHITE   WALNUT. 

Southern  New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  northern 
Minnesota  (lake  Pokegoma,  Garrison)  and  central  Iowa,  south  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to 
northern  Georgia,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  northern  Arkansas,  and  southeastern  Kansas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter; 
rich  woodlands;  rare  at  the  south;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Ohio  Eiver  basin. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish,  containing  numerous  regularly-distributed,  large,  open  ducts;  medullary  raj^s  distant,  thin,  obscure;  color, 
bright  light  brown,  turning  dark  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4086;  ash,  0.51;  largely 
used  for  interior  finish,  cabinet  work,  etc. 

The  inner  bark,  especially  that  of  the  root,  is  employed  medicinally  as  a  mild  cathartic  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
1874, 169. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  526. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  794),  and  furnishes  a  yellow  dye. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  131 

239. — Juglans  nigra,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  997.— Jacqiiin,  Icou.  Ear.  i,  1. 191.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  20,  t.  8,  f.  20.— Walter,  PI.  Caroliniana,  235.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew,  iii, 
360;  2  ed.  v,  296.— Meeuch,  Met-h.  696.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  502;  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  6.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  88. — 
Muhlenberg  &  Willdeuow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  388. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  191. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
456;  Enum.  978;  Borl.  Biuimz.  193.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xx,  No.  3.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  566.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  347.— 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  17<>,  t.  48. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  158,  t.  1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  140,  t.  30. — Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  636.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  177.— Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6  ed.  192.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  220 ;  Sylva,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  57.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  163.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  622.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  865.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
357 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  179.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 158.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  84, 156.— Rafinesque,  Med.  But.  ii, 233.— Beck,  Bot.  335.— 
Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.ii,  168.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1435,  f.  1260  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  287.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  • 
185;  2  ed.  i,  211  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  589.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  262.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  513. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419. — Curtis  in  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  45.—  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  640 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  Do  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  34,  t.  l,f.  1,  8-10;  Prodr.  xvi2, 137. — Eugelmanu  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  newser.  xii,  209. — Porcher,  Resources  S. 
Forests,  318. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  447.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  i,  587. — Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  244,  f.  1,  8,  12,  13. — Young,  Bot. 
Texas,  500.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7 
ed.  ii,  302.— Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  36,  f.  5.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  178.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  53".— 
Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  76.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1882, 780.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  155. 

J.  nigra  oblonga,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  67. 
Wallia  nigra,  Alefcld  in  Bonplandia,  1861,  334. 

BLACK  WALNUT. 

Western  Massachusetts,  west  along  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Erie  through  southern  Michigan  to  southern 
Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  northern  Florida,  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  3  meters  in  diameter;  rich  bottom  lands 
and  hillsides ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains  and  in  the  rich  bottoms  of  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory;  less  common  east  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  and  now  everywhere  scarce. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  if  not  carefully  seasoned,  easily  worked, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  numerous  large,  regularly-distributed, 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not  conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  much 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6115  ;  ash,  0.79;  more  generally  used  in  cabinet-making,  interior  finish,  and  for  gun 
stocks  than  that  of  any  other  North  American  tree, 

240. — Juglans  rupestris,  Engelmann; 

Sitgreaves'  Rep.  171,  t.  15.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205 ;  Ives'  Rep.27.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— C.  De 
Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  28,  t.  2,  f.  11;  Prodr.  xvi2,  138.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii, 
93 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  155.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 

J.  rupestris,  var.  major,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  171,  t.  16;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vii, 
20.— C.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  138.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  164. 

J.  Californica,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   x,  349 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  93.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Rothrock  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  249. 

WALNUT. 

Valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (near  Austin),  west  through  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona 
from  5,000  to  7,000  feet  elevation,  and  in  the  California  Coast  ranges  from  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the 
neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  bay  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river. 

A  tree  rarely  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  bay ;  in  Texas  generally  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched 
shrub :  borders  of  streams  and  mountain  canons,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  containing 
numerous  regularly-distributed,  large,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin,  obscure ;  color,  rich  dark  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6554;  ash,  1.01. 

The  small  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 


132  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

241. — Carya  olivaeformis,  Nuttail, 

Genera,  ii,  221.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  173.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  331.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1441,  f.  1263.— Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  183.—  Scheele  iu  Rcemer,  Texas,  447.— Belg.  Hort.  vi,  223,  t.  45,  f.  2.— Torrey, 
Bot.  Hex.  Boundary  Survey  205. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  418. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's 
2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  1,  f.  3,  t.  5, 
f.  59;  Prodr.  xvi'2, 144. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  333. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  448. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  77.— Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am. -Cent,  iii,  163. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  155. 

Juglans  Pecan,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  69.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  236.— Muhleuberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schrifteu 
Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  392. 

Juglans  lllinoinensis,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  54,  t.  18,  f.  43. 

Juglans  angustifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  361 ;  2  ed.  v,  296. 

Juglans  rubra,  Gaertner,  Fruct.  ii,  51,  t,  89,  f.  1.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  4. 

Juglans  cylindrica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  505 ;  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  5.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  179. 

Juglans  olivceformis,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  192.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  457;  Enurn.  979;  fieri.  Baumz.  194.— Persoon, 
Syn.  ii,  566.  — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  175,  t.  3  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  114, 
t.  32.— Muhlenberg,  Cat.  88.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  296.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  636.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  163.- 
Regel,  Gartenflora,  xviii,  89. 

C.  angustifolia,  Nuttail,  Sylva,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  57. 

t  C.  telraptera,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhand.  1850,  80. 

Hickorea  species,  LeConte  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  vi,  402. 

C.  Illinoensis,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  593. 

PECAN.     ILLINOIS  NUT. 

I 

Near  Davenport,  Iowa  (C.  C.  Parry),  southern  Illinois,  and  Indiana,  northwestern  Kentucky,  south  and 
southwest  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  through  western  Louisiana 
and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Concho  river. 

A  tree  30  to  52  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  iu  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  in  low,  r'ch 
soil ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory; 
the  largest  species  of  the  genus  and  the  largest  and  most  important  tree  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or 
two  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red ;  the  sap-wood 
lighter  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.7180 ;  ash,  1.13 ;  less  valuable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  species  and  hardly 
used  except  for  fuel. 

The  sweet,  edible  nuts  are  collected  in  great  quantities,  affording  an  important  article  of  commerce. 

242. — Carya  alba,  Nuttail, 

Genera,  ii,  221.—  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  624.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit.  ii,t.  148.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,849.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357;  Fl.N. 
York,  181.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  174.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1446, 
f.  1269  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  143.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  191;  2  ed.  i,  217  &  t. — 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  263.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513.— Belg.  Hort.  vi,  223,  t.  48,  f.  8.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  R«p.  1858, 255.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  418. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  43. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  3d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  2,  f.  13, 14, 18,  t.  3,  f.  24,  t.  4,  f.  44, 46 ; 
Prodr.  xvi2,  142.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  448. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Aldrich  in  Am.  Nat. 
xv,  227.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  179.— Ridg  way  in  Proc.U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 72.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.Canada,  1879-'80, 55C. 

Juglans  ovata,  Miller,  Diet. 

Juglans  alba  OVata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  69. 

Juglans  OUalis,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  24,  t.  10,  f.  23. 

Juglans  compressa,  Giertner,  Fruct.  ii,  50,  t.  89,  f.  1.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin, 
iii,  300. — Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  458;  Enum.  979;  Berl.  Baumz.  195. — Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  566. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
ii,  347.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  297.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  164.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  3. 

f  Juglans  exaltata,  Burtram,  Travels,  2  ed.  38. 

Juglans  squamosa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  504.— Desfontaines.  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  190,  t.  7;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  123,  t.  36.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  179.— Bigelow,  Fl. 
Boston.  3  ed.  380. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  133 

Juglans  alba,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ii  193  [not  Linmeus].— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  637.— Eaton,  Manual,  108. 

C.  microcarpa,  Nuttall,  Con.-ra,  ii.  §21;  Sylva.i,  38,t.l3;  2  ed.  i,55,  t.  13.— gprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Penn.  Cycl.vi,  332.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1451.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  264.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  44.— Wood,  Gl.  Book,  642;  Bot.  &  F1.304.— 
C.  De  CandolU-,  Prodr.  xvi2, 143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  448.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  596.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
499.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Kidgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882, 77. 

SHELL-BARK   HICKORY.      SHAG-BAKK  HICKORY. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  along  tbe  northern  shores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  to  southern  Michigan 
and  southeastern.  Minnesota,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  west  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  39  to  45  meters  in  height  (Ridgway),  with 
a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  hillsides  and  sandy  ridges;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit.  A  form  with 
small,  thin-shelled  nuts  (C.  microcarpa,  Nuttall  I.  c.)  is  not  rare  from  Delaware  southward,  and  in  Michigan. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  flexible;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  with  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the  thin  and 
more  valuable  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.8372;  ash,  0.73;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implements,  carriages,  ax  handles,  baskets,  etc. 

The  sweet  and  edible  nuts  afford  an  important  article  of  commerce. 

243. — Carya  sulcata,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  221.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  624.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  83. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  174. — Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1448,  f.  1271. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183. — 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  418. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv. 
N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  43.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candolle 
in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  5,  f.  51,  52;  Prodr.  xvi-,  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Kidgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  78. 

Juglans  sulcata,  Willdeuow,  Berl.  Baumz.  I  ed.  154,  t.  7 ;  Spec,  iv,  457.— Muhleiiberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell. 
Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  391. — Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  566. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  637. 

Juglans  mucronata,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  192. 

Juglans  laciniosa,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  199,  t.  8 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  128,  t.  37.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  92.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  101. 

G.  COrdiformis,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i.  597. 

BIG   SHELL-BABK.      BOTTOM  SHELL-BARK. 

Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  tree  24  to  30 or,  exceptionally,  37  (Ridgway)  meters  in  height,  wi  th  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter; 
bottom  lands,  in  low,  rich  soil;  rare  and  local;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the 
streams  of  southern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  flexible;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  nearry  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.8108 ;  ash,  0.90 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 

The  large  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 

244. — Carya  tomentosa,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  221.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  179.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  625.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,849.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.N.  States, 
357;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  182.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  176.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— London, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1444,  f.  1267.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  194, 1. 13;  2  ed.  i,222  &  t.— Darlington, 
Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  263.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513.— Coopor  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Sim-.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  43.— Lesqnerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641;  Bot.&  Fl. 
304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36 ;  Prodr.  xvi2,  143. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
499._Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 78. 

Jliglans  alba,  Linn;<>us,  Spec.  1  ed.  997.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,333.— Kalin  in  Act.  Holm.  1769, 117.— Wangenheim,  Amcr.  23,  t. 
10,  f.  2.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  360;  2  ed.v,  296.— Gicrtner,  Fruct.  ii,50,  t.  89,  f.  1.— 
Moench,  Meth.  696.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  29.— Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,503;  111.  iii,  364,  t.  781,  f.  2.— Muhlenberg  & 
Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  389.— Smith  in  Roes'  Cycl.  xx,  No.  2.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
457;  Berl.  Bauniz.  154.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  347.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  379. 


134  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Juglans  tomentosa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  504.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  192.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  184,  t.  6;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  120,  t.  35.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  637.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92. 

• 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  maxima,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  221;  Sylva,  1,40;  2ed.i,56.— Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  1830.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,1445. — C.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  143. 

C.  alba,  Koch,  Dendrologie.i,  596  [not  NnttallJ. 
MOCKER  NUT.      BLACK  HICKORY.      BULL  NUT.      BIG-BUD   HICKORY.      WHITE-HEART   HICKORY.      KING  NUT. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  northern  shores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern 
Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
river,  Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  33  (Ridgway}  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter; 
generally  on  rich  upland  hillsides — less  commonly  in  low  river  bottom  lands;  very  common  in  the  Gulf  states,  and 
throughout  the  south  the  most  widely-distributed  species  of  the  genus. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  flexible,  containing  few  large, 
regularly-distributed,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap- 
wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.8216 ;  ash,  1.06 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 

245. — Carya  porcina,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  222.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  180.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  627.—  Watsou,  Deud.  Brit.  ii,t.  167.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  358.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  178.— Penu.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  546.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1449,  f.  1272-1274.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
178.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  197, 1. 14 ;  2  ed,  i,  224  &  t.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii, 
36,  t.  1,  f.  5,  t.  5,  f.  54;  Prodr.  xvi2,  143.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  332.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449  ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 78. 

Juglans  glabra,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  5.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  25,  t.  10,  f.  24.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenovr  in  Neue  Schriften 
Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  391. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  458;  Berl.  Baninz.  196.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  566.— Aiton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  v,  297.— Eaton,  Manual,  108.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  164. 

Juglans  alba  acuminata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  68. 

Juglans  obcordata,  Lamarck  Diet,  iv,  504.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Sehriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  391.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  458. — Persoon,  Syu.  566. 

Juglans  porcina,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  4m.  i,  206,  t.  9;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  132,  t.  38.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.ii, 
638.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  91. 

Juglans  pyriformis,  Muhleuberg,  Cat.  92. 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  obcordata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  638.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  180.— Watson,  Dend. 
Brit,  ii,  167. 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  pisiformis,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  638.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  180. 

C.  glabra,  Torrey,  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  182, 1. 101.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,!  ed.  412.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  264.— Coopei 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii, 
44. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas.  387.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  594.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499. 

C.  amara,  var.  porcina,  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513. 

PIG  NUT.      BROWN   HICKORY.      BLACK   HICKORY.      SWITCH  BUD   HICKORY. 

Southern  Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas^ 
and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river, 
Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  40  (Bidgicay)  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter; 
dry  hills  and  uplands;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  flexible,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many  large 
open  ducts;  color,  dark  or  light  bvown,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.8217; 
ash,  0.99 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  135 

246. — Carya  amara,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  222.— Barton,  Couipend.  Fl.  Phila(lelph.  ii,  180.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  626.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Torrey,  Coinpend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
358;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  183.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  177.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1443,  f.  1264.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  144.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  199,  1. 15;  2  ed.  i,226  &  t. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.264. — 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  44.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  CandoUe  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36, 1. 1,  f.  2,  t.  5,  f.  53-55 ;  Prodr.  xvi2,  144.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  592.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  last,  xiii,  178.— Bell  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 77. 

Juglans  alba  minima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  68. 

Juglans  COrdiformis,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  25,  t.  10,  f.  25. 

Juglans  angustifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  504  [not  Alton]. 

Juglans  amara,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  177,  t.  4 ;  3  ed.  i,  116,  t.  38.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  638. 

Hickorius  amara,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  109. 

BITTER  NUT.      SWAMP  HICKORY. 

Southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  west  through  Ontario,  central  Michigan  and 
Minnesota  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  tbe  Indian  territory,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of 
western  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
in  low  ground,  or  often  on  dry,  rich  uplands. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light 
brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7552;  ash,  1.03;  largely  used  for  hoops,  ox-yokes,  etc. 

247. — Carya  myristicaeformis,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  222.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  626.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  179.— Penn.  Cycl.  v,  332.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1451,  f.  1275.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  1833.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  6,  f.  58;  Prodr.  xvi2,  145.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  595.— Yonng,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
24.— Ravenel  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vi,  81. 

Juglans  myrlsticceformls,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  211,  t.  10 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  135,  t.  39.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  638.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  161. 

C.  amara,  var.  myristicceformis,  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. 

NUTMEG  HICKORY. 

South  Carolina,  "Goose  creek"  (Michaux),  "Berkeley  district"  (Ravenel);  Arkansas,  valley  of  the  Arkansas 
river  (Pine  Bluff,  Letter  man},  south  to  the  Red  Eiver  valley. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  sandy  ridges  along  the  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps;  rare  and  very  local  in  South  Carolina ;  more  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  small  open  ducts, 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not 
conspicuous  ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8016;  ash,  1.06. 

248. — Carya  aquatica,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  222.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  627.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii.  849.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  179.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi, 
332.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1444,  f.  1265,  1266.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Scheele  in  Roemer,  Texas,  447.— Darby,  Bot.  8. 
States,  514.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  44.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d 
Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  641;  Bot.  &  F1.304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat..4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  l,f.4,  t.5,f.  56,  57; 
Prodr.  xvi2,  144.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  593.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24. 

Juglans  aquatica,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  182,  t.  5;   N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  119,  t.  34.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 
<j38.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112. 

Hicorius  integrifolia,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  109. 

0.  integrifolia,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1451. 


136  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WATER  HICKORY.      SWAMP  HICKORY.     BITTER  PECAN. 

North  Carolina,  in  the  lower  districts,  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida  (in  Florida  not 
detected  within  8  or  10  miles  of  the  coast),  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  northeastern  Arkansas, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  generally  much  smaller;  low 
river  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
and  Yazoo  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  scattered,  open  ducts ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  less  clearly  marked  than  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light,  often  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.7407 ;  ash,  1.27 ;  used  for 
fencing,  fuel,  etc. 


MYRICAOEJB. 


249. — Myrica  cerifera,  Linnseus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1024.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  92.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  94.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  592;  111.  iii,  402,  t.  809,  f.  1.— 
Gasrtner,  Fruct.  i,  190,  t.  39,  f.  7.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  242.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  396;  2  ed.  v,  379.— Mcench,  Meth.  362. — 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  ii,  4.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  190.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  iii,  465,  t.  322.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  745;  Emim.  1011 ;  Berl.  Baumz.254.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  614.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  472.— Titford,  Hort. 
Bot.  Am.  100.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  620.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  235 ;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  167.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  iii, 
32,  t.  43;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  394.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  197.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  678.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  493.— Torrey,  Compcnd.  Fl.  N. 
States,  372;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  197.— Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  244.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  231.— Beck,  Bot.  324.— London,  Arboretum, 
iv,  2057,  f.  1968.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  305.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  551.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  324.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  263.— Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  224  ;  2  ed.  i,256  &  t.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507.— Chapman,  Fl.  S  States,  426.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  106.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  650  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  309.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  312.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  21,  t.  3,  f.  32;  Prodr.  xvi2,  148.— Lawson  in  Trans.  Bot. 
Soc.  Edinburgh,  viii,  108. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  457. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  663. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  511. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  28. 

M.  Pennsylvanica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  592.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  472.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  190,  t.  55.— Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  ii,  620.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,493.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  232.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  325.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
xi,  262. 

M.  Carolinensis,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  3.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  102.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  746;  Enum.  1011.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  v,  379.— Pursh,  Fl.  Ain.  Sept.  ii,  620.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  235.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  678.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  232 — 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  324.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507. 

M.  cerifera  humilis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  95. 

M .  cerifera,  var.  latifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  396. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  media,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  427. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  arborescens,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  pumila,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  620.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  427. 

M .  cerifera,  var.  angustifolia,  C.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 148. 

M.  cerifera  sempervirens,  Hort. 

BAYBERRY.      WAX  MYRTLE. 

Shores  of  lake  Erie ;  Maine,  and  south  near  the  coast  to  the  Florida  keys  and  southern  Alabama. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or,  except  in  the  southern 
states,  a  low,  much-branched  shrub ;  usually  on  sandy  beaches  and  dry  hillsides,  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  bottoms  and  rich  hummocks  of  the  Georgia  and  Florida  coasts. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  dark 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5637  ;  ash,  0.51. 

The  leaves  and  stimulant  and  astringent  bark  of  the  roots  sometimes  employed  by  herbalists  (Am.  Jour. 
Pharm.  1863,  193.—  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  257,  1706.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  944).  The  wax  which  covers  the 
small  globular  fruit,  formerly  largely  collected  and  made  into  candles,  and  now,  under  the  name  of  myrtle-wax, 
a  popular  remedy  in  the  treatment  of  dysentery. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  137 

250. — Myrica  Californica,  Chamisso, 

Linnaja,  vi,  535.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  336 ;  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.— Hooker,  PI.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  160.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey, 
390.— Lindley  in  Jour.  London  Hort.  Soc.  vii,  282.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  137 ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  465.—  Newberry 
in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  68.— C.  De  Candolle,  Prodr:  xvi2,  153.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii, 
401.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  81.  ' 

f  M.  Xalapensis,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  160. 

Cape  Foulweather,  Oregon,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  bay  of  Monterey,  California. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or 
toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  sandy  beaches  and  gravelly  hillsides. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin, 
conspicuous  ;  color,  light  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.6703 ;  ash,  0.33. 


CUPULIFER^. 


251. — Quercus   alba,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  996.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  270,  t.  5,  f.  5.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  119.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  12,  t.  3,  f. 
6.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  358 ;  2  ed.  v,  293.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  80, 87.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  195.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Nene  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  448;  Enum.  977; 
Berl.  Baumz.  346.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  570.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  508.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  13,  t.  1;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  22,  1. 1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  633.— Bai  ton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  9t ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadclph.  ii,  17.— Eaton, 
Manual,  108;  6  ed.  293.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,215 ;  Sylva,  i,  14:  2  ed.  i,  24.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  175.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  158.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  607.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  864.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  FJ.  N.  York,  ii,  192.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  107, 
147.— Beck,  Bot.  330.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1864,  f.  1723-1726  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  375.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  155.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  127,  t.  1;  2  ed.  i,  145  &  t.— Griffith, 
Med.  Bot.  585.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  437.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  266.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
511.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  613,  t.  1.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  31.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645 ;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  306.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  257.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi4,  22.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden. 
Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  66.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  xxxiii,  29,  30,  58,  59.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  450;  Hall's  PI. 
Texas,  21.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  50.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  505.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gazette,  iii,  60.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  179.— Britton  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  viii,  126.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  78. 

?Q.  sinuata,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235. 

Q.  alba,  \SLT.pinnatifida,  Michaux,  Hist.  Ch6nes  Am.  No.  4,t.  5,f.  1 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,195.— Loudou,  Arboretum,  iii,  1864. 

Q.  alba,  var.  repanda,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.4,t.  5,f.2.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  633.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  159.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1864. 

Q.  alba,  var.  pinnatifido-sinuata,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  158. 

Q.  alba,  var.  sinuata,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  159. 

Q.  alba,  var.  microcarpa,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",22. 

WHITE   OAK. 

Northern  Maine,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario,  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  to  southeastern 
Minnesota,  south  to  the  Saint  John's  river  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  Nodaway  river,  Missouri, 
western  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter; 
all  soils;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  and  its  tributaries,  here  often  forming  more  than  half  the  forest 
growth. 

Wood  strong,  very  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  unless  carefully  seasoned,  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  broad,  prominent ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.7470;  ash,  0.41;  largely  used 
in  ship-building,  construction  of  all  sorts,  cooperage,  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricultural  implements,  and 
baskets,  and  for  railway  ties,  fencing,  interior  finish,  cabinet-making,  fuel,  etc. 

A  decoction  of  the  astringent  inner  bark  is  employed  medicinally  in  cases  of  hemorrhage,  dysentery,  etc.  ( U. 
8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  755.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1196). 


138  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

252. — Quercus  lobata,  Ne'e, 

Ann.  Cieiic.  Nat.  iii,  278. — Smith  ill  Bees' Cycl.  xxx,  No.  77. — Persoon,  Syu.  ii,571. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  180. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 
224.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337.— Liebrnann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,14;  Chtoes  Am.  Trop.  23,  t.  42,  f.  1-3.— 
Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  461,  t.  15.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  24.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii*,  53. — Vasey,*Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmanii  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  388  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  374 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  95. 

Q.  Hindsii,  Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.—  Endlicher,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv.  24.— Walpers,  Ann.  i,  635.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Eep.  iv,  138 ;  v,  365.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  29,  89,  1. 1,  f.  7.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.— 
Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  230.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  1866,  Nos.  1-6, 
66.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  42,  f.  4.— R.  Brown  Campst.  Horoe  Sylvanae,  52,  f.  1-3. 

Q.  longiglanda,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Geographical  Mem.  California,  15,  17. 
Q.  Ransomi,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,25. 

WHITE  OAK.     WEEPING  OAK. 

California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  from  the  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  south  through  the  foot- 
hills and  interior  valleys  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

The  largest  of  the  Pacific  oaks,  often  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter;  very 
common  through  the  central  part  of  the  state. 

Wood  moderately  hard,  fine-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  large  open  ducts  and 
•containing  few  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  lines  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays ;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7409;  ash,  0.30;  of  little  economic  value,  and  only  used  for  fuel. 

253. — Quercus  Garryana,  Douglas; 

Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  159.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  391.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  1,  1. 1 ;  2  ed.  i,  14, 1. 1.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  iv,  138 ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  462.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260 ;  Pacific  R. 
R.  Rep.  xii2,  28,  68 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407.— Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnaean  Soc.  vii,  131,  144.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  24.— Bolander  in 
Proc.  Califoraia  Acad.  iii, 229.— Orstedin  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  1866,  Nos.  1-6, 66.— Rothrock  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  435. — Lieb«ann,  Cheues  Am.  Trop.  t.  40,  f.  3. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii, 
389 ;  Bot.  Califoraia,  ii,  95. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  210. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  330. 

Q.  Necei,  Liebmann  iii  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,  173;  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  23,  t.  xli.f.  1,  2. 

Q.  Douglasii,  var.  fNecei,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  24. 

Q.  (Erstediana,  R.  Brown  Campst.  iii  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat,  Hist.  April,  1871, 2. 

Q.  JacoM,  R.  Brown  Campst,  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871, 7. 

WHITE   OAK. 

Vancouver's  island,  shores  of  Puget  sound,  south  through  western  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and  California 
to  San  Francisco  bay ;  in  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  extending  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

A  tree  21  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  soil ;  common. 

Wood  strong,  hard,  that  of  the  young  trees  tough,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays,  varying  greatly  in  width,  often  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7453;  ash,  0.39;  somewhat  used  for  carriage 
and  cooperage  stock,  in  cabinet-making,  ship-building,  and  very  largely  for  fuel ;  the  best  substitute  for  eastern 
white  oak  produced  in  the  Pacific  forests. 

254. — Quercus  obtusiloba,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  1,  t,  1;  FL  Bor.-Am.  ii,  194.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  78.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  36,  t.  4;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  36,  t.  5. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  G32. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii, 
171.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  606.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  190.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
293.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1870,  f.  1732  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Scheele  in  Rojmer, 
Texas,  446.  —Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  265. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Brendel  in 
Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  615,  t.  11. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  32. — 
Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  Her. 
xii,  209.— O'rsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Videu.  Meddelt.  1866,  Nos.  1-6,  66.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  H,  t.  33,  f. 
60.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451 ;  Hall's,  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  505. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  139 

Q.  alba  minor,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  120.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395. 

Q.  Stellata,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  78,  t.  6,  f.  15.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  77.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  452;  Enum,977;  Berl. 
Baumz.  349.—  Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  570.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.2ed.  v,  294.—  Nouvcau  Duliaiiifl,  vii.  180.— Haynn,  Demi.  Fl. 
161.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  13;  2  ed.  i,  23.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  150.— Emerson,  Trees  .Massachusetts,  133,  t.  3;  2  ed.  i,  151  &, 
t.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  22.— Koeh,  Dendrologie,  iii,  52.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,  389.  — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  84.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  156. 

t  Q.  Villosa,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235. 

Q.  lobulata,  Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  47. 

f  Q.  Drummondii,  Liebmanu  in  Dansk.  Videusk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854, 170.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  24. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  parvifolia,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423. 

Q.  stellata,  var.  Floridana,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvia,  22. 

POST  OAK.      IEON  OAK. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts,  south  to  northern  Florida,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan  to 
•eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  the  Indiau  territory,  and  extending  to  the  one  hundredth  meridian  in  central  Texas. 

A  tree  rarely  exceeding  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  on  the  Florida 
coast  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (var.  parvifolia,  etc.) ;  dry,  gravelly  uplands,  clay  barrens,  or  in  the  southwest  on 
Cretaceous  formations;  the  most  common  and  widely-distributed  oak  of  the  Gulf  states  west  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  forming  the  principal  growth  of  the  Texas  "cross-timbers." 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  not  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous;  color,  dark  or  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8367;  ash,  0.79;  largely  used, 
especially  in  the  southwest,  for  fencing,  railway  ties,  and  fuel,  and  somewhat  for  carriage  stock,  cooperage, 
construction,  etc. 

255. — Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii,  Engelmaun, 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  249. 

Q.  Gambelii,  Nuttall*n  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  new  ser.  i,  179.— Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172, 1. 18  ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  205. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260. — Liebtnann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  22,  t.  40,  f.  1. — Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am. -Cent,  iii,  171. 

Q.  alba,  var.  fGunnisonii,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  130.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  321.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep. 
1871,  493.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 127.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76,  209. 

Q.  Douglasii,  var.  Gambelii,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 23. 

Q.  stellata,  var.  Utahensis,  A.  Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi*,  22. 

f  Q.  Emoryi,  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 127  [not  Torrey]. 

r 
SCRUB  OAK. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  river  (Havard),  through  the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  the 
Sauta  Catalina  (Lemmon,  Pringle)  and  San  Francisco  mountains,  Arizona,  eastern  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains 
of  Colorado  north  to  the  valley  of  the  Platte  river,  and  through  the  Wahsatch  mountains  of  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub 
spreading  from  underground  shoots  and  forming  dense  thickets,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high 
mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  that  of  young  trees  quite  tough,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  few  not  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  rich  dark 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8407 ;  ash,  0.99 ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  in  Utah  the  bark  in 
tanning. 


140  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

256. — Quercus  macrocarpa,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  2,  t.  2,  3;  Fl.Bor.-Ain.  ii,  194.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  453;  Enum.  977;  Berl.  Baumz.  350.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl. 
xxx,  No.  80.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  570.— Poiret,  Suppl.  11,224.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  34,  t.  3  ;  N.AmericaB  Sylva,3ed.i,35,  t.4.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  632.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  182.— Hayne,  Dend.  PI.  161.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  863.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Nicollet's  Rep.  160;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  191,  t,  108.— Beck,  Bot.  330.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  293.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii;  18G9,  f.  1731  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  159. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
132,  t.  2;' 2  ed.  i,  149  &  t.— Scheele  in  Kramer,  Texas,  446.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  437.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255.— Brendel  in  Traus.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  131.  t.  5,f.  21.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209  ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  389.— 
A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 20.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 67.— Liebmanu,  Cheues  Am. 
Trop.t.  G,  t.  33,  f.  27,  28.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  51.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  506.— Winchell  in 
Ludlow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  68.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Broadhead 
in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— J.  F.  James  in  Jour.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  1  &  t.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 
81.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  49C.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  156. 

Q.  Olivceformis,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am,  ii,  32,  t.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  33,  t.  3.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  91.— 
Pursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  632.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215;  Sylva,  i,  14;  2  ed.  i,24.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  181.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  864.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  191.— Beck,  Bot.  330.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed- 
293.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1869,  f.  1730.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  159.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  1  ed.  414.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  20.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  l-6r 
1866,  67.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  391. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  dapressa,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  olivceformis,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  ed.  404 ;  5  ed.  451. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  abbreviata,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvia,  20. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  minor,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  20. 

Q.  Stellata,  var.  depressa,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  23. 

BURR  OAK.     MOSSY-CUP  OAK.      OVER-CUP   OAK. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  northern  shores  of  lake  Huron  to  lake  Winnipeg,  south  to  the  valley  of  the 
Penobscot  river,  Maine  (C.  E.  Hamlin),  and  along  the  shores  of  lake  Champlain  and  the  valley  of  the  Ware  river, 
Massachusetts,  to  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Eocky  mountains  of  Montana, 
central  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  southwest  to  the  Indian  territory  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  50  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20 
to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  rich  bottoms  and  prairies;  in  the  prairie  region  the  principal  growth  of  the  "oak 
openings  ",  and  extending  farther  west  and  northwest  than  any  oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  more  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  than  that  of 
other  American  oaks  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
often  broad  and  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  or  rich  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7453; 
ash,  0.71;  generally  confounded  with  the  less  valuable  white  oak  (Q.  alba),  and  employed  for  the  same  purposes. 

257. — Quercus  lyrata,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliuiana,  235. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  83. — Michaux,  Hist.  Cheues  Ain.  No.  3,  t.4;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  195. — Willdenow,  Spec. 
iv,  453.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  79.— Persoon,  Syn.ii.  570.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  224.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  42,  t.  5;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  39,  t.  6.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  295. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  632.— Nouvean Dnhamel,  vii,  181.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  215.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  607. — Sprengel,  Syst.  xi,  156. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  295. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1871,11733, 
1734.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  386.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  156.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  33. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  19.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos. 
1-6,  1886,  66.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii3,  53.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  506.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  389.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns,  1882,  80. 

OVER- CUP   OAK.      SWAMP   POST  OAK.      WATER   WHITE   OAK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  northern  Florida,  west  through  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern 
Missouri  (Allenton,  Lettermari)  to  middle  Tennessee,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  deep,  often  submerged,  river 
swamps  ;  rare  in  the  Atlantic  states ;  more  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  lied 
river  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  numerous, 
conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8313;  ash,  0.65;  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  (Q.  alba). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  141 

258. — Quercus  bicolor,  Wiildenow, 

Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  396  ;  Spec,  iv,  440.--Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  50.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  f>69.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
ii,  219.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  63:!.— Eaton,  Manual,  107;  6  ed.  294.— Barton,  Coinpeml.  Fl.  Philmlelph.  ii,  172.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  215;  Sylva,  i.  13;  2  ed.  i,23.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  vii,166.— Spreugel,  8yst.lii,860.— Torrey,  romprnd.  Fl.  N.  States,  3f.9;  Fl.N. 
York,  ii,  192. — Beck,  Bot.  331. — Bigeluw,  Fl.  Huston.  I!  (><1.  375.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  135,  t.  4 ; 
2  ed.  i,  153  &  t. — Buckley  in  Ain.Jonr.  Sci.2  scr.  xiii,  397. — Darlington,  Fl.  Ccstrica,  3  ed.  206. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas.  ::-7.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  646;  Bot.it  F1.306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  '20.— Orsted  in  Sacrskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For. 
Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 67.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  47.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  389. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  179. — 
Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-VU,  5.V.  — Ridgway  iu  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1682,  79. 

?  Q.  Prlnm  platanoides,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  21. 

Q.  alba  palustris,   Marshall,  Arbustum,  120.— Muhleiiberg  &  Willdeuow  iu  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395. 

Q.  Prinus  tomentoita,  Miclumx,  llist.Chenes  Am.  No.  5,  t. 9,  f. 2 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1876,  f.  1739. 

Q.  PrinilS,  var.  discolor,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.ii,46,t.  6;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  41,  t.  7.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858, 255.— Breudel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  617,  t.  3.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  424.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 

Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  34. 

Q.  bicolor,  var.  mollis,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  bicolor,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  158. 

f  Q.  bicolor,  var.  platanoides,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvia,  21. 

SWAMP  WHITE   OAK. 

Southern  Maine,  valley  of  tbe  upper  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario,  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to 
southeastern  Iowa  and  western  Missouri,  south  to  Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Georgia,  northern  Kentucky,  and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  or,  exceptionally,  over  3  meters  ("  Wadsworth 
Oak",  Geneseo,  New  York)  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  deep  alluvial  soil ;  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  iu  the  region  south  of  the  great  lakes. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  seasoning ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked 
by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad  and  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.7662;  ash,  0.58;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak 
(Q.  alba). 

259. — Quercus  Michauxii,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  215  (excl.  syn.).— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  609.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  860.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  295.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  386.— Darby, 
Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  382.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  No. 
22,  113.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 81. 

Q.  Prinus  palustris,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chines  Am.  No.  5,  t.  6;  Fl.  Bor-Am.  ii,  196.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  51,  t.  7;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  44,  t.  8.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1872,  f.  1735  &  t. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  Michauxii,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424. 

Q.  Prinus,  Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  33,  in  part. 

Q.  bicolor,  var.  Michauxii,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  390. 

BASKET    OAK.      COW  OAK. 

New  Gastle  county,  Delaware,  south  through  the  lower  and  middle  districts  to  northern  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southwestern  Missouri  to  central 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river. 

A  tree  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  deep, 
often  submerged,  swamps ;  the  common  and  most  valuable  white  oak  of  the  Gulf  states,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  rich  bottom  lauds  of  southeastern  Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  easily 
split ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  rather  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.8039 ;  ash,  0.45 ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements,  wheel  stocks,  baskets,  for  which  it  is  unsurpassed,  for  cooperage,  fencing,  construction,  and  fuel. 

The  large,  sweet,  edible  acorns  eagerly  devoured  by  cattle  and  other  animals. 


142  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

260. — Quercus  Prinus,  Liuna-us, 

Spec.  1  ed.  995.— Du  Eoi,  Harbk.  ii,  276,  t.  6,  f.  3.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720.— Marshal),  Arbustum,  125.— Wangenhcim,  Amer.  15,  t.  4,  f.. 
8.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  356;  2  ed.  v,  290.— Mcrncb,  Meth.  348.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  82.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow 
in  Neue  Schrifteu  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  397.— Jlidiaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  1<15.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  439;  Enum.  975;  Berl. 
Baumz.  339.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  47.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii.  508.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb,  ii,  509.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 
633. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  171.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  164.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  155. — 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  608.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  85'J.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  50,  131.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  294. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1872. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  157. — Penu.  Cycl.  xix, 
216. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.2u'~. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 511. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States, 423. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3r-7.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
264.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  21.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Ai'tryk.  nf.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt,  Nos.  1-fi,  67.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  ed.  451. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 5015. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  48. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,  390. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  monticola,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  5,  t.  7;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Michaiix  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  55, 
t.  8 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  46,  t.  9.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1873,  f.  1736. — 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  158.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  iu  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  34.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  646.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  21.— Gray,  Manual  1C. 
States,  5  ed.  451.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Bailey  in  Am.  Nat.  xiv,  892,  f.  1-4. 

Q.  montana,  Willdenovr,  Spec,  iv,  440;  Enum.  975;  Berl.  Baumz.  340.— Persoon,  Syn.ii,  569.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,. 
No.  49.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  634.— Eaton,  Manual,  107,  6  ed.  294.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  172.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  216. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  165,  t.  47,  f.  2. — Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  156. — Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  009. — Sprcngol, 
Syst.  iii,  860.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  354;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  192.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— Bigclow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
377.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  138,  t.  6;  2  ed.  i,  156 &  t.— Gray, Manual  N.  States, 
1  ed.  414. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  266. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  263. — Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  lata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  290. 

Q.  CdStanea,  Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  137,  t.  5 ;  2  ed.  i,  155  &  t.  [not  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow]. 

CHESTNUT  OAK.   ROCK  CHESTNUT  OAK. 

Blue  hills,  eastern  Massachusetts,  west  to  the  shores  of  lake  Champlain,  shores  of  Quinte"  bay,  Ontario 
(Macoun),  and  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  river,  Kew  York,  south  to  Delaware,  and  through  the  Alleghany  Mountain 
region  to  northern  Alabama,  extending  west  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  iu  diameter;  rocky  banks  and  hillsides;  very 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region,  here  often  forming  a  large- 
portion  of  the  forest  growth. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil,  containing  few  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  very  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7499  ;  ash,  0.77  ;  largely  used  in  fencing,  for  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  largely  used  in  preference  to  that  of  other  North  American  white  oaks  iu  tanning 
leather. 

261. — Quercus  prinoides,  Willdenow, 

None  Schrifteu  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  397;  Spec,  iv,  440.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  219.— Nouveau  Dnhamel, 
vii,  166.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  193,  1. 109.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  415.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  267.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  I860,  iii,  35.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  646.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  49.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  506.— Engelmann  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  391. 

Q.  Prinus  humilis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  125.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452. 

Q.  CdStanea,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  None  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  396  [not  Ne'e].— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  441 ; 
Enum.  976;  Berl.  Baumz.  341.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  634.— Smith  in  Rees1  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  51.— 
Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  219.— Eaton,  Manual,  107;  6  ed.  294.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  172.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,. 
216.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  156.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  610.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  860.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.N.  States,  354;  Fl.N.. 
York,  ii,  193.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  385.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  415.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica, 
3  ed.  267.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  619,  t.  4.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  34.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  646.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866, 68.— Liebinann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop, 
t.  H,  K.  &  33,  f.  31,  32.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  506. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  acuminata,  Michaux,  Hist.  Cbfines  Am.  No.  5,  t.  8  ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  61,  t. 
9;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  49, 1. 10.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  167.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1875,  f.  1637.— Cooper  in, 
Smithsonian  Rep.'l858, 255.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. 

Q.  Prinus  pumila,  Michaux,  Hist,  Cheues  Am.  No.  5,  t.  9,  f.  1 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1875,  f.  1738. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  143 

Q.  Prinus  Chinquapin,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  Co,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.  i,  50,  t.  11.— A.  Do  Candollc, 
Prodr.  xvi',  21. 

Q.  Chinquapin,  I'ursli,  Fl.  Am.  .Sept.  ii,  634.— Smith  in  Eees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  48.— Nuttull,  Genera,  ii,  216.— Klliott,  .Sk.  ii,  Gil.— 
Torrey,  Couipeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  354.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  294.— Darlington,  Fl.  (Jrstrk-a,  2t-d.  536.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  lint.  >.">.— liij-i-Iow,  Fl.  Boston.  :i  cd.  377.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  14(1;  2  cd.  i,  15ft  &  t.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  Stales,  511. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  oblongata,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kcw.  v,  290. 
Q.  Prinus,  var.  prinoides,  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  3UO. 

Q.  Muhlenbcrgii,  Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  591.— G.  D.  Butler  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  77.— Eidgway 
in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  tt>. 

YELLOW   OAK.      CHESTNUT   OAK.      CHINQUAPIN   OAK. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  shores  of  lake  Ohamplain,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, 
through  southern  Michigan  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory;  south  to  Delaware  and 
through  the  Allegheny  region  to  northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  southwest  to  the  Guadalupe  mountains, 
western  Texas  (Havard), 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  39  meters  (Ridgway]  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in 
diameter  (Q.  Muklenbergii),  or  often,  especially  toward  the  eastern  and  western  limits  of  its  range,  reduced  to  a 
low,  slender  shrub  (Q. prinoides) ;  dry  hillsides  and  low,  rich  bottoms  ;  rare,  except  as  a  shrub,  east  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains ;  very  common  in  the  Mississippi  River  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern 
Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color,, 
dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8C05 ;  ash,  1.14;  used  for  cooperage,  wheel  stock, 
fencing,  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  small  acorns  sweet  and  edible. 

NOTE. — Differences  in  the  size  and  habit  of  individuals  of  this  species,  thus  enlarged,  seem  to  be  dependent  upon  soil  and  climate, 
numerous  intermediate  forms  connecting  the  extremes  of  eastern  Massachusetts  and  the  Mississippi  valley. 

262. — Quercus   Douglasii,  Hooker  &  Arnott, 

Bot.  Beechey,  391.— Hooker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  382,  383.— Benthain,  PI.  Hartweg.  337  ;  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  10,  t!  4;  2  ed. 
i,  20,  t.  4.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  E.  Eep.  v,  365  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  462.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  260— A.  De Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2,  23.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  230.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 
66. — Liebmaun,  Cheues  Am.  Trop.  t.  41,  f.  3,  4. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engelmanii  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  392 ; 
Bot.  California,  ii,  95. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

Q.  oblongifolia,  var.  brevilobala,  Torrey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  460. 

MOUNTAIN  WHITE   OAK.      BLUE   OAK. 

California,  from  about  latitude  39°,  south  along  the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  below  4,000  feet 
elevation,  and  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Gabriel  mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  common  on  the  low  foot-hills 
of  the  sierras. 

Wood  very  hard,  heavy,  strong,  brittle,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  open  ducts  and  containing  many  scattered  groups  of  smaller  ducts ;"  medullary  rays  numerous, 
varying  greatly  in  width;  color,  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  with  exposure,  the  thick  sap-wood  light 
brown;  specific  gravity,  0.8928 ;  ash,  0.84. 

263. — Quercus  oblongifolia,  Torrey, 

Sitgreaves'  Eep.  173 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206 ;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi-,  36.— Watson,  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  393;  Bot.  California, 
ii,  96. 

Q.  undlllata,  var.  oblongata,  Engelmann  in  Wheeler's  Eep.  vi,  250. 


144  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WHITE   OAK. 

California,  foot-bills  of  the  San  Gabriel  mountains,  and  in  San  Diego  county  (here  occupying  a  narrow  belt,  30 
miles  iu  width  some  30  miles  from  the  coast,  Parish  Brothers) ;  foot-hills  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  the  large 
specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
hardly  distinguishable,  containing  few  small  open  ducts  arranged  in  many  groups  parallel  to  the  bread  and  very 
conspicuous  medullary  rays ;  color,  very  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  brown ;  specific  gravity, 
0.9441 ;  ash,  2.G1 ;  of  little  economic  value  except  as  fuel. 

264. — Quercus  grisea,  Liebmann, 

Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forbandl.  1854,  13 ;  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  46,  f.  1, 2.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  35.— Srsted  in  Saerskitt. 
Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  69.— Ensby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  78.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Aoad. 
xviii,  156. 

Q.  pungens,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forbandl.  1854,13;  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  22,  t.  45,  f.  1-3.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2,  36.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,69. — Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club  ix,  78. 

Q.  Undulata,  var.  grisea,  Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  382 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250. 

Q.  Undulata,  var.  pungens,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  392 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  96.— 
Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  596. 

Q.  Undulata,  var.  Wrightii,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  382,  392. 

WHITE   OAK. 

Mountains  of  southern  Colorado  and  western  Texas  (Havard),  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  from  5,000  to 
10,000  feet  elevation,  west  to  the  Colorado  desert  of  California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low, 
much-branched  shrub ;  a  polymorphous  species,  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves, 
but  apparently  well  characterized  by  its  connate  cotyledons ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  or  two  rows  of  small  open  ducts,  these  connected  by  rows  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  numerous  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  very  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  1.0092;  ash,  1.82. 

265. — Quercus  reticulata,  Humboldt  &  Bonpland, 

PI.  ^Equin.  ii,  40,  t.  86.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  609.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  860.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1944,  f.  1865.— Michaux  f.  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  90.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 33.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 
67.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t,  H,  t.  34,  f.  10-16,  t.  35,  f.  15-22.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,  383;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii.  176. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  156.1 

Q.  spicata,  Humbolt  &  Bonpland,  PI.  ^Equin.  ii,  46,  t.  89.— Beutham,  PI.  Hartweg.  No.  429. 

Q.  decipiens,  Martens  &  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Brux.  v,  10. 

f  Q.  reticulata,  Var.  Qreggil,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  34.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  176. 

Southeastern  Arizona,  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Eita  mountains  from  7,000  to  10,000  feet  elevation ;  southward 
into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  small,  scattered,  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  broad ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9479 ; 
ash,  0.52. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  145 

266. — Quercus  Durandii,  Buckley, 

Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860,445;  1881,  121.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.—  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  507.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— 
Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  156. 

Q.  obtvsifolia,  var.  f  breviloba,  Torrey,  Bot.  Hex.  Boundary  Survey,  206. 

Q.  annulata,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  18CO,  445. 

Q.  San-Sabeana,  Buckley  in  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  507. 

Q.  imdulata,  Eugelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  392,  in  part  [not  Torrey]. 

Alabama,  Wilcox  county  (Buckley),  valley  of  the  Little  Cahaba  river,  Bibb  county  (Mohr);  Shreveport, 
Louisiana?,  (Buckley);  Texas,  Dallas  (Rei;erchon),  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (Buckley,  Mohr,  Sargent),  west  and 
south. 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  bottom  lands  or  dry  mesas 
and  limestone  hills,  then  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets  of  great  extent  (Q.  San- 
Sabeana);  rare  and  local  in  Alabama;  the  common  and  most  valuable  white  oak  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  few  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.9507  ;  ash,  1.78;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  (Q.  alba). 

267. — Quercus  virens,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  356 ;  2  ed.  v,  287.— Bartram.Travels,  2  ed.  82.— Miehaux,  Hist.Chenes  Am.  No.  6, 1. 10,  11 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  425;  Euum.  974.— Rohin,  Voyages,  iii,  264.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxx,  No.  5.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  567.— Desfont.iines,  Hist. 
Arh.  ii,507.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  213.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  67,  t.  11;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  52,  1. 12.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  626.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214  ;  Sylva,  i,  16;  2  ed,  i, 28.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  vii,  151.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  595.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii, 
858.— Cobbett,  Woodlands,  446.— Eaton,  Manual.  6  ed.294.— London,  Arboretum, iii,  1918,  f.  1802, 1803  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
385.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.xi,  177.— Engelmaun  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  234.— Scheele  in  Rremer,  Texas,  446  $  Appx. 
147.— Penu.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255.— Chapman,  Fl,  S.  States,  421.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  35.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  643 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests.  263.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  37.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 69.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  33,  f.  50-57.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503. — 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Engelmann  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  383 ;  iv,  191.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  178.— Watson  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  155. 

Q.   Virginiana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  17.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 57. 
Q.  Phellos,  var.  sempervirens,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  124. 
Q.  sempermrem,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. 

Q.  oleoides,  Chamisso  &  Schlechtendal  in  Linnsea,  v,  79.— Martens  &  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Brux.  x,  No.  3.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt. 
Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 69. 

Q.  retusa,  Liebmann  iu  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854, 187.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt. 
Nos.  1-6, 1866, 69. 

LIVE    OAK. 

Mob  Jack  bay,  Virginia,  south  along  the  coast  to  bay  Biscayne  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  along  the  Gulf 
coast  to  Mexico,  extending  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  river,  the  Apache  and  Gaudalupe 
mountains  and  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  at  0,000  to  8,000  feet  elevation  (Havard); 
in  Costa  Rica  (Q.  retusa). 

An  evergreen  tree  of  great  economic  value,  15  to  IS  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10  meters  in 
diameter,  or  in  the  interior  of  Texas  much  smaller,  often  shrubby ;  on  the  coast,  rich  hummocks  and  ridges,  a  few 
feet  above  water-level;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  south  Atlantic  states. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 

polish;  layers  of  annual  growth  obscure,  often  hardly  distinguishable,  containing  many  small  open  ducts  arranged 

in  short  broken  rows  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood 

nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.9501;  ash,  1.14 ;  formerly  very  largely  and  now  occasionally  used  in  ship-building. 

10  FOB 


146  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

268. — Quercus  chrysolepis,  Lielimann, 

Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854, 173 ;  Cheues  Am.  Trop.  23,  t.  47.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped. 
458. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  260. — Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii,  45. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 37. — Bolander 
in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  231.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Videu.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866, 69.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  25. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  383,  393;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  374;  Bot.  California,  ii.  97. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi,  119.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  596. 

Q.  fulvescena,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Ac-ail,  i,  (i7,  71.—  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  27,  89. 

Q.  craSS'ipOCUla,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  137 ;  v,  3(i.r>,  t.  St. 

f  Q.  oblongifolia,  R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871,  4  [not  Torrey]. 

LIVE   OAK.      MAUL   OAK.      VALPARAISO   OAK. 

Cow  Creek  valley,  Oregon,  south  through  the  California  Coast  ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  mountains  between  3,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  and  south  into  Lower 
California;  southeastern  Arizona,  San  Francisco  (Greene)  and  Santa  Catalina  mountains  (Pringle). 

An  evergreen  tree  of  great  economic  value,  18  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.50  meter  in 
diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low,  narrow-leaved  shrub  (var.  vaccinifolia,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,  393;  Sot.  California,  ii,  97. — Q.  vaccinifolia,  Kellogg  in  Trans.  California  Acad.  ii,  96). 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  containing  many  rather 
small  open  ducts  arranged  in  wide  bands  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.8493;  ash,  O.CO;  somewhat  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements,  wagons,  etc. ;  the  most  valuable  oak  of  the  Pacific  forests. 

269. — Quercus  Emoryi,  Torrey, 

Emory's  Rep.  151,  t.  9;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  382,  387,  394;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  250. — Palmer  in  Am. 
Nat.  xii,  596.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  170. 

Q.  hastata,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,  13;  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  22.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 
36.— Orated  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  69. 

BLACK   OAK. 

i 

Bexar  and  Coinal  counties,  Texas,  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  Texas,  of  southern  New  Mexico,  and 
of  eastern  and  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in 
Texas  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  New  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation  near  streams  in  open  canons;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  the  large 
specimens  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  open  ducts,  these  connected  by  narrow  groups  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  bright  brown  tinged  with  red;  specific 
gravity,  0.9263;  ash,  2.36. 

270. — Quercus  agrifolia,  Ne'e, 

Ann.  Cienc.  Nat.  iii,  271. — Fischer,  Misc.  Hisp.  i,  108.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  431.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  568.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx, 
No.  29.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  627.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214;  Sylva.  i,  5,  t.  2:  2  ed.  i,  16,  t.  2.— Nonveau  Dnhamel,  vii,  156.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  859. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  292.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1894.— Bentham,  PL  Hartweg.  337;  Bot.  Sulphur, 
55. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Hooker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  377.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  391.— Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  vi, 
157  &  t.—  Carriore  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  vii,  137  &  f.— Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  173;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138;  v,  305;  vii,  20;  Bot. 
Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206;  Ives'  Rep.  28;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  460.— Paxton's  Brit.  Flower  Gard.  ii,  44.— Newberry  in  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  32,  f.  9.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  229.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 37.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk. 
af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  69.— Liebmann,  Cheues  Am.  Trop.  t.  44.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmann 
in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  383;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  374;  Bot.  California,  ii,  98. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  167. 

Q.  oxyadenia,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172, 1. 17.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 261. 
Q.  acutiglandis,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,25. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  147 

BNCENO.      COAST   LIVE    OAK. 

California,  Mendocino  county,  south  through  the  Coast  Range  valleys  to  Lower  California. 

A  large  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  (var.  frutescens,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  98);  rare  at  the  north;  common  south  of  San 
Francisco  bay,  and  the  largest  and  most  generally  distributed  oak  in  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  the  state; 
dry  slopes  and  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  hardly  distinguishable, 
containing  many  large  open  ducts  arranged  in  several  rows  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays ; 
color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  darker  brown;  specific  gravity,  0.8253;' ash,  1.28;  of  little  value  except 
as  fuel. 

271. — Quercus  Wislizeni,  A.  DeCandolle, 

Prodr.  xvi'2,  67.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  73.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louie  Acad.  iii,  385,  396;  Bot.  California,  ii,  98. 

Q.  Morehus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii,  :if>. 

LIVE   OAK. 

California,  mount  Shasta  region,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Tulare  county,  and 
in  the  Coast  ranges  south  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  ineter  iu  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northeastern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub  0.90  to  3  meters  in  height  (var.  frutescens,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii, 
99) ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large  open  ducts  arranged  in 
irregular  bauds  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7855;  ash,  1.02. 

272. — Quercus  rubra,  Limneus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  996.— Dn  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  265.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  357;  2  ed.  v, 
292.— Mcench,  Meth.  348.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  103.— Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  No.  2,  t.  35,  36 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  200.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  445:  Enum.  976;  Berl.  Banmz.  342. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  60. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  126,  t.  26;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  84,  t.  28.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  630.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6  ed.  293. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  169. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii, 
170.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  157.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  602.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  863.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  358;  NicoUet's  Rep. 
1(50;  Fl.  N.  York,  189,  t.  106.— Bock.  Bot.  :!29.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1877,  f.  1740-1744  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— 
BigHow.  Fl.  Boston.  I!  ed.  376.— Katon  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  165.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  48,  t. 
10;  2  ed.  i,  16:!  &.  t.— Scheele  in  Ra-uier,  Texas,  446.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  269.— Darby,  Bot. 
8.  States,  510. — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  369,  t.  9. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
422. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  41. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. — Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  644;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. — Porchcr,  Resources  S.  Forests,  2G2. — Eiigi'Imanu  iu  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  v,  209;  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,li94.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  60.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866, 
72. — Gray,  Manual  X.  Siatrs,  5  ed.  454;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21. — Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  A,  B. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii'2,  70. — 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  504.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— llacoun  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 209.— Sears  iu  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  179.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  83.— Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  5K 

Q.  rubra  maxima,  Marshall,  Arbustuui,  122.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  iu  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395. 
Q.  ruhru,  var.  latifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  292. — Loudon.  Arboretum,  iii,  1877. 
Q.  rubra,  var.  montana,  Aitou.Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  292.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1877. 

(>.  ambigua,  Miehanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  120,  t.  24 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  81,  t.  26  [not  HBK.].— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 
630.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  293.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1881,  f.  1749  &  t.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  384. 

Q.  coceinea,  var.  rubra,  SpAoh, Hist.  Veg.  xi,  166. 

Q.  COCCinea,  var.  ambigua,  Gray.  Manual  X.  States,  5  ed. 454. 

Q,  rubra.  var.  runcinata,  A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi4, 60. — Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  542. 


148  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

KED    OAK.      BLACK   OAK. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick  to  eastern  Minnesota,  western  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian 
territory,  south  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river, 
Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  45  meters  (Ridgu-ay)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in 
diameter;  very  common,  especially  at  the  north,  in  all  soils  and  extending  farther  north  than  any  Atlantic  oak. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  very  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.6540;  ash,  0.26;  now  largely  used  for  clapboards,  cooperage,  and  somewhat 
for  interior  finish,  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  etc.  • 

Var.  Texana,  Buckley, 

Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1881, 123. — Engehnanu  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  vii,  14. 
Q.  paluntris,  Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  175  [not  Du  Roi]. 
Q.  COCCinea,  var.  microcarpa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206. 
Q.  Texana,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860,  445.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  507. 

RED   OAK. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  with  the  species  and  replacing  it  south  and  west,  extending  to 
the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river  and  the  Limpia  mountains  (Havard). 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavier,  harder,  much  closer-grained  than  the  species,  not  checking  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  with  fewer  and  smaller  open  ducts  ;  specific  gravity,  0.9080;  ash,  0.85. 

273. — Quercus  coccinea,  Wangouheim, 

Amer.  44,  t.  4.  f.  9.— Muhlenberg  &  Wilklenow  in  NeueSchriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  398.— Michaux,  Hist.  Chines  Am.  No.  18,  t.  31, 
32;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199.—Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,445;  Enum.  976;  Berl.  Bauraz.  343.— Smith  in  Eees'  Cycl.  xxx,61.—  Persoon,  Syn.ii, 
569.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  221.— Micbaux  f.  1  list.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  116,  t.  23 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  79,  t. 
25.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2 ed .  v,  292.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  630.— Eatou,  Manual,  108 ;  6  ed.  292.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 214.— Barton, 
Compend  Fl.  Philadclph.  ii,  169.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  171.— Ilaync,  Dend.  Fl.  157.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  602.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  863.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  358 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  189.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1879,  f.  1746-1748  &  t.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  384. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  376.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  165.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  144,  t.  9 ;  2  ed.  i,  163 
&  t.— Scheele  in  Rocmer,  Texas,  446.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  268.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  422. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  40. — 
Lesqnereux  iu  Oweu's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  (il.— Orated 
in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  I860,  72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am. 
Trop.  t.  B.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii1,  69.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  504.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  iii,  385,  394.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  80.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  156. 

• 

Q.  rubra,  ft.  Linnsens,  Spec.  1  ed.  996.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  357. 

• 

SCARLET   OAK. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  New  York,  Ontario,  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa  and 
northeastern  Missouri,  south  to  Delaware  and  southern  Tennessee,  and  through  the  Alleghany  region  to  northern 
Florida. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  54  meters  (Eidgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.GO  to  1.20 
meter  in  diameter ;  at  the  east  iu  dry,  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly,  iu  rich,  deepsoil ;  in  the  northwestern  prairie  region 
with  Q.  macrocarpa  forming  the  oak-opening  growth;  not  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  rather  darker ;  specific 
gravity,  0.7405 ;  ash,  0.19  ;  if  used  at  all,  confounded  with  that  of  Q.  rubra. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  149 

274. — Quercus  tinctoria,  Bartram, 

Travels,  2  cd.  37.— Abbot,  lusccts  Georgia,  ii,  t.5G.— Michaux,  Hist.  Cl.eues  Am.  No.  13,  t.  24, 25:  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  19".—  Willdenow,  Spee. 
iv,414;  Einini.'JTt;;  Berl.  Banmz.  344.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arl>.  ii,  ;>()'.).— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,221.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arl>.  Am.  ii.110, 
t.22;  X.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.i,  7(i,  t.  24.—  Aiton,  Hort.  Ke\v.  -J  od.  v,291.— Pursli,  Fl.  AID.  Sept.  ii,  029.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl. 
xxx, No.  58.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadcliili.  91 ;  Compcnd.  Fl.  Philadelpli.  ii,  108.— Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6ed.  292.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,214  :  Sylva,  i,2l ;  2  i>d.  i', 32.— Nouveau  Dnhaniel,  vii,  16H.— Hayne,  Demi.  Fl.  156.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii^COL— Sprcugel,  Syst.  iii,  862.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  X.  .States.  :;.".?;  Fl.  X.  York.ii,  183. — Anduboii,  Birds,  t.  82. — Beck,  Hot.  I!'.!-'. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1884, 
f.  1753,  1754.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— Big'elow, Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  370.— Eaton  &,  Wright,  Hot.  384.— Spacli,  llisi.  Veg.  xi, 
164.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  141,  t.  7;  2  ed.  i,  Kid  A.  I.— Grillith,  Med.  Bot.  586.— Gray,  Manual  X.  Slates,  1  ed.  416.— 
Darlington.  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  eel.  20".— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  lA>,'-'55.— Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois 
Ag.  Soc.  iii,  627,  t.  8. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States.  422. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  X.  Carolina,  1SOU,  iii,  39. — Lesquereux  in 
Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  045. — Engelmann  in  Proe.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209  ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
iii,  395.—  Porehcr, Resources  S.  Forests,  238.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Ai'tryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Vidcn.  Meddelt.  Nos.  Mi,  I860,  45,  72,  f.  18.— 
Liebmaun,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  9,  f.  G. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  504. — 1  layden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121. — Guibourt, 
Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  288.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Bentley  &,  Trimen,  Med.  Fl.  iv,  251,  t.251.— Eidgway  in  Proc.U.  8. 
Nat.  Mus.  1882,  84. 

f  Q.  velutina,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  172.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii*,  68. 

Q.  nigra,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  120  [not  Linmeus].— Wangenheim,  Amer.  79,  t.  6,  f.  16. 

Q.  rubra,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  14,  t.  3,  f.  7  [not  Linnajus]. — Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  FT. 
Berlin,  iii,  399. 

Q.  discolor,  Aiton,  Hort.  Ke'.v  iii,  358.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  111.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  444 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  345.— 
Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  221.— Smith  in  Rces'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  59.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  601.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  8fi3.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Eaton,  Manual,  fi  ed.  292.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384. 

Q.  tinctoria,  var.  angulosa,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  198.—  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1858. 

Q.  tinctoria,  var.  sinuosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  198.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1885,  f.  1755-1757.— Liebmann,  Chenes 
Arn.  Trop.  t.  C. 

?  Q.  Shlimardii,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860, 445. 

Q.  COCcinea,  var.  tinctoria,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  454.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  61. 

BLACK   OAK.      YELLOW-BARK   OAK.      QUERCITRON   OAK.      YELLOW   OAK. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  Vermont,  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and 
the  Indian  territory,  south  to  the  Ohattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  36  or,  exceptionally,  48  meters  (Eidgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in 
diameter;  generally  on  dry  or  gravelly  uplands;  very  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  not  tough,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth 
ma'-k';-'l  i-y  -cvcral  rows  of  very  large  open  ducts;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  much 
lighter:  specific  gravity,  0.7045;  ash,  0.28;  somewhat  used  for  cooperage,  construction,  etc. 

The  bark  largely  used  in  tanning;  the  intensely  bitter  inner  bark  yields  a  valuable  yellow  dye,  and  is 
occasionally  used  medicinally  in  the  form  of  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  hemorrhage  (U.  S.  Dispensatory, 
14  ed.  750. — JVai1.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1196). 

275. — Quercus  Kelloggii,  Newberry,  ' 

Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.vi,89,  286,  f.  6.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  406.— R.  Brown  Campst.  Horse  Sylvana),  58,  f.  4-6.— Engelmann  in 
Bot.  California,  ii,99. 

Q.  rubra,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337  [not  Linnaeus]. 

Q.  tinctoria,  var.  Californica,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205 ;  Ives'  Rep.  28. 

Q.  Cdlifornica,  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261. 

Q.  Sonomensis,  Bentham  in  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi-,  <>2. — Bolauder  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  230. — Orsted  in  Saerskitt. 
Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  72.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Engelmann  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi,  374.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  596. 

BLACK  OAK. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the  southern  borders  of  California. 


150  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations 
reduced  to  a  shrub ;  the  most  common  and  important  oak  of  the  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon  and  the  California 
Sierras. 

•  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  light  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6435 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  of  little  value,  except  as  fuel ;  the  bark  somewhat  used  in  tanning. 

* 

276. — Quercus  nigra,  LinnaW, 

Spec.  1  ed.  995. — Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  721. — Wangenheim,  Ainer.  77,  t.  5,  f.  13. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,234. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  357;  2 
ed.  v,  291.  —Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  50;  ii,  58.— Jlichaux,  Hist.  Cheues  Am.  No.  17,  t.  32,23;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  198.— Muhlenberg  & 
Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  399.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  442. — Smith  in  Eees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  53. — Persoon, 
Syn.  ii,569.— Desfpntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  509.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  629. —Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6  ed.  292.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  ii,  168.— Nouvean  Duhamel,  vii,  168.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  600,— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  862.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357 ; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  188;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 116.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1890,  f. 
1764,  17G5.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  162.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  267.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255. — Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  C25,  t.  7. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421. — Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  38. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  644;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
305.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*,  63.— Orated  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For. Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  453 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21. — Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  A. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 61. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  26. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 82. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  156. 

Q.  nigra,  var.  latifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  721. 

- 
Q.  nigra  integrifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  121. 

f  Q.  aquatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. 

Q.  Marylandica,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  399. 

BLACK   JACK.      JACK   OAK. 

•  Long  island,  New  York,  west  through  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  about  latitude  55°  N.  in  Wisconsin, 
southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to  about  99°  west  longitude,  south  to 
Matanzas  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  or  even  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  much  smaller;  dry,  barren  uplands,  or  often  on  heavy  clay  soils ;  very  common  through  the  southern 
states,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  Arkansas,  Indian  territory,  and  eastern  Texas, 
forming,  with  the  post-oak  (Q.  obtusiloba),  the  growth  of  the  Texas  cross-timbers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous^  color,  rather  dark  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.7324;  ash,  1.16;  of  little  value  except  as  fuel. 

277. — Quercus  falcata,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Chenes  Am. No.  16,  t.  28;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii, 569.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  221.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. ii,  104,  t. 21 ; 
N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.i,  73,  t.  23.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  630.— Nuttall, Genera,  ii,  214.— Barton,  Compend.  PI.  Philadelph.  ii, 
170.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  169.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  604.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  358.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
293.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1882,  f.  1750, 1751.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  292.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed. 
269.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  422.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  39. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  644 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. — Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  256.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3, 59.— Orated  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 
72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  A,  t.  22,  f.  3.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
505.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 80. 

Q.  rubra  Montana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  123. 

Q.  nigra  digitata,  Marshall,-Arbustum,  121. 

Q.  cuneata,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  78,  t.  5,  f.  14.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 64. 

Q.  elongata,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  400.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  444.— Smith  in 
Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  57.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  291. 

Q.  triloba,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  14,  t.  26.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  443;  Berl.  Baumz.  342.— Smith  in  Rces'  Cycl.  xxx, 
No.  54.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,220. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  291.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,628.— 
Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  156.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  662.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Beck.  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  292.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Wood,  Cl.  Book, 644  ;  Bot.  &  PI.  30C.. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  151 

Q.fttlcata,  var.  triloba,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  004.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.—  A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr. 
xvi2, 59. 

Q.falcata,  var.  pagodafolia,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.liia.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.Carolina, 
1860,  iii,39. 

Q.  discolor,  var.  triloba,  Sparh.  Hist.  Vrg.xi,  163. 
Q.falcata,  var.  Ludoviciana,  A.  DeCamloli.-.  i-mdr.  xvi-, 59. 

SPANISH   OAK.      RED   OAK. 

t 

Long  island,  New  York,  south  to  Hernando  county,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  uplands 
find  barrens;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  only  near  the  coast;  rare;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  where,  in  the  middle  districts,  it  is  the  most  common  forest  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  not  durable,  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual 
growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous;  color,  light  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6928;  ash,  0.25;  somewhat  used  for  cooperage,  construction,  etc.,  and  very 
largely  for  fuel. 

The  bark  rich  in  tannin. 

278. — Quercus  Catesbaei,. Michaux, 

Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  17,  t.  29,  30 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199,— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  27,  1. 14.— Willdenow',  Spec,  iv,  446.— Smith  in  Re«s 
Cycl.  xxx,  No.  62.  — Persoon,  Syn.  569.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  221.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  101,  t. 
20 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  71,  t.  22.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  630.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  172.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  603.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  866.— Torrey,  C'ompend.  Fl.  N.  States,  358.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  293.— 
Loudou,  Arboretum,  iii,  1889,  f.  1762,  1763.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  3H4.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  162.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  422. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  41. — 
Wood,  Cl.  Book,  644  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3'  59.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt. 
Nos.  1-6,  1866,  72.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  iis,  67.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. 

?  Q.  IcBvis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. 

TURKEY   OAK.      SCRUB   OAK.      FORKED-LEAF    BLACK  JACK.      BLACK  JACK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Malabar  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  and  along  the  coast  of  Alabama 
and  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  very  common  in  the  south 
Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states  upon  barren  sandy  hills  and  ridges  of  the  maritime  pine  belt;  rare  in  Mississippi. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
•open  ducts  and  containing  many  much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  short  lines  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7294;  ash, 
O.S7 ;  largely  used  for  fuel. 

279. — Quercus  palustris,  DU  Roi, 

Harbk.  ii,  268,  t.  5,  f.  4.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  76,  t.  5,  f.  10.— Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  19,  t.  33,  34  ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  200.— 
Wilklemnv,  Spec,  iv,  446 ;  Enum.  976 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  343. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 
222.-  Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  123,  t.  25 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  i,  83,  t.  27.— Aitou,  Hort.  Ken-.  2  ed.  v,  292.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl. 
xxx,  No.  6.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  631.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  170.— Eaton, Manual.  108; 
6ed.  293. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  172.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  158. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  863. — Torrey,  Compend. 
Fl.  N.  States,  358;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  190,  t.  107.— Beck,  Bot,  329.— Loudou,  Arboretum,  iii,  1887,  f.  1758-1761  &  t,— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  384. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  166.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  269. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Brendel  in  Trans. 
Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  631.— Leaqtiereux  in  Owen's  2<1  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  644;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— A.  De  Caudolle, 
Prodr.  xvi-,  60.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  J-6,  1866, 23,  72,  f.  4.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
454. — Liebmann,  Chines  Am.  Trop.  t.  A. — Koch,  Demlrologie,  ii",  71. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  2  ed.  i,  167  &  t. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  27.— W.  E.  Stone  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  57.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  83.— Burgess  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  641). 

Q.  rubra,  var.  dixsecta,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  12°- 

Q.  rubra  ramosissima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  122.— Muhlenberg&  Willdeuow  in  NeueSchriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  398. 


15U  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

PIN   OAK.      SWAMP   SPANISH   OAK.      WATER    OAK. 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut  river,  Massachusetts  (Amherst,  Stone),  to  central  New  York,  south  to  Delaware  and 
the  District  of  Columbia ;  southern  Wisconsin  to  eastern  Kansas,  southern  Arkansas,  and  southeastern  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter; 
low,  rich  soil,  generally  along  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  badly  in  drying:  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  rather  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.0938;  ash,  0.81;  somewhat  used  for  shingles,  clapboards,  construction, 
and  in  cooperage. 

280. — Quercus  aquatica,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  '234. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  357  ;  2  ed.  v,  '390. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  59,  79. — Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No. 
11,  t.  19,  20,  21;  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  198.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schrifteu  Gesoll.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  399.— Persoou,  Syn. 
ii,  569. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  509. — Poiret,  Snppl.  ii,  220. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  89, 1. 17  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.  i,  65, 
1. 19. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  52. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  628. — Barton,  Coinpencl.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  168. — Nouveau  Duharnel, 
vii,  167.— Elliott,  Sk,  ii,  599.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  862.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Andubou,  Birds,  t.  24.— Beck,  Bot. 
328.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  292.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1892.  f.  1767.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.xi,  161.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1856, 255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N. 
Carolina,  37.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 
67.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Not).  1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
21.— Liebinann,  ChSnes  Am.  Trop.t.  D.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. 

Q.  nigra  aquatica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  721. 

Q.  nigra  triftda,  Marshall,  Arbustvim,  121. 

f  Q.  uliginosa,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  80,  t.  6,  f.  18. 

Q.  hemisphcerica,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  443.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  628.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  628.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxx, 
No.  56,  628.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  295.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Michaux  f.  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  187. 

Q.  nana,  Willdenow,  Spec.  448.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  599. 

Q.  aquatica,  vars.  cuneata,  elongata,  indivisa,  attenuata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  290. 

Q.  hemisphcerica,  var.  nana,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214. 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  hybrida,  Chapman,  Fl.  s.  States,  421. 

Q.  nigra,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii^,  61,  in  part. 

WATER  OAK.      DUCK  OAK.      POSSUM  OAK.      PUNK  OAK. 

Sussex  county,  Delaware,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida, 
through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Black 
river,  southeastern  Missouri  (Poplar  Bluffs,  Letterman),  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  streams  and 
bottoms  in  heavy,  undrained  soil,  or,  more  rarely,  upon  uplands  ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
along  the  large  streams  in  the  maritime  piue  belt  of  the  eastern  Gulf  states. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous:  color,  rather  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7244 ;  ash,  0.51 ;  probably  not  used  except  as  fuel. 

,- 
281. — Quercus  laurifolia,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  10, 1. 17 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i  v,  427.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  567.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  14.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  288.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,627.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Nonveau  Duhamel,  vii,  153.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii, 
597.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  857.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  294.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1897,  f.  1775,1776.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  3S5.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18(50,  iii,  36.— Liebmaun,  Chfines  Am.  Trop.  t.  D.— Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  643. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — Engelroann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  385, 395. 

Q.  laurifolia  hybrida,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  No.  10, 1. 18. 

Q.  laurifolia,  var.  obtusa,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  428.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  288.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  343. 

Q.  laurifolia,  var,  OCWta,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  428.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v, 288. 

Q.  obtusa,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  627. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  laurifolia,  Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  420.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  502. 

Q.  aquatica.  var.  laurifolia,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  68. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  153 

LAUREL   OAK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to 
the  shores  of  Mobile  bay. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  Florida  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  very  stroug  and  hard,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked 
by  several  rows  of  rather  small  opeu  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7673  ;  ash  O.S2. 

282. — Quercus  heterophylla,  Mk-haux  t. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  87,  t.  16;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,64,  t.  18.— PurslyFl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  627.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii, 
167.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214;  Sylva,  i,15;  2  ed.  i,24.— Green  in  Universal  Herbal,  ii,442.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— 
Sweet,  Cat.  2  ed.  466.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  292.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1894.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  383.— 
Gale  in  Prop.  Nat.  lust.  leT>.'>,  70,  f.  1.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  645.— Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Aead.  1862,  361 ;  1862, 100.— Gray,  Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebinann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  B.— Meehan  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1875, 437,  465 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii, 
10. — Leidy  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1875,  415. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  385,  391. — Martindale,  Notes  on. 
the  Bartram  Oak,  3;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  303.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  114. 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  heterophylla,,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  290.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  68. 

Q.  nigra,  var.  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255. 

Q.  Phellos  X  tinctoria,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  4  ed.  406. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453. 

Q.  Phellos  XCOCCinea,  Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  541. 

BARTRAM'S  OAK. 

New  Jersey,  Salem  and  Cumberland  counties,  "restricted  to  a  line  or  belt  bordering  extreme  tidal  points  of 
streams  entering  the  Delaware  river  where  the  alluvial  terminates  and  the  upland  commences,"  (Commons); 
Delaware,  near  Townsend  station  and  Wilmington  ;  North  Carolina  (M.  A.  Curtis  in  herb.  Canby) ;  eastern  Texas 
(E.  Hall) ;  this  perhaps  Q.  Durandii. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  rare  and  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of 
small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.6834 ;  ash,  0.17. 

283. — Quercus  cinerea,  Miehaux, 

Hist.  Cheues  Am.  No.  8, 1. 14 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Arn.  ii,  197. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  425. — Persoon,  Syir.  ii,567.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  212. — Miehaux 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,82,t.  14;  \.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,61,t.  16.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew,  2  ed.  v,  288.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,626.— 
Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.xxx,  No.  fi. — Nuttall.  Genera,  ii,  214. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  151. — Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  594. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii, 
857. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  294.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  6  ed.  294. — Engelmann  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  262. — 
Scheele  iu  Rosiner,  Texas,  446. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  37.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  73.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat. 
For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1806,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  502.— Koch. 
Dendrologie,  ii-,  58.  — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  385,395. 

Q.  Primus,  ft.  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  995. 

Q.  hltmilis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliiiiana,  234.   • 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  cinerea,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  354.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1895,  f.  1773.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,161. 

UPLAND   AVILLOW   OAK.      BLUE   JACK.      SAND   JACK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Malabar  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas,  extending  north  through  eastern  Texas  to  about  latitude  33°. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  barrens  and 
dry  upland  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close  grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  not 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.6420  ;  ash,  1.21. 


154  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

284. — Quercus  hypoleuca,  Eugelmaun, 

Trans.  St.  Louie  Acad.  iii,  384 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  251.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  78. 
Q.  COnfertifolia,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  207  [uot  HBK.].— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,261. 

Limpia  mountains,  Texas  (Havard),  valleys  of  the  high  mountain  ranges  of  southwestern  New  Mexico,  Santa 
Eita  mountains,  Arizona,  above  6,000  feet  elevation;  southward  into  Sonora. 

A  small  evergreen  tree  of  great  beauty,  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.75  meter  in  diameter; 
dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  summits,  the  large  specimens  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  small 
open  ducts;  me'dullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.8009;  ash,  1.34.  \ 

285. — Quercus  imbricaria,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Chines  Am.  No.  9,  t.  15,  16 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  428 ;  Enum.  Suppl.  64  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  338.— Persoon, 
Syn.  ii,  567.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  214.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Art>.  Am.  ii,  78, 1. 13  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  60,  t.  15.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  v,  288.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  15. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  627. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  ii,  167.— Nouveau  Duhauiel,  vii,  153.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  155.— Elliott',  Sk.  ii,  598. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  857.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Manual,"  6  ed.  292.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1898,  f.  1777.— Eaton  & 
AVright,  Bot.  383.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  130.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255.— Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  623,  t.  6. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  420. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  36.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi", 
63.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1860,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452.— Young,  Bot. 
Texas,  502.— Liebmann,  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  t.  D,  t.  xxii,  f.  5.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  60.— Vaeey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— 
Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  80. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  imbricaria,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  160. 

SHINGLE   OAK.      LAUREL    OAK. 

Allentowu,  Lehigh  county,  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  west  through  southern  Michigan,  southern  Wisconsin,  and 
southeastern  Iowa  to  southeastern  Nebraska  and  northeastern  Kansas,  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
middle  Tennessee,  and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  woodlands. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many 
rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7529 ;  ash,  0.43 ;  occasionally  used  for  clapboards,  shingles,  etc. 

286. — Quercus   Phellos,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  994. — Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  722. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  76,  t.  5,  f.  11. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  354; 
2  ed.  v,  287. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  52,  91. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  423 ;  Enum.  974;  Berl. 
Baumz.  337. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  7. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,567. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  507. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. 
ii,75,  t.  13;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  58,  t.  14.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  625.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91 ;  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  ii,  167. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214 ;  Sylva,  i,  15 ;  2  ed.  i,  17. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  150. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  155. — Elliott, 
Sk.  ii,  593. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  857. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  187.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  383.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1894,  f.  1774  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  383.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  160.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  420. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  36.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  63.— Orated  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5 
ed.  452;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  502.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  59.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Gartenflora, 
.  xxix,  221  &  f.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  83. 

Q.  Phellos  angwstifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  124. 

Q.  Phellos  latifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  124.— Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1895  &  t. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  viridis,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  354. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  humilis,  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  625. 

WILLOW   OAK.      PEACH   OAK. 

Totteuville,  Stateu  island,  New  York,  south  near  the  coast  to  northeastern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri.  Tennessee,  and  southern 
Kentucky. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  155 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  bottom  lands  or  rich  sandy 
uplands. 

AYood  heavy,  strong,  not  hard,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  distant;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap  wood  lighter 
red;  specific  gravity  0.7472;  ash,  U..~>0;  some  what  used  for  fellies  of  wheels,  clapboards,  in  construction,  etc. 

287. — Quercus  densiflora,  Hooker  &  Arn< >tt, 

Bot.  Beechey,  391.— Hooker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  380.— Bentlmiu,  I'l.  HarUveg.  337.— Nuttall,  Sylv.-i,  i,  11,  t.  5;  •-'  ed.  i,  21,  t.  5.— Torrey  in 
Pacific  E.  R.  Eep.  iv,  138.— Bot.  \Vilkcs  Expi-d.  4:V.— X.-Nvlierry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  31,  89,  f.  8.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr. 
xvi-,  82.— Bolauder  in  Proc.  California  Ac  ad.  iii,  '>:U.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii, 
380;  Bot.  California,  ii,  99. 

Q.  echinacea,  Torroy  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  137,  t.  14. 

Pasanitt  densiflora,  Orstcd  in  Saer&kitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viik-u.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  73. 

Q.  echinoiden,  R.  Brown  Campst.in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Kat.  Hist.  April,  1871, '2. 

TANBARK  OAK.      CHESTNUT  OAK.      PEACH  OAH. 

Valley  of  the  Umpqua  river,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains,  California. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  rich,  valleys  and  banks  of  streams; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  redwood  forests  of  the  California  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  broad  bands  of  small  open  ducts  parallel 
to  the  thin,  dark,  conspicuous  medullary  rays ;  color,  bright  reddish-brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  darker  brown ; 
specific  gravity,  O.GS27  ;  ash,  1.49;  largely  used  as  fuel. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  very  largely  used  and  preferred  to  that  of  any  other  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests  for 

tanning. 

• 
NOTE  .—The  following  shrubby  species  of  Quercus  do  not  properly  find  a  place  in  this  catalogue  : 

Quercus  undulata.  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  248,  t.  4. 
Interior  Pacific  region  from  Colorado  southward. 

Quercus  Breweri,    Engehnann  in'liot.  California,  ii,  96. 

Q.  labata,  var.  fntticosa,  En(;elmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  388. 
Western  slopes  of  the  high  Sierra  Nevadas,  California. 

Quercus  Georgiana,   SI.  A.  Curtis  iu  Chapman's  Fl.  S.  States. 
Stone  Mountain,  Georgia. 

Quercus  myrtifolia,  Willdenow,  Sp.  iv,  434. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  arenaria,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  420. 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  myrtifolia,  A.  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi,  68. 

South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast. 

Quercus  ilicifolia,  Wangcnheim,  Amer.  79, 1 8,  f.  17. 
Q.  Banisteri,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chcnea  Am.  t.27. 

North  Atlantic  region. 

Quercus  pumila,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliana,  234. 

Q.  Phtllos pumila,  Michaux,  Ilist.  Chenes  Am.  1. 15,  f.  1. 

Q.  cinerea,  var.  pumila,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  16,  74. 

Q.  cinerea,  var.  sericea,  Engolmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  384. 

Q.  sericea,  Willdenow,  Spec.  424. 

Q,  Phellos,  var.  sericea,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  354. 

Pine  barrens,  South  Carolina. 

Quercus  dumosa,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  7. 

Q.  berberidifolia,  Lk-bmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Sclsk.  Forbandl.  1854,  172,  in  part. 
Q.  dumosa,  var.  bitllala,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  296. 
Q.  acuiidens,  Torrey.  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  207,  t.  51. 

Coast  ranges  of  southern  California. 
Numerous  hybrid  or  supposed  hybrid  oaks,  variously  described  by  American  botanists,  are  not  properly  considered  here. 


156  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

288. — Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  A.  De  Candolle; 

Seemann'sJour.  Bot.  i,  182;  Prodr.  xvi2,  109. — Watsou  in  King's  Rep.  v,:522;  Bot.  California,  ii,  100. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  401. — 
Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Expod.  463.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees.  -27.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

Castanea  chrytophylla,  Douglas  iu  Hooker's  London  Jour.  BoL  ii,  490,  t.  !<;.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  159.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  al ;  2  ed.  i,  37.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  4953.— Torrey  in.  Pacific  E.  E.  Rep.  iv,  137  ;  Bot. 
Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205. — Morreu  iu  Belg.  Hort.  vii.  ~1~,  t.  240. — New  berry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  26,  89, 
f.  4.— Fl.des  Serres,  xii,  3,  t.  1184.— Cooper  iu  Smitlisouian  Rep.  1858, 261.— Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii,  280.— 
BolanderinProc.  California  Acad.  iii,  231. — Eugelmann  iu  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  375. — Shingles  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
18H2,  716. 

Castanea  chrysophylla,  var.  minor,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337- 
Castanea  sempervirens,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,  71. 
C.  chrysophylla,  var.  minor,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi'-,  110. 
C.  chrysophylla,  var.  pumila,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27. 

CHINQUAPIN. 

% 

Cascade  mountains,  Oregon,  below  4,000  feet  elevation,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadasr 
and  through  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jaciuto  mountains. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  and  toward 
its  southern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Coast 
Eange  valleys  of  northern  California;  at  its  southern  limits  rarely  below  10,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  nor  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  a  single  row  of  rather 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter: 
specific  gravity,  0.5574;  ash,  0.35;  in  southern  Oregon  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  plows  and  other 

agricultural  implements. 

• 

289. — Castanea  pumila,  Miller, 

Diet.  No.  2.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  708.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,193. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  461;  Enum.  980;  Berl.  Banm/,.  78.— Smith 
in  Rees'  Cycl.  xiv,  No.  2.— Nouveau  Duhamel,iii,  79.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  572.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  500.— Michaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  ii,  166,  t.  7 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  16,  t.  105.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  cd.  v,  298.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624  — 
Ratinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  159;  New  FL  &  Bot.  i,  83. —Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,217  ;  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  168.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
165.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  287.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  615.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  355 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  196.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  85.— Beck,  But.  332.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  84.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  350.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  2002,  f.  1927,  1928.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  184.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  192.— Darlington,  PI.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  270.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  512.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  47.— Lesqiiereux 
in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  646 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  307.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  237.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2,  115. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  455.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  508.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-,  24.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees.  27. — Butler  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  17. 

Fagus  pumila,  Linnieus,    Spec.  1   ed.   998.— DQ  Roi,  Harbk.  i,   175.— Wangenheim,  Amer.   57.  t.   19,  f.  44.— Walter,  Fl- 
Caroliniana,  233. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  361. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  57. 

Fagus  Castanea  pumila,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  47. 
Fagus  pumila,  var.  prcecox,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  233. 

C.  nana,  Muhlenberg,  Cat.  86.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  615.— Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  83. —Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  512.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  47. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. 

C.  alnifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  217  ;  Sylva,  i,  19,  t.  6  ;  2  eel.  i,  36,  t.  6. 
C,  vesca,  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkausas,  388  [not  Gicrtner]. 

CHINQUAPIN. 

Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Indiana,  south  and  southwest  to 
northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Neches  river,  Texas. 

A.  tree  sometimes  15  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  1.05  meter  in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  in  the 
Atlantic  states,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  rich  hillsides  and  borders  of  swamps;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  liable  to  check  in  drying;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark 
brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.5887;  ash,  0.12;  used  for  posts,  rails,  railway 
ties,  etc. 

The  small  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  157 

290. — Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana,  A.  DeCandolle, 

Prodr.  xvi2,  114.— Schneck  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  vi,  159.— Bell  iu  Geological  Rep.  C'auada,  1879-'80,  53C.— Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.S. 
Nat,  Mus.  1882, 84. 

Fagus  Castanea  dentata,  Marshall,  Arbnstum, 46. 

Fagus  Castanea,  Wangenheim.Amer.  47  [not  Linnu'iis].—  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  y33.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  361,  in  part.— 
Lamarck,  111.  iii,  36<i,  t.  782,  in  part. 

C.  vesca,  var.  Americana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Hor.-An-.  ii.  193.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  572.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  90.— 
Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624.— Eaton,  Manual,  109;  6  ed.  84.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  217.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  614.—  Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  355 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  195,  t.  111.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1984.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
184. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  KM,  2  ed.  i,  187  &  t. — Porcber,  Resources  S.  Forests,  238.  -  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  27.— Rudkiu  in  Hull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vii,81. 

€.  Americana,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  82.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Stippl.  64.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  24  ;  2  ed.  i,  38.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,  191. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  25(>. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii*,  23. —  Martindale  in  Proc. 
Philadelphia  Aead.  1880,  2. 

C.  vesca,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  460,  iu  part.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  500,  iu  part.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  151,  t. 
6 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  11,  I.  104  [not  Gsertner]. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  165,  in  part. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  856,  in 
part.— Beck,  Bot.  332.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  350.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3 ed.  224.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  270.— Darby, 
Bot.  S.  States.  511.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  46.— Wood, 
Cl.  Book, 646;  Bot,  &  Fl.  306.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  455. 

CHESTNUT. 

Southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  Winooski  river,  Vermont,  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan,  south 
through  the  northern  states  to  Delaware  and  southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Alabama,  extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  meters  iu  diameter;  rich  woods  and  hillsides; 
very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  and  warp  in  drying,  easily  split,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4504;  ash,  0.18;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making, 
for  railway  ties,  posts,  fencing,  etc. 

The  fruit,  although  smaller,  superior  in  sweetness  and  flavor  to  that  of  the  European  chestnut. 

An  infusion  or  fluid  extract  of  the  dried  leaves  is  successfully  employed  in  the  treatment  of  whooping-cough 
And  other  pectoral  affections  (U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  245. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.,364). 

291. — Fagus  ferruginea,  Aiton, 

Hort.  K-w.  iii,  362;  2ed.  v,  298.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  75.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  400;  Enum.  980;  Berl.  Baumz.  140.— Persoon, 
Syn.ii,  571.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  496.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  174,  t.9  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith 
in  Rees'  Cyol.  xiv,  No.  4.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  90  ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph^ii,  174.— Eaton, 
Manual,  108;  6  ed.  145.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  856.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  354;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  194,  t.  110.— Beck.  Bot. 
333.— Eaton,  Manual,  (i  ed.  145.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  19cO,  f.  1U17.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  159.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  244.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  374.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  271. —Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
425.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  47.— Wood,  Bot.  &  F1.307.— A.  Db  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3, 118.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  455.— Koch,  Dcudrologie,  ii2, 19.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— 
Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  179.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  52^.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 85. 

F.  sylvatica  atropunicea,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  46. 

F.  Americana  latifolia,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  80,  t.  29,  f.  55.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1980,  f.  1916. 

F.  sylvatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  233  [not  Liuna-us].— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  2  ed.  538.— Darby,  Bot,  S.  States,  512. 

F.  sylvestria,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ii,  194.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  170,  t.  8  ;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  18, 1. 107.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  159. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. 

F.  alba,  Raflnesqne.Vl.  Ludoviciana,  131. 

.F.  sylvatica,  var.  Americana,  Nuttall, Genera,  ii.aili.  —  Barton, Compend.  Fl. Philadelph. ii,  174. — Elliott,  Sk.ii,  613. — Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  145. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1953.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  244. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  153 ;  2 
ed.  i,  1M)  &-  t. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  647. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  235. 

F.  Americana,  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  *i,  201. 

F.  ferrvginea,  var.  Caroliniana,  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1980,  f.  1915. 


158  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

BEECH. 

Nova  Scotia  and  the  valley  of  the  Restegouche  river  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Huron  and  northern 
Wisconsin,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  west 
to  eastern  Illinois,  southeastern  Missouri,  and  Madison  county,  Arkansas  (Letterman). 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  34  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in 
diameter  ;  rich  woods,  or  at  the  south  sometimes  in  bottom  lands  or  the  dryer  portions  of  swamps,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  upon  the  "bluff"  formations  of  the  lower  Mississippi  basin;  very  common. 

Wood  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying,  difficult  to  season,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  very  conspicuous  ;  color, 
varying  greatly  with  soil  and  situation,  dark  red,  or  often  lighter,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity, 
0.6883  ;  ash,  0.51  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  shoe-lasts,  plane  stocks,  handles,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 

292.  —  Ostrya  Virginica,  Willdenow, 

Spec,  iv,  469  ;  Euum.  9b2  :  Berl.  Baumz.  2(50.—  Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  573.—  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  302.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  li,  623.—  Eaton, 
Manual,  109;  6  ed.  244.—  Nuttall,  Genera,  i;,  219.—  Hayne,  Demi.  Fl.  1G9.—  Elliott,  Sk.ii,  618.—  Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  856.—  Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  356;  Nicollet's  Eep.  160;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  185,  1.  102.—  Audubon,  Birds,  t.  40.—  London,  Arboretnm,  iii, 
2015,  f.  1940.—  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.  -Am.  ii,  160.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  336.—  Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  383.—  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 
2ser.  xvi,  246;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  218.—  Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  177  ;  2  ed.  i,  201  &  t.—  Parry  in  Owen's  Eep.  618.—  Darlington, 
Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  274.—  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509.-  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  256.  —Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  426.—  Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Sui-v.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  75.—  Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  :!bU—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  647;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
307.—  Porch  er,  Resources  S.  Forests,  233.—  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi'-,  125.—  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  456.—  Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
510.—  Vasry.  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.—  Sargent  in  Am.  Nat,  xi,  683.—  Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.—  Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  85. 

Carpinus  Ostrya,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  998,  in  part.—  Dn  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  130.—  Wangenheim,  Amer.  48.  —Marshall,  Arbustum, 
25.—  Mrench,  Meth.  694.—  Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  76.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,ii,200.—  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii, 
53,  t.  7  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii.  27,  1.  109. 

Carpinus   Virginiana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  4.—  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  708  ;  Wangenheim,  Amer.  49.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii, 

201.—  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  493.—  Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  vii,  No.  5. 
Carpinus  triflora,  Mrench,  Meth.  394. 

Carpinus  Ostrya,  var.  Americana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.  -Am.  ii,  202. 

0.  Virginica,  var.  glandulosa,  Spach  in  Ann,  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  246;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  218. 
0.  Virginica,  var.  eglandulosa,  Spach.  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  246;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  218. 
0.  Virginiana,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  6. 

HOP   HORNBEAM.      IRON    WOOD.      LEVER   WOOD. 

Bay  of  Chaleur.  through  the  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  the  lower  Ottawa  rivers,  along  the  northern 
shore  of  lake  Huron  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany 
mountains  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and  through  eastern  Iowa,  southeastern  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter  ;  generally  on  dry,  gravelly 
hillsides  and  knolls,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  or,  like 
the  sap-wood,  often  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.8284  ;  ash,  0.50  ;  used  for  posts,  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

293.  —  Carpinus  Caroliniana,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  238.—  A.  De  Candoile,  Prodr.  xvi2,  126.—  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  4.—  Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xviii,  180.—  Ridgway  in 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  85. 

C.  Americana,  Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,708;  Suppl.  ii,  202.—  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  201.—  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  468;  Enum. 
Suppl.  64;  Berl.  Biinrnz.  75.  —  Persoon.  Syn.  ii,  573.  —  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  57,  t.  8;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
iii,  26,  t.  108.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  623.—  Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  301.—  Eaton,  Manual,  109  ;  6  ed.  82.—  Bartou, 
Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91  ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  176.—  Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  218.—  Hayne.Dend.  Fl.  168.—  Elliott, 
Sk.  ii,  618.—  Watson,  Deud.  Brit,  ii,  t.  157.—  Sprengel,  Syst,  iii,  854.—  Guiuipel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  107,  t.  84.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  356;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  185,  t.  103.—  Penn.  Cycl.  iv,  315.—  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  2013, 
f.  1936.—  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  160.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  182.—  Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  383.—  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  252  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  224.  —  Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  174  ;  2  ed.  i,  198  &  t.  —  Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  ' 
618.  —  Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  273.  —  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508.  —  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,256.  —  Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  425.  —  Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina.,  1860,  iii,  75.  —  Lesqiieroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
388.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  648;  Bot.  &  Fl.  307.—  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5ed.  457;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21—  Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
509.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.—  Broadlirud  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.—  Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada. 


C.  Betulus  Virginiana,  Marshall,  Arbustum, 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  159 

HORNBEAM.   BLUE  BEECH.   WATER  BEECH.   IRON  WOOD. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick,  northern  shores  of  Georgian  bay,  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to 
northern  Minnesota  (lake  Tokegaina,  Garrison),  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay.  Florida,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  west  to  central  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Poteau  river,  Indian  territory. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  lu  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north 
much  smaller  and  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  :  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  moist  soil ;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains  and  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
broad ;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.728G ;  ash.  <».'3 ;  sometimes  used  for 
levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 


BETTJLACEJE. 


294. — Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia,  Spach, 

Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  167  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  233. — Eiullicher,  Genera,  Snppl.  iv,  19.— Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  76,  t.  4,  f. 
19-28;  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  459. — Vascy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  55C. 

B.  lenta,  Du  Roi,  Ilarbk.  i,  92  [not  LinnteueJ.— Wangenhelm,  Amcr.  4">,  t.  29.  f.  :'•-. 

B.  populifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustnm,  19.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  336;  2  ed.  v,  299.— Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  1  cd.  37,  t.  2, 
f.  5;  Spec,  iv,  403. — Pcra>on,Syn.ii,  572. — Desfonl nines.  Hist.  Arb.  ii.  476.— NouveauDuhamel,  iii,  204. — Poiret,  Suppl. 
i,  687.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  139,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  78,  t.  71.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,620.— 
Smith  iu  Bees'  Cycl.  iv,  No.  8. — Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92 ;  Compeud.  Fl.  Philadeiph.  ii,  175. — Eaton,  Manual, 
109;  6  ed.53.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  218;  Sylva,  i, 25;  2  ed.  i,  42.— Hayne,  Demi.  Fl.  166.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  854.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  151.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.N.  States,355;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  199,  t.  112.— London,  Arboretum,  iii, 
1707,  f.  1560.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  156.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts,  213 ;  2  ed.i,  243  &  t.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  421.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— 
Wood,  C'l.  Book,  649;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  646. 

B.  acuminata,  Ehrhart,  Bt-itr.  vi,  9^.— Mo'iich,  Moth.  69:!. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  populifolia,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4, 399;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi8,  164. 

WHITE   BIRCH.      OLD-FIELD    BIRCH.      GRAY   BIRCH. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  south, 
generally  near  the  coast,  to  New  Castle  county,  Delaware. 

A  small,  short-lived  tiee  of  rapid  growth,  0  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter; 
dry,  gravelly,  barren  soil  or  borders  of  swamps,  now  generally  springing  up  upon  abandoned  or  burned  land  in 
eastern  New  England. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying,  not  durable  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5760 ;  ash,  0.29 ;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-pegs,  wood  pulp,  etc.,  for  hoop-poles  and  fuel. 

The  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  those  of  B.  papyrifera  and  B.  lenta,  are  popularly  esteemed  as  a  remedy  for 
various  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin,  bladder,  etc.,  and  for  rheumatic  and  gouty  complaints;  the  empyreuinatic  oil 
of  birch  obtained  from  the  inner  bark  by  distillation  is  used  externally  and  internally  for  the  same  purposes  (U.  8. 
Dispensatory,  U  ed.  1592.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  287);  the  bark  occasionally  used  domestically  in  the  manufacture 
of  ink. 

295. — Betula  papyrifera,  Marshall, 

Arbnfitnm,  19.—  Michaiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  180. 

B.  papyracea,  Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  337;  2  ed.  v,  300.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  464;  Euum.  981;  Berl.  Banmz.  58,t.2,f.l.— 
Nouveau  Dnlmmcl,  iii,  205.—  1'ersoon,  Syn.  ii,  572.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  688.— Michaux 
['.  1 1  i.st.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  133, 1. 1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  70,  t.  69.— Smith  in  Roes'  Cycl.  iv,  No.  9.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
ii,621.— B.  S.  [iarlon,  I'.ot.  Appx.  34,t.27,f.  1.— Eaton,  Manual,  109;  Ii  ed.  53.— Barton,  Compond.Fl.  Philadeiph.  ii, 
175.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  218  ;  .Sylva,  i,  25  :  2  ed.  i,  42.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  167.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 152.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  854.— Torrey,  Compeml.  Fl.  N.  .States.  355;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  199.— Auduliou,  Birds,  t. 88. —London,  Arboretum, 
iii,  1708,  f.  1561  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  156.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381.— 
Peini.  Cycl.  ii,  349.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  210;  2  ed.i, 239  &  t.— Parry  iu  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  437.— Coorer  in  Smithsonian  K.'|>.  l"5-<,  256.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Liumcan  Soc.  xxiii-,  300,  3?.9.— Wood, 
Cl.  Book,  649  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States.  5  cd.  459.— Koch,  Demlrologie,  ii,  645.— Vascy,  Cat.  Fore-si 
Trees,  28.— Maromi  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 210.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  180.— Bell  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 45s. 


T160  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

B.  nic/ra,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  t.  51  [not  Linnaeus]. 

jB.  grandis,  Schrader  in  Ind.  Hort.  Goett.  1833, 2. 

B.  rubra,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. 

B.  Canadensis,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. 

B.  alba,  var.  papyri/era,  Spach.  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2 ser. xv,  188 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  234.—  Endlicher,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv2, 19.  — Regel 
in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  81,  t.  5,  f.  5-16. 

B.  cordifolia,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  86, 1. 12,  f.  29-36. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  papyri/era,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4,  401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 166. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  papyri/era,  var.  cordifolia,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4,'  401;  De  Caudolle,  Prodr. 
xvi*,  166. 

B.  alba,   Subspecies  papyri/era,  var.  COmmunis,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii<,  401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
.      xvi'2, 166. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  comnmtata,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4, 401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  166. 

B.  OCCidentalis,  Lyall  in  Jour.  Liuujcan  Soc.  vii,  134  [not  Hooker]. 

B.  alba,  var.  populifolia,  Winchell  in  Ludlow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  67  [not  Spach]. 

CANOE  BIRCH.      WHITE   BIKCH.      PAPEE  BIRCH. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay  and  northwest  to  the  Great 
Bear  lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  river,  Alaska,  south,  in  the  Atlantic  region  to  Wading  river,  Long  island, 
the  mountains  of  northern  Pennsylvania,  Clear  lake,  Montcalm  county,  Michigan,  northeastern  Illinois  and  Saint 
Cloud,  Minnesota ;  in  the  Pacific  region  south  to  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota  (R.  Douglas),  the  Mullen  trail  of  the  Bitter 
Root  mountains  and  Flathead  lake,  Montana,  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Colville.  Washington  territory  ( Watson), 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia  (Engelmann  &  Sargent). 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands  and  banks  of 
streams ;  very  common  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region  and  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  deciduous  tree  of 
the  American  forest. 

Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5955;  ash,  0.25;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-lasts  and  pegs,  in  turnery,  for  fuel,  wood-pulp,  etc. 

The  very  tough,  durable  bark  easily  separated  into  thin  layers,  impervious  to  water,  is  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  canoes,  tents,  etc. 

296. — Betula  occidentalis,  Hooker, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  197.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  22,  t.  7 ;  2  ed.  i,  40,  t.  7.— Endlicher,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv*, 
20. — Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  466. — Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858, 261 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  408.— Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  131,  t.  15,  f.  35.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  493.— Watson  in 
King's  Rep.  v,  323,  t.  35  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17;  Bot.  California,  ii,  79.— Porter  &  Hayden,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 
127.— Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler.  50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76, 210.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  331. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  OCCidentalis  typica,  Regel  in  Bull.  Sue.  Nat,  Moscow,  xxxviii",  400;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi=,  165. 

BLACK  BIRCH. 

British  Columbia,  south  to  the  Mount  Shasta  region  (Strawberry  vale)  and  the  eastern  canons  of  the  Sierra 
Nevadas  above  Owen's  valley  (Lemmon),  California,  and  through  the  interior  ranges  and  the  Bocky  mountains  to 
Utah  and  northern  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  mountain  caiions 
and  along  streams,  in  moist  soil,  often  throwing  up  several  stems  from  the  ground  and  forming  dense  thickets. 

Wood  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  O.G030;  ash,  0.30;  somewhat  used  for  fencing,  fuel,  etc. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  161 

• 

297.— Betula  lutea,  Michanx  f. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,152,t.5;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.ii,82,t.  73.— Spach  in  Ann. Sci. Nat. 2  ser. xv,  191 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  243.— Endlicher, 
Genera,  Suppl.  iv-,  20.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  459.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  640 .— Vascy,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  28. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  ISO. 

B.  excelm,  Pursh,FI.  Am.  Sept.  ii.Gil  [not  AitonJ.— Nut.ta.n,GeiH-.ra,ii,  218.— Sprengol,  Syst.  iii,854.— Tonvy,  Coropend.  Fl. 
N.  States,  355;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  210. —Katun,  Manual,  C  ed.  53.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1711,  f.  15<>4,  1505  &  t.— Hooker, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  150.— Kuton  A  Wright.  Hut.  loO.-Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  <•<!.  3S2.— Lindley  in  l'.-nn.  Cycl.  ii,  3!9.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  422.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  200;  2  ed.  i,  235  &  t.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  438. — 
('impel- 'in  Smithsonian  KVp.  ItW,  •,>,-!>.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  .States,  428.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1830,  iii,  74.— Wood,  Cl.  Book, 048.— Bell  in  Geologieal  l.Yp.  Canada,  1879-'80, 50*. 

B.  lenta,  Kegcl  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  125,  iu  part. ;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4,  417,  in  part;  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi-,  179,  in  part. 

YELLOW    IUKCH.      GRAY   BIRCH. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  Abittibi  lake  and  the  western  shores  of  lake 
Superior  and  lluiny  lake,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Delaware  and  southern  Minnesota,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  New  England  and  Canadian  forests, 
often  21  to  29  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  whi'e;  specific 
gravity,  0.6553;  ash,  0.31;  largely  used  for  fuel,  iu  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  button  and  tassel  molds,  pill  and 
match  boxes,  and  for  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

298. — Betula  nigra,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  982. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  18. — Walter,  Fl.  C'aroliniana,  231. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  33G;  2  ed.  v,  299. — Gsertner,  Fruct.  ii,  54, 
t.  90,  f.  1.— Willdeuow,  Spec.  iv,464;  Enum.  981;  Berl.  Baumz.  56.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  203,  t.  51.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  572.— 
Destbntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  iv,  No.  2.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  621. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  218. — Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  166.— Lamarck,  III.  iii,  350,  t.  760,  f.  2.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  616.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  153.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  854.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  355;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  201.— Beck,  Bot.  325.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1710,  f.  1562, 1563  &  t.— Peiin.  Cycl.  ii, 
149. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts  208;  2  ed.  i,  237. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  275. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508. — Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1S58, 256.  —Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  428. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  73. — Regel  in  Mem. 
Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  118, 1. 12,  f.  1-12  ;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviir1,  412 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvia,  175. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's 
2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  649 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  266.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  459 ; 
Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  044. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  512. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Burbank  in  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xviii,  214.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  00.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 85. 

B.  lanulona,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  181.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  206. 

B.  r libra,  Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  142,  t.  3 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  80S  t.  72.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1248.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  53.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  156.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 2  ser.  xv,  185;  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 230. —Endlicher, 
Genera,  Suppl.  iv-,  19. 

B.  anfjlllata,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. 

BED   BIECH.      RIVER  BIRCH. 

Banks  of  the  Merrimac  and  Spicket  rivers,  Middlesex  and  Essex  counties,  Massachusetts,  Wading  river,  Long 
island,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  to 
western  Iowa,  northwestern  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  banks  of  streams  and 
ponds ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  and  in  the  basin  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5762 ;  ash,  0.35;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  wooden  ware, 
wooden  shoes,  ox-yokes,  etc. 

11  FOR 


162  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

• 

299. — Betula  lenta,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  983.— Lamarck,  Diet.  i,453.— Marshall,  Arbustiim,  19.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,337;  2  ed.  v,  300.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  464; 
Enum.  981 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  59. — Persoou,  Syu.  ii,  572. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  205. — Michauxf.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  ii.  147,  t.  4 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3ed.  ii,  85,  t.  74. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  iv,  No.  3. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. ii,  621. — Eaton,  Manual, 
109;  6  ed.  63.— Bartoa,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelpli.  ii,  175.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  218.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  167.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  617.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  144.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,854.—  Torrey,  Compciid.  Fl.  N.  States,  356;  Fl.  N.  York.ii,  200.— Guimpel,  Otto  & 
Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  105,  t.  83.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1713,  f.  15GU.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor -Am.  ii,  156.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  156.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381. — Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  ii,  349. — Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  190 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  241. — Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  203;  2  ed.  i,  232  &  t. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  438. — Endlicher,  Genera.  Suppl.  iv2,  20. — Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  275. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,256. — Cflapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  428. — Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  74. — Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4, 125,  in  part;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xxxviii,  417,  in  part;  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 179,  in  pait.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  648;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests, 
265.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  458.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  639.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest,  Trees,  28.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii, 
180.—  Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgwny  in  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,85. 

B.  nigra,  Du  Roi,Harbk.  i,93.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  35,  t.  15,  f.  34. 

B.  excelsa,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  337 ;  2  ed.  v,  209  [not  Pursh].— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  464. — Berl.  Baumz.  41,  t.  2,  f. 2.— Nouveau 
Dubamel,  iii,  203,  t.  52.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,572.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  687.— Smith  in  Rees' 
Cycl.  iv,  No.  10.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  i,  7.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2ser.  xv,  188;  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 243.— Endlicher,  Genera, 
iv2,  20. 

B.  carpinifolia,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  vi,99.— Willdenow,  Euum.  981;  Berl.  Baumz.  49. 

CHERRY  BIRCH.   BLACK  BIRCH.   SWEET  BIRCH.   MAHOGANY  BIRCH. 

Newfoundland  and  the  valley  of  the  Saguenay  river,  west  through  Ontario  to  the  Manitou  islands  of  lake 
Huron,  south  to  northern  Delaware  and  southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghauy  mountains  to  the  Chattahoochee 
region  of  northern  Florida,  extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands;  very  common 
in  all  northern  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  aiid  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow;  specific  gravity, 
0.7617 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  now  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  fuel ;  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 
largely  in  ship-building. 

"  Birch  beer"  is  obtained  by  fermenting  the  saccharine  sap  of  this  and  perhaps  some  other  species  of  the  genus. 

300. — Alnus   maritima,  Muhlenberg, 

» 

Mas.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  34,  t.  10";  2  ed.  i,  50, 1. 102.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  461;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Canby  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gazette,  vi,  1881. 

Betula-Alnus  maritima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  20. 

A.  oblongata,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  172,  t.  vi,  f.  3-9  [not  Willdenow]. 

A.  maritima  typica,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4,  427 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  186. 

SEASIDE   ALDER. 

Southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Maryland,  near  the  coast;  valley  of  the  Red  river,  Indian  territory,  in  about 
longitude  96°  30'  W.  (E,  Hall);  Manchuria  and  Japan  (A.  maritima,  Japonica  and  arguta,  Regel  in  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2, 186). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  7  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and 
swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  light 
bright  brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable,  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4996;  ash,  0.39. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  163 

301. — Alnus  rubra,  Bongard, 

Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  162. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Auj.  ii,  15ci. — Spach  iu  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  205. — Endlicher,  Genera, 
Suppl.  iv2,  21. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linuaean  Soc.  vii,  134. — Rcgel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviir1,  429;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi", 
lg<5. — Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  467. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  riO. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  331. 

fA.  glutinosa,  Pursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,622  [not  Willdenow]. 

A.  Oregana,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,28,t.  9;  2  ed.  i,44,t.  9.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  25,  89.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1856, 261 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 28,  68.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

A.  incana,  var.  rubra,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  157,  t.  17,  f.  3-4. 

ALDER. 

Sitka,  south  through  the  islands  aud  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and 
California  to  Santa  Barbara,  extending  east  through  the  Blue  mountains  to  northern  Montana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  British  Columbia 
and  the  Blue  mountains  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  river  bottom  lauds  and  borders  of  streams;  most  common 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  large  streams  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  distant,  broad;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  0.4813 ;  ash,  0.42 ;  largely  used  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 

302. — Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  i,  33;  3  ed.  i,  49.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  467.— Vasey,  Cat,.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  80. 
A.  glutinosa,  var.  serrulata,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  164,  in  part. 

A.  serrttklta,  var.  rugosa,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4,  432,  in  part;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  188, in  part. 

ALDER. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Eraser  river,  British  Columbia,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  southern  California, 
extending  east  aloug  the  ranges  of  Washington  territory  to  Clear  creek,  Idaho  ( Watson),  and  the  valley  of  the 
Flathead  river,  Montana  (Cnnby  <&  Sargent}. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  and  eastern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub;  borders  of  streams;  the  common  alder  of  the  California  valleys. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4127;  ash,  0.31. 

303. — Alnus  oblongifolia,  Torrey, 

Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  .Survey,  204.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rop.  1858,  206.— Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,  17;  Bot.  California,  ii,  80.— 
Roturoqfe  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  oblongifolia,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii4, 443;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 188. 

ALDER. 

San  Bernardino  and  Cayumaca  mountains,  California,  through  the  ranges  of  southern  Arizona  and  southern 
New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  in  deep 
mountain  canons. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3981;  ash,  0.42. 


164  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

304. — Alnus  serrulata,  wiiidenow, 

Spec,  iv,  33ti;  Enuui.  965 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  2  ed.  21.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  216.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  550. — Desfoiitaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  488.— 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  259.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  320,  t.  4,  f.  1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  87,  t.  75,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  623.— Bartou,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  89;  Compend.  Fl.  PMladelph.  ii,  158.— Eaton,  Mauual,  105;  6  ed.  12.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  206.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  122.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  567.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  350;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  202,  1. 115.— Beck,  Bot. 
326.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  276.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1688,  f.  1544.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  120.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
3  ed.  220.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  206 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  251.— Emersou,  Trees  Massachusetts,  218 ;  2  ed.  i,  248  &  t.— Endlicher, 
Genera,  Suppl.  iv=,  21.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  429.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  102.— Lesqueroux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  650;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Poreher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
266.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  461. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  513.— Broadhcad  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. 

Betula  rugosa,  Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  176.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  86,  t.  29,  f.  60.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  21. 
?Betula- Alnus  glauca,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  20. 

Betula  serrulata,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  338.— Willdeuow,  Berl.  Baumz.  1  ed.  45.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  183,  t.  92.— 
Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  181. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  vulgaris,  Spach  iu  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 2  ser.  xv,206. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  macrophylla,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv, 206. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  oblongata,  Spach,Hist.  Veg.  xi,  251. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  latifolia,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 251. 

A.  rubra,  Tuckerman  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xlv,  32. 

A.  hybrida,  Rcicheubach,  Icon.Fl.  Germ,  xii.t.  630,  f.  1292. 

A.  glutinosa,  Var.  serrulata,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  164, 1. 11,  f.  6,  8,  in  part. 

A.  glutinosa,  var.  rugosa,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  165, 1. 11,  f.  9,  10. 

A.  Serrulata  genuina   and  obtusifolia,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii*,  432;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  188. 

A.  Serrulata,  var.  rugosa,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii*,  432,  in  part;  De  Candolle, Prodr.  xvi*,  188, in  part. 

A.  rugosa,  Koch,  Dendrologie.ii, 635. 

A.  oblongata,  undulata,  rugosa,  Canadensis,  and  Americana,  Hort. 

• 

BLACK  ALDEE.   SMOOTH  ALDER. 

Essex  county,  Massachusetts,  west  to  southern  Missouri,  south  to  northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the 
Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  branching 
shrub  forming  dense  thickets;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  probably  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4666;  ash,  0.38. 

A  decoction  of  the  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  those  of  A.  incana,  is  a  popular  remedy  against  impurity  of  the 
blood  and  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea  and  ha3inaturia,  etc.  ( Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  135). 

305. — Alnus  incana,  Willdeuow, 

Spec.iv,335;  Enum.965;  Berl.  Baumz.  2  ed. 20.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii, 550.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 2  ed.  v, 259.— Hayue, Dend.  Fl.  152.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  12.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1687,  f.  1543.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  157.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  120.— Spach  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  2n6;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  252.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  i,  30;  2  ed.  i,46.— Tutkerman  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xlv,  32. —Torrey, 
F1.N.  York,  ii,  202.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  220;  2  ed.  i,  251  &  t.— Endlicher,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv2,  21.— Parry  iu  Owen's 
Rep.  618.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  .256.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linntean  Soj.  xxiii*,  301.— Wood,  Cl.  Book.  649;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  308. —Regel  iu  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviiH,  433;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 188.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  461.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  636.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  210.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep. 
Canada,  1879-'80,  55C. 

Betula- Alnus,  var.  /?.  incana,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  983.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  109. 

Betula  incana,  Linmeus,  Snppl.  417.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  339.— Wiiidenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  1  ed.  45.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl. 
iv,No.  7. 

?  Betula- Alnus  rubra,  Marshall.  Arbustum,  20. 

A.  glauca,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  322,  t.  4,  f.  2  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  89,  t.  75,  f.  2.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3 ed.  367. 

A.  incana,  var.  glauca,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.423;  3  ed.  461. 

A.  incana,  Americana,  and  genuina,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  155. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  165 

SPECKLED  ALDER.   HOARY  ALDER.   BLACK  ALDEE. 

Newfoundland  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  south  to  northern  New  England,  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota,  and  eastern  Nebraska  ;  in  Europe. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  branching 
shrub;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

A  form  with  leaves  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  slightly  pubescent,  extending  through  the  mountain 
ranges  of  the  Pacific  region  from  the  Saskatchewan  and  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico  and  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevadas  of  California,  is — 

var.  virescens,  Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  81. 

A.  incana,  var.  glaitca,  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  154,  in  part ;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviir1  433,  in  part; 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  189,  in  part.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  326  [not  Aiton]  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.—  Rothrock,  PI. 
Wheeler,  5.0  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  210. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  rugosa,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii«,  432,  in  part;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  188,  in  part. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad ;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4607 ;  ash,  0.42 ;  preferred  and  largely  used  in  northern  New  England 
in  the  final  baking  of  bricks,  and  occasionally,  as  well  as  that  of  A.  serrulata,  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 


8ALIOAOEJB, 


306. — Salix  nigra,  Marshall, 

Arbustum,  139.— Muhlenberg  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iv,  237,  t.  4,  f.  5  (Ann.  Bot.  ii,  65,  t.  5,  f.  5).— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
657 ;  Enum.  1003 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  2  ed.  426.  —  Pereoon,  Syn.  ii,  599.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  324,  t.  5,  f.  1 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  ed.  iii,  64, 1. 125,  f.  1.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  614.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  61.— Eaton,  Manual,  118,  6ed.  320.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,231; 
Sylva,  i,  79 ;  2  ed.  i,  94.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  180.— Elliott,  Sk,  ii,  670.—  Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  100.—  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  370 ;  Fl. 
N.  York,  ii,  209.— Forbes,  Sal.Woburn.  280.— W.  Koch,  Comment.  17.— Beck,  Bot.  320.— Trautvetter  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  iii, 
614.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1529,  1604,  f.  8.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  148.— Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  19.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
408.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  419.— Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  ii,  35.— Emerson  Trees  Massachusetts,  271 ;  2  ed.  i,  307  &  t.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  279.— Audersson  in  Ofr.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  114  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,53) ;  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  19, 
f.  15;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  200.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— Walpere,  Ann.  v,  744.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  430.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  75.— Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 

389. — Wood, Cl. Book,  654 ;  Bot.&  Fl.  310. — Porcher,  Resources  S.Forests,  334. — Engelmann  iu Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  newser.  xii,  209. 

Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  460 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  513.  —Young,  Bot.  Texas,  514.— Macoun  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  210.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  83.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  181.— 
Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  86.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-£ent.  iii,  180 

S.  pentanctra,  Walter,  Fl.  C'aroliniaua,  243. 

S.  Caroliniana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  226.— Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  662.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  62. 

8.  Houstoniana,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  614.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  68.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  107.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  670.— Trantvetter 
in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  iii,  615.— Forbes,'  Sal.  Wobnrn.  21,  t.  21.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bet.  409. 

8.  falcata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  614  [not  HBK.].— Poiret,   Suppl.  v,  70.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  107.— Forbes,  Sal.Woburn. 
279.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  320.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  149.— Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  21.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  420. 

?  $.  ambigua,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  617.— Forbes,  Sal.  Woburn.  282.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  321.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  409. 
S.  ligustrina,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  326,  t.  5,  f.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  65,  t.  125,  f.  2.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  61. 
8.  Plirshiana,  Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  603.  —Beck,  Bot.  320.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  560. 
S.  flavo-virens,  Hornemann  in  Cat.  Hort.  Hafn.  Suypl.  ii,  11. 
f  S.  COrdata,  var.  falcata,  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  370. 

8.  nigra,  var.  falcata,  Torrey,  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  209.—  Carey  jn  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  429.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 
ed.  280. 


166  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

BLACK  WILLOW. 

Southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  lakes  Huron  and  Superior  southward  through  the 
Atlantic  region  to  bay  Biscayue  and  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  Texas ; 
Pacific  region,  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  river,  California,  and  the  Colorado  river,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  southern 
Florida  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  usually  along  the  banks  of  streams;  most  common  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi 
river  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the  Colorado  and  other  rivers  of  eastern 
Texas;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (vars.  angustifolia,  longifolia,  latifolia,  etc.,  Anderssonin 
Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Hancll.  vi,  20),  length  and  habit  of  the  aments,  etc. 

The  best  marked  forms  are — 

var.  marginata,  Anderssou  in  Kougl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  22;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi8,  201. 

S.  marginata,  Wimmer  in  Schedul.  Herb.  Vindab. 

var.  longipes,  Audersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  22;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 201. 

8.  longipes,  Sbuttleworth  in  herb.  Hooker.— Audersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  114  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  53).— 
Walpers,  Ann.  v,  744. 

Forms  of  var.  longipes  more  or  less  pubescent  have  been  characterized  by  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad. 
Handl.  vi,  22 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  201,  as  subvars.  venulosa  and  gongylocarpa  [Shuttleicorth],  (8.  longipes,  var. 
pubescens,  Andersson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  53;  8.  subvillosa,  Elliott  in  herb.  Schweinitz  ex.  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  79; 
2  ed.  i,  94,  vide  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  53,  note). 

var.  Wrightii, Audersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.vi,  22 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3, 201.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  180. 

8.  Wrightii,  Anderssou  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  115  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  55-  —Walpers,  Ann.  v,  745.— Torrey  in 
Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204. 

var.  Wardii,  Bebb  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  114. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.445(> ;  ash,  0.70. 

The  tonic  and  astringent  bark  used  domestically  as  a  popular  febrifuge,  and  containing,  in  common  with  that  of 
all  the  species  of  the  genus,  salicylic  acid,  a  powerful  anti-pyritic  now  successfully  used  in  the  treatment  of  acute 
cases  of  gout,  rheumatism,  typhoid  fever,  etc.  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  1875, 303.—  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  796, 1748. — 
Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1248). 

NOTE. — The  closely  allied  Salix  occidentalis,  Bosc,  of  the  West  Indies  is  not  perhaps  specifically  distinct  from  S.  nigra,  with  which 
some  of  the  forms  of  var.  longipes  from  southern  Florida  seem  to  connect  it. 

307.— Salix  amygdaloides,  Andersson, 

Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  114  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  53).— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  744.— Bebb  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  240. 
f  8.  melanopsis,  Nnttall,  Sylva,  i,  78,  t.  21 ;  2  ed.  i,  93,  t.  21. 

8.  nigra,  var.  amygdaloides,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  21 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  201.— Eothrock, 
PI.  Wheeler,  50.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 128. 

WILLOW. 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes  (Wayne  county,  New  York,  Hankenson  ;  Painesville,  Ohio,  Beardslee),  westward  to 
the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  Eocky  Mountain  region  to  southern  New  Mexico ; 
banks  of  the  lower  Columbia  river,  Oregon  (Howells). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  along  streams. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  the  heart- wood  light  brown,  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.4509;  ash,  0.92. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  167 

308.— Salix  leevigata,  Bebb, 
Am.  Nat.  viii,  202 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  83. 

WILLOW. 

California,  Sierra  county  (Lemmon)  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
state. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and 
bottom  lauds. 

A  form  with  narrower  falcate  leaves  (Yreka,  E.  L.  Greene)  is— 

var.  angUStifolia,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  84.— Rotbrock  in  Wheeler's  Eep.  vi,  374. 
A  form  with  short,  densely-flowered  ameiits  is — 

Vlir.  COngCSta,   Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  84. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  niedullary  rays  numerous,  very  thin ;  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4872 ;  ash,  0.58. 

309. — Salix  lasiandra,  Bentham, 

PI.  Hartweg.  336.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138.— Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  84. 
8.  Hoffmanniana,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  159. 

8.  spedosa,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  58,  t.  17  ;  2  ed.  i,  74,  1. 17  [not  Hooker  &  Arnott].— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— 
Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  29. 

S.  hicida,  var.  angustifolia,  forma  lasiandra,  Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  115  (Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

iv,54). 

8.  arguta,  var.  lasiandra,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  33;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi8,  206. 

WILLOW. 

British  Columbia,  shores  of  lake  Kamloop  (Macoun),  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river, 
California;  Eocky  mountains,  Utah,  and  through  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  (var.  Fendleriana). 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  banks  of  streams;  very 
common ;  varying  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves  and  character  of  the  aments. 

The  best  marked  forms  are — 

var.  lancifolia,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  84. 

8.  lancifolia,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  34,  f.  23.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402.— Hall  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

8.  hlrida,  var.  macrophylla,  Andersson  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  205. 

The  common  form  of  British  Columbia  and  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon, 
var.  Fendleriana,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  84. 
8.  pentandra,  var.  caudata,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  61,  t.  18;  2  ed.  i,  77, 1. 18. 

8.  Fendleriana,  Anderssou  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  115  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  54).— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  745. 
8.  arguta,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  32;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  205,  in  part. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4756;  ash,  0.60.  Var.  lancifolia, 
specific  gravity,  0.4547 ;  ash,  0.79.  Var.  Fendleriana,  the  heart-wood  brown,  sap-wood  light  brown ;  specific  gravity, 
0.4598 ;  ash,  0.56. 


168  FOREST  TEEES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

310. — Salix  longifolia,  Muhlenberg, 

Neue  Sckriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iv,238,t.  6,  f.  6  (Ann.  Bot.  ii,  66,  t.  5,  f.  6).— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  670.—  Persoon,  Syn.ii,  600.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  613.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  248;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  209;  Nicollet's  Rep. 
160;  Fremont's  Rep.  97;  Emory's  Rep.  412;  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204.— Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No. 
23.— Beck,  Bot.  320.— Eaton,  Mannal,  6  cd.  319.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  408.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  149.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v, 
420. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  439, 440. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261. — Andersson  in  Ofv. 
af.  Vet.  Akacl.  Forh.  1858,  116  (Proc.  Ain.  Acad.  iv,  5G) ;  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  54,  f.  35;  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi3,  214.— 
Walpers,  Ann.  v,  745. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  369. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  653 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  310. — Engelinann  in  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  465.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  324 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  1872,  493.— 
Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  210. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Hall  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Bebb  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  240 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  84.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  116. 

S.  fluviatalis,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  73;  2  ed.  i,89. 
f  S.  rubra,  Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  Appx.  37. 

S.  longifolia,  var.  pedicellata,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  55,  f.  35 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  214.— 
Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  210. 

SAND-BAB  WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut  river  (Sunderland,  Massachusetts,  N.  G.  Jesup)  and  of  the  Potomac  river  at 
Washington  ( Ward) ;  west  and  northwest  through  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie 
river,  in  latitude  66°  N.  (Richardson),  through  the  Mississippi  basin,  Texas,  the  Eocky  Mountain  region,  and  the 
Pacific  Coast  states. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  river  sand-bars,  in  low,  wet  sandy  soil,  often  forming  low,  dense  clumps ;  rare  east  of  the  Alleghauy  mountains; 
very  common  throughout  the  Mississippi  River  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of 
Oregon  and  northern  California. 

Well-marked  forms,  varying  from  the  type  in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  aments,  and  nature  of  pubescens,  etc.,  are — 

var.  exigua,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  85. 
S.  exigtta,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  75 ;  2  ed.  i,90. 

8.  longifolia,  var.  angustissima,  Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  116  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  56). 
Western  Texas  to  California  and  Oregon. 

var.  argyrophylla,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  55;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvia,  214.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 
324.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1872,  493.— Rothrock,  PI.  Wheeler,  50.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's 
Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 128.  — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 210.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  85. 

8.  argophylla,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  71,  t,  20;  2ed.i,  87,  t.20. 

t  8.  brachycarpa,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  69 ;  2  ed.  i,  85. 

S.  longifolia,  var.  opaca,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  55. 

8.  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  angttstissima,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  55;  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi*.  214. 

S.  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  opaca,  Auderssoa  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  214. 

Western  Texas  to  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  brown  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4930 ;  ash,  0.48.  Var.  exigua,  heavier,  the  heart-  and  sap-wood 
darker  colored ;  specific  gravity,  0.5342 ;  ash,  1.06. 

311. — Salix  sessilifolia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  i,  68;  2  ed.  i,  84.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858, 116  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  56) ;  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  55, 
f.  36;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  214.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  746.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  85. 

8.  sessilifolia,  var.  Villosa,  Andersson  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  215. 

Puget  sound  southward  to  northern  California,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  borders 
of  streams,  in  low,  wet  ground. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  169 

A  form  with  narrower  entire  leaves,  of  the  Sacramento  valley  and  the  California  Coast  ranges,  is — 

var.    Hindsiana,  Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  117  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  56).— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  85. 

S.  Hindsiana,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  335.—  Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138.— 
Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Hand!,  vi,  56,  f.  37  ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  215.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  746. 

S.  Hindsiana,  var.  tenitifolia,  Auderssou  iu  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  56;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3,  215. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  0.4397  ;  ash,  0.50. 

312. — Salix    discolor,  Muhlcnberg, 

Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iv,  234,  t.  5,  f.  1  (Ann.  Bot.  ii,  62,  t.  5,  f.  1).— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  665.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  599.— 
Pursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,613.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  i>6.—  Nuttall.  Genera,  ii,  231.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  669.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
369;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,206.— Sprcugel,  Syst.  i,  104.— Forbes,  Sal.  Woburn.  279.  —Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  319.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  No. 
25.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  257.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  408.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1530,  f.  1317, 1630,  f.  147.— Bigelow,  Fl. 
Boston.  3  ed.  392. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  147.--Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  3. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  258 ;  2  ed.  i,  296  &  t. — 
Dietrich,  Syu.  v,  419.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  312.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  506.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh. 
1858,  114  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  63) ;  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  83,  f.  49 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  225.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  750.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  430.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  462.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  570.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,. 
1874-75,  210.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  86. 

8.  Sensitiva,  Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  8. 

GLAUCOUS  WILLOW. 

Labrador,  west  to  the  valleys  of  the  Peace  and  Athabasca  rivers,  southward  through  the  Atlantic  region  to 
Delaware  and  southern  Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
a  tall,  straggling  shrub  3  to  6  meters  in  height;  along  streams  and  borders  of  swamps  in  low,  wet  soil;  varying 
greatly  in  the  form  of  leaves,  aments,  and  nature  of  pubescence. 

The  best  marked  forms  are — 

var.  eriocephala,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  85;  De  CaDdolle,  Prodr,  xvi2, 225. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 

5  ed.  463. 

S.  eriocephala,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  225.— Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  661.— Bigelo-w,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  391.— Eaton,  Manual, 

6  ed.  321.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  409.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1  ed.  259 ;  2  ed.  i,  196  &  t.— Carey  in  Gray's 
Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  426.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  117  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  57).— Walpers, 
Ann.  v,  746. 

8.  crassa,  Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  7. 

var.  prinoides,  Anderssou  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  86 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  225.—  Emerson,Tree8  Massachu- 
setts, 2ed.  i,297. 

8.  prinoides,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  613.— Ntittall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  102.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  67.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  36(i.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  No.  26.— Forbes,  Sal.Wobum.  79,  t.  40.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  319.— 
Beck,  Bot.  319.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  407.— W.  Koch,  Comment.  46.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1530,  f.  1317,  1612,  f. 
40.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  150.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1,  ed.  259.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  419. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly-distributed,  small,  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  and  layers  of  annual  growth  not  obscure  ;  color,  brown  streaked  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  ; 
specific  gravity.  0.4261 ;  ash,  0.43. 

313.— Salix  flavescens,  Nuttall, 
Sylva,  i,  65;  2  ed.  i,  81.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  86,  in  part. 

Rocky  mountains  of  Idaho  and  Montana  southward  to  the  Mogollou  range,  New  Mexico  (U.  L.  Greene) ;  on  the 
Cascade  mountains,  Oregon,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4969  ;  ash,  0.61. 


170  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Var.  Scouleriana,  Bcbb; 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  120. 

8.  brachystachys,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  336.— Andersson  iu  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858, 121  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  61)  ; 
Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  82,  f.  48  ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  224. 

8.  Scouleriana,  Barratt  iu  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aiu.  ii,  145,  in  part.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  29. 
8.  Irachystachys,  var.  Scouleriana,  Andersson  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*,  224. 
S.  flavescens,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii.  86,  in  part. 

BLACK   WILLOW. 

Kadiak  island,  Alaska  (Kellogg),  southward  through  British  Columbia,  western  Washington  territory,  and 
Oregon  to  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  uplands,  near  springs  or 
streams,  or  often  in  quite  dry  soil;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  near  the  shores  of  Puget  sound. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light 
red,  the  sap-wood  brown  ;  specific  gravity,  0.5412 ;  ash,  0.39. 

314. — Salix  Hookeriana,  Barratt; 

Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  145,  t.  ISO.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  64;  2  ed.  i,  80.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  119  (Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  iv,  59);  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  274. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  747. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  210. 

Grand  rapids  of  the  Saskatchewan  (Douglas) ;  coast  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  straggling 
shrub  with  many  prostrate  stems;  on  the  coast  generally  along  the  edge  of  sea-beaches,  or  in  low,  rather  moist, 
sandy  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  minute  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very 
obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5350  ;  ash,  0.32. 

315. — Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita,  Andersson, 
Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  159 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  252. 

DIAMOND   WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Missouri  river  and  its  tributaries,  Fort  Osage,  Missouri  (Prince  Neuwied),  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and 
westward  to  about  the  one  hundred  and  tenth  degree  of  longitude. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  straggling 
shrub  not  exceeding  1.80  to  3  meters  in  height;  low  bottom  lands,  in  wet,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  the  annual  layers  of  growth  clearly  defined ;  medullary  rays  very 
obscure;  color,  brown  or  often  tinged  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6069;  ash,  0.59;  heavier 
than  that  of  other  species  examined,  and  largely  used  for  fence  posts,  being  said  to  equal,  when  thoroughly  seasoned, 
red  cedar  in  durability  iu  contact  with  the  soil. 

NOTE. — The  typical  Salix  cordata,  Muhlenberg,  of  wide  distributiou  through  the  Atlantic  region,  rarely,  if  ever,  attains  arborescent 
size  or  habit. 

316. — Salix  lasiolepis,  Bentham, 

PI.  Hartweg.  335.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  1858, 261.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858, 118  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  58) ;  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 264.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  747.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29.— Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  86. 

8.  lasiolepis,  var.  Bigelovii,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,86  (a  vernal  state,  teste  Bebb  in  lit.). 

8.  Bigelovii,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  139.— Andersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858, 113  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  58) ; 
Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  163,  f.  94 ;  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 255.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  747. 

8.  Bigelovii,  var./wm'or,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  163:  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi!,  255. 
8.  — ,  ?  Watson  iu  King's  Rep.  v,  325. 

\ 

S.  losiolepis,  var. /a/to,  Bebb  in  Bot.  California.il.  86. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FORKST  TREES.  171 

WILLOW. 

California,  valley  of  the  Klamatb  river,  southward  through  the  western  portions  of  the  state,  reaching  in  the 
Sierra  Nevadas  an  elevation  of  3,500  to  4,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  northward 
and  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape  and  breadth  (vars.  uitguntifolia 
and  latifolia,  Andersson  in  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi2,  255),  or  toward  its  southern  limit  often  persistent  until  spring 
(8.  Hartweyi,  Sent  ham  in  PI.  Harticeg,  52;  S.  humilis,  var.  JItirtiregi,  Andersson,  I.  c.  2.'56). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.5587  ;  ash,  0.98  :  somewhat  used  as  fuel,  especially  in  the  southern  part 
•of  the  state. 

317.  —  Salix  Sitchensis,  s 


Bougurd  in  Mem.  Acail.  St.  Petersburg,  C  ser.  ii,  162.  —  Ledebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  609.—  Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  43l>.  —  Andersson  in 
Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forli.  1858,  126  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv,  6(5)  :  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  106,  f.  59  ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  233.— 
Walpers,  Ann.  v,752.  —  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402.  —  Hall  in  Coulter's  Dot.  Gazette,  ii,  93.  —  Bebb  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  87; 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  25. 

8.  cuneata,  Kuttall,  Sylva,  i,66;  2  ed.  i,82. 

SILKY    WILLOW. 

Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  rarely  exceeding  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  a  straggling  shrub  ;  low,  wet  soil,  borders  of  streams  and  ponds. 
A  form  with  narrow  oblanceolate  leaves  is  — 

var.  angUStifolia,  Bebb  in  Hot.  California,  ii,  87. 

/S.  chlorophylla,  var.  pellita,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  139,  f.  72;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  244. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.5072  ;  ash,  0.59. 

318.  —  Populus  tremuloides,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  243.—  Nouveau  Duhamcl,  ii,  184,  t.  53.—  Persoou,  Syu.  ii,  623.—  Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  465.—  Micbaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.-Am.  iii,  285,  t.  8,  f.  1  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  175,  t.  99,  f.  1.—  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  377.—  Willdenow,  Enum.  Snppl.  67.— 
Torrey.Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  249;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  375;  Fremont's  Rep.  97;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  214;  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172; 
Ives'  Rep.  27;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped,  468.—  Beck,  Bot.  323.—  Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  281.—  Eaton,  Manual,  117;  6  ed.  277?— 
Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  320.—  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  154.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  370.—  Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  397.—  Spach  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  30  ;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  384.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  55  ;  2  ed.  i,  70.—  Seringe,  Fl.  des  Jard.  ii,  56.—  Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— 
Newberry  in  Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,25,  89.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  29,  68  ;  Am.  Nat.  iii, 
409.—  Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxiil9,  301.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  655  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.—  Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
new  ser.  xii,  209.—  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  46(5.—  Wesmrcl  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  325.—  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1871, 
683.—  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  327;  PI.  Wheeler,  17:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  135;  Bot.  California,  ii,  91.—  Porter  in  Hayden's 
Rep.  1871,494.—  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  128.—  Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  & 
Dakota,  2  ed.  121.  —  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29.  —  Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.  —  Macoun  in  Geological  :Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76,  210.—  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  51.—  Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  32,  f.  1.—  Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  284,  f. 
6.  —  Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  183.  —  G.  M.  Dawsou  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  231.  —  Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  87. 

P.  trepida,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  803.—  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.2ed.  395.—  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  CIS.—  Eaton,  Manual,  117.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.—  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244.—  London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1649,  f.  1510. 

P.  tremuliformis,  Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  243;  2  ed.  i.279  &  t. 
P.  Atheniensis,  Hort.—  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  486  (excl.  syn.). 

ASPEN.      QUAKING   ASP. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear 
lake,  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  river,  Alaska;  south  in  the  Atlantic  region  to 
the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  and  northern  Kentucky  ;  in  the  Pacific 
region  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river,  California,  and  along  the  Eocky  mountains  and  interior  ranges 
to  southern  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  central  Nevada. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.tiO  meter  iu  diameter;  very  common 
through  British  America  and  spreading  over  enormous  areas  bared  by  fire  of  the  coniferous  forest  :  in  the  Pacific 
region  very  common  upon  moist  mountain  slopes  and  bottoms  at  an  elevation  of  6,000  to  10,000  feet  ;  the  most 
widelv-distributed.  North  American  tree. 


172  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  not  durable,  containing,  as  does  that  of  the  whole  genus, 
numerous  minute,  scattered,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  very  thin,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  light  brown, 
the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4032 ;  ash,  0.55 ;  largely  manufactured  into  wood-pulp,  a 
substitute  for  rags  in  the  manufacture  of  paper;  in  the  Pacific  region  sometimes  used  for  fuel,  flooring,  in 
turnery,  etc. 

A  bitter  principle  in  the  bark  causes  its  occasional  use  as  a  tonic  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers  and 
cases  of  debility  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1763). 

319. — Populus  grandidentata,  Michaux, 

Fl.Bor.-AlD.il,  243. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  624. — Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  460. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  287,  t.  8,  f.  2;  N.American 
Syl va,  3  ed.  ii,  176,  t.  99,  f.  2.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  619.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  377.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  197.— Nuttall, 
Geuera,  ii,  239.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  200.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  07.- Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  710.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244.— Torrey, 
Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  375;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  ?14.— Beck,  Bot.  323.— Eaton,  Manual,  (i  ed.  277.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii,  154.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1650,  f.  1511.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  397.— Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xv,  2  ser. 
33;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  384. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  242;  2ed.i,278&t. — Seriuge  in  Fl.  <les  Jard.  ii,56. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep. 
618.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3ed.  281.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
431.— Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  73.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  656  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5 
ed.  466. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  487. — Wesmsel  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  327. — Vasey,  Cat.  ForesP  Trees,  29. — Watson  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  135. — Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  34,  f.  2. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  182. — Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi, 
285.— BeJl  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 56°. 

P.  grandidentata,  var.  pendula,  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  375.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239. 

POPLAK. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  west  through  Ontario  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  through  the  northern 
states  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  North  Carolina,  extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4632;  ash,  0.45;  largely  manufactured  into  wood-pulp  and  occasionally 
used  in  turnery,  for  woodenware,  etc. 

320. — Populus  heterophylla,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1034. — Marshall,  Arbnstum,  107. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  85. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  248. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  407 ;  2  ed.  v, 
397.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  181,  t.  51.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  244.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  806;  Enum.  1017;  Berl.  Baumz.  293.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  466— Pursh,  Fi.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  619. —Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  203.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  712.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  375;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  215.— Beck,  Bot.  323.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  278.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  281. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1672,  f.  1534. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  371. — Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser. 
xv,  30;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  386.— Seringe  in  Fl.  des  Jard.  ii,  61.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  431.— Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  73.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  656;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  467. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  488. — Wesmail  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  326. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  29. — Watson  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  135. — Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  285.  — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1881,86. 

P.  COrdifolia,  Burgsdorf,  Anleit.  Erz.  Holzart.  3  ed.  152. 

P.  argentea,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  390,  t.  9  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  170,  t.  97. 

P.  heterophylla,  var.  argentea,  Wesmael  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  376. 

RIVER   COTTONWOOD.      SWAMP   COTTONWOOD. 

Guilford,  Connecticut  (W.  R.  Dudley),  Northport,  Long  island,  south,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  southern 
Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  and  through  Arkansas  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
southern  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  river  swamps;  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure;  color,  dull  brown,  the 
thick  sap-wood  lighter  brown;  specific  gravity,  0.4089;  ash,  0.81. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  173' 

321. — Populus  balsamifera,  Linusus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1034.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  82.— Marshall,  Arbnstuni,  107.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  85,  t.  28,  f.  59.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  406 ;  2  ed. 
v,  397.— Meencb,  Meth.  338.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  16.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  ii,  179,  t.  50.— Michaux,  FI.  Bor.-Arn.  ii,  244.—  Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  805;  Enura.  1017;  Berl.  Baumz.  290. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  624. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  466. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. 
iii,  306,  t.  13,  f .  1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  eel.  ii,  172,  t.  98,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  ii,  618.— Eaton,  Manual,  117;  6 ed.  278.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  239;  Sylva,  i,  55;  2  ed.  i,  70.— Hayue,  Deud.  Fl.  202.—  Spivn^-l.  Syst.  ii,  244.— Beck,  Bot.  322.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  320.— 
London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1637,  f.  1535,  1536  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  153.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot. 
Beechey,  159. — Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  3:5 ;  Hist.  Vi-g.  x,  :{j:i. — Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxix,  Misc.  20. — Seringe  in  Fl.  des 
Jard.  ii,  65.—  Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  216;  Bot.  Wilkes  Expod.  460.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  408.— 
Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc,  xxiii-,  301.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  fir.6 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  467.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  495. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  211. — Watson  iu  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
xv,  135. — Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  34,  f.  4. — Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  285. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  181. — Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  45C. 

P.  Tacamahaca,  Miller,  Diet. 

P.  viminea,  Bon  Jard.  1845,  565. 

P.  balsamifera,  var.  genilina,  Wesuisel  in  De  Caudolle,  Proflr.  xvi'2,  329. 

BALSAM.      TACAMAHAC.      BALM   OF   GILEAD. 

Straits  of  Belle  Isle  to  Richmond  gulf  and  cape  Churchill,  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Bear  lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  river,  Alaska,  south  to  northern  New  England,  .central  Michigan  and 
Minnesota,  the  Rocky  mountains  and  interior  ranges  of  Montana  and  Idaho,  Washington  territory,  and  British 
Columbia. 

A  large  tree,18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  very  common  on  all  islands 
and  shores  of  the  northern  rivers ;  iii  British  Columbia  generally  confounded  with  the  allied  P.  trichocarpa,  the  range 
of  the  two  species  here  still  uncertain. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3635  ;  ash,  O.G6. 

The  buds,  as  well  as  those  of  several  other  species,  covered  with  a  resinous  exudation,  and  occasionally  used 
medicinally  as  a  substitute  for  turpentine  and  other  balms. 

Var.  candicans,  Gray, 

Manual  N.  States,  2  ed.  419 ;  5  ed.  467.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc. 
Pub.  No.  4,  129.— Watson  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  135.— Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vii,  57.— Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette, 

vi,  285. 

P.  balsamifera  lanceolata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  108. 

P.  candicans,  Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  406;  2  ed.  v.  397.—Nouveau  Dnhamel,  ii,  179.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  806;  Enum.  1017; 
Berl.  Baumz.  291.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  624.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  308,  t.  13,  f.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii, 
173,  t.  98,  f.  2.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  ii,  618.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  96.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  378.— Nnttall,  Genera, 
ii,  239.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  202.— Sprougel,  Syst,  ii,  244.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  375  ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,217.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  59.— Beck,  Bot,  332.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  278.—  Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1676,  f.  1537.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  154.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Bigelow.  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  398.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  33; 
Hist,  Veg.  x,  392.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxix,  Misc.  22.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  245;  2  ed.  i,  281.— Seringe  in 
Fl.  des  Jard.  ii,  63.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  431.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  656;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— Wesmsel  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  330. 

P.  Canadensis,  Ma-nch,  Weiss.  81  [not  Michaux  f.]. 

P.  latifolia,  Mccnch,  Meth.  338. 

P.  Ontarietisis,  Hort.— Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

P.  macrophylla,  Lindley  in  London,  Encyc.  PI.  840. 

P.  acladesca  and  P.  heterophylla,  Hort.  (ex.  Koch,  Wachen.  1865,  238). 

A  large  tree,  rare  or  unknown  in  a  wild  state ;  very  common  in  cultivation. 
The  wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  species;  specific  gravity,  0.4161 ;  ash,  0.46. 


174  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

» 

322. — Populus  angust.ifolia,  James, 

Long's  Exped.  i,  497. — Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii.  249;  Fremont's  Rep.  97;  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172;  Ives'  Rep.  27;  Bot.  Wilkea 
Exped.  469.— Nuttal),  Sylva,  i,  52,  t.  16:  2  ed.  i,  68,  t.  16.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261;  Am.  Nat.  iii,408. — Hayden  in 
Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Watson  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136;  Bot. 
California,  ii,  91. 

P.  Canadoisis,  var.  angitstijolia,  Wesnuel  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,329. 

P.  balsamiferd,  var.  '(niyimtifolia,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  327  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Porter  in  Haydeu's  Rep.  1871,  494.— 
Porter  A-  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Haydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No. 4, 128. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 
211.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106. 

%  BLACK   COTTONWOOD. 

Black  hills  of  Dakota  (R.  Dour/las),  Swimming  Horse  creek,  and  the  Snowy  Mountain  region,  Montana,  Eed 
Rock  creek,  southwestern  Montana  (Watson),  east  Humboldt  and  Shoshone  mountains,  Nevada,  Eocky  mountains 
of  Colorado,  and  the  ranges  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams,. 
between  6,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.3912 ;  ash,  0.79» 

323. — Populus   trichocarpa,  Torrey  &  Gray; 

Hooker,  Icon.v,  878. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  707. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  206. — Wesmsel  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  330. — 
Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  328;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136;  Bot.  California,  ii,  91. — Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  469. — Macoun 
in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  187.r>-'76,  211. — Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  285,.  f.  5. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new 
ser.  ix,  331. 

P.  bahamifera,  var.  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  154. 

P.  angustifolia,  Nowberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89  [not  James].— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 29,  68. 

P.  balsamifera,  Lyall  in  Jour.  Linmean  Soc.  vii,  134  [not  Linnaeus].— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

P.  trichocarpa,  var.  cupulata,  Watson  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136  ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  91. 

P.  balsamifera,  var.  I  Californica,  Watson  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136. 

BLACK  COTTONWOOD.   BALSAM  COTTONWOOD. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  probably  much  farther  north,  east  to  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Bitter  Boot  mountains,  Montana  ( Watsan),  south  through  Washington  territory,  western  Oregon  and  California  to 
the  southern  borders  of  the  state. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  60  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter ;  banks  of  streams  and 
bottom  lauds  below  6,000  feet  elevation ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the 
lower  Columbia  river  and  the  streams  flowing  into  Puget  sound,  here  the  largest  deciduous  tree  of  the  forest. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable; 
color,  light  dull  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.3814 ;  ash,  1.27 ;  in  Oregon  and 
Washington  territory  largely  manufactured  into  staves  of  sugar  barrels,  woodenware,  etc. 

324. — Populus  monilifera,  Alton, 

Hort.  Ke\v.  iii,  406 ;  2  ed.  v,  390.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  71.  —  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  186.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  805 ;  Euum.  1017  ; 
Berl.  Baumz.  292.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  623.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  465.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  295, 1. 10,  f.  2 ;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  168,  t.  96,  f.  2.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  618.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239 ;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  167.— Hayne,  Dend. 
F1.202.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit.  ii,t.  102.— Beck,  Bot.  323.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  278.— London,  Arboretum, 
iii,  1657,  f.  1517  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  371.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  32 ;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  389.— Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep. 
97 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  215 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. v,  365.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  249 ;  2  ed.  i,  287.— Seringe  in  Fl.  des  Jard.  ii, 63.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257. — Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  47;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  467. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18(iO,  iii,  72. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  655. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  See.  xii,  209.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  327;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,-'  IM|. 
121.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  l-7:>-'70,  211.— Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  285,  f.  3,  4.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat . 
Mns.No.22,  llli.— Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  34,  f.  3.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  56C.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils. 
1882, 87.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  049. 

f  P.  deltoidf,  Marshall,  Ai-bustum,  100. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  175 

P.  angulata,  Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  Hi,  400;  -I  ed.  v,  396.— Nouveau  Diihauiel,  ii,  186.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  466.— 
Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  805;  Eiium.  1017  ;  Bcrl.  Baumz.294.— Michuux  t'.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  302, t. 12 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 
::  ed.  ii,  161,  t.  94.— Pnnsh.  Fl.  Ann.  Sept.  ii,  (ill).—  Eaton,  Manual,  117;  (>  ed.  27T.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.— James  iu 
Long's  Expert,  ii,  Ki4.— Torroy  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  '.M9.— Elliott,  .Sk.  ii,  711.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244.— London, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1670, 1533  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  321;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  391.— 
Seringe  in  Fl.  ilcsJard.  ii,64. — Scheele  in  lin-mer,  Texas,  446. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  ,")(I7. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1S58,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  431. — Lesquereux  iu  Owen's  2d  I?ep.  Arkansas,  389. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  655;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  311. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  -107. — Wisuuel  in  De  Candolle,  1'rodr.  xvi-,  328. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  494. — 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  514.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Tub.  No.  4,  129.— Vascy,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees, 29., — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  182. 

P.  kevigata,  Aiton.Hort.  Kew.  iii,  406;  2  ed.  v,395.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,603.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,619.— Poiret,  Suppl. 
iv,  378.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,239;  Sylva,  i,  54;  2  ed.  i,70.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  244.— Beck,  Bot.  323.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
t,,l  -J7H.— Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  246  ;  2  ed.  i,  283. 

P.  glandulosa,  Mcrnch,  Meth.  339. 

P.  an(/1l1osa.  Miebaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,243. 

P.  CunadenxiXj  Miebaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  302, 1. 12;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  164,  t.  95. — Spach  in  Ann.  Soi.  Nat.  2  ser. 
xv,  32  ;  Hist.  Veg.  x,  390.— Seringe  in  Fl.  des  Jard.  ii,  65.— Fescali,  Forst.  Pfl.  122,  t.  8,  f.  10-14.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— 
Wcsnuel  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-',  329.  — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  491. 

P.  Virginiana,  Du  Mont,  Cours.  Bot.  Cult,  vi,  400. 

• 

P.  Marylandica,  Bosu  in  Nouv.  Diet,  xi,  409.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  378.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  244. 
P.  macrophylla,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. 

P.  Lindleyana,  P.  neglccta.  and  P.  Icevigata,  Hort. 

COTTONWOOD.   NECKLACE  POPLAR.   CAROLINA  POPLAR.   BIG  COTTONWOOD. 

Shores  of  lake  Chaniplain,  Vermont,  south  through  western  New  England  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of 
wesrtern  Florida,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Ontario  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  ranges  of  the  Eocky 
mountains  of  Montana,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  51  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter ;  low,  moist  soil ;  the  common 
cottouwood  of  Texas  and  the  western  plains,  bordering  all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Eocky  mountains. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  warp  in  drying,  difficult  to  season ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3889;  ash,  0.96; 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper-pulp,  for  light  packing-cases,  fence  boards,  and  fuel. 

325. — Populus  Fremontii,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  350 ;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  136 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  92. 

P.  monilifera,  Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  327  [not  Aiton].— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  327 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Torrey, 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  469. 

COTTONWOOD. 

California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river,  south  to  San  Bernardino  county  (Colton,  Parry),  and  eastward 
in  Nevada  and  Utah. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams;  the 
common  cottonwood  of  the  valleys  of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  warp  in  drying,  difficult  to  season ;  medullary 
rays  thin, .very  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4914;  ash,  0.77. 

Var.  Wislizeni,  Watson, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  137  ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  92 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  157. — Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79. 

P.  monilifera,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204 ;  Ives'  Rep.  27  [not  Alton].— Bigelow  in 
Pacific  R.R.  Rep.  iv,21. 

COTTONWOOD.   WHITE  COTTONWOOD. 

San  Diego  county,  California,  through  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  western  Texas  and  southern  Colorado. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  l.SO  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams;  the 
prevalent  cottonwood  of  the  arid  southwestern  region,  there  largely  planted  as  a  shade  tree  and  for  fuel. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  compact;  specific  gravity,  0.4621;  ash,  1.13;  furnishing  the  ordinary  domestic 
fuel  of  the  region. 


176  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERS. 


326. — Libocedrus  decurrens,  Torrey, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.,  vi,  7,  t.  3;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  140;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  211 ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.t.  16. — Bentham,  PI. 
Hartweg.  338. — Lindley  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  185:!,  695. — -Newberry  iu  Pacific  E.  R.  Eep.  vi,  63. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  262. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  795.  — Bolander  iu  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  226. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  456. — R. 
Brown  Campst.  in  Trans.  Edinburgh  Bot.  Soc.  ix,  373. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  309,  f.  40. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  335;  Bot. 
California,  ii,  116. — A.  Murray  in  London  Garden,  ii,  542. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  402. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  267. 

Thuya  Craigana,  Murray  in  Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  2,  t.  5. 

Thuya  gigantea,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  224,  f.  12-14,  in  part;  Fl.des  Serres,  ix,  199,  f.3-5,  in  part;  Trait.  Conif.  106, 
in  part;  2  ed.  112,  in  part. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  321,  in  part;  Suppl.  102,  iu  part. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz. 
280,  in  part. 

Heyderia  decurrens,  Koch,  Dendroiogie,  ii2, 179. 

WHITE   CEDAR.      BASTARD   CEDAR.      POST   CEDAR.      INCENSE   CEDAR. 

North  fork  of  the  Santian  river,  Oregon,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains  between  3,000  and  8,500  feet  elevation,  and  through  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino 
and  Cayumaca  mountains. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  slopes  and  valleys;  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4017 ;  ash,  0.08 ;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  in  the  construction  of  water-flumes,  and  for 
interior  finish,  furniture,  laths,  shingles,  etc.;  often  injured  by  a  species  of  dry  rot  (Dcedalia  vorax,  Harkness  in 
Pacific  Rural  Press,  Jan.  25,  1879,  f.  1,  2),  rendering  it  unfit  for  lumber. 

327. — Thuya  occidentalis,  Linnaeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1002.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  iii,  170.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  152.— Wangenheim,  Amer.7,  t.  2,  f.  3.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  238.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  371 ;  2  cd.  v,  321.— Gsertner,  Fruct.  ii,  62,  t.  91,  f.  2.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  209.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  508  ;  Ennm.990;  Berl.  Baumz.  504.— Nouvean  Duhamel,  iii,  12,  t.  4.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii, 369;  111. 
iii,  369.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  iii,  287,  t.  309.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  580.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  575.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  98.— 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  29,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  177,  t.  156.—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  647.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  93.— Eaton,  Manual,  111;  6  ed.  364.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  224.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  177.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  641.— Watson, 
Dend.  Brit,  ii,  150.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  888.— Richard,  Conif.  43,  t.  71,  f.  1.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  361;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii, 
234.— Rafiuesque,  Mcd.  Bot.  ii,  268.— Bock,  Bot.  338.— Loudou,  Arboretum,  iv,  2454,  f.  2312-2314  &  t. — Forbes,  Piuetum  Woburn. 
193.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  165.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  451.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3ed.  388.— Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,  339.— Penu. 
Cycl.  xxiv,  409. — Reid  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1844,  276. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  96;  2  ed.  i,  112. — Eudlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  51. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  206. — Parry  iu  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed. 
294.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  16.— Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  224,  f.  15;  Trait,  Conif.  103;  2  ed.  109.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  r>10.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  323;  2  ed.  403.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  436.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  662; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  507.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  278.— Nelson,  Pinaceaj,  68.— R.  Brown 
Carapst.  in  Trans.  Edinburgh  Bot.  Soc.  ix,  363.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  472.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  317.— Parlatore  in  De 
Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  458.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  76,  f.  2.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  173. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36.— Macoun 
in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  183.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  261.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep. 
Canada,  1879-'80, 47C. 

T.  odorata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  152. 

T.  obtusa,  M<Buch,Meth.691. 

Cupressus  Arbor-vita,  Targione-Tozzetti,  Obs.  Bot.  ii,51. 

T.  Wareana  and  T.  Sibirica,  Hort. 

WHITE   CEDAR.      ARBOR-VIT^E. 

New  Brunswick  to  Auticosti  island,  through  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  southern  shores  of 
James' bay  and  southeast  to  the  eastern  extremity  of  lake  Winnipeg,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  central 
New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  central  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany 
mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  12  to  IS  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  cold,  wet  swamps 
and  along  the  rocky  banks  of  streams ;  very  common  at  the  north,  spreading  over  great  areas  of  swamp ;  extensively 
•cultivated  as  a  hedge  and  ornamental  plant,  and  producing  innumerable  seminal  varieties  of  more  or  less 
horticultural  value. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  177 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  the  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored;  medullary  rays  numerous,  indistinct;  color,  light 
brown,  turning  darker  with  exposure,  the  thiu  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3164;  ash,  0.37;  largely 
used  for  posts,  fencing,  railway  ties,  and  shingles. 

The  distilled  oil  and  a  tincture  of  the  leaves  ot  Thuya  have  been  found  useful  in  the  treatment  of  pulmonary 
and  uterine  complaints  ( U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1775. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1428). 

328. — Thuya  gigantea,  Nuttall, 

Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  vii,  52;  Sylva,  iii,  102,  t.  iii;  2  ed.  ii,  102,  t.  111. — Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. — London,  Arboretum,  Iv,  2458. — 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  165.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.1  xi,  342.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Couif.  52.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  206. — Newberry  in  Paeific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  50,  f.  22. — Carricre,  Trait.  Conif.  102  ;  2ed.  112,  in  part. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,262;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  413.— Cordon,  Piuetum.  321,  in  part;  Suppl.  102;  2  ed.  181.— Torrey,  Dot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
211. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linmean  Soc.  vii,  1:53, 144. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  280,  in  part. — Nelson,  Pinacete,  67.— Rothrock 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867,  434. — Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,457. — R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Trans.  Edinburgh  Bot.  Soc.  ix, 
367. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  315. — London  Card.  Chronicle,  1871,  683. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Aead.  vii,  402. — Fowler  in  London  Gard. 
Chronicle,  1872,  1527.— Koch,  Dcmlrologie,  ii-,  176. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — E.  Hall  in  Coulters  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — 
Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  115. — G.  M.  Dawsou  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  324.— T.  Howell  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi, 
267.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  256. 

T.  plicala,  Don,  Hort.  Cantab.  6  ed.  249.— Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed.  ii,19;  2  ed.  114,  in  part.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  103;  2  ed.  ii, 
164. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  31'.'.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  51  (excl.  syn.  TTareana  &  odorata). — Lindley  &  Gordon  in 
Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v, 205. — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  16. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  102  (excl. syn.  Wareana  &  odorata); 
2  ed.  100  (excl.  syn.  Wareana).— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  262;  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  xiis,  27.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  277  (excl.  syn.  odorata). — Nelson,  Pinacea;,  68. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  406. — A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2,  457,  in  part. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  263. 

T.  Menziexii,  Douglas,  Mss.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  106;  2  ed.  107.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  323.— Nelson,  Piuaoeee,  67.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  281. 

T.  Lobbii,  Hort. 

T.  oceidentalis,  var.  plicata,  Hort.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  321. 

RED  CEDAR.   CANOE  CEDAR. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  Coast  ranges  and  islands  of  British  Columbia,  through  western  Washington  territory 
and  Oregon  and  the  Coast  ranges  of  northern  California  to  Mendocino  county,  extending  east  along  the  mountains 
of  Washington  territory  to  the  Cceur  d'Alene,  Bitter  Root,  and  Salmon  liiver  mountains  of  Idaho  and  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  (Canby  &  Sargent). 

A  large  tree,  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  3.60  meters  in  diameter;  low,  rich  woods  and 
swamps,  less  commonly  on  dry  ridges  and  slopes  below  5,200  feet  elevation ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  distinct;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  dull  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3796;  ash,  0.17; 
largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  shingles,  in  cabinet-making  and  cooperage,  and  exclusively  by  the  Indians 
of  the  northwest  coast  in  the  manufacture  of  their  canoes. 

329. — Chamaecyparis  sphaeroidea,  Spach, 

Hist.  Veg.  xi,  331.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  61.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  20. — 
Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  133 ;  2  ed.  122.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  49 ;  2  ed.  71.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  248.— Nelson,  Pinacese, 
69.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  464.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  87. 

CupreSSUS  thyoides,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1003.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  ii,  174.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  198.— Marshall, 
Arbustum,  39.— Wangenheim,  Ainer.  8,  t.  2,  f.  4.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  372;  2  ed.  v,  323.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed. 
409.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  208.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  512;  Enuin.  991;  Berl.  Baumz.  111.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
iii,  6.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  580.— Destbntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  567.— Schkuhr,  Haudb.  iii,  286,  t.  310.— Michaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  iii,  20,  t. 2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  162,  t.  152.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  646.— Eaton,  Manual,  111;  6 
ed.  115.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  224.—  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  178.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  644.— Watson,  Bond.  Brit,  ii,  156.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  361 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  233.— Beck,  Bot.  338.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2475,  f.  2327.— Forbes, 
Pinetum  Woburn.  183,  t.  61.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  165.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  215.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
387.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  98;  2  ed.  i,  114.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  442.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  516.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  435.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  28.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  663;  Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  509.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  473. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  346. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  162. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Veitch,  Manual 
Couif.  238. 

Thuya  SphcEroidea,  Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  889. 

Tliuya  sphceroidalis,  Richard,  Conif.  45,  t.  8,  f.  2. 
12  FOB 


178  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

WHITE    CEDAR. 

Southern  Maine,  souVh  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl 
river,  Mississippi. 

A  tree  24  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  in  deep,  cold  swamps  ;  rare  in 
the  Gulf  states,  west  of  the  bay  of  Mobile. 

Wood  very  light  and  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  growing  darker  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.3322;  ash, 
0.33;  largely  used  in  boat-building,  for  woodenware,  cooperage,  shingles,  interior  finish,  telegraph  and  fence  posts, 
railway  ties,  etc. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  JSTew  Jersey  southward  lumber  is  manufactured  from  buried  trunks  of  this 
species  dug  from  peat  swamps. 

330. — Chamaecyparis  Nutkaensis,  Spach, 

Hist.  Veg.  xi,  333.—  Nnttall,  Sylva,  Hi,  105;  2  ed.  ii,  Ifi5.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  62.— Ledebour,  Fl.  Eosaica,  iii,  680.— Lindley  & 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209.— Carrifcre,  Trait.  Conif.  134  ;  2  ed.  127. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  796. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz,  250. — Parlatore  iii  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  465. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian 
Nat.  2  ser.  ix,  329. 

CupreSSUS  Nootlcatensis,  Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  ii,  18 ;  2  ed.  ii,  No.  60.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2480. 

CupreSSUS  Nutkaensis,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  165.— Newberry  in  Pacific  E.  E.  Eep.  vi,  63,  f.  28.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  66; 
2  ed.  94. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  263.— Nelson,  Pinacea?,  74.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  345. — Lawson,  Pinetnm 
Brit,  ii,  199,  t.  34,  f.  1-12.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  165.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36.— Maconn  in  Geological  Eep. 
Canada,  1876-77, 211.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  235. 

Thuya  excelsa,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  164. 
CupreSSUS  Americana,  Trautvetter,  Imag.  PI.  Fl.  Eossica,  12,  t.  7. 

G.  Nufkaensis,  var.  glauca,  Walpers,  Ann.  v,  769- 

^ 
Thuyopsis  borealis,  Hort.—  Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  1  ed.  113. 

Thuyopsis  cupressoides,  Carriere,  Man.  des  PI.  iv,  324. 

G.  excelsa,  Fischer  in  herb.  Sitka. 

Thuyopsis  TchugatsTcoy  and  T.  Tchugatskoyce,  Hort. 

YELLOW  CYPRESS.   SITKA  CYPRESS. 

Sitka,  south  along  the  islands  and.  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia  and  the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington 
territory  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Santiau  river,  Oregon  ("  Lucky  Camp  mountain",  Cuswk). 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  30  to  33  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter, 
or  toward  its  southern  limits  and  at  high  elevations  much  smaller ;  common  along  the  coast  at  the  sea-level  to 
about  latitude  49° 30'  X.,  then  less  common  and  only  at  higher  elevations;  south  of  British  Columbia  hardly  below 
5,000  feet  elevation  and  very  rare  and  local ;  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  Alaska. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  easily 
worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  possessing  an  agreeable,  resinous  odor ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color,  bright,  light  clear 
yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4782 ;  ash,  0.34 ;  somewhat  used  in  boat-  and  ship- 
building, for  furniture,  interior  finish,  etc.,  probably  unsurpassed  in  beauty  as  a  cabinet  wood  by  that  of  any  North 
American  tree. 

331. — Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana,  Parlatore, 

Stnd.  Organ.  Conif.  23,  29,  t.  3,  f.  22-25;  De  Candolie,  Prodr.  xvi2,  464.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  85.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii, 
155. — Sargent  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  8. 

Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  292,  t.  9.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  5581.— Nelson,  Pinaceie, 
72.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  263.— Lawson,  Pinetnm  Brit,  ii,  191,  t.  31,  f.  1-13.— Hoopes,  Evergreens 
342,  f.  53.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadolholz.  240.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  285. — London  Garden,  vii 
508  &t.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  231.— Eichler  in  Monatsb.  Acad.  Berl.  1881,  f.  29,30. 

CupreSSUS  fro  f/rans,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,  103. 
f  Cupressus  attenuata,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  1  ed.  57  ;  2  ed.  79. 
C.  Boursierii,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  125  [not  Decaisne]. 
C.  NutJcamiS,  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  1. 16. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  179 

PORT   ORFORD   CEDARS     OREGON   CEDAR.      WHITE   CEDAR.      LAWSON'S   CYPRESS.      GINGER  PINE. 

Oregon,  Coos  bay,  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Rogue  river,  not  extending  more  than  thirty  miles  from  the  coast; 
California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  (shores  of  Castle  and  Soda  lakes,  Shasta  county). 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  45  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  meters  in  diameter; 
rich  woods,  in  low,  moist  soil,  interspersed  with  the  yellow  lir  and  hemlock;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  along  the  Oregon  coast;  local;  in  California  very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground, 
abounding  in  odoriferous  resin,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  layers  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color,  light  yellow  or  almost  white,  the  thin  sap-wood  hardly 
distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.4621;  ash,  0.10;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish, 
flooring,  railway  ties,  fence  posts,  matches,  and  in  ship-  and  boat-building;  the  resin  strongly  diuretic  and  a 
powerful  insecticide. 

332. — Cupressijs  macrocarpa,  Hartwejr, 

Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ii,  187. — Beutham,  PL  Hartweg.  337. — Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  296  &  t. ;  Pinetniu,  65 ;  2  ed. 
91. — Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  20fi. — Knight,  Syn.  Conii'.  20.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey,  211. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  263 ;  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  290. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  124,  in  part. — Bolander  in  Proc. 
California  Acad.  iii,  228. — Henkel  &  Hocbstetter,  Nadelholz.  239. — Nelson,  Pinacea-,  73.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  353. — Parlatore  in 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  473. — Fowler  in  London  Card.  Chronicle,  1&72,  285. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii1,  148. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  36.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113.— Veiteh,  Manual  Conif.  234.— Lawson  Pinetum  Brit,  ii,  195,  t.  32. 

C.  Lambertiana,  Carru-re  in  Rev.  Hort.  1855,  232 ;  Trait.  Conif.  124 ;  2  ed.  166. 
C.  Hartwegii,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1855,  232 ;  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  168. 

tC.  macrocarpa,  var.  fastigiata,  Knight,   Conif.  20.— Parlatore   in  De  Candolle,   Prodr.   xvi»,   473.— Veitch,   Manual 
Conif.  234. 

fC.  Hartwegii,   var.  fastigia ta,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  169. 

MONTEREY   CYPRESS. 

California,  Monterey  (Cypress  point,  Pescadero  ranch,  and  Carmelo  point). 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  on  granite  rocks  immediately 
upon  the  sea-coast ;  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  odorous ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored, 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  clear  bright  brown  streaked  with  red  and 
yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.6261 ;  ash,  0.57 ;  very  beautiful  and  of  undoubted  value 
as  a  cabinet  wood. 

333. — Cupressus  Goveniana,  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  296  <fe  f. ;  Pinetum,  60 ;  2  ed.  83.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337.— Lindley  &.  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  206. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  125 ;  2  ed.  170. — Torrey,  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  211. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
266. — Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  240. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  252. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr,  xvi2,  472. — Fowler  in 
London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  285.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  114. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  230. 

f  C.  Californica,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  127;  2  ed.  164. 
C.  Californica  gracilis,  Nelson,  Pinacea,  70,  in  part 
f  C.  COrnitta,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1866,251  &  f. 
f  Juniperus  aromatica,  Hort. 

Humboldt  county,  California,  south  along  the  coast  and  through  the  Coast  ranges  into  Lower  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of 
streams  and  mountain  slopes,  in  rather  rich  soil,  or  often  a  low  shrub,  fruiting  when  0.30  to  1  meter  in  height,  and 
occupying  extensive  tracts  of  sandy  barrens  1  to  5  miles  inland  from  the  coast,  or  thin,  rocky  soil  (Pringle) ; 
widely  but  not  generally  distributed. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  dark  colored, 
conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity, 
0.4689;  ash,  0.45. 


180  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

334. — Cupressus  Macnabiana,  Murray, 

Edinburgh,  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  293.  t.  10.' — Gordon,  Pinetum,  04 ;  2  ed.  90. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  165. — Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
353. — Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  473. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-,  150.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Watson,  Bot, 
California,  ii,  114.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  233. 

G.  glandulosa,  Hooker,  (ex.  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  241). 
G.  CaliforniC't  gracilis,  Nelson,  Pinacese,  70,  in  part. 

California,  mountains  south  of  Clear  lake,  Lake  county  ( Torrey,  Bolander,  Pringle,  Miller). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall 
8hrub  branching  from  the  ground;  very  rare  and  local;  not  rediscovered  in  the  original  station  reported  by 
Jeffrey,  the  Mount  Shasta  region. 

Wood  not  collected. 

335. — Cupressus  Guadalupensis,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv,  300 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  114. 

G.  macrocarpa,  ?  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  119  [not  Hartweg]. 

C.  Arizonica,  E.  L.  Greene  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  64. — Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xviii,  157. 

San  Francisco  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona  (Greene,  Busby),  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita 
mountains,  Arizona  (Pringle,  Lemmon) ;  on  the  Sierra  Madre,  near  Saltillo,  and  Gaudalupe  island,  Mexico  (Palmer). 

A  tree  18  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  rocky  canons  and  ridges ;  on  the 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  mountains,  forming  extensive  forests  between  5,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  generally 
on  northern  slopes;  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells,  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  gray,  often  faintly  streaked  with 
yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.4843 ;  ash,  0.44. 

336. — Juniperus  Californica,  Carriere, 

Kev.  Hort,  iii,  353  &  f . ;  Trait.  Conif.  58 ;  2  ed.  41.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louia  Acad.  lii,  588 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  375.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  593. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113. 

J.  tetragona,  var.  osteosperma,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  K.  Rep.  iv,  141 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210 ;  Ives'  Rep.  28. 
J.  tetragona,  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 263  [not  Schlechtendal]. 
J.  Cerrosianus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii,  37. 

J.  OCCidentalis,  Gordon,  Pinetnm,  Suppl.  38;  Pinetum,  2  ed.  162,  in  part.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  245,  in  part.— 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  299,  in  part. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  489,  in  part. 

J.  Californica,  var.  osteosperma,  Eugelmanu ;  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi,  119  . 

JUNIPER. 

» 

California,  San  Francisco  bay,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  Lower  California. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall 
shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  ground ;  sandy  barrens  and  dry,  rocky  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  dark  colored,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  light  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.0282  ;  ash,  0.75 ;  in  southern  California  largely  used 
for  fencing  and  fuel.  , 

Var.  Utahensis,  Eugelmaun, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  588;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  264.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.— Sargent  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  418.— 
Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113. 

J.  OCCidentalis,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  336,  in  part;  PI.  Wheeler,  18  [not  Hooker]. 
J.  occidentalis,  var.  Utahensis,  Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  289. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  181 

JUNIPER. 

Western  base  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains,  Utah,  to  eastern  California,  south  through  the  Great  Basin  to 
southeastern  California  (I'rimjlc)  and  the  San  Francisco  mountains,  eastern  Arizona  (Greene). 

A  small,  contorted  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
tali,  much-branched  shrub ;  very  common  through  the  elevated  valleys  and  along  the  lower  slopes  of  all  the  ranges 
of  central  and  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  the  most  generally  distributed  arborescent  species  of  the  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5522 ;  ash,  0.49;  the  common  fuel  and  fencing  material  of  the  region. 

337. — Juniperus  pachyphloea,  Torrey, 

Pacific R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142;  J5ot.  ilex,  Boundary  .Survey,  210  ;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  263.— Henkel  A 
Huclistetter,  Nadelholz.  247.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  56.— Parlatore  iu  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi2, 490.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed. 
164.—  Engeimaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Ac-ad,  iii,  589:  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,264. — Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,593. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif. 
289.—  Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  But.  Club,ix,?9.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  iii,  184. 

J.  plochydermrt,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  17:1,  t.  1C.. 
J.  Sabinu  pachyphlcea,  Autoiue,  Kupress.  lit). 

JTJNIPEK. 

Eagle  and  Limpia  mountains  (Havnrd),  west  along  the  ranges  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  south  of  latitude  34°;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  stony  slopes  and  ridges, 
generally  between  2,000  and  3,000  feet  elevation ;  the  prevailing  and  largest  juniper  of  the  mountains  of  western 
Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  clear  light  red, 
often  streaked  with  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5829;  ash,  0.11. 

338. — Juniperus  occidentalis,  Hooker, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii,  166.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  26.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  202.— Carriere,  Conif.  42,  in  part;  2 
ed.  40,  in  part.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 263.— Gordon,  Piuetum,  117  (excl.  syn.);  Suppl. 
38  (excl.  syn. ) ;  2  cd.  162  (excl.  syn.).— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  345,  in  part.— Nelson,  Pinaceae,  142.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
299  (oxcl.  syu.  Californica). — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 489,  in  part. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37. — Macoun  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1875-'?6, 211.  —Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  289. 

J.  excelsa,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  647.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245. 

J.  -Andina,  Nuttall.Sylvn,  iii, 95. 1. 110;  2  ed.  ii,  157, 1. 110.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  55. 

Chamcecyparis  Boursierii,  Dei-aixue  iu  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,!,  70. 

J.  Hermanni,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-,  141  [not  Sprengel]. 

J.  occidentalis,  var.  plewnperma,  Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  590. 

J.  pyriformis,  Hort. 

JUNIPER. 

Blue  mountains  and  high  prairies  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  Cascade  mountains  of  Oregon, 
valley  of  the  Klamath  river,  California,  and  south  along  the  high  ridges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  between  7,000  and 
10,000  feet  elevation,  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  (Pariah  Bros.}. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low,  much-branched 
shrub;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and  prairies,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  sierras. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable,  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light  red  or  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.5765;  ash,  0.12;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

Var.  monosperma,  Engelmanu, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  590 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  263.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  289.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79. 


182  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

JUNIPER. 

Eastern  base  of  Pike's  peak,  Colorado,  to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  and  through  New  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  to  southern  California. 

A  small,  stunted  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  branching 
from  the  ground  with  many  stout,  contorted  stems;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between  3,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  type,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  often  eccentric;  specific  gravity,  0.7119; 
ash,  0.78;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

Viir.  conjugens,  Kngelmanu, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Ao;i«l.  iii.  590.  —  V<;itch,  .Manual   Conif.  -•"'9.  —  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  158. 

JUNIPER. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (Austin),  west  and  north. 

A  tree  11  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  covering  with  extensive 
forests  the  limestone  hills  of  western  Texas;  its  range  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  brown,  often 
streaked  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.0907;  ash,  0.46;  largely  used  for  fencing, 
fuel,  telegraph  poles,  railway  ties,  etc. 

339.  —  Juniperus  Virginiana,  Li 


Spec.  1  od.  1039.—  Ka!m,  Travels,  English  ed.  ii,  180.—  Marshall,  Arbustum,  70.—  Waugenheim,  Amor.  9,  t.  2,  f.  5.—  Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  243.  —  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  414;  2  ed.  v,414.  —  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  627.  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,853;  Enum.  1025;  Berl. 
Baumz.  198.  —  Persoon,  Sy:;.  ii,(>32.  —  Destbntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  539.  —  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  42,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3ed.  173,  t.  155.—  Pnrsh.Fl.  Am.  Sept  (547.—  Nonveau  Duhamel,  vi,  49,  t.  16.—  Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  96;  Coinpend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  ii,  200.—  Eaton,  Manual,  118;  2  ed.  194.—  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245;  Sylva,  iii,  97;2ed.  ii,  159.—  Bigelow,  Mcd.  Bot.  iii,  49, 
t.  45;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  398.—  Hayue,  Demi.  Fl.  205.—  Elliott,,  Sk.  ii,  717.—  Torrey  in  Nieollat's  Kep.  167;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  377; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  235  ;  Marcy's  Rep.  284  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142  ;  <Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  211  ;  Ives'  Rep.  28.—  Sprengel,  Syst. 
iii,  908.—  Richard,  Conif.  37,  t.  6,  f.  2.—  Audubon,  Birds,  t.  43.—  Rafinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  13.—  Beck,  Bot.  337.—  Lindley,  Fl.  Med. 
r>5t;.—  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2495,  f.  2357.—  Forbes,  Piiietuiu  Woburn.  199.—  Penn.  Cycl.  xiii,  147.—  Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  288.  — 
Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  102;  2  ed.  i,  118.  —  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  27,  iii  part.  —  Scheele  in  Rosnier,  Texas,  Appx.  447.  — 
Lindloy  &  Gordon  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  202.  —  P.irry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.  —  Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  295.  —  Knight, 
Syn.  Conif.  12.—  Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  515.—  Durand  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1S55,  101.—  Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
ii,  130,  175.  —  Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  43  ;  2  ed.  44.  —  Bigelow  in  Pacific  B.  R.  Rep.  20.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  112  ;  2  ed.  154.  —  Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257  ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  413.—  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  435.—  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  48;  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  474;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.—  Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Liunaean  Soc.  xxiii-,  302.—  Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  71.—  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.—  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  663  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.—  Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  510.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  591;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,263.  —  Lyall  in  Jour. 
Lijinasan  Soc.  vii,  144.  —  Henkel  &,  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  335.  —  Nelson,  Pinaceae,  153.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  291.  —  Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  488.—  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  517.—  Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii',  138.—  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  335.—  Rothrock  iu  PI. 
Wheeler,  28,  50  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  10.—  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  132.—  Haydoii  in 
Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  122.  —  Vasey.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.  —  Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  242.  —  Broadhead 
in  Coulter's  Bot.  Ga/cttc,  iii,  60.—  G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  329.—  Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  183.  —  VeitcL, 
Manual  Conif.  282.—  Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  52r.—  Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  87.—  Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.- 
Cent.  iii,  184. 

J.  Caroliniana,  Marshal!,  Arbustum,  71.—  Du  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed.  497. 
J.  arborcscens,  Mceuch,  Metli.  699. 

J.  Barbadensix,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  246  [not  Liunteus].—  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  647.—  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245;  Sylva, 
iii,  96  ;  2  cd.  ii,158. 

J.  Virginiana,  var.  Caroliniana,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Bauniz.  198.—  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  205.  —London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2495. 

J.  Virginiana,  var.  Hermanni,  Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  632. 

J.  Hermann!,  Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  908. 

J.  fatida,  var.   Virginiana,  Spach  in  Aun.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  298  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  318. 

J.  Virffiniana  vulgaris,  Endlicher,  Syu.  Couif.  28. 

J.  Salina,  var.  Virginiana,  Antoine,  Knpress.  t.  83,  84. 


o 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  18 

BED   CEDAR.      SAVIN. 

Southern  New  Brunswick  to  the  northern  shores  of  Georgian  bay,  northern  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  west  to 
eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to  about  the  one  hundredth  parallel  of  west  longitude;  in 
the  Pacific  region,  Rocky  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Vancouver's  island,  British  Columbia;  not  extending  to 
western  Texas,  California,  or  Oregon ;  in  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona  rare  and  local. 

The  most  widely  distributed  of  N,orth  American  Conifenc,  a  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60 
to  1.35  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  and  western  limits  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a. low  shrub; 
dry,  gravelly  ridges,  and  limestone  hills,  or  in  the  Gulf  states,  especially  near  the  coast,  in  deep  swamps ;  in 
northern  Montana,  borders  of  streams  and  lakes;  common;  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of 
the  Red  river,  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-  and  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  odorous  ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure;  color,  dull  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4926 ;  ash,  0.13  ;  largely  used  for 
posts,  sills,  railway  ties,  interior  finish,  cabinet-making,  and  almost  exclusively  for  lead-pencils. 

A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  saviue  cerete,  and  an  infusion  of  the  berries 
as  a  diuretic  ( U.  S.  JMspensatory,  14  ed.  529. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  795). 

340. — Taxodium  distichum,  Richard, 

Ann.  Mns.  xvi,  298;  Conif.  52,  t.  10. — Nouvean  Dnhamel,  iii,  8. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  525. — Lambert,  Pinus,  2  ed.  25  &  t. — Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  361;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Surrey,  210.— Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182.— London,  Arboretum, 
iv,  2481,  f.  2335-233!).— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  177,  t.  60.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  68,  iu  part.— Engelmann  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  234.— Scheele  in  Roemer,  Texas,  Appx.  447.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209. —Knight,  Syn. 
Conif.  20.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  295.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  143;  2ed.  180;  Rev.  Hort.  viii,  62  &  f.— Morren  in  Belg.  Hort.  vi, 
74  &  t.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  305 ;  2  ed.  382.— London  Card.  Chronicle,  1857, 549.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257.— Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  435.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  29.— Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389. — Wood,  Cl. 
Book,  663 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— Henkol  &  Hochstetter, Nadelholz.  258.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  473.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  364,  f. 
58.— Parlatorc  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  440.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  ii.  305,  f.  1-9.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1872, 1526.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  518.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,195.— Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  127.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  36.— Bruadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  214.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  87.— Watson 
in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  158. 

Gupressus  disticha,  Liunsens,  Spec.  1  ed.  1003.— Du  Roi,Harbk.i,201.—  Marshall,  Arbu'stum, 39.— Lamarck, Diet,  ii,  244.— 
Wangeuheim,  Amer.  43.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  238.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  372;  2  ed.  v,  323.— Bartram,  Travels,  2 
ed.  88.— Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,208.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  567.— Willdenow,  Spec,  it,  512;  Enum.  991;  Berl. 
Baumz.  111.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  iii,  288.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  4,  t.  1;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  154,  t. 
151.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  645.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  93.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  151.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  224.— Hayne.Dend.  Fl.  178.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  317,  318.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  642.— Beck,  Bot.  238.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  116.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  215.— De  Chambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  Conif.  349.— Dickson  &  Brown 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  v,  15. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  508. 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  patens  and  var.  nutans,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  323. 

CupreSSUS  distwha,  var.  imbricaria,  Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  224 ;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  163.— Croom  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
1  ser.  xxviii,  166. 

Schubertia  disticha,  Mirbel  in  Mem.  Mus.  xiii,  75.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  890. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  349. 

T.  microphyllum,  Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  68.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  207.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  148. 

T.  adscendens,  Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  69.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v, 207— Carriere, Trait.  Conif.  148. 

T.  distichum,  var.  patens  and  var.  nutans,  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  68.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv, 2481. 

T.  distichum  fastigiatum,  Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  21.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  145;  2  ed.  181.— Gordon,  Piuetum,  307;  2  ed. 
383.— Houkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  260.— Hoopes^  Evergreens,  367. 

T.  distichum,  var.  microphyllum,  Heukel  &  Hochstetter, Nadelholz.  261.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 441  (T. 
Sineiise  pendulum,  Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  180. — Glyptoslrobus  pcnduliw,  Endlicher,  Conif.  71. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  5603. — 
Carriere,  trait.  Couif.  152.— T.  Sinense,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  309.— Cvpresstis  Sinenae,  Hort.). 

Cuprespinnata  disticha,  Nelson,  Pinaceie,  61. 


184  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

BALD  CYPRESS.   BLACK  CYPRESS.   RED  CYPRESS.   WHITE  CYPRESS.   DECIDUOUS  CYPRESS. 

Sussex  county,  Delaware,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  iulet  and  cape  Eomano,  Florida,  west  through  the 
Gulf  states  near  the  coast*to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Tennessee, 
western  and  northern  Kentucky,  southeastern  Missouri,  and  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  meters  in  diameter; 
deep,  submerged  swamps,  river-bottom  lands,  and  pine-barren  ponds;  common  and  forming  extensive  forests  in 
the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close,  straight-grained,  not  strong,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  or  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4543;  ash,  0.42;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  construction,  cooperage,  railway  ties,  posts,  fencing,  etc.,  often  injured,  especially  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  by  a  species  of  Dadalia,  not  yet  determined,  rendering  it  unfit  for  lumber. 

Two  varieties  of  cypress,  black  and  white,  are  recognized  by  lumbermen,  the  wood  of  the  former  heavier  than 
water  when  green,  rather  harder  and  considered  more  durable  than  the  other;  the  unseasoned  wood  of  the  latter 
lighter  than  water  and  rather  lighter  colored  than  black  cypress. 

341. — Sequoia  gigantea,  Decaisne, 

Bull.  Bot.  Soc.  France,  i,  70 ;(  Rev.  Hort.  1855, 9, 1. 10,  f.  l.i — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iii,  94;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xvii.  440;  xviii,  150, 
286.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Eep.  iv,  140.— Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,  42.— Blake  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  v,  257,  t.  13. — 
[Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  166.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  90.-^Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  263,— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— 
'Bloomer  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  397.-(;Hoopes,  Evergreens,  239,  f.  29. — Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle  Prodr. xvia,  437.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii2,  194.— ^Bertram!  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xx,  114.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Muir  in  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  XXT, 
242.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  117. 

/ 

Wettingtonia  gigantea,  Liudley  iii  London  Card.  Chronicle,  1853,  819,  823;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4777,  4778.  VC.  Lemaire  in  111.  Hort. 

1854,  14  &  t.— Xaudin  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  116.— Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  93  &  t.  903  &  t.— Flor.  Cabinet,  1854,  121  &  t.— 

Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  22.— Gordon,  Pinetuni,  330 ;  Suppl.  106  ;  2  ed.  415.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil. 

Jour,  new  ser,  xi,  205,  t.  3-9  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  330,  t.  6,  f.  8,  9).— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz. 

22-2.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  217.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  4 15. 

t 
Wellingtonia  Californica,  Winslow  in  California  Farmer,  September,  1854.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  &  Kew  Misc.  vii,  26. 

Taxodlum   Washingtonianum,  Winslow  in  California  Farmer,  September,  1854. 

iX 

Taxodium  giganteum,  Kellogg  &  Behr  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i,  51. 

S.  Wellingtonia,  Seemann  in  Bonplandia,  ii,238;  iii,  27;  vi,343;  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3  ser.  March,  1859,  161.— Laweon, 
Pinetum  Brit,  iii,  299,  t.  37, 51, 53,  f.  1-37. 


(jigantalies  Wellingtonia,  Nelson,  Pinaecas,  79. 


BIG   TREE. 

California,  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  from  Placer  county  (Calaveras  Grove)  south  to  Deer  creek  on 
the  southern  borders  of  Tulare  county. 

The  largest  tree  of  the  American  forest,  76  to  119  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  6  to  11  meters  in  diameter; 
valleys  and  moist  swales  or  hollows  between  4,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation,  growing  in  small,  isolated  groves, 
except  toward  its  southern  limits,  here  mixed  with  the  sugar  pine  and  red  and  white  firs,  covering  large  tracts, 
often  several  hundred  acres  in  extent. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  remarkably  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil ;  bauds  of  small  Slimmer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  bright 
clear  red,  turning  much  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.2882 ;  ash,  0.50 ;  in 
Fresuo  county  formerly  somewhat  manufactured  into  lumber  and  locally  used  for  fencing,  shingles,  coustruction,  etc. 

342. — Sequoia  sempervirens,  Endlicher, 

\  f 
Syn.  Conif.  198.— Decaisne  in  Rev.  Hort.  1855,  9, 1. 11,  f.  2.HCarriere,  Trait.  Conif.  164 ;  2  ed.  210.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  23.— 

Newberry  in  Pacific  R,  R,  Rep.  vi,  57,  90,  f.  23.— Tclrrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  140 ;  feot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210 ;  Ives' 
Rep.  28.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  303;  Suppl.  97;  2  ed.  379.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,X263.-^Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil. 
Jour.  ne\v  ser.  xi.  221  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  34G).-^Seemann  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3  ser.  March,  1859, 165.-- Wood,  Bot.. 
&  F1.315.''— Bohinder  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  231.-VHoopea,  Evergreens,  244.—Purlatore  in  De  Caudolle  Prodr.  xvi-,  436.— 
(  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii=,  19:i.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36.— Stearns  in  Am.  Nat.  x,  110.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  116.— Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  212. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  iii,  t.  52  &  iigs. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  J85 

Taxodium  SempervirenS,  Lambert,  Pinus,  114;  2  ed.  ii,  107,  t.  52. —London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2487,  f.  2340,2341.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  164  ;  Icon,  iv,  t.  379.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  1841.— Fremont,  Geographical  Mem.  California,  36, 
37.— Henkel  &.  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  262. 

Taxodli  Species,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  150. 

Sequoia  ffigantea,  Endlicher,  Syn.Conif.  190,  in  part.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  338. 

Abies  religiosa,  Hooker  &  Arnott.  Bot.  Beechey,  ICO. 

Schvbertia  sempervirens,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.xi,  353. 

S.  religiosa,  Presl,  Epimel.  Bot.  357.— Walperg,  Ann.  iii,  448. 

Oigantabicfi  tn.nfoUn,  NHsnn.  Pinaocii'.'a 

REDWOOD. 

California,  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  south  tlirough  the  Coast  ranges  to  "Veers  creek"  near  the 
southern  border  of  Monterey  county. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  01  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  7  meters  in  diameter,  sending 
up  from  the  stump  when  cut  many  vigorous  shoots;  sides  of  canons  and  gulches  in  low,  wet  situations,  borders  of 
streams,  etc.,  not  appearing  on  dry  hillsides ;  generally  confined  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  ranges, 
and  nowhere  extending  far  from  the  coast ;  most  generally  multiplied  and  reaching  its  greatest  average  density 
north  of  cape  Meudociuo. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  easily 
split  and  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored, 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  clear  light  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  0.4208;  ash,  0.14;  largely  sawed  into  lumber;  the  prevailing  and  most  valuable  building  material 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  California  almost  exclusively  used  for  shingles,*  fence  posts,  telegraph  poles,  railway 
ties,  wine-butts,  tanning-  and  water-tanks,  coffins,  etc. ;  forms  with  curled  or  contorted  grain  are  highly  ornamental. 

343.— Taxus  brevifolia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii,86,  1. 108  ;  2  ed.  ii,  149,  1. 108  (T.  occidentals*  on  plate).— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.Rep.  iv,140.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
vi,  60,  90,  f.  26.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  R«.-|i.  1858,  203;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2,  26,  69;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  414.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl. 
316. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  229. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  742. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  383. — Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi4,  501. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  95. — Gordon,  Pinetnm,  2  ed.  392. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35. — Macoun  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Watson.  Bot. 
California,  ii,  110. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  329. — Veitch,  Manual  Couif.  305. 

T.  baccata,  var.  Canadensis,  Bentham,  Pi.  Hartweg.  338. 

T.  baccata,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  167,  in  part. 

T.  Boursierii,  Carrifero  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854, 228  &  t. ;  Trait.  Conif.  523  ;  2  od.  739. 

T.  Lindleyana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  294;  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  I860.— Lawson,  Cat. 
1855, 15.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  316  ;  Suppl.  99.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  360.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  174. 

T.  Canadensia,  Higelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  25  [not  Willdenow]. 

YEW 

Queen  Charlotte  island"  and  the  valley  of  the  Skeena  river,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia, 
through  western  and  the  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Eocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  (Canby  &  Sargent),  through  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  the  bay  of 
Monterey  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  about  latitude  37°  N. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in 
Idaho  and  Montana  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  rare;  low,  rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Oregon,  Washington  territory,  and  British  Columbia. 

Wood  heavy,  liard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  thin, 
numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  light  bright  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.6391 ;  ash, 
0.22  ;  used  for  fence  posts  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  for  paddles,  spear  handles,  bows,  fish-hooks, 
etc. 


186  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

344. — Taxus  Floridana,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii,  92;  2  ed.  ii,  155. — Groom  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  334. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  436. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  741. — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  384. — Vasey.  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. 

T.  montatia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iri,  92;  2  ed.  ii,  l.V>. 

YEW. 

Western  Florida,  banks  of  the  Apalachicola  river  from  Bristol  to  Aspalaga,  Gadsden  county,  ami  Watson's 
Landing?  (Curlisn). 

A  small  tree,  3  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter  ;  rare  and  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored,  not 
conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.6340 ;  ash,  0.21. 

345. — Torreya  taxifolia,  Arnott, 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  134 ;  Hooker,  Icon,  iii,  t.  232,  233.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  454.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  91,  t.  109 ;  2  ed.  ii,  153,  t. 
109. — Spach,  Hist.Veg.  xi,  298. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  241. — Lindley&  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  226. — Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  516. — Carrierp,  Trait.  Couif.  514  ;  2  ed.  726. — Gordon,  Piuetum,  329;  2  ed.  412. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  259. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  43<>.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  664;  Bot.  &  PI.  316.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  387,  f.  62.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi2,  505.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  100.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  311. 

Caryotaxus  taxifolia,  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  367. 
Faetataxus  montana,  Nelson,  Piuacea>,  167. 

STINKING  CEDAR.     SAVIN. 

Western  Florida,  eastern  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  river  from  Chattahoochee  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol, 
Gadsden  county;  doubtfully  reported  from  the  shores  of  a  small  lake  west  of  Ocheesee  and  at  Wakulla  Springs, 
Wakulla  county  (Curliss). 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  sending  up  when  cut  many 
vigorous  shoots  from  the  stem  and  roots;  borders  of  swamps  on  calcareous  soil;  very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure ;  color,  clear  bright  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5145;  ash,  0.73; 
largely  used  locally  for  fence  posts,  etc. 

346. — Torreya  Californica,  Torrey, 

N.  York  Jour.  Pharm.  iii,  49;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  140.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  24.— Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  1, 
35.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  61,  90,  f.  27.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  263.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California 
Acad.  iii,  229. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  385. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  506. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii3,  101. — Gordon, 
Pinetum,  2  ed.  410. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  110. 

T.  Myristica,  Hooker  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4780.— Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  175  &  t.— Carriere,  Conif.  315;  2  ed.  727.— 
Gordon.  Pinetnm,  1  ed.  327. — Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  x,  7,  t.  3. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  311. 

Caryotaxus  Myristica,  Heukel  &  Hoehstetter,  Nadelholz.  368. 
Fcetataxus  Myristica,  Nelson,  Pinacese,  168. 

CALIFORNIA   NUTMEG.      STINKING   CEDAR. 

California,  Mendocino  county,  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Tulare  county,  between 
3,000  and  5,000  feet  elevation. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  sending  up  from  the  stump  when 
cut  mauy  vigorous  shoots;  borders  of  streams,  in  moist  soil;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
clear  light  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4760;  ash,  1.34. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  187 

347. — Pinus  Strobus,  Linnn-us, 

Spec.  led.  1001;  Du  Roi,  Harbk.  11, 57.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  i,  t.  l,f.  1.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  1569;  2  ed.  v,  318.—  Swartz,  Obs.  363.— 
Moench,  M«tli.  304.—  Micbanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  U,  205.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  341 ;  111.  iii,  369,  t.  786,  f.  2.— Lambert,  J'inns,  1  ed.  t. 
28;2ed.i,27,t.  35;3ed.i,51,t.32.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  501;  Knuni.9-".»;  Berl  liaumz.  213.—  Persoou,Syn.ii,579.— Dcsfontaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  ii,  012.— Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  104, 1. 10 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  126, 1. 145. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  v,  249,  t.  76. — Smith 
in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  17.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  (114.— Baton,  Manual,  110 ;  6  ed.  265.—  Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  22:! ;  Sylva,  iii,  118  ; 
2  ed.  ii,  17li  (exc.l.  syn.  var.  mouticola).  —  Ilayne,  I  lend.  Fl.  175. — Elliott.  Sk.  ii,(i3S. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl. 
N.  States,  360;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  229.— Richard,  Conif.  60, 1. 12,  f.  2.— Audnbon,  Birds,  t.  :!!).— Beck,  Bot.  339. —London,  Arboretum,  iv, 
2280, f. 2193-2196.— Forbes, Pinetom  Wobnrn.  83.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  j.01.— Katon  &.  Wright.  Bot.359.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
::  ed.385,  Ant. .in.'.  Conif.  43,t.20,  f.  3.— Lindlcy  in  IVnn.  Cycl.  xvii,  173.— Link  in  Lininua,  xv,  514.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,394.— 
Do  Cliambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  Conif.  202,  t.  4,  5,  f.  8.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  60;  2  ed.  i,  73  &  t.— Endlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  147.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  35,  t.  5.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  34.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  215.—  Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  302;  2  ed.  398.— Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiii,  398.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  290.— Darby,  Hot.  S.  States. 
515.—  Gordon,  Pinetum,  239;  2  ed.  323.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Fescali,  Forst.  Pfl.56, 1. 11,  f.  7-13.—  Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  25.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  312.— Porcher,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  505. — Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelhiilz.  92. — Nelson,  Pinaceie,  130. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  136,  f.  19. — Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  ed.  470. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 405. — Schuizlein,  Icon.  t.  77,  f.  10. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 319. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  32.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  187.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif. 
183.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80.  49C. 

P.   Strobus,  var.  alba,  var.  brevifolia,  var.  compressa,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2280.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  215. 

P.  Strobm,  var.  nivea,  Hort. 

WHITE    PINE.      WEYMOTJTH    PINE. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  lake  Nipigon  and  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg 
river,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  "  Starving  rock," 
near  La  Salle,  Illinois,  near  Davenport,  Iowa  (Parry),  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

A  large  tree  of  the.  first  economic  value,  24  to  .">2  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3.50  meters  in  diameter ; 
sandy  loam  upon  drift  formations,  forming  extensive  forests,  or  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  often  in  small 
bodies  scattered  through  the  hardwood  forests,  here  reaching  its  greatest  development;  north  of  latitude  47° 
N.  and  south  of  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  and  Minnesota  much  smaller,  less  common  and  valuable. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  small,  not  numerous  nor  conspicuous ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  often  slightly  tinged  with  fed,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  0.3854 ;  ash,  0.19 ;  more  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  shingles,  laths,  etc.,  than  that  of  any 
other  North  American  tree ;  the  common  and  most  valuable  building  material  of  the  northern  states ;  largely  used  in 
cabinet-making,  for  interior  finish,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  matches,  woodenware,  and  for  many  domestic  purposes. 

Conifcrin,  a  glucoside  principle,  has  been  discovered  in  the  cambium  layer  of  this  and  several  other  species  of 
Conifenc  (Jour,  fur  Prakt.  Chem.  xcvii,  243. — Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  1867,  261. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  901). 

348. — Pinus  monticola,  Douglas; 

Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed.  iii,  27,  t.  35.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2291,  f.  2208, 2209.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  81,  t.  31.—  Antoine,  Conif.  40,  t. 
18,  f.  3.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Endlieher,  Syn.  Conif.  148.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,215.— 
Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  305;  2  cd.  401.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  233;  2  ed.  314.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,262;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
xii',  27;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  410.—  Lyall  in  Jour.  Linmean  Soc.  vii,  141.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  94.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  120.— 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  135.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  318.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 405.— Gray  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii,  402.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  1071.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  322.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — 
Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 211.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  123.— G. 
M.  Dawsou  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  328.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  181,  f.  41.— Lavrsou,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  69,  f.  1-6. 

P.  StrobuHj  var.  monticola,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  118;  2ed.ii,176. 

P.  Grozelieri,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1869,  126. 

P.  porphl/rocarpa,   Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  83,  f.  1-8. 

WHITE   PINE. 

Vancuover's  island,  Coast  and  Gold  ranges  of  southern  British  Columbia,  through  the  Ccsur  d'Aleue  and  Bitter 
Boot  mountains  of  Idaho  to  the  valley  of  the  Flathead  river,  northern  Montana  (Canby  &  Sargent),  south  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  and  the  California  sierras  to  Calaveras  county. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  Pend  d'Oreille  and  Clark's  Fork  regions  of  Idaho,  here  a  valuable  and  important 
timber  tree;  in  British  Columbia  generally  below  3,000  feet,  and  in  California  between  7,000  and  10,000  feet 
elevation;  not  common. 


188  .  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous, 
not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  not  large,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3908;  ash,  0.23;  inferior  in  quality,  although 
resembling  that  of  the  eastern  white  pine  (P.  Strobus);  in  Idaho  and  Montana  somewhat  manufactured  into  lumber. 

349. — Pinus  Lambertiana,  Douglas, 

Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  92,  IOC,  107, 130, 152 ;  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xv,  500. — Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  iii,  157,  t.  68,  69. — London,  Arboretum, 
iv,  2288,  f.  2003.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  77,  t.  30.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161.— Autoiue,  Conif.  41, 1. 19.— Liudley  in  Penn.  Cycl. 
xvii,  173.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  397.—  Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  122, 1. 114;  2  ed.  ii,  180,  t.  114.— De 
Chambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  Conif.  346. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  150. — Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  215.—  Carrie.ro, 
Trait.  Conif.  307 ;  2  ed.  403.—  Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  21.—  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
210;  Ives'  Rep.28.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  42,  90,  f.  14.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  228;  2  ed.  307.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,262. — Murray  in  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  369. — Law-son,  Pinetnm  Brit,  i,  47,  t.  7,  f.  1-7. — Bulandcr  in  Proc.  California 
Acad.  iii,  226,  317. — Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  95. — Nelson,  Pinacea;,  115. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  134. — Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodi-,  xvi2,  402. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  1071. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii2, 323. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
32.— Veitoh,  Manual  Couif.  179. 

SUGAR   PINE. 

Oregon,  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges,  from  the  head  of  the  Mackenzie  river  and  the  valley  of  the  Rogue  river 
south  along  the  western  flank  of  the  California  sierras,  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains, 
and  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  mountains. 

A  large  tree,  46  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3  to  7  meters  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  upon  the  sierras  of  central  and  northern  California  between  4,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation; 
in  the  Oregon  Coast  ranges  descending  to  1,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  coarse,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny,  easily  worked ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin,  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  very  large  and  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3G84;  ash, 0.22;  now  largely  manufactured 
into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish,  door-blinds,  sashes,  etc.,  and  for  cooperage  and  wooden  ware;  less  valuable 
and  less  easily  worked  than  that  of  the  eastern  white  pine  (Pinus  Strolms);  its  quality  injured  by  the  larger  and 
more  numerous  resin  passages. 

A  saccharine  exudation  from  the  stumps  of  cut  or  partially-burned  trees  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sugar. 

350. — Pinus  flexilis,  James, 

Long's  Ejfped.  ii,  27,  34.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  249;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  359.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  107,  t,  112;  2  ed.  ii,  167,  1. 107.— Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  220.— 
Carriers  in  Fl.des  Serres,  ix,  200;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  228;  Trait.  Conif.  310;  2  ed.  392.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  6,  20.— 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  224;  2  ed.  302.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  262.— Parry  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  121.— Engclniaun  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxi  v,  331 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  208;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  257 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  124.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz.  126. — Nelson,  Pinaceie,  112. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  318. — Hoopes, Evergreens,  131,  f.  18. — Parlatore  in 
De  Candoile,  Prodr.  x  vi-,  403.— Porter  in  Haydeu's  Rep.  1871,  494.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  xxviii,  332 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Rothrock, 
PI.  Wheeler,  27,  50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  9.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Haydeu,  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130.— Murray  in 
London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  106.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32.— Sargent  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  420— Lawson,  Pinetum 
Brit,  i,  35,  f.  1. 

P.  Lambertiana,  var.  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161. 

P.  Lambertiana,  var.  brevifolia,  Eudlicher,  Syu.  Conif.  150.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  215. — 
Carrierc,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  404. 

P.  flexilis,  var.  serrulata,  Eugelmann  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  258. 
P.  flexilis,  var.  macrocarpa,  Engelmann  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  258. 

WHITE   PINE. 

Eastern  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains,  Montana,  and  probably  much  farther  north,  south  to  New  Mexico,  on 
the  Guadalupe  and  Limpia  mountains,  western  Texas  (Havard),  on  the  high  mountain  ranges  of  Utah,  Nevada, 
and  northern  Arizona,  Inyo  mountains  and  mount  Silliman,  California. 

A  tree  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges 
between  4,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation ;  common  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains  of  northern 
Montana,  forming  open,  scattered  forests,  here-  low,  round-topped,  and  the  prevailing  forest  tree;  in  central  Nevada 
the  most  valuable  lumber  tree  of  the  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous,  resin 
passages  numerous,  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  clear  yellow,  turning  red  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4358;  ash,  0.28;  in  northern  Montana,  Nevada,  and  Utah 
sometimes  sawed  into  inferior  lumber  and  used  in  construction  and  for  various  domestic  purposes. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  189 

351. — Pinus  albicaulis,  Kugelmann, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  200;  Coulter's  Dot.  Gazette,  vii,  4. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — Hall 
in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  1,  f.  1-4. 

P.Jlexttis,  Murray,  Rep.   Ori-gun    Kxpud.  i,  t.  2,  f.  1  [not  Jauies]. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Liumi-au  Soc.  vii,  142. — Parlatore  in  De 
Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  403,  in  part. 

P.  Cembroides,  New-berry  in  Pacific  K.  I?.  Rep.  vi,44,  90,  f.  15  [not  Zuccarini]. 

P.  Shasta,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  390. 

P.  flexilis,  var.  albicaulis,  Knuelmann  iu  Hot.  California,  ii,  124.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new.  ser.  ix,  328. 

Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  from  the  valley  of  the  Lltasyouco  river  (G.  M.  Dawson)  south  along  the 
Cascade  and  Blue  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  extending  east  along  the  high  ranges  of 
northern  Washington  territory  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  (Old  Marias 
pass,  Canby  &  Sargent)  ;  California,  Scott's  mountains,  mount  Shasta,  and  on  the  high  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas 
to  mount  San  Bernardino. 

A  small  alpine  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  its  highest 
elevation  reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  at  the  extreme  limit  of  tree  growth,  reaching  in 
the  San  Bernardino  mountains  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous, 
resin  passages  numerous,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.4165;  ash,  0.27. 

352. — Pinus  reflexa,  Engehnann, 

Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  vii,  4.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  80. 
P.flexilis,  var.  reflexa,  Engelmann  in  Wheeler's  Kep.  vi,  258. 

WHITE   PINE. 

High  mountains  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Greene,  Rusby)  to  the  Santa  Rita  mountains  (Bothrock,  Engelmann 
&  Sargent)  and  Santa  Catalina  mountains  (Lemmon,  Prlngle),  Arizona. 

A  tree  lit  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  rocky  ridges  and 
slopes  of  almost  inaccessible  canons  between  6,000  to  8,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  large,  not  numerous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap- 
wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4877;  ash,  0.26. 

353. — Pinus  Parryana,  Engeluiaun, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxi  v,  332,  note ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  124.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  402.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. 

P.  Llaveana,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  208,  t.  55  [not  Schiede  &  Deppe].— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
262.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,'  318. 

PINON.      NUT   PINE. 

California,  Larkin's  station,  20  miles  southeast  of  Campo,  San  Diego  county  ( Vasey),  and  southward  into  Lower 
California. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  very  rare  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States;  south  of  the  boundary  forming  extensive  open  forests  upon  the  high  mesas  and  slopes  of 
Lower  California  (Pringle). 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages 
very  numerous,  large,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter,  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5675 ;  ash,  0.54. 

The  large  seeds  edible. 


190  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


354.  —  Pinus  cembroides,  Z 


Flora,  ii,  93.  —  Kndlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  182.  —  Fl.  ties  Serves,  iv,  3446,  t.  97.  —  Nelson,  Pinacero,  107.  —  Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodi. 
xvi5,  397.—  Engehnann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  176.  —  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii,  158. 

P.  Llareana,  Sctiede  &  Deppe  in  Linna-a,  xii,  488.—  Forbes,  Pinetnm  Woburn.  49,  t.  17.—  Antoine,  Conif.  3S,  t.  16,  f.  1.— 
Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  401.  —  Liudley  &•  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.  —  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  405;  2  ed. 
461.  —  Gordon,  Pinetiini,  199  :  2  ed.  274  (excl.  syn.  edulis).  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  64  (oxcl.  syn.  edulis).  — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  143. 

P.  osteospermtt)  F,ngeluiauii  in  Wislizeuns'  Rep.  No.  3.  —  Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.  —  Carriere  in 
Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  200  ;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  227. 

NUT  PINE. 

Santa  Catalina  mountains,  Arizona  (Pr  ingle)  ;  through  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  in  Arizona  6  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  hardly  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  dry 
ridges  and  slopes  at  3,500  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin 
passages  few,  small;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  clear  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  O.G512  ;  ash,  0.90. 

The  seeds  edible. 

355.  —  Pinus  edulis,  Engelniann, 

Wislizeuns'  Rep.  No.  4  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  260.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v.  216.  —  Carriere,  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix, 
201;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  227;  Trait.  Conif.  408.—  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  173,  t.  20;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  140;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— 

Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  3,  19.  —  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  142.  —  Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  398.—  Watson  in  PL  Wheeler,  17.—  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130.— 

Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.—  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.vi,  9.—  Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106.—  Veitch,  Manual 

Conif.  172. 

P.  cembroides,  Gcrdon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  236  &  f.;  Pinetnm,  192;  2  ed.  265  [not  Zuccarini].—  Fl.  des 
Serres,  iv,  324b,  325b,  t.  331,  f.  97.—  Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  216.—  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  404; 
2  ed.  460. 

P.futilis,  Roezl  in  herb,  fide  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  76;  2  ed.  265. 

PINON.     »TTT  PINE. 

Eastern  base  of  Pike's  peak,  Colorado,  south  through  New  Mexico  to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  G  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  dry  mesas  and  slopes,  generally 
on  lime  or  sandstone,  reaching  in  Colorado  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  small;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.6388  ;  ash,  0.62  ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  fencing,  etc., 
and  in  western  Texas  occasionally  manufactured  into  inferior  lumber. 

The  large  edible  nuts  supply  the  Indians  with  a  valuable  article  of  food. 

356.  —  Pinus   monophylla,  Torrey  &  Fremont, 

Fremont's  Rep.  319,  t.  4.  —  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.—  Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  318.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
142.  —  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  378.  —  Law  son,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  65,  t.  9,  f.  1-12  (P.  Fremontiana  on  plate).  —  Watson 
in  King's  Rep.  v,  330  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.—  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  271.—  Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  81,  t.  5,  f.  81.— 
Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  50.  —  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.  —  Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594.  —  Engelniann  in  Wheeler's  Rep,  vi, 
259,  374  ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  178  ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  124.  —  Sargent  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  419.  —  Masters  in  London 
Gard.  Chronicle,  1883,  p.  48,  f.  8. 

P.  Fremontiana,  Endlicher,  Syu.  Couif.  1831,  in  part.—  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  293  &f.  ;  Pinetum,  194;  2ed. 
235.—  Knight,  Syu.  Conif.  28.—  Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.—  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  194  ;  2 
ed.  462.—  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadolholz.  62. 

PINON.      NUT   PINE. 

Near  Utah  lake,  Utah,  to  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  California  sierras,  south  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the 
Great  Basin  to  the  San  Francisco  mountains  of  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small,  bushy  tree,  4  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes 
and  mesa*  between  3,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  191 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  close-jammed,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous, 
resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  yellow  or  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5G5S ;  ash,  O.G8 ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  charcoal. 

The  large  edible  seeds  furnish  the  principal  food  of  the  Indians  of  the  Great  Basin. 

357. — Pinus  Balfouriana,  Muini\. 

IJt-p.  Oregon  Exped.  i,  t.  :!,  f.  1. — Cordon,  Pim-tuiii,  217;  2  rd.  293. — Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  109. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California 
Acad.  iii,  ill*. — Carrii-re,  Ti-nit.  Couif.  2  ed.  425. — XVlsou,  Pri:\o-;r,  ID4.— Hoopcs,  Evergreens,  149. — Fowler  in  London  Gard. 
Chronicle,  187i,  ;>/:'>. — Vasey,  Cat..  Forest  Trees,  32. — Eugelmann  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  179;  Bot.  California,  ii,  125. — 
Veitch,  Manual  Couif.  175. — Lawson,  Pirn-turn  lirit.  i,  11,  f.  1-5. 

California,  Scott's  mountain,  Siskiyou  county  (Jeffrey,  Lemmon),  mount  Whitney,  and  about  the  headwaters  of 
King  and  Kern  rivers. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  19  meters  in  height,  with  a  truuk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and 
ridges,  forming  upon  Scott's  mountain  a  broad  belt  of  open  forest  growth  between  5.000  and  8,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  very  narrow,  dark  colored,  resiii  passages  few,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous 
obscure ;  specific  gravity,  0.5434 ;  ash,  0.41. 

Var.  aristata,  Engelmauu, 
Wheeler's  Eep.  vi,  :!75. — Bot.  California,  ii,  125. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  175. 

P.  aristata,  Engelmanu  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv,  331 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aead.  ii,  205,  t.  5,  6 ;  iv,  179 ;  Bot.  California, 
ii,  125.— Parry  in  Traus.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  123.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Regel,  Gartenflora,  1863,  iii,  91.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  417.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  103.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  424.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle, Prodr. 
xvi2,  400.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Haydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 130.— Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1875,  106.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  291.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32.— Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  32.— 
Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  5,  f.  1. 

P.  Balfouriana,  Watson  iu  King's  Rep.  v,  331 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17  [not  Murray].—  Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  50.— Sargent 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  419. 

FOXTAIL   PINE.      HICKORY   PINE. 

Mountains  of  southeastern  California,  Nevada,  northern  Arizona,  and  southern  Utah  to  Colorado,  above  7,500 
feet,  or  in  Colorado  reaching  12,000  feet  elevation. 

A  tree  15  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  ridges;  not 
common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  red,  the  thin  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5572 ;  ash,  0.30 ;  in  central  Nevada  largely  used  for  the  timbering  of  mines,  and 
now  nearly  exterminated. 

358. — Pinus  resinosa,  Alton, 

Hort.  Ke\v.  iii,  367;  2  ed.  v,  316.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  t.  14;  2  ed.  i,  20,  t.  14 ;  3  ed.  i,  17,  t.  13.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  496;  Ennm. 
988 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  267.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  339.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612.— Smith  in  Rees' 
Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  3.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  642.— Eaton,  Manual,  110 ;  6  ed.  264.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
173. — Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360  ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  227.— Beck,  Bot.  339.— London,  Arboretum,  iv, 
2210,  f.  2094-2097.— Forbes,  Piuetum  Woburn.  19,  t.  6.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161,  in  part.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow, 
Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  384. — Liadley  in  Peun.  Cycl.  xvii,  170. — Autoiue,  Conif.  7,  t.  4,  f.  1. — Link  in  Liuuaja,  xv,  501. — Endlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  178.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif,  27.— Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  219.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  401. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  183  (excl.  syn.  Loiseleurlana) ;  2  ed.  256. — Richardson  Arctic  Exped.  441. — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1*)6,  257.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  45  (excl.  syn.  Loiseleuriana).— Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  102. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  470. — Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  388. — Koch,  Deudrologio,  ii2,  286. — 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Macouu  iu  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  211. — Engelmauu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  179. — 
Sears  iu  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  185.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  50C. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  159. 

P.  rubra,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  46,  t.  1;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  91,  t.  134  [not  Lambert].— Dt;  Chambray, 
Trait.  Arb.  Res.  344.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  27.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  496. 

P.  Laricio,  var.  resinosa,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  385. 


192  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

RED   PINE.      NORWAY  PINE. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  lake  Nipigon  to  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg 
river,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Chestnut  Hill,  Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  the  mountains  of 
northern  Pennsylvania,  Isabella  county,  Michigan,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.37  meter  in  diameter ;  light  sandy  loam  or  dry, 
rocky  ridges,  forming  scattered  groves  rarely  exceeding  a  few  hundred  acres  in  extent;  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  through  northern  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota;  rare  in  the  eastern  States,  except  in  the  extreme 
northern  portions  of  New  England. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  dark 
colored,  very  resinous,  resin  passages  few,  small,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light 
red,  the  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  almost  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4854;  ash,  0.27;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  all  purposes  of  construction,  flooring,  piles,  etc. 

359. — Pinus  Torreyana,  Parry, 

Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210,  t.  58,  59 ;  Proc.  San  Diego  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Nov.  1883.— Carriere.  Trait.  Conif.  326 ;  2  ed.  423.— 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  241.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860,  442.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  117.— Bolander  in  Proc. 
California  Acad.  iii,  318.— Hoopcs,  Evergreens,  150.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594.— Eugelmann  in 
Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad.  iv,  181 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  125.—  Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  173. 

P.  lopkosperma,  Lindley  in   London  Gard.  Chronicle,    1860,  46.— Gordon,   Pinetum,  Suppl.  69;   2  ed.   310.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  112.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  117.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  391. 

California,  mouth  of  the  Soledad  river,  San  Diego  county ;  doubtfully  reported  from  one  of  the  islands  off 
Santa  Barbara  and  from  Lower  California. 

A  low,  short  lived,  gnarled,  crooked  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.23  to  0.33  meter  in  diameter ; 
crests  of  sandy  bluffs  immediately  upon  the  sea-coast ;  very  local  and  fast  disappearing. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  small,  few ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
yellow  or  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4879 ;  ash,  0.35  ;  locally  used  for  fuel. 

360. — Pinus  Arizonica,  Engelmann, 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  260 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  181 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4. 

YELLOW  PINE. 

Santa  Rita  mountains  (Rothrock,  Engelmann  &  Sargent),  Santa  Catalina  mountains  (Lemmon,  Pringle),  and 
probably  upon  other  ranges  of  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  high  rocky  ridges  between  6,000 
and  8,000  feet  elevation ;  the  prevailing  forest  tree  over  large  areas  near  the  summits  of  the  Santa  Catalina 
mountains  (Lemmon). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  brittle,  close  grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  large ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ;  color,  light  red  or  often 
yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter  yellow  or  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5038 ;  ash,  0.20 ;  sometimes  sawed  into  inferior 
lumber. 

361. — Pinus  ponderosa,  Douglas, 

Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  111.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2243,  f.  2132-2136.—  Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  44, 1. 15.— Antoine,  Conif.  28,  t.  8, 
f.  1.—  Liudley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  172.— Link  iu  Linmea,  xv,  306.— Nuttall,  Sylva.'iii,  114 ;  2  ed.  ii,  17:?.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  389. — 
Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  163.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &.  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif. 
340;  2ed.  445.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  205;  Suppl.  67;  2  t-d.281.— Nowberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  36,  90,  t.  4,  f.  12.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  27,  68  ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  409.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  209;  Ives'  Rep. 
28. — Eugelmaim  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv,  332;  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  xii,  209  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  261 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  iv,  181;  Bot.  California,  ii,  125. — Lyall  iu  Jour.  Linnajan  Soc.  vii,  142. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  22(5,  317. — 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  71. — Nelson,  Pinaceae,  125. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  117. — Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  395 
(excl.  8}  n.  Sinclmrii). — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  1331  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17. — Gray  in  Proc.  Arn.  Acad.  vii,  402. — Fowler  in  London  Gard. 
Chronicle,  1872, 132(i.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",  310.—  Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  50;  Wheeler's  Hep.  vi,  9.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl. 
Colorado;  Haydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  Id9. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota, 2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  30. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Macoun  iu  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211. — Braudegee  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gaxett",  iii,  32.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  326. — -Rushy  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  193 

P.  Bentliamiana,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ii,  189;  iii,  223.— Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  212  &  t.; 
(Fl.  des  Serres,  vi,  85  &  f. ) ;  Pinetum,  188 ;  2  ed.  261  (excl.  syn.  Sinclairii).— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gordon 
in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,21fi. — Carrifre,  Trait.  Conif,  350;  2  ed.  452. — Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new 
ser.  i,  287,  t.  8. — Hcnki-1  &  llorhstetter,  Nadelholz.  64. — Nelson,  Pinaceai,  104. — Fowler  in  London  Card.  Chronicle, 
1872,973. 

P.  resinosa,  Torrey  in  Ann.  L^c.  N.  York,  ii,  249  [not  Alton].— Douglas,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  126.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
ii,  161,  in  part. — Winchcll  in  Ludlnw's  Krp.  IJIack  Hills,  i',-. 

P.  brachyptera,  Engelmaun  in  Wislizenns'  Kep.  No.  4.— Liudloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.— Carriers 
in  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  'J01 ;  Key.  Hort.  1854,  227;  Trait.  Couif.  356;  2  ed.  454.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv  18.— 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  190;  2  ed.  263.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  85. — Nelson,  Pinaceie,  454. 

P.  Beardsleyi,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  286,  t.  6. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  359. 
P.  Craigana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i, 288,  t.  7. 
P.  macrophylla,  ?  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  173  [uot  Engelmann]. 
P.  Engelmanni,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141  [not  Carriere]. 

P.  Parryana,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  202;  2ed.277  [not  Engelmann].— Henkel  &  Hocbstetter,  Nadelholz.  88.— Carriere,  Trait. 
Conif.  2  ed.  446. 

P.  ponderosa,  var.  Benthamiana,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. 

P.  ponderosa,  var.  SCOpulorum,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  126. 

YELLOW   PINE.      BULL   PINE. 

Interior  of  British  Columbia,  south  of  latitude  51°,  south  and  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific 
region  to  Mexico,  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  western  Texas;  hot  detected  in  central  or  southern  Nevada. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  91  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3.60  to  4.57  meters  in  diameter,  or  throughout  the  Eocky 
Mountain  region  much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  30  meters  in  height  (var.  scopuloritm) ;  dry-,  rocky  ridges  and 
prairies,  or  in  northern  California  rarely  in  cold,  wet  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western 
slope  of  the  sierras  of  northern  and  central  California;  in  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  rare  and 
local ;  after  Ptseudotsuga  Douglasii  the  most  generally  distributed  and  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests, 
furnishing  the  principal  lumber  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  western  Montana,  Idaho,  the  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Wood,  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  value,  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  not  coarse-grained  nor  durable, 
compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad  or  narrow,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  small ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  almost  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4715  ; 
ash,  0.35 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  for  railway  ties,  fuel,  etc. 

NOTE. — A  form  with  purple  cones  and  long  glaucous  foliage,  approaching  P.  Jeffreyi  in  habit,  is  the  prevailing  tree  of  the  valley  of 
Flathead  lake,  Montana  (Canby  $  Sargent). 

362. — Pinus  Jeffreyi,  Murray, 

Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  2, 1. 1 ;  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  xi,  224,  t.  8,  9  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  350  &  t.) ;  Carriere,  Trait. 
Conif.  388 ;  2  ed.  439.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  198 ;  2  ed.  272.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  87.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  115.— Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  115. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  x»i2,  393. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  45,  t.  6,  f.  1-4. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii*, 
314. — Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,4. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  165. 

P.  deflexa,  Torrey  in  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Surrey,  209,  t.  56,  in  part.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860,  442.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz,  416. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  455. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  318. — Parlatore 
in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,431. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872, 1070. — Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1875, 106.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  2  ed.  289. 

P.  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  LouisAcad.  iv,181 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  126. 

BULL   PINE.      BLACK  PINE. 

California,  Scott's  mountain,  Siskiyou  county,  south  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  mountains. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  31  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  4  meters  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between 
6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevadas,  here  generally  replacing  the  allied  P.  ponderosa,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  more  deeply- 
cleft  bark,  glaucous  branchlets  and  leaves,  much  larger  cones,  and  by  the  strong,  pungent  odor  of  oil  of  orange 
of  the  freshly-cut  branchlets. 
13  FOE 


194  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

» 

Wood  light,  strong,  hard,- rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  pale 
yellow  or  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5206 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

Abietine,  a  volatile  carbo-hydrogen  possessing  powerful  anaesthetic  properties,  is  probably  obtained  by  distilling 
the  resinous  exudation  of  this  species,  and  not  of  P.  Sabiniana  ( Waifs  Diet.  Chemistry,  2d  Suppl.  1. — Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
1872,  97.—  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  eel.  900). 

363. — Pinus  Chihuahuana,  Engelmann, 

Wislizeuus'  Rep.  No.  26;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  262;  Traus.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  181 ;  Coulter's  Bot.'  Gazette,  vii,  4. — Liudley  &  Gordon 
in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  220.— Carri&re  in  Fl.  dcs  Serres,  ix,200;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,227;  Trait.  Conif.  357  ;  2  ed.  455.— Gordon, 
Pinetura,  193;  2  ed.  266. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  209. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.1800, 442. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz.  86.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  143.— Par]  at  ore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 397.  — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. 

Santa  Rita  mountains,  Arizona  (Rothrock,  Engelmann  &  Sargent),  San  Francisco  mountains  of  southwestern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  (Greene);  in  Chihuahua. 

A  small  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and 
slopes  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation;  not  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  rather  large,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  clear  light 
orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5457;  ash,  0.39. 

364. — Pinus  contorta,  Douglas; 

London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2292,  f. 2210, 2211.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  117 ;  2  ed.  ii,  176.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  168.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  164; 
2  ed.  474.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  165;  2  ed.  232.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 261.— Lyall  in 
Jour.  Linnaean  Soc.  vii,  133,  141,  in  part. — Heukel  &  Hochatetter,  Nadelholz.  24. — Rothrock  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867, 433. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  81,  in  part. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr,  xvi2,  381,  in  part. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  330. — Fowler  in  London 
Gard.  -Chronicle,  1872,  1070. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  301. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — 
Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv, 
182;  Bot.  California,  ii,  126;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1883,  351. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  2  ser.  ix,  327,  in  part. — Veitch, 
Manual  Couif.  145.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1883, 45,  f.  5. 

P.  inops,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  163  [not  Aiton]. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161,  in  part. — Ledebour, 
Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  676  [not  Alton]. 

P.  Boursieri,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  233  &  f. ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  200  &  f. ;  Trait.  Conif.  398;  2  ed.  475. 
P.  Banksiana,  Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  218,  in  part. 
P.  muricata,  Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  227,  317  [not  Don]. 

P.  Bolanderi,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  379. 

. 

SCRUB  PINE. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  coast  to  Mendocino  county,  California,  extending  inland  to  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Coast  ranges. 

A  small,  stunted  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0  50  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  dunes  and 
exposed  rocky  points. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous, 
resin  passages  numerous,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5815 ;  ash,  0.19. 

365. — Pinus  Murrayana,  Balfour, 

Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  2,  t.  3,  f.  2. — Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  xi,  226  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  351). 
P.  inops,  Benthara,  PI.  Hartweg.  337  [not  Aiton]. 

P.  COntorta,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  34,  90,  t.  5,  f.  11  [not  Douglas]. — Engelmann  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2.  ser.  xxiv, 
332. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnsean  Soc.  vii,  141,  in  part. — Cooper  in  Am.  Nat.  iii,  409. — Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi3, 381,  in  part.— Porter  in  Haydeu's  Rep.  1871,  494.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402.— Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  27, 
50. — Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  179. 

P.  contorta,  var.  latifolia,  Eugelrnanu  in  King's  Rep.  v,  331;  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub. 
No.  4, 129 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  262. — Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new 
ser.  ix,  328. 

P.  contorta,  var.  Bolanderi,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  195 

TA3IAKACK.      BLACK   PINE.      LODGE-POLE   PINE.      SPKUCE   PINE. 

Valley  of  tbe  Yukon  river,  Alaska  (Fort  Selkirk,  Dull),  south  through  the  interior  of  British  Columbia,  along 
the  mouutuiu  ranges  of  "Washington  territory  and  Oregon  and  the  Sierra  Neva-das  of  California  to  mount  San 
Jacinto;  on  the  high  plateau  east  of  the  Kooky  mountains  in  about  latitude  5(>°,  and  south  through  the  mountains  of 
Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah  to  New  Mexico  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  1 .20  meter  iu  diameter;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
the  California  Sierras;  in  the  interior  regions  in  dry,  gravelly  soil,  here  the  prevailing  tree,  covering  immense  areas, 
and  generally  replacing  other  speciis  destroyed  by  Die;  western  Washington  territory  and  southward  only  along 
the  borders  of  moist  alpine  meadowy  between  (>,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation  ;  generally  confounded  with  the  closely- 
allied  P.  contorta  of  the  coast,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  longer,  broader  leaves,  very  thin,  scaly 
bark,  thin  sap-wood,  and  less  resinous  and  liner-grained  wood,  resembling  that  of  the  white  pines;  the  distribution 
of  fhe  two  species  in  northern  British  Columbia  and  Alaska  still  undetermined. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  easily  worked,  compact,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer 
eel  «  narrow,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  yellow 
or  nearly  white,  the  thin  sap  wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4096;  ash,  0.32;  occasionally  manufactured  into 
lu  iber,  and  used  for  fuel,  railway  ties,  etc. 

366. — Pinus  Sabiniana,  Douglas, 

Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  150. — Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  137,  r,.  58. — Loudou,  Arboretum,  iv,  2246,  f.  2138-2143. — Forbes,  Pinetnm 
Woburu.  63,  t.  23, 24. —Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  162. — Liudley  iu  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  172. — Antoine,  Conif.  30,  t.  11. — Hooker  & 
Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  393.— Link  in  Linniea,  xv,  509.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  110,  t.  113;  2  ed.  ii,  169,  t.  113.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 
390.— De  Chambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  347.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  159.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.— Fl.  desSerres,  ix,  275,  t.  964.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  334;  2  ed.  435.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  ii,  130.— Bigelow  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep,  iv,  25.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210  ;  t.  57; 
Ives'  Rep.  28.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  39,  90,  f.  13.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  208;  2  ed.  284.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858, 261.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  799.— Bolauder  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  226,  318.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  75.— Lawson, 
Piuetum  Brit,  i,  85,  t.  11,  t.  1-3. — Nelson,  Piuacea;,  129. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  121. — Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*, 
391. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  1323.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  312. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Engelmann  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  375 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  182 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  127. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  169. 

DIGGEK   PINE.      BULL   PINE. 

California,  Portuguese  Flat,  Shasta  county,  south  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Coast  ranges  and  the  western  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  below  4,000  feet  elevation. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter  ;  very  common  through  all 
the  foot-hills  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  durable;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  large,  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color, 
light  brown  or  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4840 ;  ash,  0.40 ;  largely  used 
for  fuel. 

The  large  edible  nuts  furnish  the  Indians  an  important  article  of  food. 

367. — Pinus  Coulteri,  D.  Don, 

Trans.  Liunasau  Soc.  xvii,  440. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2250,  f.  2144-2146.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  67,  t.  25,  26. — Antoine, 
Conif.  31,  t.  12,  13.— Peun.  Cycl.  xvii,  172.— Link  iu  Linnsea,  xv,  510.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  393.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii, 
112;  2  ed.  ii,  171.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  160.— Carriere  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  275  &  t.  ;  Trait.  Conif.  334;  2  ed.  435.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2G1. — Torroy  in  Ives'  Rep.  28. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelh51z.  76. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad. 
iii,  318.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi,  392. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  266. — Eugelmann  in 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  182;  Bot.  California,  ii,  127. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i,23,  f.  1-5. 

P.  macrocarpa,  Liudley  in  Bot.  Reg.  xxvi,  Misc.  61.— Knight,  Syn.  Couif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
Loudon,  v,  216. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  201. — Nelson,  Pinacea>,  117. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  115. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  166. 

P.  Sabiniana  Coulteri,  London,  Encycl.  PI.  985,  f.  1839-1841. 
P.  Sabiniana  macrocarpa,  Hort. 

California,  Monte  Diablo,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Cuyamaca  mountains,  and  probably  iu  Lower 
California. 

A  tree  24  to  46  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  dry  ridges  and  slopes  between 
3,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation  ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  large;  medullary  rays  numerous, prominent;  color,  light  red,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4133;  ash,  0.37. 


196  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

368. — Pinus  insignis,  Douglas; 

Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2243,  f.  2132-2137.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  51, 1. 18.— Liudley  in  Perm.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Antoine,  Conif.  27,  t. 
8,  f.  1. — Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beeobey,  393. — Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  389. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  115;  2  ed.  ii,  174. — Bentham,  Bot. 
Sulphur,  55.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  103.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217.— 
Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  339;  2  ed.  440.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rep.  iv,  25.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  Survey,  209,  t.  55;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,90.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  197;  2  ed.  270. — Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  201.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jonr.  new  ser.  xi,  222  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  347).— 
Henkcl  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  CO.— Bolanderin  Proc.Califoruia  Acacl.  iii,  262,  t.  317.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  114.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
143. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 395.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  37  t.  1, 5,  f.  1-14.— Fowler  iu  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1872,  1070.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  182;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128. — Veitch,  Manual 
Conif.  163,  f.  39. 

?P.  Californica,  Loiseleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  243.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2268.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  162.— 
Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  393.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  117;  2  ed.  ii,  175.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  253. 

P.  adunca,  Bosc  in  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,418. 

P.  Sinclairii,  Hooker  &  Aruott,  Bot.  Beechey,  392,  393,  t.  93,  in  part.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  141;  2  ed.  ii,  198. -Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  ii,  198. 

P.  radiata,  D.Don  in  Trans.  Linnrean  Soc.  xyii,442;  Lambert, Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  133,  t.  86.— London, Arboretum, iv,  2270,  f. 
2182.— Antoine,  Conif.  33,  t.  14,  f.  3.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  392,  393,  in  part. —Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  116;  2  ed. 
ii,  175. — Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  161. — Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  226. — Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
iv,  214  &  f.  (Fl.  des  Serres,  vi,  434  &  t.) ;  Pinetum,  200 ;  2  ed.  282.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  37.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  337.-  Nelson,  Pinaceie,  127. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  118. — Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii2, 307. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. 

P.  tuberculatCt)  D.  Don  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xvii,  441  [not  Gordon]. — Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  iii,  131,  t.  85. — Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2270,  f.  2181.— Antoine,  Conif.  33,  t.  14,  f.  2.— Hooker  &  Aruott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Eudlicher,  syn. 
Conif.  162. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  338 ;  2  ed.  441,  in  part. — Nelson,  Pinacea>,  137. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  123  (excl.  syn. 
Californica). — Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  394,  in  part. 

P.  rigida,?  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  160  [not  Miller]. 

P.  insignis  macrocarpa,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  226.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  440. 

MONTEREY   PINE. 

California,  Pescadero  to  Monterey  and  San  Simeon  bay. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  soil,  in  immediate 
proximity  to  the  sea-coast;  rare  and  local;  now  widely  cultivated  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  shelter  and  ornament.  A 
form  of  Guadalupe  island,  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  with  leaves  in  pairs,  is  var.  binata  (Engelmann  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad,  xi,  119;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close- grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous, 
conspicuous;  color,  light  brown,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4574;  ash,  0.30;  locally 
somewhat  used  for  fuel. 

369. — Pinus  tuberculata,  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv, 218  &  f.  (Fl.  des  Serres,  v,  517C  &  f.) ;  Pinetnm,  211 ;  2  ed.  288  [not  Don].— Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  2,  t. 2,  f.  2.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  78,  in  part. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  262,317.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i,93,  t. 
13,  f.  1-9.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  441,  in  part.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  394  (excl.  bib.).— Koch,  Den- 
drologie,  ii2,  309. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  183;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128.— Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  170. 

P.  Californica,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ii,  189  [not  Loiseleur]. 

KNOB-CONE  PINE. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  Oregon,  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains,  and  in  the  California  Coast  ranges  from  the  Santa  Cruz  to  the  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub, 
fruiting  when  not  more  than  1  meter  in  height;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  and  slopes  from  2,500  (San  Bernardino 
mountains)  to  5,500  (mount  Shasta)  feet  elevation;  not  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  broad,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  large,  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  red;  specific  gravity,  0.3499;  ash,  0.33. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  197 

370. — Pinus  Taeda,  Linnams, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1000,  iu  part.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  63.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  41.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  368 ;  2  e<l.  v,  317.— Moench,  Meth.  365. — 
Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  205.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,23, 1. 16,  17;  2ed.i,  '26,  t.  17,  18;  3ed.i,30, 1. 15.— Willdcmow,  Spec.  iv,498; 
Berl.  Bantu/.  269. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  98,  t.  9  ;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  123, 1. 143.— Nouveau  Duhamel.v,  245,  t.  75,  f.  2.— Smith  in  Eees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  13.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  644. — 
Nuttall,  Geii era,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  175.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  036.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887. —Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Lawson, 
Ag.  Manual,  351;  Pinetuin  Brit,  i,  89,  t.  12.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2237,  f.  2118-2122.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.43,  t.  14. — 
Antoine,  Couif.  25,  t.  7,  f.l.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  359.— Link  in  Linntea,  xv,  503.— Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,391.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
609.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin,  32.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  164.— Scheelo  in  Roemer,  Texas,  Appx.  447.— Knight,  Syn.  C'onif.  30.— 
Lindley  &  Gordon  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  344  ;  2  ed.  448. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  515. — 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  210  ;  2  ed.  286. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  22. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313. — Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  506. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  65. — Nelson,  Pinacese,  136. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  469;  Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  21. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  122. — Parlatore  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi2, 393. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  516. — Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii2,  304.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  259,  t.  259.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  183.— 

Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  172. 

i 

P.  Tceda,  var.  tenuifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  368. 

LOBLOLLY   PINE.      OLD-FIELD   PINE.      ROSEMARY   PINE. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  generally  near  the  coast,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and  north  through  southern  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the 
Arkansas  river. 

A  tree  24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  wet  clay  or  dry  sandy 
soil ;  springing  up  on  all  abandoned  lands  from  Virginia  southward,  and  now  often  replacing  in  the  southern  pine 
belt  the  original  forests  of  Pinus  palustris;  iu  eastern  North  Carolina  rarely  on  low,  rich  swamp  ridges,  here 
known  as  rosemary  pine  and  attaining  its  greatest  development  and  value. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown, 
the  very  thick  sap-wood  orange,  or  often  nearly  white;  wood  of  the  rosemary  pine  close-grained,  less  resinous, 
lighter,  with  much  thinner  sap;  specific  gravity,  0.5441;  ash,  0.26;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  manufactured  into 
lumber  of  inferior  quality. 

Turpentine  is  occasionally  manufactured  from  this  species  ( U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  901. — Fliickiger  &  Hanbury, 
Pharmacograpltia,  545). 

371. — Pinus  rigida,  Miller, 

Diet.  7  ed.  No.  10. — Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  60. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  101. — Wangenheim,  Amer.  41. — Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  i,  25, 1. 18, 19 ;  2ed. 
i,  28;  t.  18,  19;  3  ed.  i,  32,  t.  16,  17.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  498;  Enum.  988;  Berl.  Baumz.  268.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578. — 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  89,  t.  8 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  118,  t.  144. — Nouveau 
Dnbamel,  v,  244,  t.  74. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  317. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  14. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643. — 
Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  265.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  185.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223. — 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  175.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  635.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  State's,  360 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  227.— 
Beck,  Bot.  339.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2239,  f.  2123-2126.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  41,  t.  13. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  358. — 
Antoine,  Conif.  26,  t.  7,  f.  2. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  385. — Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  172. — Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  503. — 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  388.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  604.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin,  31.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  164.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif. 
30. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  342;  2  ed.  447. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 
ed.  290.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  207;  2  ed.  283.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  21.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelhiilz,  67.— Nelson,  Pinaceaj,  128. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  469. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  119. — Parlatore  iu 
De  C'andolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  394. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  307. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Erigelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
iv,  183.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  186.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  169. 

P.  Taida,  var.  rigida,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  366. 
P.  Twda,  var.  a.  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  340. 
P.  Fraseri,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836,  50  [not  Pureh]. 
P.  Loddigesii,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2269. 


198  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

PITCH   PINE. 

Valley  of  the  Saiiit  John's  river,  New  Brunswick,  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  south  through  the 
Atlantic  states  to  northern  Georgia,  extending  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  in  West  Virginia 
and  Kentucky  (Pineville,  Bell  county,  De  Friesc). 

A  tree  12  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  sandy,  barren  soil,  or  less 
co.mmonly  in  deep,  cold  swamps ;  very  common. 

"Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  light  brown 
or  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.5151 ;  ash,  0.23  ;  largely  used  for  fuel, 
charcoal,  and  occasionally  m  anufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

NOTE. — Upon  the  island  of  Nantucket,  Massachusetts,  this  species  is  now  greatly  injured  by  the  attacks  of  the  destructive 
caterpillar  of  the  pine  moth  (lietina  fruslrana,  Scudder  in  Pub.  Massachusetts  Ag.  Soc.  1883  &  t). 

372. — Pinus  serotina,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  205.— AVilldonow,  Spec,  iv,  493.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  86,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3 
ed.  iii,  117,  t.  142.— Nouveau  Duhaniel.  v,24(:>,  t.  75,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  223.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  35,  t.  lg.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  634.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360.— 
Beck,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2i>5.—  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2242,  f.  2127-2131.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  47,  t.  16.— 
Eaton  i-  Wright,  Bot.  359.—  Autoino,  Couif.  27,  t.  8,  f.  2. — Lindley  in  Peun. ,  Cycl.  xvii,  172. — Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  504. — Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,  389.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  32.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  163.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30. — Lindley  &Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  341 ;  2  ed.  449.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  209 ;  2  ed.  285.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  21.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadclholz.  70.— 
Nelson,  Piuacese,  129. — Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  394. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii*,  305. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. 

P.  Tceda,  var.  alopecuroidea,  Aiton,  Hort.Kew.2  ed.  v,  317.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2237. 

P.  rigida,  var.  serotina,  London,  Encycl.  PI.  979,  f.  1824-1827.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,257.—  Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
120. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad.  iv,  183. 

POND   PINE. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  head  of  the  Saint  John's  river,  Florida. 

A  tree  12  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.fiO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  inundated  borders  of  streams 
and  ponds  in  low,  peaty  soil ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  forming 
fully  one-half  the  annual  growth,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  large ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark  orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  pale  yellow ;  specific  gravity  0.7942 ;  ash,  0.17. 

373. — Pinus  inops,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  3G7 ;  2  ed.  v,  316.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  204.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  18,  t,  13 ;  2  ed.  i,  21,  t,  14 ;  3  ed.  i,  25,  t.  12.— 
Willdeno w,  Spec,  iv,  496 ;  Enuru.  988 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  266. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578. — Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  58,  t.  4 ;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  103,  t.  139.— Nouveau  Duliamel,  v,  238,  t.  69,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  641.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No. 
10.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  93.— Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  183.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  173.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  633.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  97.— Beck,  Bot.  338.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Bon  Jard.  1837,  976.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2192,  f.  2068-2071.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  15,  t.  4.— Hooker, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am. ii,  161,  in  part.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Antoine,  Conif.  17,  t.  5,  f.  3.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Link  in 
Linnsea,  xv,  500. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  386. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  167.— Kuight,  Syn.  Conif.  26. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  361 ;  2ed.  471.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 ed.  290.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514.— Gordon, 
Pinetum,  167  ;  2  ed.  238.—  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2r>7. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  20.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  22.— Nelson,  Pinaceae,  113.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  470. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  84. — Parlatore  in.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  380  (excl.  syu.  rariabilis). — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  158. 

P.  VirginiaiM;  Miller,  Gard.  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  9.— Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  43;  Harbk.  2  ed.  ii,   35.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  102.— 
Wangenheirn,  Arner.  74. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii3,  299. 

P.  Ttedd,  var.  Virginiana,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  340. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  199 

JERSEY  PINE.      SCRUB  PINE. 

Middle  Island,  Long  island,  Tottenville,  and  Clifton,  Staten  island,  New  York,  south,  generally  near  the 
coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  river  (Aiken,  South  Carolina),  and  through  eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  to 
"the  knobs"  of  southeastern  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  (1.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states  generally 
much  smaller;  sandy,  generally  barren  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  orange, 
the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5309 ;  ash,  0.30  ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  in  Kentucky  and 
Indiana  preferred  for  and  largely  manufactured  into  water-pipes  and  pump-logs. 

• 

374. — Pinus  clausa,  Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. 

P.  inops,  var.  clausa,  Engolinann  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  183.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  650. 

SAND   PINE.      SCRUB   PINE.      SPRUCE   PINE. 

Florida,  shores  of  Pensacola  bay,  south,  generally  within  30  miles  of  the  coast,  to  Pease  creek,  and  occupying 
a  narrow  ridge  along  the  east  coast  south  of  Saint  Augustine. 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter,  or  on  the  west  coast  rarely  6  to  9 
meters  in  height;  barren,  sandy  dunes  and  ridges ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  about  the 
head  of  Halifax  bay. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle ;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin 
passages  numerous,  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  orange  or  yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5576 ;  ash,  0.31;  occasionally  used  for  the  masts  of  small  vessels. 

375. — Pinus  pungens,  Michauxf. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  61,  t.  5 ;  N.  American  Sylv»i,  3  ed.  iii,  105, 1. 140.—  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v.  236,  t.  67,  f.  4.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v, 
314.— Puish,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  635.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Eatoii,  Manual,  6  ed. 
265.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  34,  1. 17.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2197,  f.  2077-2080.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  17,  t.  5.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Hot.  359.— Antoine,  Conif.  18,  t.  5,  f.4.— Liudley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Nut-tall,  Sylva.  iii,  125;  2  ed.  ii,  184.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,  287.— Endlicher,  Syu.  Conif.  166.— Knight,  Syu.  Conif.  27.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v, 217. — 
Carriore,  Trait.  Conif.  359;  2  ed.  470.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  181 ;  2  ed.  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  432.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  20.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660 ; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  NadelhOlz,  21.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  127.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  469.— Hoopee, 
Evergreens,  98.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 379.— Koch,  Dendrologie  ii2,  304.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.— Meehan  in 
Rep.  Penn.  Frnit  Growers'  Soc.  1877  &  t.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis.  Acad.  iv,  183.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  158. 

TABLE-MOUNTAIN   PINE.      HICKORY  PINE. 

Alleghany  mountains,  Pennsylvania  to  Tennessee. 

A  tree  9  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.05  meter  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  develop  meut  upon  the  high  mountains  of  Bast  Tennessee,  here  often  the  prevailing  species  and  forming 
extensive  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4935;  ash,  0.27;  iu  Pennsylvania  largely  manufactured  into  charcoal. 

376. — Pinus  muricata,  D.  Don, 

Trans.  Liuutean  Soc.  xvii,  441.— Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed.  iii,  t.  84.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2269,  f.  2180.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey, 
393.— Antoine,  Conif.  3-2,  1. 14,  f.  1.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  113;  2  ed.  ii,  172.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  161.— Knight, Syn.  Conif. 26.— 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  216  &  f.  (Fl.  des  Serres,  v,  517b  &  f.);  Pinetum,  173 ;  2  ed.  246  (excl.  syn.  Murrayana). — 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  359  ;  2  ed.  470. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
209,  t.  54  (P.  Edgarinna  on  plate).— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelkolz.  60.— Nelson,  Pinucese, 
121.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  92.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  379.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  1164.— Koch, 
Deudrologie,  ii-,  302.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.— Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  183;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128.— Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  151.— London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1884,  49,  f.  7-9. 

P.  inops,  var.  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337. 

P.  Edgariana,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  217,  226. 

P.  Contorta,  Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  227,  317  [not  Douglas]. 


200  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

OBISPO   PINE.      BISHOP'S   PINE. 

California,  Mendocino  county  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  San  Luis  Obispo  county. 

A  tree  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  atruuk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  not  exceeding  15 
meters  in  height;  cold  peat  bogs  or  barren,  sandy  gravel;  always  exposed  to  the  winds  and  fogs  of  the  ocean,  and 
not  found  above  2,000  feet  elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  iu  Mendocino  county;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  very  strong  and  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
resinous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4942;  ash,  0.20. 

377. — Pinus  mitis,  Michaux, 
• 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  204.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  52,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  96,  t.  137.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
93. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417. — London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2195,  f.  2072-2070'. — Antoiue,  Conif.  16,  t.  5,  f.  1. — Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii, 
171.— Spach,  Hist,  Veg.  xi,  386.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  229.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  167.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  26.— Liudley  &. 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  361 ;  2  ed.  472. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  170 ;  2  ed.  243  (excl.  syn. 
RoyJei). — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  275. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  19.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz.  23.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  470. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  88. — Parlatore  inDe  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  380. — Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  516. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",  300. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. — 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  184. — Ridgway  iu  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  88. 

P.  echinata,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  12.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  180?— Wangenheim,  Amer.  74. 
P.  Virglniana,  var.  echinata,  Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  38. 
P.  Tceda,  var.  variabilis,  Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  368. 

P.  variabilis,  Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  22, 1. 15 ;  2  ed.  i,  25, 1. 1<> ;  3  ed.  i,  29, 1. 14.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  498.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,. 
578.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  235,  t,  69,  f.  2.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  316.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— Smith  in 
Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  12.— Barton,  Coinpend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  183.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,633. — 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Torrey,  Compond.  Fl.  N.  States,  360.— Beck,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Forbes, 
Pinetum  Woburn.  35,  t.  11.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  1558.— Antoine,  Conif.  15,  t.  5,  f.  2.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  502.— 
Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  168  (excl.  syn.).— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514. 

P.  rigida,  Porcher,  Resources  S.  States,  504  [not  Miller]. 

YELLOW   PINE.      SHORT-LEAVED   PINE.      SPRUCE   PINE.      BULL   PINE. 

Staten  island,  New  York,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
Tennessee  and  eastern  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  the  Indian  territory,  southeastern  Kansas,  southern  Missouri, 
and  in  Union  county,  Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.35  meter  in  diameter;  light  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly, 
along  the  low  borders  of  swamps;  forming  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  mixed  with  oaks  and  other  deciduous 
trees,  extensive  forests;  the  only  species  of  northern  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Missouri,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  western  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood,  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  amount  of  sap,  heavy,  hard,  strong,  generally  coarse-grained,  compact; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  often  occupying  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth;  yery  resinous,  resiu 
passages  numerous,  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  orange,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ; 
specific  gravity,  0.6104;  ash,  0.29;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  especially  in  the  states  west  of  the- 
Mississippi  river,  and  among  yellow  pines  only  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  P.  palustris. 

378.— Pinus  glabra,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  237.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  342.— Ravenel  in  Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  i,  52.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433.— Porcher^ 
Resources  S.  Forests,  506. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  82. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  184. 

tP.  mitis,  var.  paupera,  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  201 

CEDAR  PINE.       SPRUCE  PINK,.      WHITE  PINE. 

South  Carolina,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  generally  near  the  coast,  and  through 
the  Gulf  states  south  of  latitude  32°  30'  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river,  Louisiana. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  bottom  lauds  and  hummocks 
in  dense  forests  of  hard- wood  trees,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi ;  not  common 
and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
not  resinous,  resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.3931 ;  ash,  .0.45. 

379. — Pinus  Banksiana,  Lambert, 

Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  7,  t.  3 ;  2  ed.  i,  7,  t,  3  ;  3  ed.  i,  9,  t.  3.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii,  578.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  Gil.— Nouveau  Duharuel,  v,  234, 
t.  67,  f.  3. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  315. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  642.— Smith  i'u  Recs'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  4. — Nnttall,  Genera,  ii, 
223;  Sylva,  iii,  124;  2  ed.  ii,  182.—  Sprengel,  Syst,  ii,  886.—  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  X.  States,  tWO.— Beck,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  265.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2190,  f.  2004-2067.  —Forbes,  Pinotum  Wobnni.  13,  t.  I!.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  358.— Antoine,  Conif.  8,  t.  4,  f.  2.— Liudley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Link  iu  Liumeu,  xv,  491.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
xi,  379. — Endlicher,  Syu.  Conif.  177. — Knight,  Syu.  Conif.  26. — Lindley  &  Gordon  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Sue.  London,  v,  218  (excl.  syn. 
contorta). — Parry  in  Owen's  Rop.  618. — Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  381 ;  2  ed.  485. — Gordou,  Pinetum,  163  ;  2  ed.  2:10.— Richardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  441. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257. — Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linmeau  Soc.  xxiii-,  301. — Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661. — Henkel 
&  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  44. — Nelson,  Piuaceie,  104. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.470. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  7H. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  29. — Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann  in  Traus.  St.  Louis  Aead.  iv,  184. — Sears  in 
Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  186.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  46<\— Ve'iteh,  Manual  Couif.  158. 

P.  sylvestris,  var.  divaricata,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  366. 

P.  Hudsonica,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  339.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*,  380.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Koch, 
Dendrologio,  ii'2,  298. 

P.  rupestris,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,49,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.iii,  95,  t.  136. 
GRAY  PINE.      SCRUB  PINE.      PRINCE'S   PINE. 

Bay  of  Chaleur,  New  Brunswick,  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear  lake, 
the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  between  the  fifty-second  and  sixty- 
fifth  degrees  of  north  latitude;  south  to  northern  Maine,  Ferrisburg,  Vermont  (JR.  E.  Robinson),  the  southern  shore 
of  lake  Michigan,  jud  central  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  barren,  sandy 
soil  or,  less  commonly,  in  rich  loam ;  most  common  north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  region  north  of  lake  Superior,  here  often  forming  considerable  forests ;  toward  its 
extreme  western  limits  associated  and  often  confounded  with  the  closely  allied  P.  contorta  and  P.  Murrayana  of  the 
Pacific  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  clear  light 
brown  or,  rarely,  orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  almost  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4761 ;  ash,  0.23;  largely  used  for  fuel, 
railway  ties,  etc. 

380.— Pinus  palustris,  Miller, 

Diet.  7  ed.  No.  14.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  100.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  73.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  237.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  368; 
•2  ed.  v,  317.^Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  42.— Du  Roi,  llarbk.  2  ed.  ii,  06.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  ii,  204.— Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed. 
i,  27,  t.  20;  2  ed.  i,  30,  t.  21 ;  3  ed.  i,  41,  t.  24,  25.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  499.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  341.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  578.— 
Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,612.—  Pnrsh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  644.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  15.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223;.  Sylva, 
iii,  126;  2  ed.  ii,  185.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  174.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  637.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  266.— Forbes, 
Pinetum  Woburn.  59,  t.  22.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Antoine,  Conif.  23,  t.  6,  f.  2.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  206.—  Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
604.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
495. — Michaux  f.  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  106,  1. 141  (the  plate  as  P.  australie). 

P.  australis,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  64,  t.  6.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  246,  t.  75,  f.  3.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2255,  f.  2156- 
2160.— Lindley  iu  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  392.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  165.— Carson,  Med.  Bot,  ii,  43, 
t.  87. — Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  33. — Knight,  Syn.  Couif.  30. — Liudley  &  Gordou  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Londou,  v,  217. — Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  345;  2  ed.  450.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  187;  Suppl.  63;  2  ed.  260.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  434.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  24.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  65.— 
Nelson,  Pinacese,  103. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  109.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  392. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
517.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Bentley  &  Trimcn,  Med.  PI.  iv,  258,  t.  258.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad. 
iv,  185.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  172. 


202  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

LONG-LEAVED   PINE.      SOUTHERN   PINE.      GEORGIA  PINE.      YELLOW  PINE.      HAKD   PINE. 

Southeastern  Virginia,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Taiupa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the 
valley  of  the  Red  river,  Louisiana,  and  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  rarely  extending  beyond  150  miles  from  the  coast. 

A  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  18  to  29  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry, 
sandy  loam  of  the  maritime  plain,  generally  of  Tertiary  formation,  and  forming,  outside  of  the  river  bottoms, 
extensive  forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or  toward  its  extreme  interior  range,  especially  in  the 
Gulf  states,  occupying  rolling  hills,  here  mixed  with  oaks  and  various  deciduous  trees;  rarely  along  the  borders 
of  swamps  in  low,  wet  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable;  bauds  of  small  summer 
cells  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth,  very  resiuous,  dark  colored,  resin  passages  few, 
not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  red  or  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.6999;  ash,  0.25;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  in  construction  of  all  sorts, 
for  ship-building,  fencing,  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  rosin,  and  spirits  of  turpentine  manufactured  in  the  United  States  are  almost 
«xcltisively  produced  by  this  species  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  709,  899. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1417. — Flilckiger  & 
Hanbury,  Pharmacographia ,  545). 

381. — Pinus  Cubensis,  Grisebaeh, 

Mem.  Am.  Acad.  viii,530;  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  217.— Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,396. 
P.  Tceda,  var.  hctero2)liylla,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,.636. 

P.  Elliottii,  Engclinaun;  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,  186,  t.  1,  2,  3.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
Suppl.  650. 

P.  Cubensis,  var.  terthrocarpa,  Wright.— Grisebach,  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  217. 

SLASH  PINE.      SWAMP  PINE.      BASTARD   PINE.      MEADOW  PINE. 

South  Carolina  (Bluffton,  Mellichamp),  south  near  the  coast  to  the  southern  keys  of  Florida,  west  along  the 
Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river,  Louisiana,  not  extending  beyond  50  or  60  miles  inland;  in  the  West 
Indies. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  light  sandy  soil  along  the  dunes 
and  marshes  of  the  coast,  or  wet  clay  borders  of  ponds,  abandoned  fields,  etc.,  and  now  rapidly  taking  possession 
of  ground  from  which  the  forests  of  P.  palustris  have  been  removed ;  the  only  species  of  Florida  south  of  cape 
Canaveral  and  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  very  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages 
few,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  prominent ;  color,  rich  dark  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7504;  ash,  0.26;  hardly  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  P. palustris,  although  rarely 
manufactured  into  lumber. 

Turpentine  is  occasionally  manufactured  in  southern  Florida  from  this  species. 

NOTE. — Specimens  collected  upon  the  southern  keys  of  Florida  by  A.  H.  Curtiss  connect  the  forms  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
northern  Florida  with  the  West  Indian  tree. 

382. — Picea  nigra,  Link, 

Linnsea,  xv,  520.— Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  241 ;  2  ed.  323.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linuaean  Soc.  xxiii3, 301.— Brunet,  Hist.  Picea,  10  &  t.  f. 
B. — Peck  in  Trans.  Albany  Inst.  viii,  283. — Engelmann  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879, 334. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  185. 

Abies  Mariana,  Miller,  Diet.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  75. 

Pinus  Mariana,  DuEoi.Obs.  Bot.  38;  Harbk.  ii,  107.—  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  24. 

Pinus  Abies  Canadensis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  103. 

Pinus  Americana  rubra,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  75. 

Pinus  nigra,  Aiton,Hort.  Kew.  iii,  370;  2ed.v,  319.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,41,  t.  27  ;  2  ed.  i,  45,  t.  27;  3  ed.i,64,  t.37.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  506 ;  Enum.  990;  Berl.  Baumz.  278.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.—  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640. —Smith 
inEees'Cycl.xxviii,No.20.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  182.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
177.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  640.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  885.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  230.— Beck, 
Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.264.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
*3ed.  386.— Antoine,  Conif.  88,  t.  34,  f.  3.— Endlicher,  Syu.Conif.  115.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Porcher,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  505.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 413. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  203 

Finns  Americana,  G»rtner,Fruct.ii,60,t.91,f.  1. 

Finns  rubra,  Lambort,Pinus,  1  ed.  i, 46, t. 28 ;  2ed.i,  47, t.  30;  3ed.  i,66,t.38  [not  Michaux  f.].— Persoon,Syn.ii, 579.  —Alton, 
Hort.  Kew.2  ed.  v,  319.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii.No.  -23.—  Xuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  8?5. — Torrey.  Compeml.  Fl.  X.  States,  359. — Beck,  Bot.  340. — Eatou,  Manual,  6  ed.2G4.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &,  Wright,  But.  358.— Antoiue,  Conii'.  87,  t.  34,  f.  2.— Endlicher,  Syu.  Couif.  113.— Gihoul, 
Arb.  Resin.  44. — Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 413. 

Abies  denticulata,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  206.—  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520. 

Abies  nigra,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arl>.  ii,:)80. — Michaux  f.  Hint.  Arb.  Am.  i,124,t.  11;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  139,  t.  147. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,2!>2,  t.  hi,  f.  1. — Liudley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  i,3S. — London, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2:U2,  f.  2^5-2227.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.xi,  410,  in  p;i.rt.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  81 ;  2  ed.  ii,96.— 
Griflith,  Med.  Bot.  OOo. — Knight,  >Syu.  Conii'.  30. — Li:><llfy  it  :  Junlcni  in  Jour.  Ilorf.  Soc.  London,  v,  211. — Parry  in  Owen's 
Rep.  G18. — Gordon,  Piuotum,  11;  2  ed.  17. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  442.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  X.Carolina,  1860,  iii,  27.— Wood,  Cl.  Book, 662;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  313. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  507. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelhulz.  191.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  50.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  169. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7ed. 
ii,  247.— Macouii  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 211. —Bell  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 44C.— Yeitch, 
Manual  Conif.  74. 

Abies  rubra,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  580. — London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2316,  f.  2228. — 
Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  101,  t.  35. — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  37. — Lindley  &.  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  211. — 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  11;  2  ed.  17. — Heiikel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  189. — Nelson,  Piuaceae, 51. 

P.  rubra,  Link  in  Linniea,  xv,  521.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  240;  2  ed.  322. 

Abies  nigra,  var.  rubra,  Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  123;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  141. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  411. — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  170. 

t  Abies  rubra,  var.  arctica,  Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  211. 

Abies  alba,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  435  [not  Poiret]. 

Abies  Americana,  Koch,  Dendiologie,  ii2,  241. 

P.  nigra,  var.  rubra,  Engelmanu  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  334. 

Abies  arciica,  Hort. 

Abies  Marylandica,  Hort. 

BLACK  SPRUCE. 

Newfoundland,  northern  Labrador  to  Ungava  bay,  Nastapokee  sound,  cape  Churchill,  Hudson  bay,  and 
northwest  to  the  moiith  of  the  Mackenzie  river  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Kocky  mountains;  south  through  the 
northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains 
to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  light,  dry,  rocky  soil,  forming, 
especially  north  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude,  extensive  forests  on  the  water-sheds  of  the  principal  streams  or  in 
cold,  wet  swamps;  then  small,  stunted,  and  of  little  value  (P.  rubru). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin, 
resinous,  resin  passages  few,  minute ;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous  ;  color,  light  red  or  often  nearly  white,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4584 ;  ash,  0.27;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  used  in  construction,. for 
ship-building,  piles,  posts,  railway  ties,  etc. 

Essence  of  spruce,  prepared  by  boiling  the  young  branches  of  this  species,  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spruce 
beer,  a  popular  beverage  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  901). 


204  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

383.— Picea  alba,  Link, 

Linnsea,  xv,  519.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  238 ;  2  ed.  319.— PI.  (lea  Serres,  xxi,  157,  t.  2251.— Brunei,  Hist.  Picea,  4  &  t.  f.  A. 

Engelmann  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  334.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  184. 

Abies  Canadensis,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  i. 

Pinus  Canadensis,  Da.  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  38  ;  Harbk.  ii,  124  [not  Linnaeus].— Waugenheim,  Anicr.  5,  t.  1,  f.  2. 

P.  laxa,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  24. 

P.  glauca,  Mamch,  Weiss.  73. 

Pinus  alba,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  371 ;  '2  ed.  v, -318.— Lambert,  Finns,  led.  i, 39  t.  26;  2  ed.  i,  43,  t. 28;  3  ed.  i,61,  t.  35.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  507;  Enuin.  990  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  280.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Pursh,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  641.— Smith 
in  Bees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  21.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  264.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  177.— Elliott, 
Sk.ii,  640.— Spreugel,  Syst.ii,885.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  231.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,' 

30.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  386. 

Antoine,  Conif.  86,  t.  34,  f.  1.— Endlicher,  fiyn.  Conif.  112.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Tuinbouw    Flora,  1855,  1, 
t.  14,  15.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  799.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi3,  414. 

Pinus  tetragona,  Moench,  Meth.  364. 

Abies  alba,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  521.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  207.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  580.— Michaux  f. 
Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  133,  t.  12;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  144,  t.  148.— Nouvean  Duhamel,  v,291,  t.  81,  f.  2.— London, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2310,  f.  2224.— Forbes,' Pinetum  Woburn.  95,  t.  33.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  129;  2  ed.  ii,  189.— Spach,  Hist. 
Veg.  xi,  412. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  84 ;  2  ed.  i,  99. — Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  43. — Knight,  Syn.  Couif.  36. — Liudley 

6  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.Soc.  London,  v,  211.— Parry  in  Owen's  Eep.  618.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2;  2  ed.  3.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  442.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  257.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxiii2, 301.— Engelmann 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv,  330.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  507.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelhiilz.  188.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  47.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471.— Murray  inSeemann, 
Jour.  Bot.  v,  253,  t.  69,  f.  2-7. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  157,  f.  20.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues, 

7  ed.  ii,  247. — Macoun  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211. — Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  44C. 

Abies  rubra,  var.  ccerulea,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2316. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  211. 

Abies  ccerulea,  Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  99. 

P.  ccerulea,  Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  522. 

Pinus  rubra,  var.  violacea,  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  114. 

P.  nigra,  var.  glauca,  Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  242. 

Abies  arctica,  Murray  in  Seemann,  Jour.  Bot.  v,  253,  t.  69,  f.  1, 8-13. 

Abies  laxa,  Koch.  Dendrologie,  ii2,243. 

Abies  alba,  var.  ccerulea,  Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  320. 

Abies  alba,  var.  arctica,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  414. 

WHITE  SPRUCE. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shore  of  Labrador  to  Ungava  bay,  cape  Churchill,  and  northwestward  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Mackenzie  river  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  river,  Alaska;  south  to  the  coast  of  Maine,  northeastern  Vermont 
(West  Burke  and  Elinwood,  Pringle),  northern  Michigan,  Minnesota  to  Moose  lake  and  the  White  Earth  Indian 
reservation,  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota  (E.  Douglas),  aloug  the  Kocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  to  the  valley  of 
the  Blackfoot  river  (Canby  &  Sargent),  Sitka,  and  British  Columbia. 

A  tree  15  to  50  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rather  wet  soil,  borders  of 
ponds  and  swamps ;  most  common  north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  along  the  streams  and  lakes  of  the  Flathead  region  of  northern  Montana  at  an  elevation  of  2,500 
to  3,500  feet;  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  the  American  subarctic  forests  north  of  the  sixtieth  degree  of 
latitude,  here  more  generally  multiplied  and  of  larger  size  than  the  allied  P.  nigra,  with  which  it  is  associated; 
its  distribution  southward  in  British  Columbia  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight  grained,  compact,  satiny;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  minute;  medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent;  color,  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.4051;  ash,  0.32;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  although  not 
distinguished  in  commerce  from  that  of  the  black  spruce  (P.  nigra). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  205 

384. — Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelmann, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  212;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  256;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  334;  1882,  145.—  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed. 
348.— G.  M.  Dawsou  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  325.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  80. 

Abies  alba,  f  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97. 

Abies  nigra,  Engelmann  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii,  330  [not  Poiret]. 

Abies  Engelmanni,  Parry  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  122;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1863, 1035;  Am.  Nat.  viii,  179;  Proc. 
Davenport  Acad.  i,  149.— Regel,  Gartenflora,  1864,  244.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  418.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
177,  f.  22.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  332;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Porter  in  Hayden'sRep.  1871,  494.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl. 
Colorado  ;  Huyden's  Snrv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130.— Vaaey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  242.— Hall  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Sargent  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1877,  631.—  Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76,  211.— Braudegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  56C.— Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  (if. 

PinitS  Engelmanni,  Eugelmann  in  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209. 

Pinus  commutata,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  417.— Gordon,  Piuetum,  2  ed.  5. 

WHITE   SPRUCE. 

Peace  River  plateau,  iii  latitude  55°  46'  N.  (G.  M.  Daics'on),  through  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  and  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington  territory  aud  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river ;  along  the 
principal  ranges  of  the  Kocky  and  Wahsatch  mountains  to  the  San  Francisco  mountains,  Sierra  Blanco,  and  mount 
Graham,  Arizona. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  its  extreme  elevation 
reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub  ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  between  5,000  and  11,500  feet  elevation ;  the 
most  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  region,  here  forming  extensive  forests,  generally  above 
8,500  feet  elevation ;  rare  and  of  small  size  in  the  mountains  of  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and  Montana. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny  ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
narrow,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  minute ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  pale  yellow 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.3449  ;  ash,  0.32 ;  in  Colorado  manufactured 
into  lumber  aud  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  etc. 

The  bark  rich  in  tannin,  and  in  Utah  sometimes  used  in  tanning  leather. 

NOTE.— Forms  of  northern  Montana  too  closely  connect  this  species  with  the  allied  P.  alba.  The  two  species  occur  here,  however, 
only  at  different  elevations,  in  different  soils,  and  never  mingle. 

385. — Picea  pungens,  Engelmann, 

London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  334  ;  18S2,  145.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1883,  725,  f.  130. 
P.  Menziesii,  Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii,  214  [not  Carriere]. 

Abies  Menziesii,  Engelmann  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii,  330  [not  Lindley].— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1863, 
76. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  333,  in  part. — Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  viii,  179  [not  Lindley]. — Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871, 
494. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  166,  in  parl. — Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  10  [not  Lindley]. — Porter  & 
Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  131  [not  Lindley].— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33,  in  part.— 
Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32. 

Abies  Menziesii  Parryana,  AndrS  in  111.  Hort.  xxiii,  198  ;  xxiv,  53,  119.— Roezl  in  111.  Hort.  xxiv,  86. 
Abies  Engelmanni  glauca,  Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  69. 

WHITE  SPRUCE.   BLUE  SPRUCE. 

• 

Valley  of  the  Wind  river,  south  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

A  tree  30  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  damp  or 
wet  soil,  generally  between  6,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation,  never  forming  forests  or  reaching  as  high  elevations  as 
the  allied  P.  Engelmanni;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous, 
resin  passages  few,  small ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color,  very  light  brown  or  often  nearly  white,  the 
sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.3740;  ash,  0.38. 


206  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

386. — Picea  Sitchensis,  Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  200;  Engelmanu  iu  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  344;  Bot.  California,  ii,  122. 

Pinus  Sitcliensis,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  104.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164.— Endlicher,  Syn. 
Couif.  123.  . 

Abies  Menziesii,  Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  1,  32.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2321,  f.  2232.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobuin.  93,  t.  32.— 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  131,  t.  116;  2  ed.  ii,189,  t.  116. — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  37. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  211. — Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  56,  90,  t.  9,  f.  21. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  6;  2  ed.  12. — Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,262;  Pacific  R.  E.  Rep.  xii2,  25,  69,  in  part.— Wood,  Bot.  &F1. 314.— Lyallin  Jour.  LinmeanSoc. 
vii,  131,  133,  144.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  187.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  148.— Rotlirock  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1867,  433.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  166,  in  part.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  333,  in  part.—  Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  73. 

PinilS  Menziesii,  Douglas  in  Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  161,  t.  71.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  162.— Antoine,  Conif.  85,  t.  33,  f.  1, 
2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  112.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  418. 

?  Abies  trigona,  Rafinesque,  Atlant.  Jour.  119.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  124.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  264. 

f  Abies  falcata,  Rafinesque,  Atlant.  Jour.  119.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  124.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London^ 
v,  213.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  268  ;  2  ed.  314. 

Pinus  Menziesii,  var.  crispa,  Antoine,. Conif.  S5,t.  35,  f.  2. 

Abies  Sitchensis,  Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  212.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  247. 

P.  Menziesii,  Carriere,  Man.  des  PI.  iv,  339 ;  Trait.  Conif.  237 ;  2  ed.  318. 

f  Sequoia  Bafinesquei,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  213. 

TIDE-LAND   SPKTJCE. 

Alaska,  south  to  Mendociuo  county,  California,  no.t  extending  more  than  50  miles  inland  from  the  coast. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  46  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  5.19  meters  in  diameter; 
gravelly  ridges  and  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  here  forming  a  belt  of  nearly  continuous  forest  growth  50  or,  farther  north  and  south, 
rarely  more  thau.  10  or  15  miles  in  width. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  obscure ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  prominent ;  color,  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4287 ;  ash,  0.17 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and 
used  for  construction,  interior  finish,  fencing,  boat-building,  the  dunnage  of  vessels,  cooperage,  woodenware,  etc. 

387. — Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carriere, 
Trait.  Conif.  189;  2  ed.  248. — Sears  in  Bull.  Esses  lust,  xiii,  184. — Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  224. 

Pinus  Canadensis,  Linnseus,  Spec.  2  ed.  1421.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  39,  t.  15,  f.  36.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  23.— Aiton,  Hort. 
Kew.  iii,  370;  2  ed.  v,  320.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  206.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  50,  t.  32;  2  ed.  i,  56,  t.  35;  3  ed.  ii,  79, 
t.  45.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  505;  Enum.  989;  Berl.  Baumz.  277.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Dict.vi,  521.— Persoon,  Syn. 
ii,  579.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  29.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
ii,  182.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  176.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  639.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  885.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  New  York,  ii,  230.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  264.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  2  ed.  548.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164,  in  part. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  386. — 
Antoine,  Conif.  80,  t.  32,  f.  3.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  88.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  46.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— 
Parlatore  in  De  Caudollo,  Prodr.  xvi2,  428.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  3.— Beutley 
&  Triinen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  264,  t.  264. 

Pinus  Americana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  6.—  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  41 ;  Harbk.  2  ed.  ii,  151. 
Pinus  Abies  Americana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  103. 

Abies  Canadensis,  Destbutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  580.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  138,  t.  13 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii, 
146,  t.  140.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  293,  t.  83;  f.  1.— Eaton,  Manual,  111.— Richard,  Conif.  77,  t.  17,  f.  2.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  197.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2322  &  t.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  129.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  133;  2  ed.  ii, 
190.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  424.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  77  ;  2  ed.  i,  92  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  606.— Knight, 
Syn.  Conif.  37.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  291.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  14  ;  2  ed.  22.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  27.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  506.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  153  (excl.  syn.  aromatica).—  Nelson,  Pinacea?,  30.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  184,  f.  23.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  249.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
23.— Fl.  des  Serres,  xxii,  206.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  ii,  247.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  51*.—  Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  114,  f.  29. 

Picea  Canadensis,  Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  524. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  207 

. 

HEMLOCK. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  shores  of  lake  Temiscaniing, 
and  southwest  to  the  western  borders  of  northern  Wisconsin ;  south  through  the  northern  states  to  New  Castle, 
county,  Delaware,  southeastern  Michigan,  central  Wisconsin,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  Clear  Creek 
falls,  Winston  county,  Alabama  (Mohr). 

A  tree  21  to  33  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.15  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges,  generally 
facing  the  north  and  often  forming  extensive  forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or,  less  commonly, 
borders  of  swamps  in  deep,  rich  soil;  most  common  at  the  north,  although  reaching  its  greatest  individual 
development  in  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse,  crooked-grained,  difficult  to  work,  liable  to  wind-shake  and 
splinter,  not  durable;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color,  light  brown  tinged  with  jed  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4239; 
ash,  0.46;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  and  used  in  construction  for  outside  finish,  railway  ties,  etc.; 
two  varieties,  red  and  white,  produced  apparently  under  precisely  similar  conditions  of  growth,  are  recognized  by 
lumbermen. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  the  principal  material  used  in  the  northern  states  in  tanning  leather,  and  yields 
a  fluid  extract  sometimes  used  medicinally  as  a  powerful  astringent. 

Canada  or  hemlock  pitch,  prepared  from  the  resinous  secretion  of  this  species,  is  used  in  the  preparation  of 
stimulating  plasters,  etc.  (U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  709.  903. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1109. — Fluckiger  & Hanbury, 
Pharmacoaraphia,  552). 

388. — Tsuga  Caroliniana,  Engelmann, 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  223. 

Abies  species,  Gibbs  in  Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  i,  286. 
Abies  Caroliniana,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Snppl.  650. 

HEMLOCK. 

Southern  Alleghany  region,  Bluff  mountain,  North  Carolina  (A.  Gray),  "Saluda  mountain,"  South  Carolina  (L. 
8.  Gibbs),  Pinnacle  mountain,  North  Carolina  (Curtiss).  New  river,  North  Carolina,  and  Caesar's  head,  South  Carolina 
(Canby),  Whitesides  mountain  and  Devil's  Court-House  peak,  Jackson  county,  North  Carolina  (J.  Donnell  Smith). 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges  between 
4,000  and  5,000  feet  elevation;  rare  and  local;  long  confounded  with  the  closely  allied  T.  Canadensis,  from  which 
it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  larger,  glossier,  blunter  leaves,  and  larger  cones  with  wide-spreading  scales. 

WTood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained ;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity, 
0.4275 ;  ash,  0.40. 

389. — Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Carriere, 

Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  250. — Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  121 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  224. — G.  M.  Dawsou  iu  Canadian  Nat.  new 
ser.  ix,  324. 

? Abies  heterophylla,  Rafinesque,  Atlant.  Jour.  119.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  124.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  265. 

Pinus  Mertensiana,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  iii,  163.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164.— Eudlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  111. — Ledebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  668. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 428. — McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish 
Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  4. 

PillUS  Canadensis,  Bougard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  iii,  163  [not  Linnaeus]. — Douglas  in  Companion  Bot. 
Mag.  ii,  127.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164,  in  part.— -Ledebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  668. 

Abies  Mertensiana,  Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  211.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  232.— Gordon, 
Pinetum,  18  ;  Suppl.  12 ;  2  ed.  29. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnsean  Soc.  vii,  133,  144. — Henkel  &  Hocbstetter,  Nadelholz.  152. — 
Rothrock  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867,  433. — Cooper  in  Am.  Nat.  iii,  412. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  192. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii3,  250. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-76,  211.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

Abies  Canadensis,  ?  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 262 ;.  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii2, 69  [not  Desfontaines]. 
AMes  Bridgesii,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  ii,  37. 


208  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

AMeS  Albertiana,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  149  &  f.—  Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.ii,  111,  1. 16,  f.  1-18.— Nelson, 
Pinace®,  31. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,75. 

Abies  taxifolia,  Hartweg,  ined.  (fide  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  148). 

Pinus  Pattoniana,  McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  2  [not  Parlatore]  (fide  Engelmann  in  London 
Gard.  Chronicle,  1882,  145). 

Abies  Pattonii,  McNab  in  Jour.  Linnoeau  Soc.  xix,308. 

HEMLOCK. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  islands  and  coast  of  British  Columbia,  and  through  the  Selkirk,  Gold,  and  other 
interior  ranges  to  the  Bitter  Eoot  mountains  of  Idaho,  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains  of  Montana 
(valley  of  the  Flathead  river,  Canby  &  Sargent),  extending  south  along  the  Cascade  mountains  to  southern  Oregon 
and  in  the  Coast  ranges  to  Marin  county,  California,  between  1,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation. 

A  large  tree.  30  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3  meters  in  diameter;  low,  moist  bottoms  or  rocky 
ridges ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  iu  western  Oregon  and  Washington  territory,  often 
forming  extensive  forests,  especially  along  the  western  base  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific 
gravity,  0.5182;  ash,  0.42  ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  the  principal  material  used  on  the  northwest  coast  in  tanning  leather. 

390. — Tsuga  Pattoniana,  Engelmann, 
Bot.  California,  ii,  121 ;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  145. 

Abies  Pattoniana,  Jeffrey  in  Rep.  Oregon  Exped.i,t.4,  f.  2.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.i,  291,  t.  9, 
f.  1-7. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  ii,  157,  t.  22. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad-.  vii,402. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  252. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  172.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  30.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif. 
116,  f.  31,  32. 

fPioea  Californica,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  261 ;  2ed.346. 

Abies  Hookeriana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  289,  t.  9,  f.  11-17.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  ii,  153,  t. 
21,22,  f.  1-22.— Nelson,  Pinacea;,  31.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Aead.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  1.— Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  115,  t.  32. 

Abies  Williamsonii,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  53,  90,  t.  7,  f.  19.—  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Cooper  in  Am.  Nat. 
iii,  412.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. 

Pinus  Pattoniana,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvis,  429. 

Abies  Pattonii,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  1  ed.  10  (excl.  syn.  trigona). 

Abies  Pattoni,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  12.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  151  (excl.  syn.  trigona). 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  probably  much  farther  north,  south  along  the  Cascade 
mountains  and  the  California  Sierras  to  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Joaquin  river,  extending  east  along  the  high 
mountains  of  northern  Washington  territory  to  the  western  slopes  and  summits  of  the  Coeur  d'Al£ne  and  Bitter 
Eoot  mountains  of  Idaho  (Lolo  trail,  Watson),  and  the  divide  between  Thompson  and  Little  Bitter  Eoot  creeks, 
northern  Montana  (H.  B.  Ayres). 

An  alpine  tree,  rarely  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter ;  dry  slopes  and  ridges 
near  the  limits  of  tree  growth,  ranging  from  an  elevation  of  2,700  feet  in  British  Columbia  to  10,000  feet  in  the  Sierras 
of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  satiuy,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ; 
specific  gravity,  0.4454 ;  ash,  0.44. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  209 

391. — Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Carriere, 

Trait.  Conif.  2 ed.  256. — Engelraauu  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,257;  But.  California,  ii,  120. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,323. — 
Eichler  in  Mouat.sb.  Acud.  B.-rl.  1-f-l,  I'.  Ir'-Pi.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Hot.  Club,  ix,  79. 

PinilS  taxifolia,  Lambert,  Finns,  led.  i,fil,  t.3:!:  '-'ed.  \,;,ff,  1.36:  3ed.  ii,82,  t.47.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,f>40.— Smith  in  Roes' 
Cycl.  xxviii.No.  •->*.— Sprenyel,  Syst.  ii.  ~-7>.— Eaton,  Manual, 6  ed.  204. —Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  35H. 

Abies  tax  if ol  ill,  iVirrt  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  523.—  Noiiveau  Duhauicl,  v,  293.— Torrey  <k  Gray  in  Pacific  It.  R.  Rep.  ii,  130. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  l.s">s, •>(;>;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii-,69. 

A&ies  J)oitgl(ixii,  Lindlryin  Pean.  Cycl, i, 32.— London,  Arboretum,  iv, 2319,  f.  23:10.— Forbes,  Piuetum  Woburn.  127,  t.  45.— 
Bentham.Pi.  Hart\vog.r.7.—  Nuttall,  Sylvn,  iii,  1;*),  t,  115;  -2  ed.  ii,  187, 1. 115.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 423. —Knight,  Syn. 
Conif.  37. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in. I  our.  H»rl.  Sue.  l;ondon,  v,20'.'. — London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1854, 163. — Bigelow  in  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  17. — Torrey  m  1'aeilie  ],'.  !>'.  !Jep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210;  Ives'  Kep.  2^. — Newbe-rry  in 
Pacific  R.  R.  Kep.  vi,54.  90,  t.  8,  f.  20.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  15 ;Snppl.  10;  2  ed.2l.— Coo])er  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,262; 
PacilicR.  R.  Rep.  xii-,24,  U'J;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  111.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Eiigelmann  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.2  ser.  xxxiv,  330; 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,2<ll>. —  Lval!  in  Jonr.  Linmeau  Soc.  vii,  131, 133, 143. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 
155. — Nelson,  Pinaeeir,  32. — K'othrock  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  iyt>7,  433;  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  9. — 
Hoopes,  Evtrgrei  us,  l.-'J.— Lsiwson,  Piuetum  Brit,  ii,  115, 1. 17, 16,  f.  1-23. — Porter  in  Haydcn's  Rep.  1871,  494. — Watson 
in  King's  Rep.  v,:>34 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Fowler  in  London  Ganl.  Chronicle,  1872,75. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402. — 
Koch,  Dentlrologie,  ii-,  255. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 131. — Murray  in  London 
Gard.  Chronicle.  ]S72,  10G. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33 — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  122. — 
Macoim  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  lt-75-'7(>,  211. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gazette,  iii,  32.— Veiteli,  Manual  Conif.  119,  f.  35. 

Abies  mucronata,  Raiiuesque,  Jour.  Atlaut.  119. — Endlicher,  Syn.  C  oiiif.  126. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
v,  -.'13.— Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  268 ;  2  ed.  312. 

f  Abies  mucronata  pallistris,  Ranuesque,  Jour.  Atlaut.  129.— Carriere,  Trait.  Couif.  268 ;  2  ed.  313. 

Pinus  Douglasii,  Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  163,  t.  21.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii,  162,  1. 183.— Antoiue,  Conif.  84,  t.  33,  f.  3.— 
Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,394. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  87. — Torrey  in  Sitgreaves' Rep.  173.  —  Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2, 430.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  703,  t.  49,  f.  32, 32",  32b. 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  taxifolia,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2319,  f.  2231.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  16;  2  ed.  25.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  156. 

Pinus  Douglasii,  var.  brevibracteata,  Antoine,  Conif.  84,  t.  33,  f.  4. 

Picea  Douglasii,  Link  in  Liuna?a,  xv,  524. 

Tsuga  Douglasii,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  192.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  232. 

Tsuga  Lindleyana,  Roezl,  Cat.  Grain  Mex.  8. 

RED  FIR.   YELLOW  "FIR.   OREGON  PINE.   DOUGLAS  FIR. 

Coast  ranges  and  interior  plateau  of  British  Columbia  south  of  latitude  55°  N.  (not  reaching  the  coast  archipelago 
north  of  Vancouver's  island),  east  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  in  latitude  51°  N".  (Bow  Eiver  pass, 
Macoun) ;  south  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  the  California  Coast  ranges,  and  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  through  the  mountain  ranges  east  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  the 
Gmulalupe  mountains  of  Texas ;  iti  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintah  mountains,  the  ranges  of  northern  and  eastern 
Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico;  not  detected  in  the  interior  region  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Wahsutch  mountains,  south  of  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon,  and  north  of  Arizona. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.8.3  to  3.66  meters  iit  diameter,  or  in  the  Itocky  mountains 
much  smaller,  here  rarely  30  meters  in  height ;  the  most  generally-distributed  and  valuable  timber  tree  of  the 
Pacific  region,  growing  from  the  sea-level  to  au  elevation  in  Colorado  of  nearly  10,000  feet ;  often  forming  extensive 
forests,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  and  reaching  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington  territory  its 
greatest  development  and  value. 

Wood  hard,  strong,  varying  greatly  with  age  and  conditions  of  growth  in  density,  quality,  and  amount  of  sap; 
difficult  to  work,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  occupying  fully  naif  the  width  of  the  annual  growth, 
dark  colored,  conspicuous,  soon  becoming  flinty  and  difficult  to  cut ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  varying 
from  light  red  to  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5157  ;  ash,  0.08 ;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  all  kinds  of  construction,  railway  ties,  piles,  fuel,  etc.;  two  varieties,  red  and  yellow  fir,  are 
distinguished  by  lumbermen,  dependent  probably  upon  the  age  of  the  tree ;  the  former  coarse-grained,  darker 
colored,  and  considered  less  valuable  than  yellow  fir. 

The  bark  is  found  valuable  in  tannins  leather. 
14  FOR 


210  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Var.  macrocarpa,  Engelmann, 
Bot.  California,  ii,  120. 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  macrocarpa,  Torrey  in  Ives'  Rep.  28.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. 
Abies  macrocarpa,  Vasey  in  Gard.  Monthly,  Jan.  1876. 

HEMLOCK. 

California  Coast  ranges;  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the  Cuyamaca  mountains. 

A  tree  30  to  54  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  dry  ridges  and  canons  between 
2,500  and  4,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  cross-grained,  very  durable,  difficult  to  work ;  color,  rattier  darker  red  than  that  of 
the  species ;  specific  gravity,  0.4563 ;  ash,  0.08 ;  somewhat  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  and  largely  used  for  fuel. 

392. — Abies  Fraseri,  Lindley, 

Perm.  Cycl.  i,  30.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobtiru.  iii,  t.  38.— Link  in  Liuna>a,  xv,  531.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  139,  t.  119;  2  ed.  ii,  196,  t.  119.— 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  200;  2  ed.  270. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  26.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  314. — 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Naclelhijlz.  169. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  472,  in  part. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  202. — Bertraud  in  Bull. 
Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  379. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 216. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii, 
596;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1877, 147.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  96. 

Pinus  Fraseri,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  639.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  27.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  35.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 
884.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  264.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  74,  t.  42.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— 
Antoine,  Conif.  76,  t.  29,  f.  1.— Endlicher,  Syu.  Conif.  91.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  419.— McNab  in  Proc. 
Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  684,  t.  47,  f.  10. 

A.  balsamea,  var.  Fraseri,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,422. 

Pinus  balsamea,  var.  Fraseri,  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359. 

Picea  Fraseri,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  8340,  f.  2243,  2244.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  148;  2  ed.  205. 

BALSAM.      SHE   BALSAM. 

High  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  moist  slopes  between  5,000 
and  6,500  feet  elevation,  often  forming  considerable  forests. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  light 
colored,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  nearly  white;, 
specific  gravity,  0.3565;  ash,  0.54. 

393. — Abies  balsamea,  Miller, 

* 

Diet.  No.  5.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  579.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  295,  t.  83,  f.  2.— Richard,  Conif.  74, 1. 16.— Lindley,  Penn.  Cycl.  i,  30;: 
Fl.  Med.  554— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnrn.  109,  t.  37.— Link  in  Linnasa,  xv,530.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  421.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  605, 
f.  268.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  217;  2  ed.  292.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped. 
441.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  291.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Wood,  Cl.  Book,  661;  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.— 
Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  506. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  176.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471.— Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  197.— Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  379.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2,  214.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.— 
Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,246. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  597. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 
211.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  184.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 46C.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  88. 

PimtS  balsamea,  Linnaeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  1002.— Wangenheim,Amer.  40.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  370;  2  ed.  v,  319.— Meench, 
Meth.  364.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed.  144.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  48,  t.  31 ;  2  ed.  i,  52,  t.  33 ;  3  ed.  i,  72,  t.  41.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  504;  Enum.  989;  Berl.  Baumz.  276.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  639.— Eaton,  Manual, 
111;  6  ed.  264.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hay  ne,Dend.  Fl.  176.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,639.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  884.— Torrey, 
Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States, 359;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  229.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  iv,59,t.  246.— Woodville,  Med.  Bot. 
3  ed.  v,  1,  t.  1.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Arn.  ii,  163.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
385.— Antoine,  Conif.  66,  t.  26,  f.  3.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  103.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— 
Parlatore  iu  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  423.— McNab  iu  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  684,  t.  47,  f.  11.— Bentley  & 
Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  263,  t.  263. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  211 

Ptn«*  Abies  Balsamea,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  102. 

A.  balsamifera,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  207,  in  part.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  145,  t.  14;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
iii,  150,  t.  150,  in  part. 

Picea  balsamea,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,2339,  f.  "2240,  2241.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  143;  2  ed.  200.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  176. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  85 ;  2  ed.  i,  101. — Nelson,  Pinacese,  37. 

Picea  balsamea,  Var.  longifolia,  Hort.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2839. 
Picea  Fraseri,  Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  88;  2  ed.  i,  104  [not  London]. 

BALSAM   FIE.      BALM   OF    GILEAD    FIR. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear 
lake  and  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains;  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central 
Michigan  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of  Virginia. 

A  tree  21  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations 
reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub  (A.  Hudsonica,  Hort.);  damp  woods  and  mountain  swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not 
broad,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  often  streaked  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.3819;  ash,  0.45. 

Canadian  balsam  or  balm  of  fir,  an  aromatic  liquid  oleo-resin  obtained  from  this  and  other  species  of  Abies  by 
puncturing  the  vesicles  formed  under  the  bark  of  the  stem  and  branches,  is  used  medicinally,  chiefly  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  catarrhal  affections,  and  in  the  arts  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  898,  900. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1417. — 
Fliickiger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia,  552). 

394. — Abies  subalpina,  Engelmann, 

Am.  Nat.  x,  554 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  597 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  255. — Vasey ,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.—  Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette, 
ii,91. — Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new ser.  ix,  326. — Masters  in  London  Gard. 
Chronicle,  1881, 236,  f.  43,44,45. 

fPinus  lasiocarpa,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  163  [not  Hort.].— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  105.— McNab  in  Proo.  Royal  Irish 
Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  682,  t.  46,  f.  7,  7»;  t.  47,  48,  49  (oxcl.  syn.). 

?A.  lasiocarpa,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  138 ;  2  ed.  ii,  195.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Carriere,  Trait. 
Conif.  1  ed.  221.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 262.— Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  313,  f.  27-31.— Henkel 
&  Hochstetter. Nadelholz.  161  (excl.  syn.). 

fPillUS  species,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97. 

Picea  amabilis,  Gordon.  Pinetum.  154,  in  part;  2  ed.213,  in  part. 

A.  bifolia,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  320,  f.  51-56;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  465,  f.  96,  97.— Regel, 
Gartenflora,  xiii,  119.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  420. 

A.  grandis,  Engelmann  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.2  ser.  xxxiv,  '.HO  [not  Lindley]. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  296,  in  part. — Watson 
in  King's  Rep.  v,  334,  in  part. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,  402  [not  Lindley]. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado; 
Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  131  [not  Lindley]. 

PillUS  amabilis,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvij,  426,  in  part. 

Picea  bifolia,  Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  105. 

A.  subalpina,  var.  fallax,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  597. 

BALSAM. 

Valley  of  the  Stakhin  river,  Alaska,  in  latitude  60°  N.  (Muir),  south  through  British  Columbia  and  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  to  northern  Oregon  (Collier),  through  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  and  the  ranges  of 
Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

A  tree  24  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  mountain  slopes  and 
canons  between  4,000  (British  Columbia)  and  12,000  (Colorado)  feet  elevation;  generally  scattered  and  rarely 
forming  the  prevailing  forest  growth. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  narrow, 
not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.3476;  ash,  0.44. 


212  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

395. — Abies  grandis,  Lindley, 

Penn.  Cycl.i,:!0.— Forbes,  Piuetum  Woburn.  123,  t.  43.— Spach,  Hist.  Vfg.  xi,  422.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  134;  2  ed.  ii,  192.— Lindlcy  & 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210. — Carriere,  Trait.  Conif,  220;  2  ed.  296  (excl.  syn.). — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
262;  Pacilic  K.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  25,  <'.!»:  -Via.  Nat.  iii,  410. — Wood.  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.— Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnseau  Soc.  vii,  143.—  Bolauder 
in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,  2:52. — Heiikel  &  Hoclistetter,  Nadelholz.  lt>0. — Nelson,  Piuaceie,  38. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  211. — 
Bertram!  in  Bull.  Soe.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  378. — Va.sey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  3-1. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Macoun  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1C7.V7;;,  211.— Engeliiiann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  593;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  684;  1880, 
660,  f.  119;  Bot.  California,  ii,  US.— (i.  M.  Dawsim  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  320.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881, 
179,  f.  33-3<>.— Veiteb,  Manual  Coiiif.  97,  f.23,  24. 

Pinna  grandis,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  147.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— Antoine,  Conif.  63,  t.  25,  f.  1.— Hooker 
&  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  105. — Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  427  (excl.  syn.).— 
McKab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  678,  t.  46,  f.  4,  4a. 

?A.  aromatica,  Ratino.sqnc;,  Atlant.  Jour.  119.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  125.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  213.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  26(5;  2  ed.  310. 

Picea  grandis,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2341,  f.  2245,2246,  in  part.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  155;  Snppl. 
5  (excl.  syn.  I'arsoimii);  2  ed.  216. — Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  46,  90,  f.  16,  t.  6,  in  part. — Murray  in  London 
Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  135,  f.  28. 

A.  Gordoniatia,  Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  298  (excl.  syn.  Parsonsii}.— Bertram!  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  379. 
A.  amabiliit,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  310,  f.  22-24  [not  Forbes]. 

WHITE   FIR. 

Vancouver's  island,  south  to  Mendocino  county,  California,  near  the  coast;  interior  valleys  of  western 
Washington  territory  and  Oregon  south'  to  the  Unipqua  river,  Cascade  mountains  below  4,000  feet  elevation, 
through  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  (Cusick)  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  mountains  (Cooper-),  the 
Bitter  Hoot  mountains,  Idaho  ( Watson),  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Eocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana 
(Flathead  region,  Canby  &  Sargent). 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lauds  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  in  rich,  moist  soil ;  or 
moist  mountain  slopes,  then  much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  30  meters  in  height. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broader  than  in  other 
American  species,  dark  colored,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  rather  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.3545;  ash,  0.49;  in  western  Oregon  manufactured  into  lumber  and 
used  for  interior  finish,  packing-cases,  cooperage,  etc. 

396. — Abies  COncolor,  Lindlcy  &  Gordon, 

Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  204.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.— Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii, 
600;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  255;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  684,  f.  114,  115;  Bot.  California,  ii,  118.— Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot. 
Gazette,  iii,  32.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  684,  f.  114,  115.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  93. 

Pinus  COncolor,  Engelmann  in  herb.  ;  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi5,  426.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser. 
ii,681,  t.46,  f.6. 

Picea  COncolor,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  155;  2  ed.  216.— Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  135,  f.  26. 

Pinus  lasiocarpa,  Balfour  in  Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  i,  t.  4,  f.  1  [not  Hooker].— Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  314,  f. 
25.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  429. 

?A.  balmmea,  Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  18  [not  Miller].— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141. 

Picea  grandis,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  46,  in  part. 

Abies  grandis,  Can-iere,  Trait.  Conif.;  2  ed.  296,  in  part.— Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,  17  [not  Lindley]. 

Picea  Lowiana,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  53;  2  ed.  218.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  419. 

A.  Lowiana,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  317,  f.  38-41. 

A.  amabilis,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,333  [not  Forbes]. 

A.  grandis,  var.  Lowiana,  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  212. 

Pinus  grandis,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  427,  in  part. 

Picea  COncolor^  var.  violacea,  Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  464,  f.  94,95. 

Pinus  Lowiana,  McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  680,  t.  46,  f.  5. 

A.  lasiocarpa,  Hort,  [not  Nuttall]. 

A.  Parsonsii,  Hort, 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  213 

WHITE   FIR.      BALSAM   FIR. 

Northern  slopes  of  the  Siskiyou  mountains,  Oregon,  and  perhaps  farther  north  in  the  Cascade  mountains, 
south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jaciuto  mountains,  California; 
along  the  high  mountains  of  northern  Arizona  to  the  Mogollon  mountains,  New  Mexico,  northward  to  the  Pike's 
Peak  region  of  Colorado,  and  in  the  Wahsatch  mountains  of  Utah. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  uioist  slopes  and  caiions 
between  3,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  sierras,  varying  greatly 
in  the  color  and  length  of  leaves,  habit,  etc.,  and  perhaps  merely  a  southern  form  of  the  too  nearly  allied  A.  grandis, 
from  which  it  cannot  be  always  readily  distinguished. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  resinous,  not 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays,  numerous,  obscure;  color,  very  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  somewhat 
darker;  specific  gravity,  0.3038 ;  ash,  0.85 ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  packing-cases, 
butter-tubs,  and  other  domestic  purposes. 

397. — Abies  bracteata,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii,  137,  t.  118;  2  ed.  ii,  t.  118.— Hartwi-g  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  225.— Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
v,209.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  19G;  2  od.  265.— London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1853,  435;  1854,  459;  1859, 928.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  4740.— 
Lemaire  in  111.  Hort.  i,  14,  t.  5.— Fl.  des  Scrres,  ix,  109  &  t.— Naudiu  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  31.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
262.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  x,  1,  t.  1,  2  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  211,  t.  1,  2).— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelhiilz.  1G7.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  199.— Bertram!  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  379.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
35.— Engclmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  601 ;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  684  ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  118.— Veitch,  Manual 
Conif.  89,  f.  14,  15. 

Pinus  venusta,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  l.V>. 

Pinus  bracteata,  D.  Don  in  Trans.  Linmean  Soc.  xvii,  443.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  169,  t.  91.— Antoine,  Conif.  77,  t. 
30.—  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— Hooker,  Icon.  t.  379.— Eudlicber,Syn.  Conif.  89.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,798.— 
Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  419. — MeNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  674,  t.  46,  f.  1. 

Picea  bracteata,  London,  Arboretum,  iv.  2348,  f.  2256.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  145;  2  ed.  202.— Lawson,  Pinetnm  Brit,  ii,  171, 
t.  25,  26,  f.  1-7.— Nelson,  Pinaceffi,  37.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  286. 

A.  venusta,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",210. 

Santa  Lucia  mountains,  California,  from  the  northern  boundary  of  San  Luis  Obispo  county  about  40  miles 
northward. 

A  tree  46  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  moist,  cold  soil,  occupying 
4  or  5  caiions  between  3,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation,  generally  west  of  the  summit  of  the  range  (O.  R.  Vasey). 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  not  seen  ;  specific  gravity, 
0.6783;  ash,  2.04;  probably  more  valuable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  North  American  Abies. 

398 — Abies  amabilis,  Forbes, 

Pinetum  Woburn.  125,  t.  44.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  219 ;  2  ed.  296.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 262.— Lyall  iii  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  vii,  143.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  159.— Nelson, 
Pinacese,  36.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  209  (excl.  syn.  lasiocarpa).— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872, 285.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii3,  211  (excl.  syn.  latiocarpa').— Muvoiiu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76, 211.— Engelmann  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1880, 
720,  f.  136-141 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  86. 

Pinus  amabilis,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  93.— Autoine,  Conif.  63,  t.  25,  f.  2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey, 
394. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  104. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  426,  in  part. 

Pinus  grandis,  Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  iii,  t.  26  [not  Douglas]. 

Picea  amabilis,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2342,  f.  2247,  2248.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pmetntn,  154 ;  2 ed.  213  (excl. 
syn.).— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,51,  90,  f.  18. 

A.  grandis,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  308,  f.  18-21  [not  Lindley]. 
A.  grandis,  var.  demiflora,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,599. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia  (Engelmann  &  Sargent),  and  probably  farther  north,  south  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  tree  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  forming  extensive  forests  on  the 
mountains  of  British  Columbia,  between  3,500  and  5,000  feet,  and  upon  the  mountains  south  of  the  Columbia  river 
between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation,  here  reaching  its  »reatest  development;  its  northern  range  not  yet  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark 
colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.4228 ;  ash,  0.23. 


214  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

399. — Abies  nobilis,  Liudley, 

Penn.  Cycl.  i,  30.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  115,  t.  40.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,532.—  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,419.—  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  136,  t. 
117  ;  2  ed.  ii,  193, 1. 117.— Lindley  &  Gordon  ill  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  209.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  198 ;  2  ed.  268.— Jour.  Bot.  & 
Kew  Gard.  Misc.  is,  85. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  262.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  168. — Hoopes,  Evergteens, 
203. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-,  209. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  601,  in  part;  London 
Gard.  Chronicle,  1879, 885 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  119,  in  part;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4. —Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  101. 

PinUS  nobilis,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  147. — Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed.  iii,  167,  t.  74. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii, 
162.— Antoine,  Conif.  77,  t.  29,  f.  2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechcy,  394.— Endlicher,  Syu.  Couif.  90. 

Picea  nobilis,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2342,  f.  2249,  2250.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  209.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  149;  Suppl.  48;  2  ed.  207— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  49,  90,  f.  17.— 
Lawson,  Pinetum,  Brit,  ii,  181,  t.  28, 29,  f.1-18.— Nelson,  Pinacese,  39. 

Pseudotsuga  nobilis,  Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  86.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  699,  t.  49,  f. 
29,  29". 


A.  maf/nifica,  Eugelmann  iii  Bot.  California,  ii,  119,  in  part. 


RED   FIR. 

Oregon,  Cascade  mountains  from  the  Columbia  river  south  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Eogue  river,  and  along  the 
summits  of  the  Coast  Range  from  the  Columbia  to  the  Nestucca  river  (Collier). 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  meters  in  diameter,  forming,  with  A.  amabilis, 
extensive  forests  along  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range,  between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation ;  less  multiplied  in 
the  coast  ranges,  here  reaching  its  greatest  individual  development. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  rather  close  grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark 
colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  light  brown  streaked  with  red.  the  sap- 
wood  a  little  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.45G1 ;  ash,  0.34. 

400. — Abies  magnifica,  Murray, 

Pr6"c.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  318,  f.  42-50;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  134. — Regel,  Gartenflora,  xiii,  119. — Henkel  &  Hoclistetter, 
Nadelholz.  419.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii2, 213.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  601;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879, 885,  f. 
116 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  119 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  99. 

A.  campylocarpa,  Murray  in  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  370. 

A.  nobilis  robusta,  Hort.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  269. 

Picea  magnifica,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  219. — Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875, 105. 

Pinus  amabilis,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  426,  in  part.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  677,  t.  46, 
f.3,  3»?  ' 

A.  amabilis,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34  [not  Forbes]. 

Pseudotsuga  magnifica,  McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  700,  t.  49,  f.  30,  30». 

A.  nobilis,  Engelmann,  Bot.  California,  ii,  119,  in  part. 

BED  FIR. 

California,  mount  Shasta,  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Kern  county. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  76  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  meters  in  diameter,  forming  about  the  base  of 
mount  Shasta  extensive  forests  between  4,900  and  8,000  feet  elevation;  farther  south  less  common  and  reaching 
an  extreme  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  liable  to 
twist  and  warp  in  seasoning;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4701 ;  ash,  0.30;  largely 
used  for  fuel  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  215 

401. — Larix  Americana,  Michanx, 

Fl.  Bor.-Atu.  ii,  203.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  :S7,  t.  4 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  :!  ed.  iii,  167,  1. 153.— Andnbon,  Birds,  t.  4.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2399. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  89;  2  ed.  i,  105  &  t. — Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  51. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep. 
618. — Richardson,  Arctic.  Expcd.  442. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  185d,  257. — Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Liumuan  Soc.  xxiii,  302. — 
Wood,  Cl.  Book.  ti.'W:  Dot.  &  Fl.  314.— NYlson,  Piuacejp,  86.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442.—  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  247.— 
Regel,  Gartenflora,  xx,  105,  t.C84,  f.  7,8  (Belg.  Hort.  xxii,  105,  t,  10,  f.  2,  3).— Bertrand  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xx,  90.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  3.">. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  211.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  xiii,  185. 

Pinus  laricina,  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  49;  Harbk.  ii,83.— Wangcnheim,  Amer.  42,  1. 16,  f.  37.— Mccnch,  Meth.  364. 
Pinus  Larix  rubra,  alba  and  n-igra,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  103, 104. 

Pinus  intermedia,  Waugenheini,  Amer.  42,  1. 16,  f.  37.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed.  ii,  114. 

Pinus  pendula,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew,  iii,  369 ;  2  ed.  v,  320.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  55,  t.  36;  2  ed.  ii,  63,  t.  39;  3  ed.  ii,  86,  t.  49.— 
Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  r.02.—  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,579.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,645.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  32.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  110;  G  ed.  305.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 887.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.90,  180.— Beck, 
Bot,  339.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  359.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  232.— Parlatore  in  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  409. 

PinUS  microcarpa,  Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  56,  t.  37 ;  2  ed.  ii,  65,  t.  40 ;  3  ed.  ii,  88,  t.  50.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  502;  Enum.  989 ; 
Berl.  Baumz.  273.— Persoou,  Syu.  ii,  579.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  321.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  645.— Smith  in 
Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  33.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  365.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.Fl.  175.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,  887.— Torroy,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  30.— Bock,  Bot.  340.— Hookor,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  387.— Antoine,  Conif.  54,  t.  21,  f.  1.—  Endlicher,  Syn. 
Con  if.  132. 

Abies  pendula,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  514. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  288. — Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
v,213. 

Abies  microcarpa,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  514.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  289,  t.  79,  f.  2.— Liudley  in  Peun.  Cycl.  i,  33.— 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  213. 

L.  tenuifolia,  Salisbury  in  Trans.  Linuajau  Soc.  viii,  313. 

L.  pendula,  Salisbury  in  Trans.  Limifean  Soc.  viii,  313. — Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnrn.  137,  t.  46.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed. 
272.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  129;  2ed.  177.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnaean  Soc.  xxiii,  302. 

L.  microcarpa,  Desfootaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  597.—  Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  139,  t.  47.— Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  436.— Link  in 
Liiinaja,  xv,  536.— Carriere,  Trait,  Conif.  275;  2  ed.  355.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  129;  2  ed.  175.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz.  137.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnsean  Soc.  xxiii,  302,  341.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  180. 

L.  intermedia.  Loddiges,  Cat,  ed.  1836, 50.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  141.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  535. 

L.  Americana  rubra,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2400.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  40. 

L.  Americana,  var.  pendula,  Loudou,  Arboretum,  iv,  2400.— Carriere,  Tra^t.  Conif.  2  ed.  356. 

L.  Americana,  var.  prolifera,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2401.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  356. 

L.  deddua,  var.  Americana,  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  133. 

LARCH.   BLACK  LARCH.   TAMARACK.   HACKMATACK. 

Northern  ^Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  cape  Churchill  and  northwest  to 
the  northern  shores  of  the  Great  Bear  lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river  within  the  Arctic  circle;  south 
through  the  northern  states  to  northern  Pennsylvania,  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  moist  uplands  and  intervale 
lands,  or  south  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  in  cold,  wet  swamps,  often  covering  extensive  areas,  here 
niucli  smaller  and  less  valuable. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  obscure;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  hardly  distinguishable,  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6236 ;  ash,  0.33; 
preferred  and  largely  used  for  the  upper  knees  of  vessels,  for  ship  timbers,  fence  posts,  telegraph  poles,  railway 
ties,  etc. 

The  inner  bark  of  the  closely-allied  European  larch  is  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  catarrhal 
affections  of  the  pulmonary  and  urinary  passages ;  probably  that  of  the  American  species  would  be  equally 
efficacious. 


216  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

402. — Larix  occidentalis,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii.  143, 1. 120;  2  ed.  ii,199,t.  120.— Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  59,  f.  24,  25.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,262; 
Am.  Nat.  iii,  412. — Lyall  iu  Jour.  Liunieau  Soc.  vii,  143. — Nelson,  Piuacese,  91. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  253. — Regel,  Garteuflora, 
xx,  103,  t.  685,  f.  8-10  (Belg.  Hort.  xxii,  101,  t.  8,  f.  3-5).— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35.— Gordon,  Pinetum,2  ed.  176.— Macoun  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  211. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  329. — Veitcb,  Manual  Conif.  130. 

Pinus  La/rix,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  109  [not  Liunaius]. 
L.  Americana,  var.  brevifolia,  Carriore,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  357. 
Pinus  NuttaUii,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  412. 

TAMABACK. 

British  Columbia,  Selkirk  and  Gold  ranges,  south  of  latitude  53°  N.,  extending  west  to  the  head  of 
Okanagan  lake  (0.  M.  Dawson),  south  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  mountains  to  the  Columbia  river, 
through  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington  territory  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  ot 
Montana,  and  in  the  Blue  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  noble  tree  of  great  economic  value,  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter ; 
moist  mountain  slopes  and  benches  between  2,500  and  5, 000 feet  elevation;  scattered  among  other  trees  and  never 
exclusively  forming  forests;  the  thick  bark  long  resisting  the  action  of  forest  fires;  very  common,  and  perhaps 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  north  of  the  Big  Blackfoot  river  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Flathead 
river,  Montana,  here  the  largest  and  most  valuable  timber  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  annual 
growth,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  obscure ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  j 
color,  light  bright  red,  the  thin  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7407;  ash,  0.09;  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber,  but  principally  used  for  fuel,  posts,  railway  ties,  etc. 

403. — Larix  Lyallii,  Parlatore, 

Enum.  Sein.  Hort.  Reg.  Mus.  Flor.  1863;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1863,916  (Regel,  Gartenflora,  xiii,  244).— Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnsean 
Soc.  vii,  143.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  417.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  361.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  256.— Regel, 
Gartenflora,  xx,  103,  t.  685,  f.  11-13  (Belg.  Hort.  xxii,  102,  t.  9,  f.  1-3).— Bertrand  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xx,  90.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  35.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7I'>,  211.—  Veitch,  Manual  Conif,  130. 

Pinus  Lyallii,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi2,  412. 

"Cascade  mountains,  6,500  to  7,000  feet,  forming  an  open  belt  of  trees  mingled  with  P.flexllis  (P.  alblcaulus); 
on  the  Galton  range  at  6,000  feet  and  in  the  Rocky  mountains  at  7,000  feet,  growing  with  P.  flexilis"  (Lyall); 
mount  Stewart,  Washington  territory  (Brandegee  &  Tweedy,  August,  1883) ;  Grave  Creek  pass,  northern  Montana 
(H.B.  Ayres,  September,  1883). 

A  low,  much-branched,  straggling,  alpine  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
1.50  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  soil,  generally  upon  northern  exposures,  and  associated  with  Pinus  albicaulis 
and  Tsuga  Pattoniana  along  the  upper  limits  of  tree-growth  between  5,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation  (Brandegee). 

The  wood  not  collected. 

NOTE.— A  well-marked  species,  distinguished  from  L.  occidentalis  by  its  alpine  habit,  the  larger  green  or  purple  deciduous  cones  with 
ciliated  scales,  and  by  the  dense  t  omen  turn  covering  the  young  shoots  and  leaf  buds. 


'CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  217 


P  A  L  M  A  0  E  M  . 


404.— Sabal  Palmetto,  Loddiges; 

Rremer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vii,  1487. — C'room  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  SIT.  xxvi,  315. — Martins,  Hist.  Palm,  iii,  247. — Kunth,  Ennm.  iii,  247. — 
Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  xii,  107.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  4'M.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  64.— Wood,  Cl.  Book, 
666;  Bot.  &  Fl.  317.— Vasey,C'at.  Forest  Trees,  38. 

Corypha  Palmetto,  Walter,  Fl.Caroliniana,  119. 

Cliamcerops  Palmetto,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,206.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.-Am.  ii,  186,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
iii,  5,  t.  101.— Alton,  Hort.  Ke.w.  2  ed.  v,  490.—  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  231.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,431.— Sprengel,  Syst>  ii,  137. — 
Eaton,  M;iimal,  6  ed.  89. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  191.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  546.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  258.— 
Porchor,  Resources,  S.  Forests,  526. 

CABBAGE  TREE.   CABBAGE  PALMETTO. 

Smith  island,  off  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river,  North  Carolina,  south  along  the  coast  to  Key  Largo,  Florida, 
and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  Apalachicola  river. 

A  tree  7  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  maritime  shores;  very 
common  and  reaching-  its  greatest  development  upon  the  west  coast  of  the  Florida  peninsula  south  of  Cedar 
Keys. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  hard,  difficult  to  work,  dark  colored ;  color,  light  brown ;  specific 
gravity,  0.4404 ;  ash,  7.66;  impervious  to  the  attacks  of  the  teredo,  and  very  durable  under  water;  largely  used 
for  piles,  wharves,  etc. 

405. — Washmgtonia  filifera,  Wendland, 

Bot.  Zeit.  xxxvii,  68. — Wat«on,  Bot.  California,  ii,  211,  485. 

Brahea  dvlcis,?  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860,  442  [not  Martius]. 

Pfitchardia  filamentosa,  Wendlaud  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xxxiy,  807.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— Fenzi  in  Bull  Soc.  Tosc, 
Ort.  i,  116  &  f.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii, 598. 

Brahea  filamentosa,  Hort.— Williams  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1876,  80. 

FAN-LEAP  PALM. 

San  Bernardino  county,  California,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the  valley  of 
the  Colorado  river. 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.05  meter  in  diameter,  forming  groves  of  250  to  500 
plants  in  the  depressions  of  the  desert,  in  moist  alkaline  soil,  or  solitary  and  scattered  near  the  heads  of  small 
ravines  formed  by  water-courses ;  often  stunted  and  greatly  injured  by  fire. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  hard,  difficult  to  cut,  dark  colored,  conspicuous ;  specific  gravity 
0.5173 ;  ash,  1.89. 

406. — Thrinax  parviflora,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  57 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  614.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  614 ;  2  ed.  ii,  307.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  202.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  383.— Poiret  in 
Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  633.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  112. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  20.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vii,  1300.— Martius,  Hist> 
Palm,  iii,  255,  t.  103.— Kunth,  Enum.  iii,  253.—  Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1091.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  818.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,. 
515.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  12  ;  Fl.  S.  States^  Suppl.  651. 

T.  GarDeri,  Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bofc.  Gazette,  iii,  12;  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.651. 

SILK-TOP   PALMETTO. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  southern  keys  from  Bahia  Honda  to  Long's  Key ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  meters  in  height  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.10  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  pine-barren  soil 
often  low  and  stemless  (T.  Garberi). 

Wood  light,  soft;  fibro-vasoi\lar  bundles  small,  hard,  not  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown;  specific  gravity, 
0.5991;  ash,  3.99;  the  trunk  used  in  making  sponge-  and  turtle-crawls. 


218  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

407. — Thrinax  argentea,  Loddiges; 

Desfontaines,  Cat.  3  ed.  31.— Reenier  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vii,  1300.— Martius,  Hist.  Palm,  iii,  256,  1. 103,  f.  3,  t.  163.— Kunth,  Enum.  iii,  253.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1091.—  Walpers,  Ann.  v,  818.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indite,  515.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  651. 

Palma  argentea,  Jacqnin,  Fragni.  :W,  No.  125,  t.  43,  f.l.  — Miirter  iu  Bom.  Physik.  Arbeiten.  ii,  76. 
SILVER-TOP   PALMETTO.      BR1CKLEY   THATCH.      BRITTLE   THATCH. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  a  nameless  key  10  miles  west  of  Key  West,  Elliott's  Key,  Key  Largo,  Piney  Key, 
Boca  Chica  Key,  Key  West,  Gordon  Key,  and  on  the  small  keys  south  and  west  of  Bahia  Honda  Key  (Curtiss);  in 
the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  small,  very  numerous ;  interior  of  the  trunk  spongy,  much  lighter 
than  the  exterior ;  specific  gravity,  0.7172 ;  ash,  3.01 ;  used  for  piles,  the  foliage  in  the  manufacture  of  ropes,  for 
thatch,  etc. 

408. — Oreodoxa  regia,  HBK. 

Nov.  Genera  &  Spec,  i,  305.— Martius,  Hist.  Palm,  iii,  168,  t.  156,  f.  3-5.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  348.— Kunth,  Enum.  iii,  182.— Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  xii,  68.— 111.  Hort.  ii,  28  &  t.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  807.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  327.— London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1875,  302,  f.  66.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  651. 

CEnomrpus  regia,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  140. 

0.  Oleracea,  ?  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  I860,  440. 

ROYAL   PALM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  "  Little  and  Big  Palm  hummocks,"  15  and  25  miles  east  of  cape  Romano  (Curtiss),  near 
the  mouth  of  Little  river,  and  on  Elliott's  Key ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  18  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  hummocks,  often  forming  extensive 
groves ;  in  Florida  rare  and  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  large,  very  dark,  conspicuous ;  interior  of  the  trunk  spongy,  much 
lighter  than  the  exterior ;  color,  brown ;  specific  gravity,  exterior  of  the  trunk,  0.7982,  interior,  0.2128 ;  ash,  2.54. 


LILIACE^. 


409. — Yucca  canaliculata,  Hooker, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5201. — Baker  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1870, 1217. — Eugelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  43. 

Y.  Treculiana,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  vii,  280.— Baker  in  London   Gard.  Chronicle,  1870,  828.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,  41.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38. — London  Garden,  xii,  328,  t.  94. 

SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Southern  Texas,  Matagorda  bay,  and  from  the  Brazos  and  Guadalupe  rivers  south  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly,  arid  soil. 

Wood,  like  that  of  the  whole  genus,  showing  distinct  marks  of  concentric  arrangement,  fibrous,  spongy,  heavy, 
difficult  to  cut  and  work;  color,  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.6677  ;  ash,  6.27. 

The  bitter,  sweetish  fruit  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Mexicans;  the  root  stock,  as  in  the  whole  genus,  saponaceous 
and  largely  used  by  the  Mexicans  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

410. — Yucca  brevifolia,  Engelmann, 

King's  Rep.  v,  496 ;  Trans.St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  47.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  141,  351.  —Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— Watson,  Bot.  California, 
ii,  164. 

F.  Draconis,  f  var.  arborescens,  Tonvy  in  Paciiic  R.  R.  Eop.  iv,  147. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  219 

THK   JOSHUA.      .TO.S1IUA    TREE. 

Southwestern  Utah,  northwestern  Arizona  to  southern  Nevada,  and  the  valley  of  the  Mohave  river,  California. 

A  tree  G  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  O.!)0  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  forming 
upon  the  Mohave  desert  at  2,500  feet  elevation  an  open,  straggling  forest. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work;  color,  very  light  brown  or  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3737; 
ash,  4.00;  occasionally  manufactured  into  paper-pulp. 

411. — Yucca  elata,  Eugeluiaim, 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  17. 

Y.  angustifolia,  var.  radiosa,  Engelmanu  in  King's  Rep.  v,49t>. 

Y.  anguslifolia,  var.  elata,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  270. 

SPANISH   BAYONET. 

Western  Texas  to  southern  Arizona  and  Utah;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  3  to  5  meters  in  height,  Vith  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  ineter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  mesas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.4470;  ash,  9.28. 

412. — Yucca  baccata,  Torrey, 

Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  221  ;  Ives'  Rep.  29. — Cooper  in  Sinit  hsouiau  Rep.  1858,  266.— Baker  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1870,  923. — 
Andre'  in  111.  Hort.  3  ser.  xx,23, 1. 115.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  23.— Eiigelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii,  44;  King's  Rep.  v,  49G  ; 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi, 270.— Loew  in  Wheelers  Rep.  Hi,  609.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,.r>2.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  104. 

Y.  filameiltosa,  ?  Wood  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1*68,  167  [not  Torrey]. 

SPANISH   BAYONET.      MEXICAN   BANANA. 

Western  Texas,  south  of  latitude  32°  N.,  west  through  New  Mexico  to  southern  Colorado  and  San  Diego 
county,  California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  7  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  much  smaller,  and  toward  the 
northern  limits  of  its  range  steiuless;  forming  upon  the  plains  of  Presidio  county,  Texas,  extensive  open  forests 
(Havard). 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work ;  color,  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.4470 ;  ash,  9.28. 

The  large  juicy  fruit  edible  and  an  important  article  of  food  to  Mexicans  and  Indians;  a  strong  coarse  fiber, 
prepared  by  macerating  the  leaves  in  water,  is  manufactured  into  rope  by  the  Mexicans. 


INDEX  TO   CATALOGUE. 


[NOTE.— In  this  index  the  names  of  families  are  indicated  by  "  SMALL  CAPS  ",  of  species  by  "Roman  "  type,  and  of  synonyms  by  "  ItaKct  ".) 


Abies  alba  (Picea  alba) 

Abies  alba?  (Picea  Engelmanni) 

Abies  alba  (Picea  nigra) 

Abies  alba,  var.  arctica 

Abies  alba,  var.  ccerulea 

Abies  Albertiana 

Abies  amabilis 

Abies  amabilis  (Abies  concolor) 

Abies  amabilis  (Abies  grandis) 

Abies  amabilii  (Abies  magnifica) 

Abies  Americana 

Abies  arctica  (Picea  alba) 

Abies  arctica  (Picea  nigra) 

/  Abies  aromatica 

Abies  balsamea '. 

? Abifs  balsamea  (Abies  concolor) 

Abies  balsamea.  var.  Fraseri 

Abies  balsam\fera 

Abies  bifolia 

Abios  bracteata 

Abies  Bridgesii 

Abies  campylocarpa 

Abies  Canadensis  (Picea  alba) 

Abies  Canadensis  (Tsnga  Canadensis) 

Abies  Canadensis  f  (Tsnga  Merteusiana) 

Abies  Caroliniana 

Abies  ccerulea 

Abies  concolor 

Abies  denticulata : 

Abies  Douglasii 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  macrocarpa 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  taxifolia, 

Abies  Engelmanni 

Abies  Engelmanni glauca . ....t 

f  Abies  falcata 

A  hies  Fraseri  

Abies  Gordoniana 

Abies  grandis .- 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  amabilis) , 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  concolor) 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  snbalpina) 

Abies  grandis,  var.  densijlora 

Abies  grandis,  var.  Loiviana 

Abies?  heterophyUa 

Abies  Hookeriana '. 

Abies  Hudsonica 

AKe*  lasiocarpa  (Abies  concolor) 

Abies  I  lasiocarpa  (Abies  snbalpina) 

Abies  laxa  

Abies  Lowiana 

Abies  inacrocarpa 

Abies  magnifica 

Abies  magnijica  (Abies  nobilis) 

Abies  Mariana 

220 


Page. 

204 
205 
203 
204 
204 
208 
213 
212 
212 
214 
203 
204 
203 
212 
210 
212 
210 
211 
211 
213 
207 
214 
204 
206 
207 
207 
204 
212 
203 
209 
J10 
209 
205 
205 
206 
210 
212 
212 
213 
212 
211 
213 
212 
207 
208 
211 
212 
211 
204 
212 
210 
214 
214 
202 


Abies  Marylandica 

Abies  Memieiii  (Picea  pungens) 

Abies  Menziesii  (Picea  Sitchensis) 

Abies  Menziesii  Parryana 

Abies  Mertensiana 

Abies  microcarpa 

Abies  mucronala 

?  Abies  mitcronata  palustris 

Abies  nifira  (Picea  Engelmanni) 

Al/ics  nigra  (Picea  nigra) 

Abies  nigra,  var.  rubra 

Abies  rml.il is 

Abies  nobilis  (Abies  magnifica) 

Abies  nobilis  robusta 

Abies  Parsonsii 

A  bies  Pattoni 

Abies  Pattoniana 

Abies  Paltonii  (Tsnga  Mertensiana) 

Abies  Pattanii  (Tsaga  Pattoniana) 

A  bies  pcndula 

A  bies  religiosa 

Abies  rubra 

f  Abies  rubra,  var.  arctica 

Abies  rubra,  var.  ccerulea 

Abies  Sitchensis 

Abies  species  (Tsuga  Caroliniana) 

Abies  subalpina 

Abies  subalpina,  v&r.fallax 

Abies  taxifolia  (Pseudotsuga  Donglasii). 

Abies  taxifolia  (Tsnga  Mertensiana) 

? Abies  trigona 

Abies  venwita 

Abies  Williamsonii 

Acacia  Sahamensis 

Acacia  Berlandieri 

Acaciabiceps 

Acacia  esculenta 

Acacia  frondosa 

Acacia  glauca 

Acacia,  Green-bark 

Acacia  Greggii 

Acacia  latisiliqua 

Acacia  levcocephala 

Acacia  pulverulenta 

Acacia  tephroloba , 

Acacia,  Tbree-thorned 

Acacia  Wri gh tii 

Acer  barbatum  (Acer  glabrnm) 

Acer  barbatum  (Acer  saccharinnm) 

Acer  Californicum 

Acer  Canadense 

?  Acer  Caroliniana 

Acer  circinatnra 

Acer  coccineum '. 

Acer  dasycarpum ... 


Page. 
203 
205 
206 
205 
207 
215 
209 
209 
205 
203 
203 
214 
214 
214 
212 
208 
208 
208 
208 
215 
185 
203 
203 
204 
206 
207 
211 
211 
209 
208 
206 
213 
208 
64 
63 
62 
63 
62 
62 
60 
63 
64 
62 
63 
63 
59 
63 
48 
48 
51 
46 
50 
47 
50 
49 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST.  TREES. 


221 


Page. 

48 

50 

49 

47 

50 

48 

47 

40 

51 

49 

47 

46 

46 

46 

50 

50 

49 

48 

49 

49 

49 

48 

50 

46 

46 

48 

47 

103 

103 

101 

101 

69 

103 

112 

43 

42 

43 

, 42 

43 

43 

42 

42 

42. 

42 

- 43 

43 

43 

43 

42 

+Esculus  pallida 40 

JEscul us  Favia,  var.  discolor 43 

?  .Esculus  Watsoniana 42 

Agastianis  secundi/lora 57 

Ageria.  Cassena 3g 

Ageria  geminata gg 

Ageria  heterophylla 35 

A  geria  obovata 35 

Ageria  opaca _ 35 

Ageria  palustris 35 

Alder  ( Alnus  oblongifolia) 163 

Alder  (Alnus  rbombifolia) 163 

Alder  (Alnus  rubra) 163 

Alder,  Black  (Alnns  incana) 165 

Alder,  Black  (Alans  serrnlata) 164 

Alder,  Hoary _ 163 

Alder,  Seaside 152 

Alder,  Smooth .* 164 

Alder,  Speckled 


Acer  Douglasii 

Acer  Drummondii 

,1  err  rriocarpum 

A  rrr  .u'labrum 

?  Acer  gtaucum 

Acer  uianiliilentatum 

Acer  iiiacrophyllum 

Acer  i/wntanum 

\'<'rfundo 

A  cer  nigrum 

A  cer  palmatum 

Acer  parviflorum 

Acer  I'enusylvanicum 

Acer  Pt'imsylranicum  (Acer  spicatnm) 

Acer  rubrnm 

Art T  rubruni,  var.  Druuimondii 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  pallidum 

Acer  saccharinum 

Acer  saccharinum  (Acer  dasycarpum) 

Acer  saccharinum  (Acer  saccbarinum,  var.  nigrurn) . 

A  i -T  .saccbarinum,  r,ar.  nigrum 

Acer  saccharum 

Acer  sanriuineuni 

Acer  spicatum 

Acer  striatuin 

Acer  tripartitum 

Acer  rlrgatum /. 

Achrav  cinieijoUa  

Achras  mammosa 

Achras  pallida : 

Achras  salicifolia 

/  Achras  serrate 

Achras  Zapotilla,  var.  parviflora 

Adelia  acumiiiata 

-iEaeulus  Californica 

7  ^Esculus  carnea 

JEsculus  discolor 

*Esculu8  echinata 

^Esculus  flava 

^Eaculus  flava,  var.  purpnraacena 

^"Esculus  glabra 

JEsculus  Hippocastanum,  var.  glabra 

jEsculus  Hippocastanum,  var.  Okioensis 

JEsculus  Hippocastanum,  var.  pallida 

^sculus  hybrida 

^Esculus  lutca 

JEsculus  neglecta 

JEsculus  octandra 

^•Esculus  Okioensis 


Aliiaroba 

Algarobia  glanduloga 

Alnuft  Americana  (Alnua  incana)  ... 
Alnug  Americana  (Alnus  serrulata). 

Abuts  arguta — 

.lf/i»»-  Canadensis 

.•1  Inns  genuina 


165 
62 
61 
164 
164 
162 
164 
164 


Alnua  glauca 

I  Alnus  glntinosa  (\\Tma  rubra) 

Alnus  glutinosa,  var.  rugosa 

Almts  glutinosa,  var.  serrulata  (Alnns  rhombifolia) 

Altntu  fj/Uttinosa,  var.  serrulata  (Alnus  serrulata) 

Alnus  hybrida 

Aluus  iucana 

Alnus  incana  (Regel) 

Alnus  incatta,  var.  glauca  (Alnus  incana) 

Alnviineana,  var.  glavca  (Alnns  incana,  tor.  viresoens) 

Ainu*  lin-ti  an.  \:u\  rubra  ...........................  . 

Alnus  ineaua,  i-ar.  virescens 

Alnirx  Japonica 

Alnus  maritima 

Alnus  maritima  typica  ...........................  .f 

Alnus  oblongata  (Aluus  maritima) 

A  In  a  a  oblongata  (Alnus  serrulata)  ........  . 


Alnus  obtvsifolia  ................................................. 

Alnus  Oregana  ......................................  .  ............ 

Alnus  rbombifolia  ..............................  .  ................ 

Alnus  rubra  ..............  .  ............................  .  ........  . 

Alnus  rubra  (Aluus  serrulata)  ................................... 

Alnnx  rugosa  ..........................................  .  ......... 

A  Inus  serrulata  ...............................  ..  ..........  b  ...... 

.'  Mnus  gerrulata  (Reg?})  ......................................... 

Alnus  sermlala  genuina  ......................................... 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  latifolia  .................................... 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  macrophyUa  ____  ............................ 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  oblongata  ................................... 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  oblongifolia  .........................  .  ....... 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (Alnus  incana,  var,  virescens)  .....  . 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (AJnus  rhombifolia)  ................. 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (Alnus  serrnlata)  ................... 

Alnus  sermlata,  var.  vulgaris  .................................... 

Alnus  undulata  .................................................  . 

Amelancliier  alnifolia  ............................................ 

Amelanchier  Bartramiana  .........................  .  ............. 

Amelanchier  Botryapium  ...................................  _____ 

Ainelanchier  Canadensis  ......................................... 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia  ........................ 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  VAT.  oligocarpa  ________  ................. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  rotundifolia  ........  .  ............  .. 

A  melanchier  intermedia  .......................................... 

Amelanchier  oblongifolia  ......................................  ... 

Amelanchier  ovalis  (Amelanchier  Canadensis)  .............  .  ..... 

Amelanchier  ovalis  (Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia)  . 
Amelanchier  ipicata  .............................................. 

Amelanchier  Wangenheimiana  .........................  .  ......... 

American  Crab  ...................................  ___  ........... 


American  Crab  Apple 

AmericanElm 

American  Holly 

American  Linden 

Amyris  cymosa 

Amyris  dyatripa 

Amyris  clemifera 

Amyris  Floridana 

Amyris  maritima 

Ainyris  Plumieri 

Amyris  sylvatica .' 

ANACAUDI  ACK^E 

Anamomis  punctata 

Aiinqna 

Andromeda  arborea 

Andromeda  arborescens 

Andromeda  femiffinea 

Andromeda  fcmtginea,  var.  arborescens . 
Andromeda  ferruginea,  var.fruticoga  ... 

Andromeda,  pluniata 

Andromeda  rltoiiiboidalis 

Andromeda  riyida 

Anona  glabra 

Ancua  lanrifolia 

Anona  petidula 


Page. 

164 

163 

164 

163 

164 

164 

164 

164 

164 

165 

163 

165 

162 

162 

162 

162 

164 

163 

164 

163 

163 

163 

164 

164 

164 

164 

164 

164 

164 

164 

163 

165 

163 

164 

164 

164 

85 

84 

84 

84 

84 

84 

84 

85 

85 

84 

85 

85 

84 

72 

72 

123 

35 

27 

33 

33 

31 


52-54 
88 
114 
98 
98 
96 
96 
% 
37 
96 
96 
23 
23 
23 


222 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Anona  species  (Anona  lauriiolia) 

Anona  triloba — 

AXOXACE.E 

Anonymos  aquatica 

Anthomeles  (estivali-s 

A  nthomeles  Douglasii 

A  nthomeles  jlava  - 

Anthoineles  glandulosa , 

.•1  nthomelef  rotundifolia 

Anltiomeles  turbinata 

Ants'  Wood 

Apple,  American  Crab 

Apple,  Custard 

Apple  Haw 

Apple,  Oregon  Crab t 

Apple.  Pond 

Apple,  Seven-year 

Apple,  Southern  Crab 

Arbol  de  Hierro 

Arbor-vita; 

Arbutus  laurifolia 

/ Arbutus  macrophylla 

Arbutus  Menziesii 

Arbutus  llenziesii  (Arbutus  Tesana) 

Arbutus  Menziesii  (Arbutus  Xalapensis) 

Arbutus  procera 

A  i  but  us  Texana 

? Arbutus  uariens 

Arbutus  Xalapensis 

? Arbutus  Xalapensis  (Arbutus  Texana) 

ArdisiaPickeringia , 

Aronia  arborea 

Aronia  arbutifolia 

Aronia  Botryapium 

Aronia  cordata 

Aronia  ovalis 

Arrowwood 

Asagroea  spihosa 

Ash 

Ash,  Black 

Ash,  Blue 

Ash,  Green    

Ash,  Ground 

Ash,  Hoop 

Ash,  Mountain  (Pyrns  Americana) 

A  sh,  Mountain  (Pyrus  sambucifolia) 

Ash,  Oregon 

Ash,  Prickly  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) . . . 
Ash,  Prickly  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Hercnlis) 

Ash,  Bed 

Ash,  Sea 

Ash,  Wafer 

Ash,  Water 

Ash,  White 

Ash, 'fellow 

Ash-leaved  Maple 

Asimina  campaniflora 

Asimina  triloba T. 

Aspen ' 

Asp,  Quaking 

A  vicennia  nitida 

Avicennia  oblongifolia 

A  vicennia  tommtota 


Bald  Cypress 

Balm  of  Gilead 

Balm  of  Gilead  Fir 

Balsam  ( Abies  Fraseri) 

Balsam  (Abies  aubalpina) 

Balsam  (Populns  balsamifera) . 

Balsam  Cottonwood 

Balsam  Fir  (Abies  balsamea) . . 
Balsam  Fir  (Abies  concolor)... 

Balsam,  She 

Banana.  Mexican 


II. 


Page. 

23 

23 

23 

124 

82 

75 

82 

82 

77 

82 

103 

72 

23 

82 

73 

23 

95 

72 

56 

176 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

100 

84 

83 

84 

84 

85 

38 

55 

107 

111 

111 

109 

111 

111 

73 

74 

111 

29 

30 

109 

30 

31 

110 

107 

57 

51 

23 

23 

171 

171 

117 

117 

117 

184 
173 
211 
210 
211 
173 
174 
211 
213 
210 
219 


Bartram's  Oak 

Basket  Oak 

Basswood 

Basswood,  White 

Bastard  Cedar 

Bastard  Pine . 

Jlatodendron  arboreutn 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Yucca  baccata) 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Tucca  canaliculate) 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Tucca  elata) 

Bay,  Bull    

Bay,  Loblolly 

Bay,  Red 

Bay,  Rose 

Bay,  Sweet 

Bay,  Tan 


Page. 

153 

, 141 

27 

28 

176 

202 

96 

219 

218 

219 

19 

25 

118 

99 

20 

26 

20 

136 

120 

115 

41 

41 

20 

158 

159 

159 

129 

117 

27 

90 

159 

160 

160 

160 

160 

ICO 

159 

160 

159 

160 

161 

160 

162 

160 

182 

161 

160 

164 

161 

162 

159 

161 

161 

161 

162 

160 

160 

160 

158 

159- 

159 

161 

160 

164 

164 

164 

162- 

164 

, 164 

BETULACE.E 159-165 

Big-bud  Hickory 134 

Big  Cottonwood I75 

Big  Laurel 

Big  Shell-bark 133 

Big  Tree '. • 184 


Bay,  White 

Bay  berry 

Bay  Tree,  California 

Bean  Tree 

Bearberry 

Bearwodd 

Beaver  Tree 

Beech 

Beecb,  Blue 

Beech,  Water  (Carpinus  Caroliniana) 

Beech,  Water  (Platanus  occidentalis) 

Beef  wood 

Bee  Tree 

Benthamidia  florida 

Betula  acuminata 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  commutata 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  occidentalis  typica 

Betv.la  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera,  var.  communis. 
Betula  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera,  var.  cordifolia.. 

lietula  alba,  subspecies  populifolia 

Betula  alba,  var.  papyrifera 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia  (Betula  papyrifera)  . . . 

Betula  angulata 

Betula  Canadengis 

Betula  carpinifolia - 

Betula  cordifolia 

Betula  ezM&a.JBetnla  lenta) 

Betula  excelsa  (Betula  lutea) 

Betula  grandis 

Betula  incana 

Betula  lanulosa 

Betula  lenta 

Betula  lenta  (Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia) 

Betula  lenta  (Betula  lutea) 

Betnlalntea 

Betula  nigra 

Betulanigra  (Betula lenta) 

Betulanigra  (Betnla  papyrifera) 

Betula  occideutalis 

Betula  occidentalis  (Betula  papyrifera) 

Betula  papyracea 

Betnla  papyrifera 

Betu  la  populifolia - 

fielularubra  (Betula  nigra) 

Betula  rubra  (Betula  papyrifera) 

Betula  rugosa - 

Betula  serrulata . 

1  Betula-Alnus  glauca 

Betula-Alnus maritima 

? Betvla-Alnus  rubra ..- - 

Betula-Alnus,  var.  0  incana. 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


223 


Bigelovia  acuminata  . 

Bignonia  Catalpa 

Biynonia  Unearis 


BlGNOXIACE* 


Page. 

112 

115 

116 

115,116 

86 

162 

160 

160 

162 

159 

161 

162 

159 

160 

161 

161 

162 

33 

159 

160 

161 

200 

135 

136 

165 

164 

Ill 

162 

160 

116 

68 

174 

174 

184 

92 

94 

134 

134 

39 

151 

150 

151 

,.  215 

59 

65 

117 

146 

149 

148 

149 

, 105 

193 

195 

97 

203 

49 

79 

'117 

131 

170 

166 

"7 

Ill 

159 

153 

41 

, 143 

205 

40 

128 

BOIiKARIXACKJi 113,  114 

Horya  acuminata, 112 

fiorya  litjustrina .. 112 

Jlorya  nitida 112 

Bottom  Shell-bark 133 


Hilsted 

Birch,  Black  (Betula  lenta) 

Birch,  Black  (Betula  occidentalis) 

r.iirh,  Canoe 

Uireh,  Cherry   

Birch,  Gray  (Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia) . . 

Birch,  Gray  (Betula  lutea) 

Birch,  Mahogany 

.Birch,  Old-field 

Birch,  Paper 

Birch,  Red 

Birch.  River 

Birch ,  Sweet  

Birch,  West  Imliau 

Birch,  White  (Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia). 

Birch,  White  (Betula  papyrifera) 

Birch,  Yellow 

Bishop's  Pine 

Hitter  Nut 

Bitter  Pecan 

Black  Alder  (Alnus  incana) • 

Black  Alder  (Alnus  scrrulata) 

Black  Ash 

Black  Birch  (Betnla  lenta) 

Black  Birch  (Betnla  occidentalis) 

Black  Calabash  Tree 

Black  Cherry,  Wild 

Black  Cottonwood  (Popnlus  angustifolia)  — 
Black  Cottonwood  (Populus  trichocarpa)  . . . 

Black  Cypress 

Black  Guru 

Black  Haw 

Black  Hickory  (Carya  porcina) 

Black  Hickory  (Carya  tomentosa) 

Black  Ironwood 

Black  Jack  (Quercus  Catesbasi) 

Black  Jack  (Quercus  nigra) 

Black  Jack,  Forked-leaf 

Black  Larch 

Black  Locust  (Gleditschia  triacanthos) 

Black  Locust  (Robinia  Pseudacacia) 

Black  Mangrove 

Black  Oak  (Quprcus  Emoryi) 

Black  Oak  (Quercns  Kelloggii) 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  rubra) 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  tinctoria) 

Black  Persimmon 

Black  Pine  (Finns  Jeffreyi) 

Black  Pine  (Pinus  Murrayana) 

Black  Sloe 

Blade  Spruce 

Black  Su 


•  Maple  . 


Black  Thorn -. 

Black  Tree 

i:!ack  Walnut •. 

Black  Willow  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Sceuleriana) . 

Black  Willow  (Salix  nigra) 

Blackwood 

Bine  Ash 

Blue  Beech 

Blue  Jack 

Blue  Myrtle 

Blue  Oak 

Blue  Spruce 

Blue  wood 

Bois  d'Arc... 


Bourreria  Havaneusis 

Bourreria  Havanensis,  var.  radula 

Bourreria  ovata 

Bourreria  radula 

Bourreria  recurva 

Bourreria  tomentosa 

Bourreria  tomentosa,  var.  Havanensis  . 

Box  Elder  (Negundo  aceroides) 

Box  Elder  (Negundo  Californicum) 

Boxwood  (Cornus  florida) 

Boxwood  (Scha:fferia  frutescens) 

Brahea  dulcis  ? 

Brahea  filamentosa 

Brickley  Thatch 

Brittle!  Thatch 

Broad-leaved  Maple 

Broussonetia  secundijlora 

Broussonetia  tinctoria 

Brown  Hickory 

Bucida  Buceras 

Buckeye,  California 

Buckeye,  Fetid 

Buckeye,  Ohio 

Buckeye,  Spanish 

Buckeye,  Sweet 

Buckthorn,  Southern 

Buckwheat  Tree 

Bull 


ullBay. 


Page. 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

51 

51 

91 

'. 39 

217 

217 

218 

218 

47 

57 

128 

134 

87 

44 

42 

42 

44 

43 

103 

38 

19 

134 

193 

200 

193 

195 

103 

102 

101 

103 

102 

101 

102 

102 

102 

103 

102 

101 

103 

102 

101 

103 

103 

103 

101 

, 101 

69 

102 

101 

102 

54 

38 

140 

32 

32 

BURSEEACE.E 32,33 

101 


BnllNnt 

Bull  Pine  (Pinus  Jeffrey!) 

Bull  Pine  (Pinus  mitis) 

Bull  Pine  (Pinus  ponderosa) 

Bnll  Pine  (Pinus  Sabiniana) 

Bum  elia  ancjitstifolia 

Bumelia  arborea 

Bumelia  chrysophylloidei 

Bumelia  cuneata 

Bumelia  ferruginea 

Bumelia  foetidissima 

Bnmelia  lanuginosa 

Bumelia  lanuginosa,  var.  macroearpa.. 

Bumelia  lycioides 

Bumelia  lycioides,  var.  reclinatum 

Bumelia  macroearpa 

Bumelia  Mastichodendron 

Bltmelia  myrsinifolia 

/  Bumelia  oblongifolia 

Bumelia  pallida 

Bumelia parvifolia 

Bumelia  reclinata  (Bumelia  cuneata)  . . 
Bumelia  reclinata  (Bnmelia  lycioides)  . 
? Bumelia  reclinata  (Bumelia  tenax)  ... 

Bnmelia  salicifolia 

?  Bumelia  serrata 

Bumelia  spinosa 

Bumelia  tenax 

Bumelia  tomentosa 

Bumwood 

Burning  Bush 

Burr  Oak :... 

Bursera  acuminata 

Bursera  gummifera . 


Bustic . 


Butternut 

Button-hall  Tree 

Buttonwood  (Conocarpus  erecta) 

Buttonwood  (Platanus  occidentalis) 

Buttonwood  (Platanus  racemosa) 

Buttonwood,  White • 

Byrsonima  lucida 

C. 
Caballeria  coriacea 

Cabbage  Palmetto 

Cabbage  Tree 217 


130 
129 
87 
129 
129 
87 
28 


224 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Page. 

CACTACRSS  ...............................................................  89,90 

Cactus,  Giant  ............................................................  90 

Cagiput  .................................................................  120 

Calabash  Tree,  Black  ...................................................  116 

Calico  Bush  .............................................................  98 

Calicowood  ............................................  .  .................  106 

California  Bay  Tree  .....................................................  120 

California  Buckeye  ........  .  ..........................  -  ..................  44 

California  Holly  .........................................................  84 

California  Laurel  ........................................................  120 

California  Nutmeg  ......  '.  ................................................  186 

California  Olive  .........................................................  120 

Calothyrsus  Califomica  ...............................  —  ................  43 

Calyptranthes  Chytraculia  ............................  .  .................  88 

Canada  Plum  ............................................................  65 

•Canella  alba  .............................................................  24 

Canella  laurifolia  ........................................................  24 

Canella  Winterana  ......................................................  24 

CANELLACE.E  ............................................................  24 

Canoe  Birch  .............................................................  160 

Canoe  Cedar  .............................................................  177 

Canotia  holocanthtt  ......................................................  32 

•CAPPAIUDACE.S  ..........................................................  24 

Capparis  Sreynia  .........................................................  24 

Capparis  cynophyUophora  ......................................  •  —  .....  ..  24 

Capparis  emarginata  .....................  .  ..............  -  ...............  24 

Capparis  Jamaicensis  ....................................................  24 

Capparis  siliquosa  .........................  .  .  .......  .  .......  ----  ••-  ......  24 

Capparis  torulosa  .........................  ....  -------  ------  .....  .........  24 

Capparis  uncinata  .................  ..  -------  ..........  •-  ..............  —  24 

CAPRIFOLIACE.E  .........................................................  93,94 

•Cardiolepis  obtusa  .......................................................  41 

Carolina  Poplar  .........................................................  175 

Carpinus  Americana  .............  ..  ........  -.  ----------------  ...........  158 

Carpinus  Setulns  Virginiana  ............................................  158 

CarpiuusCaroliniana  ...................  ----  .........  -----  ...............  158 

Carpinus  Ostrya  .........................................................  158 

Carpinus  Ostrya,  var.  Americana  ........................................  158 

Carpinug  trijlora  ....................  .  -  .......  ------  ......................  158 

Carpinus  Virginiana  ....................................................  158 

Caryaalba  ...............................................................  132 

Carya  alba  (Carya  tomentosa)  ...........................................  134 

Carya  amara  ...  ..........................................................  135 

Carya  amara,  var.  myristic&formit  ...................  -----  .  .............  135 

Carya  amara,  var.  poreina  ..............................................  134 

Carya  angustifolia  ................  -  ....................  .  ...............  -•  132 

Carya  aquatica  ..........  -------  .............  .  ...........................  135 

Carya  cathartica  ..........  .  ......  -----  ............  .  ................  -  .....  130 

Carya  cordiformis  .......................................................  133 

Carya  glabra  ............................................................  134 

Carya  Illinoentif  ..................................  •  .....................  132 

Carya  integrtfolia  ...................  .  .........  -  .....  ------  ...............  135 

•Carya  microcarpa  ........................  .-  ......  .  ...................  —  133 

Carya  myristicseformls  ..................................................  135 

Carya  olivarformis  .......................................................  132 

Carya  poreina  ...........  ------  .............  -------------  ..............  --  134 

•Carya  sulcata  ...........................................................  133 

.'Carya  tetraptera  ........................................................  132 

Carya  tomentosa  ........................................................  133 

Carya  tomentosa,  var.  maxima  ..........................................  134 

Caryotaxus  Myristica  ....................................................  186 

Caryotaxus  taxifolia  ...............  ______  .............  —  .....  .  .......  —  186 

Cassada  ..................................................................  101 


Cassena 

Casting  Caroliniana 
•Cassine  Peragua 
Cassine  ramulosa  ........  .  ......  . 

•Castanea  alnifolia 
Castanea  Americana 
Castanea  chrysophylla 
Castanea  chrysophylla,  var.  minor 
Castanea  nana 
Castanea  pumila 
Casta~iea  sempervirens 
SJastanea  vesca  (Castanea  pumila) 


36 
36 
36 
36 

*156 
157 
156 
156 
156 
156 
156 
156 


Castanea  vesca  (Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana). 

Castanea  vesca,  var.  Americana 

Cast:mc»  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  var.  minor 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  var.  pumila 

Catalpn . . . 


Cutaljm  biguonioides 

Catalpa  bignonioides  (Catalpa  speeiosa) 

Catalpa  communig 

Catalpa  cordifolia  (Catalpa  bignonioides) . . . 

Catalpa  cordifolia  (Catalpa  speeiosa) 

Catalpa  speeiosa 

Catalpa  syringcefolia 

Catalpa,  Western  

Catawba 

Cat's  Claw  (Acacia  Greggii) 

Cat's  Claw  ( Acacia  \Vrightii) 

Cat's  Claw  (Pithecolobium  Unguis-oati) 

Ceanothus  ferreus 

Ceanothus  losvigatus 

Ceanothus  reclinatus 

Ceanot  hus  thyrsiflorus 

Cedar,  Bastard 

Cedar,  Canoe -•- . 

Cedar  Elm 

Cedar,  Incense 

Cedar,  Oregon 

CedarPine 

Cedar,  Port  Orford 

Cedar,  Post 

Cedar,  Red  ( Juniperus  Virginiana) 

Cedar,  Red  (Thuya  gigantea) 

Cedar,  Stinking  (Torreya  Califomica) 

Cedar,  Stinking  (Torreya  taxifolia) 

Cedar,  White  (Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana)  . 
Cedar,  White  (Chamsecyparis  sphseroidea) . . 

Cedar,  White  fLibocedrus  decnrrens) 

Cedar,  White  (Thuya  occidentalis) 

Cedrus  Makogoni 

CKLASTRACExE 

Celtis  alba 

Cellis  Audibertiana 

Celtis  Audibertiana,  var.  oblongata- 

Celtis  Audibertiana,  var.  ovata 

Celtis  Serlandieri , 

Celtis  brevipes 

Celtis  canina 

Celtis  eordata 

Oeltis  crassifolia  

Celtis  crassifolia,  var.  eucalypti/olia 

Cellis  crassifolia,  var.  morifolia 

Celtis  crassifolia,  var.  tttice/olia 

Celtis  Douglasii 

Celtis  Floridiana 

Celtis  fuscata 

Celtis  heterophytta 

Celtis  integrifolia 

Celtis  Icevigata 

Celtis  lAndheimeri  . 


Page. 
157 
157 
157 
156 
156 
156 
115 
115 
115 
115 
115 
115 
115. 
115 
115 
115 

n 

63 
64 
39 
39 
41 
41 
170 
177 
122 
176 
179 
201 
179 
176 
182 
177 
186 
186 
179 
178 
176 
176 


125 

126 

126 

126 

126 

126 

125 

125 

125 

125 

125 

..* 125 

126 

125 

125 

125 

125 

125 

126 

Celtis  longi folia 125 

Celtis  maritima  (in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit.  Rev.) 125 

Celtis  maritima  (in  New  Fl.  and  Bot.) 125 

Celtis  Mississippiemis 125 

Celtis  morifolia I25 

Celti*  obliqua 125 

Celtis  occidentalis I25 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  eordata 125 

Celtis  occiden  talis,  var.  crassifolia 126 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  grandidentata I25 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  integrifolia 125 

Cellis  occidentalis,  var.  pumila  (Celtis  occidentalis) 126 

?  Celtis  occidental!*,  var.  pumila  (Celtis  occidentalis  var.  reticulata) 126 

Celtis  occiden  talis,  var.  rt-ticulata I28 

Celtis  occidental! x,  var.  gcabriuscida 125 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


225 


Page. 

, 125 

125 

125 

125 

126 

125 

125 

126 

65 

66 

68 

68 

69 

66 

69 

«7 

67 

67 

65 

70 

67 

65 

66 

66 

69 

68 

70 

67 

68 

60 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

89 

105 

Chamcecyparis  Boursierii  (Chamfecyparis  Lawsoniana) 178 

Chamcecyparis  Boursierii  (Juniperus  occidentalis) 181 

Chamtfcyparif  excelsa 178 

Chama>cyparis  Lawsoniana 178 

Chaimecyparis  Nutkaensis 178 

Chamcecyparis  Nutkaensis,  var.  glauca 178 

Chaw  "'niparis  NvAkanus. . 178 

Chaimecyparis  spha;roidea 177 

Chama'rops  Palmetto 217 

Cheiranthodendron  Cali/ornicum 26 

Chorrv 


Cfltit  occidentalis,  var.  serrulata - . 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  tenuifolia 

Celtis  patula 

Celtis  putnila 

Celtis  r&teulata 

Ocltis  salicifolia 

Celtis  tenuifolia 

Celtis  Texana 

Cerasus  Americana 

Ceraftus  borealis 

Cerasus  Capollin 

Cerasus  Capuli 

C<'ra^'-is  Caroliniana 

Ccrasus  Chicasa 

Cerasus  demissa 

Cerasus  emarginata 

Oerasus  erecta 

Cerasus  glandulosa 

Cerasus  hiemalis 

Cerasus  ilicifolia 

Cerasus  mollis 

Cerasus  nigra 

Cerasus  Pennsylvanica 

t  Cerasus  persicifolia 

Cerasus  serotina  (Prnmis  demissa) 

Cerasus  serotina  (Pruuus  serotina) 

Cerasus  tpheerocarpa 

Cerasus  umbellata   

Cerams  Virijiniana 

Gercidium  floridum 

Cercis  Canadensis 

Oercis  Canadensis,  var.  pubescent 

Cercis  occidentalis  

Oercis  occidentalis,  var 

Cercis  occidentalis,  var.  Textnsis 

Ct-reu  roniformis 

Cercocarpus  betukefolius  

Cercocarpus  bctuloidex 

Cercoearpus  brevijoliut 

Cercocarpus  intricatus 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius 

CercooazpnB  ledifulius,  var.  intricatus 

Ceroooarpna  parvifolius 

Curcocarpua  parvifolius,  var.  glaber 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  var.  pancidentatus. 

Cerous  gigauteus 

Chapote 


Cherry  Birch  . . 
Cherry,  Indian  . 
Cherry,  May. . . 


Cherry,  Pigeon 

Cherry,  Pin  

Cherry,  Rum 

Cherry,  Wild  (Prunus  Capuli) 

Cherry,  Wild  (Pranus  demissa) 

Cherry,  Wild  Black 

Cherry,  Wild  Red 

Chestnut '. 

Chestnut  Oak  (Quercns  densiflora) 
Chestnut  Oak  (Qnercus  prinoides) . 
Chestnut  Oak  (Quercus  Prinus)  : . . 

Chestnut  Oak,  Rock ;. 

Chickasavr  Plum 

Cfi (7«r'S/.v  fthttinosa 

1-")   FOR 


100 
162 

40 
84 


CO 


68 

66 
157 
155 
143 
142 
142 

66 
116 


Page. 

116 

116 

60 

44 

156 

156 

143 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

52 

72 

64 

65 

65 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

115 

95 

95 

95 

24 

24 

116 

57 

57 

56 

123 

38 

25 

25 

147 

117 

118 

117 

118 

118 

118 

76 

65 

58 

58 

41 

87 

39 

46 

COXIFERJI 176-216 

Conocarpus  acutifolia 87 

Conocarpns  erecta 87 

Conocarpus  erecta,  var.  procumbent 87 

Conocarpus  procumbent '. 87 

Conocarpus  racemosa 87 

Coral  Sumach 54 

Cordia  Boissieri 114 

Cordia  Floridana 114 

?  Cordia  juglandif olid 113 

Cordi.i  Sebestena us 

Cordia  speciosft H3 

Cork  Elm 123 

Corkwood 117 

CORXACE^E 90-93 

Cornus  alterna go 

Cornus  alternifolia 00 


Chilopsis  linearis 

Chilopsis  saligna 

Chimanthus  amygdalinus 

China,  Wild... 

Chinquapin  (Castanea  pumila) 

Chinquapin  (Caatanopsis  chrysophylla) . . 

,Chiuquapiu  Oak 

Chionanthus  angustifolia 

Cltionanthus  heterophylla 

Gliionanth  us  lonyijolia, 

Chionanthun  viarilima 

Chionantltux  inontana 

C'hiona,ithi/s  Irijida 

Chlonantbna  Vir^inir,;! 

Chionantlntx  )  ir:;inica,  var.  angustifolia . 

ChionanUiutt  Virginica,  var.  latifolia 

ChionanthuH  Yiryntica,var.  maritima 

Chionanthvx  Yirginica,  var.  montana 

(.'  I  lilt  :i  in  wood 

Chloromelca  gcwperrirens 

ChryHobalanus  leaeo 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  var.  pelloearpa 

Chrysobalanu.i  pelloearpa 

ChryRopftyllum  Jlarbasco 

Chrysophyllum  Caneto,  p 

ChriiKophyllum  ferrugineum 

Chrysophyllvni  micropltyllum 

GhrtiSf'phyUum  tiionopyrenum 

Chrysophyllum  oliviforme 

Cigar  Tree 

Cinchona  Caribcea 

Cinchona  Caroliniana 

Cinchona  Jamaicensis 

Cinnamon  Bark 

Cinnamon,  Wild 

Citharexylum  villosum 

Cladraetis  lutea 

Cladrastis  tinctoria 

Clammy  Locust 

Cliff  Elm... 


Cliftonia  ligustrina 

Clusia  flava 

Clusia  rosea 

Coast  Live  Oak 

Coccoloba  Floridana 

Coccoloba  Loeganewit 

Coccoloba  parvtfolia 

Coccoloba  uvifera 

Coccoloba  uvifera,  var.  Lceganensis. 

Coccoloba  nvifera,  var.  ovalifolia 

Cockspur  Thorn 

Cocoa  Plum 

Coffee  Nut 

Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky 

Colubrina  recliuata 

COMBRETACEJE , 

Condalia  ierrea 

Condalia  obovata 


22(5 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Page. 

90 
01 

01 
217 
52 
52 
93 
175 


Conins  florida 

Cornus  florida  (Cornus  Nuttallii) 

Cornus  Nuttallii 

Corypha  Palmetto 

Cotinu*  Americanus — 

Cotinus  coggygria , - 

Cotton  Gum 

Cottonwood  (Populus  Fremontii) 

Cottonwood  ( Populns  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni) 175 

Cottonwood  (Populua  monilifera) 175 

Cottonwood,  Balsam 174 

Cottonwood,  liig  • - 175 

Cottonwood,  Black  (Populus  angustifolia) 174 

Cottouwood,  Black  (Populus  trichocarpa) •- 174 

Cottonwood,  River 172 

Cottonwood,  Swamp 172 

Cottonwood,  White 175 

Cow  Oak 141 

Crab,  American - - - 7  2 

Crab  Apple,  American 

Crab  Apple,  Oregon - • 

Crab  Apple,  Southern 

Crab,  Sweet-scented 

Crabwood - 

Crategus  sestivalis 

Crategns  apiifolia - 

Crategus  arborescens 

Oratcegus  arbutifolia •-- 

Crategns  berberifolia 

Cratcegus  Sosciana 

Crategus  brachyacantha 

Cratcegus  Caroliniana — 

Crategus  cocciuea  

Cratfegus  coccinea  (Crategus  tomentosa) 

Oratcegus  coccinea,  var.  cordata -. 

Cratfetjas  coccinea,  var.  mollis - 

Crategus  cocciuea  var.  oligaudra 

Crategns  coccinea,  var.  popnlifolia - 

Cratferjus  coccinea,  var.  typica 

Crategns  coecinea,  var.  viridis 

1  Oratcegus  coccinea,  var.  viridis  (Crategus  tomentosa) 

Crategus  cordata 

Cratcegus  coronaria — 

Oratcegus  Coursetiana 

Crategus  Crus-galli 

Cratcegus  Crus-galli  (Cratsegns  coccinea) 

Oratcegus  Crus-galli  (Crategus  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata) 

Crategus  Crus-galli,  var.  linearis  

Crategus  Crus-galli,  var.  ovalifolia 

Crategus  Crus-galli,  var.  prunifolia 

Crategus  Crns-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia - 

Crataegus  Crus-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia  (Crategns  arborescens) 

Oratcegus  Cruj-galK.vaT.saKcifolia 

Cratcegus  Crus-galli,  var.  splendent 

Cratcegus  cuneifolia - 

Cratgegus  Douglasii 

Cratfegus  elliptica  (Crategus  restivalis) 

Cratcegus  elliptica  (Crategns  flava,  var.  pnbescens) 

Crategns  flava 

Cratcegus  flava  (Crategus  flava,  var.  pnbescens) 

Cratcegus  flava  (Crategus  tomentosa) >- 

Cratfegus  flava  (Crategus  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata) 

Cratcegus  flava,  var.  lobata 

Crategus  flava,  var.  pubescens 

?  Oratcegus  flexuosa    

Cratcegus  glandulosa  (Crategus  coccinea) 

1  Oratcegus  glandulosa  (Crategus  Douglasii) 

Cratctgut  glandulosa,  (Crategns  flava) 

Cralcegus  glandulosa  (Crategns  flava,  var.  pnbescens) 

Cratfegus  glandulosa,  var.  macracantha 

Oratcegus  glandulosa,  var.  rotundifolia 

Cratfegus  latifolia  (Craticgus  tomentosa) 

Cratfegus  latifolia  (Crategxis  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata) 

Cratcegus  leucocephalua 

Cratcegus  leucophlceos .... 


Cratcegus  linearis 

Crattiyut  lobata  (Crataegus  flava) 

Cratffijus  Inlata  (Ci'attegns  tomentosa) 
Gratcrgus  lucir/a  (Cratagus  sestivaljs) . . 
Cratcrgtis  lucida  (Crataegus  Crus-galli). 

Cratfftjug  inacracantha 

Cratcegus  MicJtauxii 

Cratifflus  microcarpa , 

Cratcegus  mollis 


Cratirgus  obocatij'olia. 
Cratd-ifus  opaca 

Crufn  'ivs  <-i-<ilifolia 


72 
73 
72 
72 
121 
82 
81 
75 
83 
82 
77 
75 
82 
77 
79 
79 
78 
78 
78 
78 
78 
79 
80 
72 
76 
76 
77 
80 
76 
76 
77 
76 
75 
76 
76 
80 
75 
82 


83 
79 
SO 
82 
83 
80 
77 
75 
77 


79 

SO 
79 

70 


uyyacantha 

Cn'tii'iius  ".ii/acantha,\aT.apiifolla 

Craticgus  jmrvifolia 

Cratfegus  pop  ulifolia  (Crata»gus  coccinea) 

Cratcegua  pupulifolia  (Craticgns  cordata) 

Cratcegus  prunellifolia 

OrataffUt  prunffoKa 

Oratcegus  punctata 

Crata-gus  punctata,  var.  bretispina 

Cratcegus  punctata,  var.  rubra  and  aurea 

Crakegus  punctata,  var.  xanthocarpa 

j;  Cratcegus  pyrifolia 

Cratcegus  racemosa 

Crata^gns  rivularis 

Cratcegus  rivulftrls  (Crati'-gus  Douglasii) 

Cratcegus  saliclfolia 

Cratcegus  sangitinea 

Cratcegus  sanguinea,  var.  Douglasii  (Cratflegus  Douglasii). 

Cratcegus  sanguinea,  var.  Douglasii  (Cratsegns  rivnlaris) . . 

Cratfegus  sanguinea,  var.  vittosa 

Cralii'mis  sp:tthulata  

Cratcegus  spat?tulata  (Crata'gus  flava,  var.  pubeecens) 

Cratcegus  spicata  

Crat;rguft  subvilloaa 

Cratcegus  Tezana • 

Crata'gus  tomentosa 

Crataegus  tomentosa  (Amclancbier  Cauadensis) 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  var.  mollis 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  var.  plicata 

Cratsegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata 

Crataigus  tomentosa,  var.  pyrifolia 

Cratfegus  turbinata 

Cratfegus  Virginica 

Cra.tcegus  viridis  (Cratiegns  coccinea) 

Cratcegus  viridis  (Cratoegns  flava,  var.  pnbescens) 

Cratcegus  Wateoniana 

Crescentia  cucurbitina 

Crescentia  latifolia 

Crescentia  letTiifeva 

i ;  Crescentia  obovata 

Crescentia  ovata 

Crescentia  toxicaria 

Cucumber  Tree  (Magnolia  acuniinata) 

Cucumber  Tree  (Magnolia  cordata) 

Cucumber  Trre,  Large-leaved 

Cucumber  Tree,  Long-leaved 

Cuprespinnata  difttitha 

CupresHus  A  inericana 

Cupressus  Arbor-vitce 

Cupressus  A  rizonica 

?  Cuprcsttus  attenuata - 

?  Cupressus  Californica 

Cupressus  Calif ornica  gracilis  (Cupressus  Goveniana) 

Cupressus  Calif  ornica  gracilis  (Cupressns  Macnabiana)... 

f  GupreRRux  cvrnuta 

Cupressus  disticha 

Cupressus  disticlia,  var.  imbricaria 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  nutans 

Cupressus  disticlia,  var.  patens 

Cupressus  fragrans 

Citpressus  glandulosa 

Cupressus  Goveniana 

Cnpressus  Guadalupensis -••- 


Page. 

77 

82 

79 

82 

76 

77 

83 

81 

78 

8ft 

82 

76 

81 

81 

83 

78 

80 

76 

77 

80 

75 

80 

80 

79 

84 

74 

75 

76 

75 

75 

74 

78 

81 

K» 

85 

78 

78 

79 

84 

78 

80 

80 

79 

82 

83 

•78 

83 

76 

116 

US 

116 

116 

116 

116 

20 

21 

21 

22 

183 

178 

176 

180 

178 

179 

179 

180 

179 

183 

183 

183 

183 

178 

1X0 

179 
180 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


227 


Cupreous  Hartwegii 

?  Ouprtssus  Hartwegii,  var.  fastigiata 

Cupresttus  Lambertiana 

OupresKus  Lawsoniana 

( 'njii  I'SHIIS  MaclKibiana 

( ';iplvs*UM  marruriirpa 

t'uj'i v.v.s^.v  inai-fwarpa?  (Cupressus  Guadalnpensis)  . 
/!ttii-/-t:i-iirpff,  \m\fastigiata 


Page. 

179 

179 

179 

178 

180 

179 

180 

179 

178 

(  V;;;vx*  i'-s'  .\  utkilt'ttxix    178 

Cliprwxi'H  tltyoides 177 

Cuf  liLIFKK  A  137-159 

Custard  Apple 23 

Cypivss,  liald ,  184 

Cypress,  Black 184 

(\vjnv>s.  I'oriduous 184 

Cypress,  Lawson'a 179 

Cypress,  Monterey 179 

Cypress,  lied 184 

Cypresa,  Sitka 178 

Cypress,  White : 184 

Cypress,  Yellow 178 

CYUII.LACE.E  37,38 

Cyrilla  Caroliniana 37 

Cyrilla  fuscata 37 

Cyrilla  paniculata 100 

( ';/ 1- ilia  pa  rvifolia ; 37 

Cyrilla  polystacKia 37 

Cyrilla  racemiflora 37 

Cyrilla  racemosa 37 


Drypetes  iesgiliflora . 

Duck  Oak 

Dwarf  Maple 

I)  war!' Sumach 


Page. 
120 
152 

48 
53 


E. 


EBENACK.K  ..............................................................  104,105 


Dalioon 

Dahoon  Holly 

Dalea  apinosa 

Darling  Plum 

Datinca  hirta 

Deciduous  C\  press 

Dermatophyllutn  speciosum 

Desert  Willow 

Devilwood 

Diamond  Willow 

Digger  Pino 

Dilly,  Wild 

DiospyroK  angustifolia 

Diospyros  calycina 

Di imp  if  rod  ciliata 

Dio~pyr<ts  concolor ....... 

Diospyros  Guaiacana 

Diospyros  intermedia 

Diospyros  lucida 

JHospyros  Pers-imon 

Diospyrot  pubescens , 

Diospyros  Texaiia, , 

Diospyros  Virginiana , 

Diospyrot  Virginiana,  var.  concolor 

Diospyros  Virginiana,  var.  macrocarpa 

Diospyros  Virginiana,  var.  microcarpa 

Dionpyros  Virginiana,  var.  pubescens 

Dipholis  salicifolia 

Doctor  Gum 

Dogwood 

Dogwood,  Floweiing  (Cornus  florida) 

Dogwood,  Flowering  (Cornus  Nuttallii) 

Dogwood,  Jamaica 

Dogwood,  Striped 

Douglas  Fir 

Downward  Plum 

Uinn  pauciftorum 

.v  idla.  var.  latifolia 

Drypetes  crocea 

Drypetes  crocen,  var.  latifolia 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  longipeg 

Itri/jH-tt't;  ylauca  (Drypetes  crocea) 

Drypetet  ylaitm  (Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia). 


35 

35 

55 

39 

52 

184 

57 

116 

113 

170 

195 

103 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

105 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

101 

54 

90 

91 

91 

57 

48 

209 

103 

120 

121 

120 

121 

120 

120 

121 


Ehrctia  Jlourreria 

Elnvtiu  elliptica 

Ehretia  Ilai'diienvis 

Ehrrt'ut  radu.la  .....  ....... 

Khrrtia  timirntom 

Elaphr'niin  intfgerrimum 

Elder  (Santlmcu.s  ^lauca) 

Elder  (Sambucus  Mexicana) 
i  !    Elder,  Box  (Xvgimdo  aceroides) 

Elder,  Box  (Negundo  Californicum) 

Elder.  Poison 

Elemi,  Gum 

Elkwood 

Elm,  American 

Elm,  Cedar 
j|    Elm,  Cliff 
:]   Elm,  Cork 

Elm,  Hickory 

Elm,  Moose  ........................  . 

Elm,  Red 

Elm,  Eock 

Elm,  Slippery  (Fremontia  California) 

Elm,  Slippery  (Ulmas  fulva) 

Elm,  Water 

Elm,  White  (Ulmus  Americana) 

Elm,  White  (Ulmus  racemosa) 

Elm,  Winged 

Emetila  rawulofta  ............  .' 

Enceno 

Endotropis  oleifoUa 

EKICACE^E  ..............................................................      99.99 

Erythrina  piscipula  .....................................................  57 

Eugenia  axillaris  ...............  .-  ____  ..............................  39 

Eugenia  Baruensis  ................  ..  .........  .  ...........  .  _____  39 

Eugenia  bnxifolia  .......................................................  gg 

Eugenia  dichotoma  ......................................................  g8 

Eugenia  dichotoma,  var.  fragrant  .......................................  88 

Eugenia  divaricata  ......................................................  gg 

Eugenia  longipes  ...................  _____  ...........................  ^__  gg. 

Eugenia  montana  ....................  _____  ...............  gg 

Engenia  monticola  ....................  ________  .....  .  .  gg, 

Eugenia  myrtoides  ................................  .  ........  ________  ><t  gg 

Eugenia  pollens  ...................................................  gg 

Eugenia  procera  ..............  .  .........  ___  .................  gg 

Eugenia  pungeng  ..............................  ..  ........  .  gg 

Eugenia  triplinerma  (Eugenia  bnxifolia) 

Eugenia  triplinervia  (Eugenia  monticola) 

Euonymna  atropurpureus 

Euonymus  Carolinmris 

Euonymus  latifolius 


1H 

114 

114 

114 

114 

32 

93 

94 

51 

51 

54 

33 

21 

123 

122 

123 

123 

123 

122 

122 

123 

26 

122 

123 

123 

123 

124 

36 

147 

40 


88 


Excaeca ria  lucida 

Exostemma  Caribseum 

Exothea  oblongifolia 

Eysenhardtia  amorphoides ,.. 

Eysenhardtia  amorphoidts,  var.  orthocarpa . 
Eyaenhardtia  orthocarpa 

F. 

Fagara  fraxinifolia 

Fagara  lentiscifolia 

Fagara  Pterota 

Fagusalba 

Fagus  Americana 

Fagui  Americana  latifolia 

Fagus  Castanea 

Fagus  Castanea  dentata 

Fagus  Castanea  pmnila , 

Fagus  ferrnginea 


120, 121 
121 
95 
45 
55 
55 
55 

30 

31 

31 

157 

157 

157 

157 

157 

156 

157 


228 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Vagus  frrruginea,  var.  Caroliniana  . 

Fagua  pumila 

Faga*  pumila,  var. prcecox 

Fagit*  tylvatica 

Faguit  sylvatica  atropunicea 

Fagui  sylvatica,  var.  Americana 


Page. 

157 

156 

156 

157 

157 

157 

Pagan  syli-cstris 157 

Fan-leaf  Palm 217 

Farklcberry 96 

Fetid  Uuckeye 42 

Ficus  aurea 126 

F-icus  aurea,~va.T.  latifolia 126 

Ficus  brevifolia 127 

Ffctm  complicata 127 

Ficus  peduncnlata 127 

Fiddlt-wood 116 

Fig,  Wild 127 

Fir.  Balm  of  Gilead 211 

Fir,  Balsam  (Abies  balsamea) 211 

Fir,  Balsam  (Abies  concolor)  213 

Fir,  Douglas 209 

Fir,  Red  (Abies  magniflca) 214 

Fir.Eed  (Abies  nobilis)  214 

Fir.Red  (PseudotsugaDouglasii) 209 

Fir,  White  (Abies  concolor) 213 

Fir,  White  (Abies  grandis) 212 

Fir,  Yellow 209 

Flowering  Dogwood  (Cornus  florida) 91 

Floweiiug  Dogwood  (Cornus  Xuttallii) 91 

Fcetataxus  montana 180 

Fostataxuit  Myristica 186 

Foi  c-stiera  acuminata 112 

Forked  leaf  Black  Jack 161 

Foxtail  Pine 191 

Frangula  Californica 40 

Frangula  Californica,  \&i.  tomenteUa 41 

Frangula  Caroliniana 40 

t  Frangula  fragttis 40 

Frangula  Purshiana 41 

Frauklinia 26 

Franklinia  Alatamaha 25 

Fraxiuus  acuminata 107 

Fmxinus  alba 112 

fraxinus  alba  (Fraxinus  Americana) 107 

•fraxinus  albicans  (Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa) 108 

fraxinus  albicans  (Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis) 108 

Fraxinus  Americana 107 

fraxinus  Arnericana  (Fraxinns  platycarpa) 110 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Caroliniana 110 

fraxinus  Americana,  var.  juglandifolia 109 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  latifolia 107 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa 108 

Fraximts  Americana,  var.  pubescens 108 

Frazinvs  Americana,  var.  rjuadrangulata 110 

f  rn.fi  n us  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata  nenosa 110 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  sambucifolia Ill 

Fraxmus  Americana,  var.  Texensis 108 

fraxinus  Americana,  var.  triptera 110 

i'lMxinus  auomala 106 

fraxinus  lierlandieriana 109 

i'ra.rinvK  Crinadensis 107 

I  Fraximts  Caroliniana  (Fraxmus  platycarpa) 110 

>  Fraxinus  Caroliniana  (Fraxinns  viridis) 109 

Frajiniii  Carolinennis 107 

Fraxinus  riurrea 112 

Fraxinus  coriacea  (Fraxmus  Americana,  var.  Texensis) 108 

fraxinus  coriacea  (Fraxinus  pistaciffifolia) 106 

Fi-'ij  iintx  crispa Ill 

Fraxinus  Curtixsii 108 

Fraxinus  curvidcns 110 

Fraxiiiiis  «  uspHhita. •  ng 

Fraxinus  dijjetala 112 

Framnutt  discolor _ 107 

l:'ruxiuus  elliptica , 112 

Fraxinus  epiptera 107 


Fraxinus  excelsior 

Fraxinus  expansa 

Fraximis  fusca 

Fraxinus  grandifolia 

Fraxinus  Greggii 

?  Fraxinus  juglandifolia  (Fraxinus  Americana). 
Fraxinus  juglandifolia  (Fraxinus  viridis) 


1  Fraxmus  juglandifolia,  var.  serrata 

Fraxinus  juglandifolia,  var.  subintegerrima 

/  Fraxinus  juglandifolia,  var.  subserrata 

Fraxinun  lancea 

Fraxinus  longifolia 

Fraxinua  mixta 

Fraxinus  ncrvosa 

Fraxinus  iii^ru 

Fraxinus  nigra  (Fraxinus  pubescens) 

Fraximis  nigra  (Fraxinus  sambucifolia) 

Fraxinus  nigrescent 

Fraxinus  Nora?.Anglia>  (Fraxinus  sambucifolia) 

Fraxinus  Nova-Anglice  (Fraxinus  viriois) 

Fraxinus  Nuttallii 

Fraxinus  oblongocarpa 

Fraxinus  Oregana '. 

Fraxinus  ovata 

Fraxinus  pattida 

Fraxinus  pannosa 

Fraxinus  pauci flora 

Fraxinus  J'ennsylranica 

Fraxiuus  pistacisefolia 

Fraxinus pistaciffifolia  (Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis). 

Fraxinus  pistacicefolia,  var.  coriacea 

Fraxinus  platycarpa 

Fraxiuus  juibescens 

Fraximis  pubescens 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  latifolia 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  longifolia 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  subpubescens 

Fraxinus  imlveralenta 

Fraxinus  quadrangularis 

Fraximm  quadrangnlata 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  var.  nervosa 

Fraxinus  P.ichardi 

Fraxinus  rubicunda 

Fraxinus  rufa 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  var.  cnspa 

Fraxinus  Schiedeana,  var.  panifolia 

Fraxinus  subvillosa 

Fraxinus  tetragona , 

Fraxinus  tomentosa 

Fraxinus  trialata 

Fraxinus  triptera 

Fraxinus  velutina 

Fraxiuus  viridis », 

Fraxinus  viridis,  var.  Berlandieriana 

Fremontia  Californica 

Frigolito 

Fringe  Tree 


O. 


Gardenia  clusicefolia 

GeigerTreo 

Genipa  clusisefoHa 

Georgia  Dark 

Georgia  Pine 

Giant  Cactus 

Gigantabics  taxifolia 

'nbiat  Wellingtonia. 

Ginger  Pine 

Glamberry 

Glaucous  Willow 

Gleditschia  aquatica 

Gleditschia  bracJiycarpa . . 
Gleditschia  Carolinensis . . 
Gleditschia  elegant 


Page. 
110 
108 
112 
HI 
106 
107 
109 
107 
109 
107 
107 
108 
112 
110 
112 
108 
111 
110 
111 
109 
110 
108 
111 
112 
110 
112 
110 
108 
106 
108 
106 
110 
108 
110 
111 
108 
108 
108 
112 
110 
110 
110 
112 
112 
112 
111 
111 
106 
108 
110 
108 
109 
110 
106 
109 
109 
26 
58 
113 


95 
113 

95 

95 
202 

90 
185 

:s4 

179 
28 

169 
59 
59 
59 
59 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


229 


Glfditgchift  inermis  (Gleditschia  monosperma) 
t:lrilii*c>iiit  inn-win  (Gleditschiu  triacanthos,  var.  inonnis) 

•  ''•/  in  acrantha  ...................... 

Glcdltuclna  lleliloba, 
Qleditachia  monoopenna 

iiosa 
fili-intacliiii  tfificanlha  ...........................  ..  ........ 

(  ;'.r<litschi:i  triacanthos  ...- 
Gli  ditsi-liia  trtaeanthos,  var.  brachycarpos 
hia  triacautlios,  var.  iuermis 

,'  in  triacanthos,  var.  monosperma 
{  ;-.I>M>  I'not  Maple 
(  Hij.lii  r  i'lum  ...................................  . 


Page. 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

40 

91 

rv.-c.ud 57 

Gordon ia  l-'ra ntlini 25 

l  Hirclimia  Lasiauthus 25 

Gordon  ia  pubescens T 25 

.niiiiiilalit 25 

Grape,  Sea 118 

cli.ty  Birch  (Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia) 159 

Gray  Birch  (Botula  lutea) 101 

Gr.i\    nine     201 

Gnat  Lailivl  99 

( 1 1 ,  en  A sh 109 

(,i  ;'cii-baik  Acacia 60 

Ground  Ash Ill 

(.''.  amcc-iw  angnstifolium 29 

<;:i:. iaeuin  sanctum 28 

<iu<iincum  rcrticale 28 

Gnettarda  elliptica 96 

Hui-tlarda  lllodgettii 96 

Guiana  Plum 121 

(iuilandiua  dioica 58 

Gum,  Black 92 

Gum.  Cotton 93 

Gum,  Doctor 54 

Gum  Elastic 102 

Gum  Elemi 33 

Gum,  Bed 86 

Gum,  Sour 92 

Gum.  Star-leaved 86 

Gum,  Sweet .' 86 

Guru,  Tupelo 93 

Gumbo  Limbo 33 

Guriioou  Stopper 88 

G  UTTIFE  K  m 25 

Gymnanthen  litcida rrr. . . .  121 

Gymnobalanus  Catetbyana 1 19 

Gymuocladus  Canadensis 58 

Gymnocladiis  dioica 58 

H. 


Hackbevry  (Celtis  occidentalis) 

Hackberrv  (Celtis  occidcntalis,  var.  reticnlata) 

Hackmatack 

Halesia  diptera 

Hali  siaparviflora  .............................. 

Haletia  reticulata 

Hali'sia  totraptera 

f  faint  ia  cornifolia 

Halmiajlabfllata 

JJalmia  lobata  ..............................  . 

Halmia  punctata 
Halmia  tumentosa 


126 

126 

215 

105 

106 

105 

106 

80 

77 

79 

80 

79 

HAMAHKLACE.E 85,86 

Hclina-.»eliit  androgyna 85 

Sama-tneli*  corylifolia 85 

Hamameliy  dioica 85 

H&jtiamclis  macrophylla 85 

Hamamelis  pan-ifolia , 85 

Hamamelis  Virginiana,  var.  parv\folia 85 

Hamamelis  Virginica 85 

Hard  Maple 43 

Hard  Pine 202 

Haw,  Apple 82 


Haw,  Black 

Haw,  Ho<rs' 

Uaw,  May 

Haw,  Parsley 

Haw,  Pear  ,.. 

Haw,  Purple 

Haw.  Red  (Crata-guH  cocciuea) 

Haw.  lierl  (Crata  gim  flava,  var.  pubescens) 

H:i\v.  Scarlet  (Crata'gits  coccinea) 

ila\v.  Srarlrt  nbvillosa) 

Haw.  Small-fruited 

Haw.  Su lamer  'Cratiegus  flava) 

Haw,  Summer  (Cfata>sus  flava,  far.  pubescens) 

Haw,  Ycllmv 

Haz.-l,  Witch 

Hemlock  (Pseudotsu<ra  Douplafiii,  var.  macrocarpa) . 


Page. 

94 

75 

S2 

81 

79 

40 

78 

S3 

78 

78 

81 

83 

80 

83 

85 

210 

Hemlock  (Tsuga  Canadcnsis) 207 

UiMiilcick  (TKujia  Caroliniana) 207 

Hemlock  (Tsuga  Mcrtcnsiana) 208 

HeteromeU  s  arbutifolia K 

Heteromelcft  Freinontiana 83 

Heyderia  detntrrens 176 

Heymasxoli  itpiuftsa 34 

Hickorea.  species 132 

Hickorixs  amara 135 

Hickory,  Big-bud  134 

Hickory,  Black  (Carya  porcina) 134 

Hickory,  Black  (Carya  tomentosa) -• 134 

Hickory,  Brown 134 

Hickory  Elm 123 

Hickory,  Nutmeg 135 

Hickory  Pine  (Finns  Balfonriana,  var.  aristata) 191 

Hickory  Pine  (Pinus  pnngeiis) 199 

Hickory,  Shag-bark 133 

Hickory,  Shell-bark '. 133 

•Hickory,  Swamp  (Carya  amara) 135 

Hickory,  Swamp  (Carya  aquatica) 136 

Hickory,  Switch-bud 134 

Hickory,  Water 136 

Hickory,  White-heart 134 

Hicorius  integrifolia 135 

Hierophylliu  Casrine 36 

Hippomane  Manciuella 121 

Hoary  Alder .1*5 

Hog  Plum  (Prunus  angustifolia) - 66 

HogPlnm  (Khus  iletopinm) 54 

Hog  Plum  (Ximenia  Americana) 34 

Hogs'  Haw 75 

Holly.  American 35 

Holly,  California 84 

Holly,  Dahoon 35 

Honey  Locnst  (Gleditschia  triacanthos) 59 

Honey  Locnst  (Prosopis  juliflora) 62 

Honey  Pod  82 

Honey  Shucks 59 

Hoop  Aeh -,--  HI 

Hopea  tinctona 105 

Hop  Hornbeam -- - - 158 

Hop  Tree 31 

Hornbeam 139 

Hornbeam,  Hop - 158 

Horse  Plum 65 

Horse  Sugar 105 

Hypelate  oblongifolia 45 

Hypelate  paniculata *5 

Hypelate  trifoliata *5 

Hyperanthera  dioica 58 

Hypericum  Lasianthus - - 2o 


I. 


Ilex  testivalis 

Ilex  timbigtius  ... 
Ilex  angustifolia  . 
Ilex  aquifolium  . . 
Ilex  Canadeiisis . . 


37 
37 
K 
SB 
35 


230 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Page. 
36 

Page. 
132 
135 

131 
130 
130 
132 
135 
132 
132 
134 
132 
133 
133 
135 
131 
131 
134 
130 
130 
132 
132 
132 
132 
134 
134 
134 
134 
132 
131 
131 
132 
133 
134 
84 
180 
181 
182 
182 
182 
181 
181 
182 
179 
182 
180 
180 
ISO 
182 
180 
181 
182 
181 
182 
181 
180 
180 
182 
181 
181 
180 
181 
181 
181 
181 
182 
180 
180 
182 
182 
182 
182 

98 
30 
68 

36 

35 

36 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

36 

37 

30 

35 

Ha 

'  i(       '   ^ 

36 

34 

Juglans  oblonga  alba.  

37 

35 

Jt>  fflfi.ns  oualis  

36 

J  i"tlans  ovata  

30 

:;<;        Julians  vorcina  -  .. 

36 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  obcordata  

34 

Jifflans  porcina,  var.  pis-iformis  

132 

Juglans  pyrifonnis  

176 

115 

Juglans  rupestria  '.  

40 

127 

64 

I  S    G     d 

64 

64 

Juneberry  

64 

Juniper  (Juniperus  Californica)  

64 

Juniper  {Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Utahensis)  

45 

Juniper  (Juniperus  occidentalis)  

128 

Juniper  (Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  conjugens)  

139 

Juniper  (Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  monosperma)  

103 

Juniper  (Juniperus  pachyphloea)  

Ironwood  (Car  inna  Caroliniana) 

159 

Iro  wood   Clifto  ia  li       tri 

38 

Ironwood   CvrilH  raceminora) 

Ironwood  (H  •  elite     mictdata) 

56 

158 

39 

39 

45 

Islay 

70 

Itca  CyriUa                         

37 

Juniperus  fcetida,  var.  Virginiana  

Iw 

98 

Juniperus  Hermanni  (Juniperus  occidentalis)  

.1. 

151 

Juniperus  occidentalis  (Juniperus  Californica)  

150 

Juniperus  occidentalis  (Juniperus  Californica,  var,  TJtahensis)  

153 

151 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  monosperma  

Jark  Oak 

153 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  Vtahentis  

57 

Juniperu-9  plochj/derm  a  

Juniperus  pyriformis  

Juniperus  Sabina  pachyphlcea  

Juniperus  &abina,  var.  Virginiana  

Juniperus  tetragona  (Juniperus  Californica)  

Juniperus  tetragona,  var.  osteosperma  

Jnninerus  Vir"iniana  .. 

133    "    Juniperus  Virginiana,  var.  Caroliniana  

mJuninerus  Virainiana.  var.  Hermanni  

Juniperus  Virginiana  vulgaris  

Juliana  alba  minima  

135 

K. 

Juglans  alba  ovata  

132 

Juglans  amara  

Juglans  angustifolia  (Carya  amara)  ... 

135 

135 

Kampvnania  fraxinifolia  

Kentucky  Coflfeo  Tree  .  .  . 

INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


231 


King  Nut 

Kuuckaw.iv   

Knob  -cone  I'iuo. 


I.. 


Lftcttllit'a  florida  .  . 
Laguncularia  glabrifolia 
Lituuucularia  racemosa 

I,;ino-\voo.l 

Larch 

Larch  ,  Black 

Largo-leaved  Cucumber  Tree 


Larix  Americana  ......... 

Larix  Americana  rubra 
Larix  A  Hii-riraiiit,  var.  brevifolia 
Larix  Autericaiui,  vnr..  pendula 
Larix  A  tnericana,  var.  prol\fera 
Larix  decidua,  var.  Americana 
Larix  intermedia 
Liirix  Lyallil 

i.iicrocarpa 
I  a  rix  oecideutalis 
Larix  pendula 
/."/  /.r  tenui/olia 


Laurel  ................................ 

Laiirc  1,  r.ig  ..................  ......... 

Laurel,  California  ..................... 

Laurel,  Great  ......................... 

Laurel,  Mountain  ...................  .. 

Laurel  Oal;  (Quercus  imbricaria)  ..... 

Laurel  Oak  (Quereus  laurifolia)  ....... 

Laurel,  Swamp  ...................  ---- 

Laurel,  White  ........................ 

Laurocerasim  Caroliniana  ............ 

Lauroccrasus  ilicifolia  ................ 

Laurus  llorbonia  ..................... 

Laurus  Caroliniana  .............  _____ 

Launt*  f'arolinensis  .................  . 

Laurus  Cnrolineti9is,vaTrglabra  ..... 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  obtusa  ...... 

Latirns  Carolinensis,  vsa:.  pubescent  .  - 
Lftunifi  Catesb&i  ..................... 

Laurus  Catestyana  .................. 

Laurus  reyia  ........................ 

Laurus  sanguinea  ................... 

Laitrns  Sassafras  .................... 

La  wson's  Cypress  .................... 

Leaf,  Sweet.  ......................... 

LlCGUMIXO&E  ......................... 

Lcptocarpa  Caroliniana  ............  .. 

Lencama  glauca  ..................  ____ 

Leucrena  pulverulenta  ............... 

Leverwood  .........................  . 

Libocedrus  decurrens  ................ 

Lignum-vitro  ...................  _____ 

LILIACE.E  ........................... 

Lime,  Ogeechee  ...................... 

Lime  Tree  ........................... 

Lime,  Wild  (Xanthoxylum  Pterota)  . 
Lime,  Wild  (Ximeiiia  Americana)  .  .  . 
Lin... 


Page. 
134 
114 

1% 


25 
87 
87 
119 
215 
215 
21 
93 
215 
215 
216 
215 
215 
215 
215 
216 
215 
216 
215 
215 

118-120 
98 
19 
120 
99 
120 
154 
153 
20 
20 
69 
70 
118 
118 
118 
118 
118 
119 
119 
119 
120 
119 
119 
179 
105 
55-64 


Linden,  American , 

Liquidainbar  macrophylla 

Liquulambar  Styraciflua 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  var.  Mexicana. 

Liquidaiuber 

Liriodendron  procera 

Liiiodendron  Tulipifera 

Live.  Oak  (Quercna  chrysolepis) 

Live  Oak  (Quercus  virenB)  

Live  Oak  (Quercus  Wislizeni) 

Live  Oak,  Coast 

Loblolly  Bay 


62 
63 
158 
176 
28 

218,  219 
91 
27 
31 
34 
27 
27 
86 
86 


22 
22 
146 
145 
147 
147 
25 


Loblolly  Pino 

Locnst  (Robinia  Neo-Mexicana) 

Locust  (Robinia  Pseudacacia) 

Locust,  Black  (Gleditscbia  triacanthos)  . 
Locnst,  Black  (Robicia  Pseudacacia)  — 

Locust,  Clammy   

Locust,  Honey  (Gleditschia triacanthos). 

Locust.  Hunry  (Prosopisjuliflora) 

Locn-t,  Sweet 

l,oi  ii ~t,  Water 

Loci!- 1,  Yellow 

Li«l jje-pole  Pine 

Logwood 

Lon  ".-.leaved  Cucumber  Tree 

Lea  ved  Pino 

Lyoni a  a rborea 

Lyonia  ferrittjinca, 

Lyonia  rigida 

Lyiriloma.  Jlahamensis 

Lysiloma  latisiliqua 


M. 


Maclura  aurantiaca 

Madeira ' 

Madroua 

Magnolia  acurainata 

Magnolia  avricularie 

Magnolia  auriculata 

Majmolia  cordata 

Magnolia  De  Candollii 

Magnolia  fragrans 

Magnolia  Fraseri 

Magnolia  glauca 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  latifolia 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  longtyolia 

Magnolia  grandiflora 

Magnolia  grandiflora,  var.  elliptica  and  obovata. 

Magnolia  grandifiora,  var.  lanceolata 

Magnolia  longifolia 

Miigniilia  macrophylla 

Magnolia,  Mountain 

Magnolia  pyramidata 

Magnolia  tripetala 

Magnolia  Umbrella 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  a.glauca 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  p,fcetida 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  « 

Magnolia  Virffiniana,  var.  tripetala 


Ptge. 

197 
56 

55 
59 
55 
56 
59 
62 
59 
60 
f,fi 

195 
40 
2L> 

202 


64 
84 


128 

34 

97 

20 

22 

22 

20 

20 

20 

22 

19 

20 

20 

19 

i  19 

19 

20 

21 

20 

22 

21 

21 

20 

19 

20 

21 

MAGSOLIACKJE 19-22 

34 

16S 

71 

, 71 

28 

28 

72 

72 

73 

72 

73 

72 

73 

121 

54 

121 

87 

117 

87 

.11 

49 

47 

48 

48 

48 

46 


Mahogany 

Mahogany  Birch 

Mahogany,  Mountain  (Cercocarpns  ledifolins) . . 
Mahogany,  Mountain  (Cercocarpns  parvifolins)  . 

MALPIGHIACEJE 

Malpighia  lucida 

Malus  angustifolia 

Malus  coronaria- 

Malus  diversTfolia 

Ualui  microcarpa  coronaria 

Malui  rimlarii 

Malus  sempervirens 

Malus  sutcordata 

Manchineel 

Manchineel,  Mountain 

Mancinella  renenata 

Mangrove 

Mangrove,  Black 

Mangrove,  White 

Maple,  Ash-leaved 

Maple,  Black  Sugar 

Maple,  Broad-leaved 

Maple,  Dwarf 

Maple,  Groose-foot 

Maple,  Hard 

Maple,  Mountain '. 


232 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Maple,  Red 

Maple,  Rock 

Maple,  Silver 

Maple,  Soft  (Acer  dasycarpum) 

Mnplu,  Soft  (Acer  rnbrum) 

Maple,  Striped 

Maple,  Sugar 

ilnplo,  Swamp  

M:iplo,  Vine 

Maple,  Water 

Maple,  White 

Marlberry 

Mastic 

Maul  Oak 

May  Cherry 

May  Haw 

Meadow  Pine 


Page. 
50 
48 
49 
49 
50 
46 
48 
50 
47 
50 
49 
100 
101 
140 
84 
82 
202 

MELIACE.* 33,34 

llelicvcca  paniculala 45 

Itelilolnis  lieterophylla 59 

Mespilvs  acerifolia 80 

Mespiluf  cestivalis 1 . 82 

Mespilus  apiifolia 81 

ifctpihis  arborea 84 

Mespilus  arbutifolia 83 

Mespilus  A  zarolui 81 

Mespilus  berberifolia 82 

Hespilii*  ]>ogc\ana 77 

Mespiluf!  Calpodendron 79 

Mespilus  Canadensis 84 

Mespilus  Canadcnsis,  var.  cordata 84 

Menpilus  Canadcnsis,  var.  obovalis 85 

Mespilus  Caroliniana 82 

Mcspilug  eoccinea  77 

Mespilus  cordata 80 

Mespilus  cornifolia 80 

Mespilus  Crus-galli 70 

llcspilus  Crus-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia 76 

MespiluB  Crus-galli,  var.  salicifolia 76 

Mespilus  cuneifolia  (Crat&gus  Crus-galli) 76 

Mespilus  cuneifolia  (Cratsegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata) £0 

.'  3fe spans  cuneiformis 76 

Jfespilux  elliptica  (Crataegtis  Cms  galli) 76 

Mespilus  elliptica  (Cratajgus  flava,  var.  pubescens) 83 

Mespihut  flabellata 77 

Mespilus  fiava 82 

Mespttu*  jlexispina 82 

Mespilus  glandulosa 77 

Mcspilus  hiemalis 83 

Mcspil'M  lalifolia 79 

Mespilus  linearis 77 

Mesp-ilug  lobata 79 

Mexpilus  lucida ^ 76 

llfjpihus  lucida,  var.  anguttifolia 77 

Mctpilus  Michauxit 83 

s  monogyna,  var.  apitfolia 81 

ui  nma 84 

Metrpilut  odorata 79 

Ifcspilus  ovalifolia 76 

Mespilns  Phcenopyrum ^0 

itespilus  populifolia 78 

J/f  spihcs  pruinosa 79 

Metepilux  prunellifolw 76 

Jf espilus  prtmifolia  ? 77 

3If.spilus  pubescens 77 

Hespilua  punctata 80 

Mexpilus  pyrtfulia  (Cratsegus  tomentosa) 79 

Mapilvs  pyrifolia  (Cratffigus  tomentosa,  var.  ponctata) 80 

J/'.'.s7>(7cy  rotundifolia  (Cratasgus  eoccinea) 77 

Mespilus  rotundi/olia  (CrataBgue  Crns-galli,  var.  prunifolia) 77 

Metrpilitx  salicifolia 76 

llcipttus  spalhulata 81 

31  e;.pihtti  tilifefolia 78 

UcftpiluH  turbinata 82 

Mespilus  viridis 78 


Mespilus  Watsoniana 

?  Mespilus  Wendlandii 

Mesquit 

Mesquit,  Screw-pod 

Jfetopfam  Linncei 

Mexican  lianana 

Mexican  Mulberry 

Mexican  Persimmon 

Michauxia  ses&ilig 

Mimosa  biceps 

Minm.i/tfrondosa 

MiinoKCt  glauca 

Mimosa  Ouadalvpensis , 

Mimosa  latisiliqua , 

Mimosa  leitcocephala , 

Mimosa  rosea , 

Mimc-aa  T'nguis-cati 

Minnt-sops  dissecta , 

Mimusops  Sieberi 

Mocker  Nut 

Mock  Orange 

Monterey  Cypress 

Monterey  Pine 

Moose  Elm 

Moosewoocl 

Morns  Canadensis  (Lamarck  and  Rafinesqne) .. 

Morus  micropli  ylla 

Jforws  Xfissouriensis 

Mr.ru*  parvifolia  (Morus  microphylla) 

Morns  parvi folia  (Moms  rubra) 

Morns  reticulata 

Morus  riparia. 

Morns  vnbra 

Morn  a  rubra,  Tar.  Canadensis 

Morns  nibra,  var.  incua 

Morusrubra,  var.  tomentosa 

Morns  scabra 

Morvs  tomentosa 

Mossy-cup  Oak 

Mountain  Ash  (Pyrns  Americana) 

Mountain  Ash  (Pyrus  sambucifolia) 

Mount  ain  Laurel 

Mountain  Magnolia 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Cercocarpus  ledifolius) . . 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Cercocarpus  parvifolius) 

Mountain  Manchineel 

Mountain  Maple 

Mountain  Plum 

Mountain  "White  Oak 

Mulberry,  Mexican 

Mulberry,  Red 

Mypmlapallens 

Nylocaryumligvstrinum 

Myrica  Californica 

jltyrica  Carolinensis 

Myrira  cerifera 

Myrica  cerifera  humtiis 

Myrica  cerifera  sempervirens " 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  angustifolia 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  arborescens 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  latifolia 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  media 

Myrica  cerifera,  v&T.pumita 

Myrica  Pennsylvanica 

Xftlaptmsis 


Pafie. 
76 
77 
62 
82 
54 
21» 
128 
105 
25 
62 
62 
62 
64 
64 
62 
64 
«t 
103 
101 
134 
70 


122 
4« 

1^7 
128 
127 
128 
127 
127 
127 
127 
12T 
127 
127 
127 
127 

»« 

7* 

78 

120 

2* 

71 

71 

54 

46 

34 

US 

128 

128 

38 

38 

137 


136 

isa 

.: ISG 

136 

13« 

13« 

136 

136 

136 

137 

136,137 

MYKSIXACEJE 00,100 

Myrsine  ftoribunda 

Myrsine  Floridana 

M  yr.siiif-,  Eapanea 

MYRTACE^-; 88,89 

Myrtle,  Blue 

M  yrtl<\  Wax 

Myrius  axillaris 

Nyrttu  buxifolia, 


136 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


233 


Page. 
88 

Oak,  Chestnut  (Quercus  Prinus)  

Pago. 
142 

88 

143 

89 

147 

88 

141 

89 

Oak,  Duck  

152 

N. 

42 

130 

150 

154 

88 

153 

94 

146 

175 

145 

119 

()jik.  Live  (Quercus  Wislizeni)  

147 

1    win 

119 

Oak,  Maul  

146 

;  

51 

140 

X  °       \        ''   Md  s 

50 

Oak.  Mountain  Whife  

143 

•  "                    '         \T               C-  I'f  i   i 

51 

140 

.cgi.n.oae            (      „ 

51 

140 

^    ;    crifo-nicain  (\e<nmdo  iceroides) 

51 

155 

.^jutuu    *^or™  ^ 

51 

154 

•             ' 

Oak.  Pin   

152 

' 

51 

153 

•' 

51 

Oak,  Post                        -                        

139 

76 

Oak  Punk  

..           152 

192 

149 

135 

151 

134 

148 

58 

148 

Oak    Rook  Chestnut 

142 

Xut  Kin* 

134 

Oak   Scarlet 

148 

134 

151 

134 

.'.  139 

190 

Oak  Shingle                      

151 

190 

151 

190 

140 

NutP'       (Pi  usP  n  -mi) 

...           189 

152 

34 

Oak   Swamp  White            .                 

HI 

186 

155 

135 

151 

117 

Oiik  Upland  Willow 

153 

92 

146 

A'i'       a'  laltca  r/'ssa  uniflora) 

.    .             92 

152 

yf««n  an  ulisins  ' 

93 

152 

Y>  *m  anr  iloia 

93 

Oak   Water  White                                           

140 

92 

138 

92 

137 

91 

138 

...            91 

144 

93 

138 

92 

144 

\Jgsa  cocrinca 

91 

154 

92 

143 

93 

149 

92 

149 

91 

200 

/'na  mull  i  rlora 

92 

218 

92 

91 

91 

42 

93 

34 

92     '    Old-field  Birch 

...           159 

.  ...                   91    |l    m*i.fioi/i  T>IT>« 

197 

93 

113 

92 

113 

\>  x  •«  rillosa 

92 

106-113 

O. 

153 

120 

56 

70 

141 

128 

O.ik,  lilack  (Quercus  Emoryi)  

146 

149 

70 

30 

148 

.   ..            23 

149      i     Owarnii  A  sh    

Ill 

Oak  Blue 

143 

179 

();ik    Burr 

140 

73 

155 

209 

Oak.  Chestnut  .'OucTcus  nriuoides)  .. 

143         Orcodavkne  Ccdifornica... 

120 

234 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Oreodoxa  oleracea  ! 

Oreodoxa  regia 

O^n^r  Or;m  ire 

( >Mnamlm-<  A  mericanus 

Oxtrira  Vii-giniana 

( t.stiya  Virginica 

O*tr;ia  Virfflnicd,  var.  eglandulosa  ... 

f).<ti->ia  Virginica,  var.  glandulosa 

Over-<*;ip  Oak  (Quercus  lyrata) 

Over-cup  Oak  (Quercus  macrocarpa) . 
Ox\  dendrnm  urboreum 


Page. 
218 
218 
128 
113 
159 
158 
158 
158 
140 
140 


P. 


Padua  cartilaginea 68 

Padus  demissa 69 

J'fuhts  scrotina 68 

Padus  Virginiana 68 

Palm,  Fan-leaf 217 

Palm,  Royal 218 

Palma  argentea 218 

I'AT.MACKJE 217,218 

Palmetto,  Cabbage 217 

Palmetto,  Silk-top 217 

Palmetto,  Silver-top 218 

Palo  Blanco 126 

Palo  Verde...  60 


Papaw 

Paper  Birch 

Paradise  Tree 

Varldnsonia  aculeata 

Tarkinsonia  microphyUa 

Parkinsonia  Torreyana 

Parsley  Haw 

1'dsartia  dfnsiflora 

Pavia  Califnmica 

.'  Pavia  carnea 

Pavia  discolor 

Pavia  flava 

Pavia  glabra 

Pafia  hybrida 

Paula  lutea 

Pavia  neglecta 

Pavia  pallida 

/  JVu't'a  Wateoniana 

Peach  Oak  (Qnercus  densiflora) 

Peach  Oak  (Quercus  Phellos) 

Peach,  Wild 

Pear  Haw 

Pecan 

Pecan ,  Bitter 

Pupperidge 

Pepperwood 

Pertea  Sorbonia 

Persea  Carolinensis 

Persea  Ctirolinentiis,  var.  glabriu-scula. 

Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palustris 

Perxea  Carolinensis,  var.  pubescens  — 

Pergea  Catesbyana 

Persea  Sassafras 

Persimmon i 

PiTsimmon,  Black 

Persimmon,  Mexican 

Phcenopyrum  acerifolium , 

Phcenopyrum  arborescens 

Phcenopyrum  Carolinianum 

Pliwnopyruin  coccineum 

Phcenopyrum  cordatum 

Phcenopyrum  ellipticum 

Phcenopyrum  populifolium. 

Ptuznopyrum  pruinosum 

Phanidpyrum  spathulatum 

Phrenopjirum  siibvillosum 

Phcenopyrum  Virginicum 

? Phtenopyrum  viride 

PJtcenopyrum  Wendlandii 


23 
160 

32 


60 

81 

155 

43 

42 

43 

43 

42 

43 

43 

43 

42 

42 

155 

154 

70 

79 

132 

136 

92 

30 

118 

118 

118 

119 

119 

119 

119 

104 

105 

105 

80 

75 

82 

77 

80 

82 

78 

79 

81 


Photinia  arbutifolia 

P/tottnia  nalicifolia 

1  'ii-ra  alba 

Piceaamabilit  (Abies  amabilis) 

Picea  a maljilie  (Abies  subalpina) 

Picea  balsamea 

Picea  balsamea,  var.  longifolia 

Pifea  bifolia 

Picea  bractedtd 

.'  I'icea  ( 'alifnntu-a 

Picea  Canadeneis 

J'icca  caTulea 

I'tcra concolor 

Picea  concolor,  var.  violacea 

Picea  Dotlglasii 

Picea  Engehuanni 

Pitea  Fraseri  (Abies  balsamea) 

I'icea  I'raneri  (Abies  Fraaeri) 

Picea  glauca 

Picea  grandis  (Abies  concolor) 

I'icea  grandis  (Abies  grandis) 

Picea  laxa 

Picea  Lou'iana 

Picea  'inagntfica 

Picea  Mcnzienii  (Picea  pungens) 

Picea  Menzifsii  (Picea  Sitchensis) 

Picea  nigra 

Picea  nigra,  var.  glauca 

Picea  nigra,  var.  rubra 

Picea  nobilis 

Picea  pungens 

Picea  rubra , 

Picea  Sitchensia 

Pickeringia  paniculata 

Pigeon  Cherry 

Pigeon  Plum 

Pigeonwood , 

Pig  Nut 

Pilocereus  Engelmanni 

PiuCherry 

Pin  Oak 

Pinckney a  pnbena 

Pinckneya  pubescens 

Pine,  Bastard 

Pine,  Bishop's 

Pine,  Black  (Pinus  Jeffrey!) 

Pine,  Black  (Finns  Murrayana) 

Pine,  Bull  (.Finns  Jeffrey!) 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinns  mitis) 

Pino,  Bull  (Pinus  ponderosa) 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinus  Sabiniana) 

Pine,  Cedar 

Pine,  Digger 

Pine.  Foxtail 

Pine,  Georgia 

Pine,  Ginger 

Pine,  Gray 

Pine,  Hard — 

Pine,  Hickory  (Pinns  Balfonriana,  var.  aristata) 

Pino,  Hickory  (Pinus  pnngens) 

Pine,  Jersey 

Pine,  Knob-cone 

Pine,  Loblolly 

Pine,  Lodge-pole 

-Pine,  Loug-leaved 

Pine,  Meadow 

Pine,  Monterey 

Pine,  Norway 

Pine,  Nut  (Pinus  cembroides)  .  — 

Pine,  Xnt  (Pinus  ednlis) 

Pine,  Nut  (Pinus  monophylla) 

Pine,  Nut  (Pinus  Parryana) 


,  Obispo. 


78 

77 


Pine,  Old-field  . 
Pine,  Oregon  . . 


Page. 
83 
83 
204 
213 
211 
211 
211 
211 
213 
208 
200 
204 
212 
212 
209 
203 
211 
2W 
284 
212 
212 
204 
212 
214 
205 
206 
202 
204 
203 
214 
205 
203 
206 
100 
68 
117 
117 
134 
89 
66 
152 
95 
95 
202 
200 
193 
195 
193 
200 
193 
195 
201 
195 
191 
202 
179 
201 
202 
191 
1119 
199 
196 
197 
195 
202 
202 
196 
192 
190 
190 
190 
189 
200 
197 
200 


INDEX  TO  CATALOCJU-:  OK   FORKST  TREES. 


235 


Pine.  I'itc-h 
I'nii  .  Pond 


Pine.  lied  ....... 

Pine.  Kosi  niai-y. 
Pine,  Sand... 


108 

ins 
201 


199 


Pint1.  Si' rub  (Pimis  Ranksiana) -<'! 

Pin*1,  Somh  (PiniiH  clausa) 1!'!* 

I 'ire.  Sn  iih  (Pinns  contorta) 194 

I'ine,  Scrub  (Pinns  inops) -  -  -  199 

I '  i  no,  Short-leaved 200 

Pino,  Slash 202 

Pine,  Southern 202 

1'inc.  S pm. •>•  (Pinna  clausa) 199 

i'iiM-,  Spiui-r  (Pin  us  -labra) 201 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  mitis) 200 

i  'in".  Spmro  (Pinna  Hurrayana) in"> 

Pine.  Sn #i r 188 

.  Swamp 202 

I'ine,  Table-mountain !"!> 

Pinr,  \\Y\i,imilh 187 

i'ine.  White  (Pinus  flexilis) 188 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  glabra) 201 

Pino,  White  (Pinus  raonticola) 187 

1'iiie.  White  (Pinus  reflexa) 1*9 

Pine,  White  (Pinns  Strobus) 1S7 

Pine.  Yd  tow  (Pin  us  Ari/.onica) 102 

I'iiT.  Y<-!'ow  '('inns  mitis) 200 

I'ino.  Yellnw  (Pimis  pnlustrm) 202 

Pino,  Yellow  (Pin us  pouderosa) ...  19;; 

I'iijon  (Pinus  edulis) 190 

0  i  (Pinns  mouophylla) ..'. 190 

i'iiiim  (riuus  Par  ;y  ana) 189 

I 'in  nit  Abifs  Americana 206 

/'./r'.v  A  Hi-it  Balftamea 211 

1'inuv  Alien  Canadensis 202 

Pin'tx  advnc'i '..  190 

/  'in  mt  alba 204 

I'inns  aLbU'.iulis " 189 

."J/.H*  itituthiUx  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

Pinns  amabilis  (Abies  magnifica) ^14 

J'inuf  (ttnabitis  (Abies  subalpina) 211 

flu  i' ft  Awricano.  'Pi'-«>a  nii,rra) 203 

Pint's  Americana  (TsnpaCanadonsis) 206 

J'imts  Americana  t libra 202 

Pintts  arisUita 191 

T'inns  Ariziinica 192 

Pinus  aitstralift 201 

Pinus  Baltmiriana 177 191 

1'inux  r.alfottriana  (Pinti.f  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata) 191 

Pinus  Balfonri.inn,  rar.  aristata 191 

Pi  turn  l/alsam  fa 210 

PmftA-  balsamea.  var.  Fraseri 210 

Piuiifl  I!;inksiana 201 

I'imts  Jianksiana  (Pinns  contorta) 194 

J^ititx  BcardbUyi 193 

I 'inn?.  Jic-nthamiana 193 

J'inus  Jfolanderi 194 

I 'in  KM  Tioursieri + 194 

Pimm  brachyptera 193 

I'inns  bracteata >. 213 

?  Pin  UK  Calif  omica  (Pinns  insignia) 196 

/  'in  us  California  (Pinus  tnberculata) 190 

Plnns  Canadenais  (Picea  alba) 204 

/'*<!'•->  Canadensis  (Tsuga  Canadensis) 20G 

J'imts  Canadentds  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 207 

Pinus  n-uibroides 190 

Pinus  cembroides  (Pinus  albicaulis) 189 

Pinus  cembroideg  (Pinns  edulis) 190 

Pinus  Chiliualiuana 194 

Pimm  clansa 199 

I'initH  cotnmutata 205 

-I  'in  us  concolor 212 

Pinus  contorta 194 

Pimts  contorta  ( Pinus  m  nrinata) 199 


"ntorta  (Finns  Mnrrayana). 
Piwa  oontorta,  var.  Bolanderi 

ni'irln.  var.  lati/oha 

.'iilteri 

••iiirjana 

Pinns  Cnbensis 
/'i'///'\  ('"^(^.s/x,  var.  terthrocarpa 


7'inii*  Duvi/liifii.  var.  bretiibractettta.  , 
1'iiuia  echinata  ....................  ._ 

iyariana  .................... 


Finns  i-dnlis 

'  '"int/ii 

i.ngelmanni  (Picea  Kn^elmanni). 
Pinug  EnylinKitni  il'imts  ponderoaa)  .. 
IMnns  (lexilis 

i:*  (Finns  albicaulis) 
llix.  var.  albicaulis 
PimuJfaeQit,  var.  macrocarpa 
rim'*  rlexilitt,  var.  rejlexa- 

'•  xilin,  var.  scrrulata 
/'/  ///.v  FVowH  (Abies  Fraseri) 
/'//M/,V  /'/•('->;/•/•/  (Finns  rigida) 


Pinus  f  iililix 

];iln;i  

Pinus  grandits  (Abies  amabilis)  ...v 

:,-(t)u?!x  (Abies  concolor) 

'irandig  (Abies  grandis) 

Pimm  Grozelieri 

Pinux  Hudxonica- 

Ptmiri  inops 

Pinus  inops  (Pinus  contorta) 

Ptnuaiiwpg  (I'inns  Murray  ana) 

Pinus  ino2?8,  var.  (Pinus  moricata) 

Pinus  inops,  var.  clausa 

Pinns  insignis 

/'//"'.v  insignis  macrocarpa 

J'itiits  inttignis,  var.  binata 

Pinus  intermedia v 

Pinus  Jeffreyi 

Pinns  Lambertiana 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  var.  (Pinna  flexilis) - 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  var.  brevifolia 

Pinus  laricina 

Pinus  Laricio,  vav.  resinosa 

Pinus  Larix 

/'litttx  Larixalba 

Pin  us  Larix  nigra 

Pinus  Larix  rubra 

j'tintx  iasiocarpa  (Abies  concolor) 

?  1  'in  us  lasincarpa  (Abies  subalpina) , 

Pinus  Llaceana  (Pinus  cembroides) , 

Pinun  Llaveana  (l*inus  Parryana) 

Pinus  Loddigesii 

Pinus  lophospernia 

Pinua  Lowiana 

Pinus  Lyalli 

Pinus  Mariana 

Pinus  macrocarpa 

Pinutt  macrophyUa  ? 

Pinus  Menzictrii 

Ptnu*  M'enzicsii,  var.  crispa... 

Pinus  Mertensiana 

Pinua  microcarpa 

Pin n s  mitis 

Pinus  mitis,  var.  panpera 

Pinus  monophylla 

Pinus  monticola 

Pintis  mnricata 

Pimts  muricata  (Pinus  coutorta) 

Piuns  Murrayana 

Pinus  nigra 

Pinus  nobilis. 


194 
194 

194 
195 
193 
202 


209 
200 
199 
190 
202 
20.-, 
19S 
168 
189 
189 
188 
189 
188 
210 
197 
190 
190 
200 
.213 
212 
212 
187 
201 
198 
194 
194 
199 
199 
196 
196 
196 
215 
193 
188 
188 
188. 
215 
191 
216 
215 
215 
215 
212 
211 
190 
189 
197 
192 
212 
216 
202 
195 
193 
206 
206 
207 
215 
200 
200 
190 
187 
199 
194 
194 
202 
214 


136 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Page. 

Pinus  Nuttallii  

216 

Firms  osteosperma  

190 

Pinus  palustris  

201 

Pinus  Parryana  

189 

1'ituis  Parryana  (Pinus  ponderosa)  

193 

Pinu$  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Mertensiana)  

208 

Pinus  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Pattoniana)  

208 

Pinus  pendula  

215 

Pinus  ponderosa  

192 

Films  ponderosa,  var.  Benthamiana  

193 

Finns  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi  

193 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scopulorum  

193 

Pinus  porphyrocirpa  

187 

Piuus  pnngens  

199 

Pinus  radia  ta  

190 

Pinus  reflexa  

189 

Pinus  resinosa  

191 

Pinus  resinosa  (  Pinus  ponderosa)  

193    1 

Pinus  rigida  

197 

Pinus  rigida  ?  (Pinus  insignis)  

ICO 

Pinus  rigida  (Pinus  mitis)  

200 

Pinus  rigida,  var.  serot.ina  

ing 

Pinus  rubra  (Picea  nigra)  

203 

Pinus  nibra  {Pinus  resinosa}  

191 

Finns  rubra.  var.  violacea  

204 

Pinus  rupcstris  

201 

Pinus  Sabiniana  

195 

Pinus  Sabiniana  Coulteri  

195    ! 

Pinus  Sabiniana  macrocarpa  

195    j 

Pinus  serotina  

198 

Pinus  Shasta  

1S9 

Pinus  Sinclairii  

196 

Pint/H  Sitchcnsis  

200 

IPinii*  species  (Abies  subalpina)  

211 

Pinus  Strobus  

187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  alba  

187    1 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  brevifolia  :  

187. 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  compressa  

187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  monticola  

187 

Pinus  Strobus,  v:ir.  nivea  

187 

Pinus  sylccstris,  var.  divaricata  :... 

201 

PiDusTicda  

197 

Finns  Tada,  var.  a  ... 

197 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  alopecuroidea  ,  

A.          198 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  heterophyUa  

202 

Pinus  Tcrda,  var.  rigida  

197 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  tmuifolia  

197 

Pinus  Tttda,  var.  variabilw  

200 

Pinus  T&da,  var.  Ft  rginiana  

198 

Finn*  taxifolia  

209 

Pinus  tetragona  

204 

Piuus  Torreyana  

192 

Pinus  tuberculata  

196 

Pinus  tuberculata  (Pinus  insignis)  

196 

Pinus  variabilis  

200 

Pinus  vcnusta  

213 

Pinus  Yirginiana  

198 

Pinus  Yirginiana,  var.  echinata  

200 

Piscidia  Carthagenmsis  

57 

Piscidia  Erythrina  

57 

Pisonia  aculeata  

117 

Pisonia  obtusata  

117 

Pistacia  Mexicana  

54 

Pitch  Pino  

198 

Pithec.olobium  forfex  

64    I 

Pithecolobium  Ouadalupensis  

64 

Pithecolobium  microphyUum  

64 

Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati  

64 

PJanera  aquatica  

124 

Planera  Omelini  

124 

Planera  Kickardi  

124 

Planera  ulmifolia  

124 

PLATANACE*  

129,130 

Platanus  Calif  arnica  

129 

Platanus  hybridas  

129   | 

Page. 

Platanus  lobata  ...........................  .  .................  .  ............  12* 

Platanus  Mexicana  (Platanus  racemosa)  .................................  129 

Platanus  Mexicana  (Platanus  Wrightii)  .................................  130 

Platanus  occidcntalis  ........................  _____  .......................  120 

Platanus  occidentalis  (Platanus  racemosa)  ................................  129 

PlataimH  racemosa  .....  .  ........  .  ......  .  ............  ___  .................  129 

Platanus  racemosa  (Platanus  Wrightii)  ..................................  130 

Platanus  vulgaris,  var.  angulosa  .........................................  129 

Platanus  AVrightii  .......................................................  130 

Plum,  Canada  ..............................................  .  .............  65 

Plum,  Chickasaw  ........................................................  6G 

Plum,  Cocoa  .............................................................  65 

Plum,  Darling  ...............  .  ...........................................  39 

Plum,  Downward  ........................................................  103 

Plum,  Gopher  ...........................................................  91 

Plum,  Guiana  ............................................................  121 

Phnu,  Ho^  (Primus  angustifolia)  ........................................  GC 

Plum,  Hog  (Rhua  Metopinm)  ............................................  54 

Plum,  Hog  (Ximenia  Americana)  ........................................  34 

Plum,  Horse  ...........................................................  ..  65 

Plum,  Mountain  .........................................................  34 

I'liini.  Pigeon  ............................................................  117 

Plum,  Saffron  .....................................................  .......  103 

Plum.  Wild  ..............................................................  65 

Poison  Elder  ..............  .  ..............................................  54 

Poisun  Sumach  .........................................................  54 

Poisonwood  (Rhus  Metopium)  ..........................................  54 

Poisonwood  (Sebastiania  lucida)  .........................................  121 

1?OI.YGONACE.£  ...........................................................    117,118 

Polygon  am  uvifera  ...................................  .  .....  .  ............  118 

Pond  Apple  .................................  -  ............................ 

Pond  Pine  ...............................................................  198 

172 


Poplar 


175 


173 
175 
175 
174 
174 
172 


Poplar,  Carolina 

Poplar,  Necklace 

Poplar,  Yellow 

Pojinlus  acladesca 

Populug  angulata 

Populus  angulosa — 

Populus  augustifolia 

Populus  angustifolia  (Populus  trichocarpa) 

Populus  argentea — 

Populus  Atheniensis 1" 

Populus  balsamifera 

Populus  balsamifera  (Popnlus  trichocarpa) 174 

Populus  balsam  if  era  lanceolata 173 

Populus  balsamifera,  var 174 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  angustifolia 174 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  i  California 174 

Populu  s  balsamifera.  var.  candicans 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  genuina 173 

Populus  Canadensis  (Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans) 173 

Populus  Canadensis  (Popnlus  monilifera) 
Populus  Canadensis,  var.  anguMfolia  — 

Populvs  candicans 

Populus  cordifolia 

?  Populus  dcltoide 

Populus  Fremontii 

Populns  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 

Populus  glandulosa 

Populus  grandideutata 

Populus  grandidentata,  var.  pendula 

Poptilus  beterophylla 

Populus  heterophylla  (Populns  balsamifera,  rar.  candicans) 


175 
174 
173 
172 
174 
175 
175 
175 
172 
172 
172 
173 


Populus  heterophytta,  var.  argentea 


Populus  Icecigata  (Populns  monilifera,  Aiton,  etc.). 

Populus  Icevigata  (Populus  monilifera,  Sort. ) 

Populus  latifolia ; 

Populus  Lindlei/ana • 

Populus  macrophylla  (Popnlns  balsamifera,  var.  candicans)  . 

Populus  macrophylla  (Populus  monilifera) 

Populus  Harylandica 

Populua  monilifera. - 

Populus  monilifera,  (Populus  Fremontii) 

Populus  monilifera  (Populns  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni) 


175 
175 
173 
175 
173 
175 
175 
174 
175 
176 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


237 


)'as:c. 

175 

173 

173 

171 

171 

171 

174 

174 

173 

175 

23 

117 

29 

179 

152 

:....  176 

1TO 

ISO 

29 

30 

201 

.    37 

217 

Privet..  112 


Populus  nefflecta 

Populus  Ontariensis 

Populus  Tacamahaca 

Populus  Iremulifonmis 

Popnlus  iremnloides 

Populus  trepida -  . 

I'ojmliiK  trichncarpa 

,v  trickocarpa,  var.  cupulata. 

Populvf  ritninea 

Populus  Virginiana . , 

Porcelia  triloba 

Porkwood 

Porlieraanffiistifolia 

Tort  Orford  Cedar 

Possum  Oak 

Post  Cedar 

PostOak    

Post  Oak,  Swamp 


Prickly  Ash  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 
Prickly  Ash  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-IIercnIis) 
Prince's  Pine 
rrin  os  deciduus 
Pritchnrdia  ftlamentosa 


i  Emoryi 62 

/  YI  xi>}ii*  jilandulosa 61 

Pro  ;.,pis. juliflora    1 61 

r,v-svjn?«  odorata  (Prosopis  .juliflora) 61 

Prosopis  ndorata  (P,  rosopis  pubescens) 62 

Prosopis  pubeseens 62 

Primus  Americana    65 

Prr.nns  Anieiicana.  rar.  mollis 65 

Prnnus  an^uptifolin - 66 

I'm  tins  borealis    66 

Prunus  Canadensis '. 68 

J'rnnut  CapMin • 68 

Primus  Capuli 68 

Pru mm  Carolina 69 

Primus  Caroliniana 69 

1'r  11  ni's  cartilaginea 68 

Primus  Ckicasa 66 

!'r />,,,{*  cwinea  65 

Prnnus  dcmissa 69 

Primus  eniar^iiiat  a 67 

Primus  enjar^in;;!a,  rar.  inollis. .: 67 

Pnt  n  ii  x  h  if  mail's  (Primus  Americana) 65 

Primus  liirmalix  (Prunns  Americana,  var.  mollis) 65 

Primus  ilicifolia 70 

Prun  us  insititia 66 

/  /Vi/ 11  !-.-.•  la nceolata    66 

7'r</*?".f  Lusitanica 69 

Prunus  Mississippi 65 

Prunus  mnllis  (Primus  Americana,  var.  inollis) 65 

Prunus  mollis  (Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis) 67 

Primus  nigra 65 

Prunns  Pennsylvania! 66 

?  Prunus  persicifolia 33 

Prunus  pumila 67 

Prunus  sempervirens 69 

Pninus  serotina 68 

Prunus  serratifolia 69 

Prunus  sphffirocarpa 70 

Pru  nus  apinosa 65 

Primus  umbellata  67 

Pranus  Yirginiaua 68 

Pninus  Virginiana  (Prunus  serotina) 68 

Prunus  Virginiana,  var.  demissa 69 

Pseudacacia  odorata 55 

Pscudopetalfn  glandulosum 30 

Pseudopetalon  tricarpum 30 

Pseudotsuga  Donglasii 209 

Pseudotsuua  Douglasii,  var.  macrocarpa 210 

Pseudntniga  mnrjnifica, 214 

Pseudotsuga  nobilis 214 

PsidiuniGnniva...  oo 


Ptelia  mollis 

Pteliu  trit'oliata- 

Ptelia  trifoliate,  var.  mollis 

Pttlia  Mici/olia 

Punk  Oak  

Purple  Haw 

Pynis  Americana 

J'urut!  Americana  (Pyrus  sambueifolia) . 

Pyrus  Americana,  rar.  microcarpa 

l*yrns  anfrnstifolia 

J'l/rim  uui-uparia  (Pyrns  Americana)  ... 
Purus  aucuparia  (I'yrus  sambueifolia) . . 
J'l/riis  flartramiana 


Pyrus  coronaria 

Pl/rus  coronaria  (Pyrus  augustifolia)  . 
Pyrrs  coronaria ,  \-Ar.angustifolia 

Pyrus  fu*ca 

Piirus  glandulosa 

Pyrus  microcarpa 

Pynis  ovnlls - 

Pyrns  rivnlaris   

Pyrus  sambuc.ifulia 


Pyrus  subcordata 

J'ynnf  IVanfjtnlteimiana., 


Quaking  Asp 

Quassia  dioica 

Quassia  Simaruba  . 


Quercitron  Oak 

Qnercus  acutidens 

Quemis  acutiglandis 

Quercus  agrifolia 

Quercus  atgrifolia,  vaT.frutescens 

Quercus  alba 

Quercus  alba  minor 

Quercus  alba  palustrit 

Queraa  alba,  var.  f  Gunniionii 

Q\tercuy  alba,  var.  microcarpa 

Quercus  alba,  var.  pinnatifida 

Quercus  alba,  var.pinnatifido-sinuata  . . 

Quercus  alba,  var.  repanda 

Quercus  alba,  var.  s  inuata 

Quercus  ambigua 

Quercus  annulata 

Qnercus  aquatica 

!  Quercus  aquatica  (Quercus  nigra) 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  attenuate 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  cantata 

Quercus  aquatica.  var.  elongata 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  heterophylla 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  hubrida 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  indit'im 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  laurifolia 

Quercus  aquatiea,  var.  myrtifolia 

Quercus  Banisteri 

Quercus  berberidifolia 

Quercus  bicolor 

Quercus  bicolor,  var.  Michauxii 

Quercus  bicolor,  var.  mollig 

f  Quercus  bicolor,  var.  platanoidcK 

Quercus  Breweri 

Quercus  Californica 

Quercus  Casfanea  (Quercus  prinoides) . 

Quercus  Castanea  (Qnercns  Prinna) 

Quercus  Catesbsei 

Quercus  Chinquapin 

Quercns  chry  solepis 

Quercus  chrysolepis,  var.  vaccinifolia. . . 

Qnercus  cinerea 

Quercus  cinerea,  var.  pumila 

Quprcus  cineroa,  var.  sericea 

Quercus  coccinea 

Quereus  coccinea,  var.  ambigua 


Page. 
31 
31 
31 
31 
152 
40 
73 
74 
74 
72 
73 
74 
84 
84 
72 
72 
72 
73 
73 
77 
74 
85 
73 
74 
73 
84 

171 
32 
32 

149 

:ss 

146 
146 
147 
137 
139 
141 
139 
137 
137 
137 
137 
137 
147 
145 
152 
150 
152 
152 
152 
153 
152 
152 
152 
155 
155 
155 
141 
141 
141 
141 
155 
149 
142 
142 
151 
143 
146 
146 
153 
155 
155 
148 
147 


238 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Quercim  foi'^-inea.  var.  microcarpa 

.  coccinect,  var.  rubra 

Quercu-s  cocdnea,  var.  tlnctoria 

<.h»  rt-iift  f(,n/t'i-t!ftiUa 

Quercug  crastfipocula 

Quercus  citneata    

Quercus  decipiens 

Quercus  densiflora  

Quercus  discolor 

Quercus  discolor,  var.  triloba 

Qiiercns  Doupiasii 

Quercits  Dmigla»ii,  var.  Gambclii 

Quercus  Douylasii,  var.  ?  Necei 

? Quercus  Dnnnmondii 

Quercus  duinosa 

Qaercus  dumosa.  var.  bnllata 

Qnercuf-i  Durandii 

Quercus  cchinacea , 

Quercwt  echinoides 

Quercus  -elongata 

<Jtifi-c?its  Emory  i  

f  Quercus  Emoryi  (Quercua  undulata,  var.  Gambolii) 

Qucrcna  talcata ., 

Q uercus  falcata,  var.  Ludoviciana 

Quercus  falcata,  var.  pagodcefolia, , 

Quercus  falcata,  var.  triloba 

Quercus  fulvesceng 

Quercus  Gambelii 

Qiiercas  Garryana 

Quercus  Georgiana 

QuiTons  griaea 

Quercus  hastata. , 

Quercus  hemispkcerica 

Quercus  hemigph cerica,  var.  nana 

Quercus  heterophylla 

Quereus  Hindsii 

Qutrcus  kumilis 

Quorcns  hypoleuca 

Quercus  ilicifolia 

Quercua  imbricaria 

Quercus  Jacobi  

Quercna  Kelloggii 

?  Quercus  Icevis , 

Quercua  laurifolia , 

(Quercus  laurifolia  hybrida 

Quercus  laurifolia,  var.  acuta 

Quercus  la uri folia,  var.  obtusa, 

Quercua  lobata 

Quercus  lobata,  var.  fruticosa 

Quercus  lobulata 

Quercus  longiglanda 

Quercus  lyrata , 

Quercus  niacrocarpa 

Quercus  macrocarfja,  var.  abbreviata 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  var.  minor 

Quercug  macrocarpa,  var.  olivceformis 

Quercus  Maryla-ndica 

Quercus  Michauxii 

Quercus  riiontana , 

Quercus  Morehus 

Quercug  Muhlenbergii 

Quercus  uiyrtifolia 

Quercua  nana 

Quercus  Xeai 

Quorcus  nigra 

Quercus  nigra  (Quercua  aquatica) 

Quercus  nigra  (Quercua  tinctoria) 

Quercus  nigra  aquatica 

Qucre.ua  nigra  digitata 

Quercus  nigra  integrifolia 

Quercus  nigra  trifida 

Quercus  nigra,  var.  (Quercua  heterophylla) , 

Quercus  nigra,  var.  lattfolia 

Quercus  obi  on  gi  folia 

.rcus  oblongifolia 


ge. 
148 
147 
149 
154 
146 
159 
144 
15* 
149 
151 
14:1 
139 
138 
139 
155 
IBS 
145 
155 
155 
150 
MI; 
KM 

If.O 
151 
151 
151 
146 
139 
138 
155 
144 
146 
152 
152 
153 
138 
153 
154 
155 
154 
138 
149 
151 
152 
152 
152 
152 
138 
155 
139 
138 
140 
140 
140 
140 
140 
150 
141 
142 
147 
143 
155 
152 
138 
150 
152 
149 
152 
150 
150 
152 
153 
150 
143 
Ufi 

Quercus  oblongifolia,  var.  brei-ilobata  

Page. 
...          143 

Quercu*  obtusa  

152 

Quercus  obtusifolia,  TUT.  ?  breviloba  

145 

Quercus  obtusiloba  

138 

Quercus  obtvsiloba,  var.  depreasa  

140 

i    Quercus  obtusiiloba,  var.  parvifolia  

139 

Quercus  (Erxtedicnut  

138 

Quercus  oleoides  .,_ 

145 

1    (Juercujt  olivfformte  

140 

Quercus  oxyadcnict  

146 

Querrus  palustris  

151 

Quereus  paluftrit  (Quercua  rubra,  var.  Texana)  

148 

(  tiu-rcus  parvifolia  

139 

Quoreus  Phellos  

154 

154 

153 

154 

155 

153 

153 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  arenaria  

'.   .                 155 

Quercus  f'helloa,  var.  cinerea  

153 

154 

154 

152 

145 

155 

154 

142 

142 

153 

141 

143 

142 

141 

...           341 

142 

141 

142 

141 

141 

142 

...                   141 

...                   142 

143 

143 

..   .  .                     155 

144 

138 

144 

144 

145 

...       .          147 

148 

149 

149 

147 

150 

'.  151 

151 

147 

117 

147 

148 

145 

145 

155 

149 

137 

149 

144 

O             ^t'llata 

139 

140 

139 

Ouercus  stellata.  var.  Utahensis  ...                         

139 

INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


239 


Quercus  Tezana  ....................... 

Quercus  tinctoiia  ..................... 

Quercitx  tinct</r!a,  var.  attoulosa  ....... 

Quercus  tinctoria,  var.  Calif  ornica  ---- 

Ul  tult'toria.  \;ir.  xiiiuusit  ........ 

(Juercux  triloba  ........................ 

?  Quercus  uliginosa  ................... 

Quercus  undulata  .................... 

tta  iindidata  (Qucri-us  Durandii}. 

us  midiilatii,  ear,  <;:iiiiln.'lii  ..... 

1U  tituhduta,  var.  grisea  ......... 

<lhter?ux  nndt/lata,  var.  oblongata  ...... 

f.v  (/itdulnfa  var.  pungens  ....... 

(,)</t>rctix  I'lidt'lattt.  var.  Wrightii  ....... 


<,•"•  ma    ''lutina 

'•us  i:lllosa 
QIUMTUS  virens 
Qufrcns  Yiryiniana 
1,'ui-ivn.s  VYislizeui 


'•!uKia>folia 

fiajrtanea  Gvyanensis 

[.-..tllr  l.OX. 

Rod  Ash 

itc'.l  JJay '.. 

Red  Birch 

Red  Cedar  (Juliiperus  Virginiana) . 

Red  Cedar  (Thuya  gigantea) 

Red  Cherry,  Wild 

lied  Cypress 

i:<  d  Elm... 


Red  Fir  (Abies  magnifica) 

lied  Kir  (Abies  nobilis) 

Red  Fir  (Pseudotsnga  Donglasii) . 
Red  Gum.. 


78 
83 
39 
50 

1'iS 
151 
148 
14S 
11)1' 
89 
61 
61 
185 


Ked  Haw  ( Cratiegus  eoccinea) 

Red  flaw  (Crategus  flaya,  jiar.pubesc.ens) 

Ked  Iron  wood 

Red  Maple 

Red  Mulberry 

Red  Oak  (Quercus  faleata) 

Ked  Oak  (Quercus  rubra) 

Red  Oak  (Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana) 

Red  Pine 

Red  Stopper 

Red  bud  (Cercis  Canadensis) 

Red  bud  (Cercis  renifonnis) 

Redwood 

Reyiiosia  lalifolia 39 

Mtliamindium  revolution 39 

RHAMSACEJE 39-42 

Ifhamnus  alnifolius 41 

Rliaiunus  Calitbrnica 40 

Khainims  Californica,  var.  tomeutella 41 

Rhamuus  Caroliuiana 40 

Khamnus  ellipticus 41 

Jlhamnus  ferrea 39 

i  Ithamnus  Icecigatus 39 

llhamnus  laurifolms 40 

Jthattmus  oleifoliits 40 

RhanmuB  Purshiana 41 

liiidninus  torncntellus ... 41 

Kltizophora  A  mericana 86 

Rhizophora  Mangle 86 

Rhizophora  racemosa 86 

RllIZOPHORACEjE 86,87 

Rhododeiidrou  maximum 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  alburn 99 

Jlhododendron  maximum,  var.  purpureum 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  roseum 99 

Rhododendron  procerum 99 

Rhododendron  purpureum 99 

Rhododendron  Purshii ., _ 99 

Rhus  arborescens 33 


Page. 

148 
149 
149 
149 
149 
150 

isa 

155 

145 

139 

144  : 

143 

144 

144 

146 

149 

139 

145 

145 

147 

95 

99 
106 
109 
118 
1C1 
183 
177 

06 
184 
122 
214 
214 
209 

86 


Page. 

52 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

52 

52 

53 

52 

53 

54 

54 

52 

52 

52 

54 

54 

52 

161 

172 

55 

56 

56 

55 

56 

142 

123 

48 

ROSACES 64-85 

RoseBay... 99 

Rosemary  Pine 

Royal  Palm 

RUBIACE.fi 

Rum  Cherrv 


Khus  Canadense 

Rhus  copallina 

llhus  copallina,  var.  angiitttialata  . . 
iKhui  copallina,  var.  angustifolia. 
Rhus  copallina,  var.  integrifolia  . . . 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata 

tRhus  copallina,  var.  latialala    . . . 

/ Rhus  copallina,  var.  latifolia  

Rhus  copallina,  var.  leucantha  ... 

?  Ithits  copallina,  var.  terrata 

Rhus  futinoides 

Rhus  cotinitK? 

Rhus  glabra 

Rhus  hypsdodendron 

If  hits  leucantha 

Rhus  Metopium 

Jihus  Toxicodendrotl  . 

Rhux  typhina  

Jihux  ti/phina,  var.  laciniata 

Rhus  tijphina,  var.  viridiflora 

Rhus  venenata 

JRhus  remix 

Rhus  viridijtora 

River  Birch 

River  Cottonwood 

If  olinia  fragili^ 

Jiobinia  glutinoaa 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana 

Robiuia  Pseudacacia 

Robinia  viscosa 

Ruck  Chestnut  Oak 

Rock  Elm 

Rock  Maple 


197 
218 

95,96 
68 

29-32 


Sabal  Palmetto 217 

Saffron  Plum 103 

Saguaro 90 

SALICACE.E   165-175 

Salix i 170 

? Salix  ambigua 165 

Salix  amygdaloides 166 

Salix  argophylla _ 168 

Salix  arguta 167 

Salix  arguta,  var.  lasiandra 167 


Salix.  Bigelovii . 


Salix  Bigelovii,  var./usei'or 

iSalix  brachycarpa 

Salix  brachystachys 

Salix  brachystachys,  var.  Hcouleriana 

Salix  Caroliniana 

Salix  chlorophylla,  var.  pellita 

Salix  cordata 

Salix  cordata,  var.  faleata 

Salix  cordata,  far.  vestita 

Salix  crassa 

Salix  mneata, 

Salix  discolor 

Salix  discolor,  var.  eriocephala 

Salix  discolor,  var.  prinoides ". 

Salix  erwcephala 

Salix  exigua 

Salix  faleata 

Salix  Fendleriana 

Salix  flavesceiia 

Salix  flavescens  (Salix  flavesccns,  var.  Scouleriana) . 

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana 

Salix  ftaro-virens 

Salix  fluviatalis 


170 
170 
168 
170 
170 
165 
171 
170 
165 
170 
169 
171 
169 
169 


168 
165 
167 
169 
170 
170 
165 
168 


240 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Salix  Hartwegi 

Salix  Hindsiana 

Salix  Jlindsiana,  var.  tenu(folia. . 

Salix  Ilojfmanniana 

Silix  Hookeriana 

Salix  Hmtstoniana. . . 

Salix  It  u-milis,  var.  Hartwegi 

Salix  la'viiiatn 

Salix  la-Virata,  var.  angustifolia. . 

Salix  IIP  Virata,  var.  congests 

Salix  lancifolia 

Salix  lartiandra 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana  . 
Salix  lasiandra,  tar.  laiicifolia  — 

Salix  lasiolepis 

Salix  lasiolepia,  var.  angustifolia.. 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  lligclovii 

Salix  lasiolepis,  vzr.fallax 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  latifolia 


Page. 
171 
1C9 
ICO 
167 
170 
165 
171 
107 
107 
107 
167 
167 
107 
167 
170 
17! 
170 
170 
171 


Salix  ligustrina 165 

Salix  longifolia 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  anguatissima 168 

Salix  lougifolia,  var.  argyropliylla 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  angustiisima 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  opaca 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  cxigaa 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  opaca 1 C8 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  pedicellata 168 

Salix  longipes :  •  166 

Salix  Itmgipa,  ^ar.  pubescent 168 

Salix  lucida,  var.  angustifolia,  forma  lasiandra 167 

Salix  lucida,  var.  macrophylla 167 

Salix  m  (irginata 166 

/ 'Salix  melanopsis — 166 

Salix  nigra 165 

Salix  n  igra,  var.  amygdaloides 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  angustifolia 166 

Salixnigra,  vn.t.falcata 165 

Salix  nigra,  var.  latifolia — 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longifolia 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipes 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipes.  subvar.  gongylocttrpa 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipes,  subvar.  venulosa , 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  marginata 166 

Salix  nigra,  r.ar.  Wardii 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  "Wrightii 166 

Salix  occidentals 166 

Salix  pentandra — 165 

Salix  pentandra,  var.  caudata 167 

Salix  prinoides 169 

Salix  Purshiana 165 

? Salix  rubra 168 

Salix  Scotderiana 170 

Salix  eensitiva 169 

Salix  sexitilitblia 168 

Salix  si'sailifolia,  tar.  Hindsiana 169 

Salix  sessilifolia,  var.  rillom 168 

S.ilix  SitclionMS 171 

Salix  Sitchuusis,  oar.  angustifolia 171 

Sa'ix  ttpeciosa  167 

Kalir  mbvilloia 166 

Hula  Wrightii 166 

Samt>  ra  floribuntla  09 

Sa"- am  pentandra 09 

Sa-iiibucui  California. 03 

Si  mbucns  glaui'a 93 

Sdinbueus  glauca  (Saiubuc»3_Mexicana) 93 

i .us  itexicana 93 

?Sambueu«  Ifexieana  (Saiuliucus  glauca) 03 

Sam  bmiis  velutina '.!'.', 

Sand  .T::ok    : ]53 

Sand  1'iuc 1 !  '!< 

S:i!id-bar  Willow 168 

SAI-IXIIACE.E .• 42-51 

Saji  indus  acuminata 4  J 


Sapindus  Drummondi 

Sapindus  falcalus 

?Sapind-us  incequalu 

Sapindus  niarginatus 

Sapindus  Saponaria 

Sapinditg  Saponaria  (Sapindus  marginatas)  . 

SAI'OTACE.«... 


Sarcomphaha  Carolinianus 

Sassafras    

Sassafras  otliciuale 

Satin  wood 

Savin  (Juniperus  Virginiana) 

Savin  (Torreya  taxifolia) 

Scarlet  llaw  (CrataBgus  coccinea) . . . 
Scarlet  Jlaw  (Cratiegus  subvillosa)  . 

Scarlet  Oak 

Sclue/tria  buxifolia 

Scha?fferia  completa   

Scha.'fferia  frutesccns 


Kehceferia  lateriflora 

Schouubcea  commutata 

Schubc  rtia  dieticha 

Schubertia  ttcmpcrvirens 

Screw  Bean 

Screw-pud  Mcsquit 

Scrub  Oak  (Quercus  Catesbasi) 

Scrub  Oak  (Quercua  undulata,  var.  Gambelii) . 

Scrub  Pino  (Pinus  Bunksiana) '. 

ScmbPine  (Pinus  clansa) 

Scrub  Pine  (Pinus  contorta) 

Scrub  Pino  (Pinus  inops) 

Scutia  ferrea  (Condalia  ferrea) 

Scvliaferrea  (Roynosia  latifolia) 

SeaAsu  .. 


Page. 

44 

44 

44 

44 

4* 

44 

100-103 

40 

120 

118 

31 

183 

186 

73 

73 

148 

39 

3» 

38 

128 

87 

18J 

185 

62 

62 

151 

139 

201 

199 

194 

199 

30 

39 

30 

118 

162 

121 

113 

184 

185 

206 

185 

184 

184 

84 

95 

84 

133 

210 

94 

133 

133 

133 

154 

Shittimwood  (Bumelia  lanuginosa) 102 

Shittim wood  ( Rhamnus  Pursbiana) 41 

Sbort-lcaved  Pine 20" 

Shrubby  Trefoil 3] 

Sideroxylon  Carolinense ^ul 

Siderozylon  chrysophyUoides 101 

Sideroxylon  cuneatum 1°3 

Sideroxylon  decandrum , I"3 

SidtroxiilnH  In mir/inotvm 102 

Kidi'ro.rylon  leave N® 

SideroTi/Inn  liicioides I"3 

Siderox.ylou  Mastichodondron 

Sideroxylon  pallidum - 101 

Sideroxylon  reclinatutn I"3 

Sideroxylon  mliofolium I"1 

Sulertirnlon  m-rireum 1°' 

Sidena-tilm!  tcnux  (Bumelia  lannginosa) ">2 

Siderorylon  tenax  (Eumelia  tenax) "" 

KUipmstriimcordatum 61 

Silk-top  Palmetto 

Silky  Willow 171 


Sea  Grape 

Seaside  Alder 

Sebastiania  lucida 

Sebestena  scabra 

Sequoia  gigantea 

Sequoia  gigantea  (Sequoia  sempervirens) . 

?  Sequoia  Rafinesquei , 

Sequoia  religiosa 

Sequoia  sempervirens - 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia 

Service  Tree 

Seven-year  Apple 

ShadBnsh 

Shag-bark  Hickory 

She  Balsam 

Shecpberry 

Shell  bark,  Big 

Shell-bark,  Bottom 

Shell-bark  Hickory 

Shingle  Oak 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


241 


Silver-hell  Tree  (Halesia  dlptera) 

Silver-bell  Tree  (Halesia  tetraptera) 

Silvi-r  Maple 

Silver-top  Palmetto — 

Simaruba  amura 

.Simaruba  glauca 

>'i  ma ruba  medicinalif 

SlMAUUBKJE 

Sitka  Cypress 

Slash  Pine 

Slipper}-  Elm  (Fremontia  Californica) 

Slippery  Elm  (Ulrnus  fulva) 

Sloe 

Sloe,  Black 

Small-fruited  Haw — 

Smooth  Alder 

Snow-drop  Tree  (Halesia  diptera) 

Snow-drop  Tree  (Halesia  tetraptera) 

Soapberry  (Sapindus  marginatus) 

Soapberry  (Sapindus  Saponaria) -  - 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  dasycarpum) , 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  rubrum) 

Sophora  amuis 

Sophora  secundifiora 

Sophora  speciosa 

JSorbug  Americana 

Sorbus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa , 

Sorbus  aucuparia  (Pyrus  Americana) 

Sorbus  aucuparia  (Pyrus  sambucifolia) 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  a.  (Pyrus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa)  . 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  p.  (Pyrus  sambucifolia) 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  Americana 

Sorbut  humifuia 

Sorbus  microcarpa 

Sorbu*  riparia 

Sorbus  sambucifolia — 

Sorbus  Sitchensis 

Sorrel  Tree 

Sour  Gnm , 

Sour  Tupelo 

Sourwood , 

Southern  Buckthorn 

Southern  Crab  Apple 

Southern  Pine ., 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  baccata) 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  canalicolata) 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  elata) 

Spanish  Buckeye .-.. 

Spanish  Oak 

Spanish  Oak,  Swamp 

Spanish  Stopper 

Speckled  Alder 

Spice  Tree 

Spindle  Tree 

Spircea,  Calif  arnica 

Spoonwood .„.. . 

Spruce,  Black 

Spruce,  Blue 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinua  clansa) 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  glabra) 


Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  mitis) '  200 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  Murrayana) 

Spruce,  Tide-land '. 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  alba) 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  Engelmanni) 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  pungens) 

Stag  Bush ; 

Staghorn  Sumach . 

Star-leaved  Gum 

STERCULIACE.S 

Stinking  Cedar  (Torreya  Californica) 

Stinking  Cedar  (Torreya  taxifolia) 

Stopper  (Eugenia  longipea) _. ..... .......... 

Stopper  (Eugenia  monticola) 

Stopper,  Gurgeon 

16  FOB 


Page. 
105 

Stopper,  Bed  

Page. 
89 

106 

Stopper,  Spanish  

88 

49 

Stopper,  White  

89 

218 

Striped  Dogwood  

46 

32 

Striped  Maple  

46 

32 

62 

32 

Strom  bocarpa.  pubescent  

62 

:a 

Strong  Bark  

114 

178 

Styphnolubimn  affine  

58 

202 

STYR  ACACIA  

..   .       .                      105  106 

26 

Sugarberry  

126 

122 

Sugar  Maple  

4g 

67 

Sugar  Maple,  Black  

49 

67 

Sugar  Pine  

18g 

81 

Sugar  Tree  

48 

164 

Sumach,  Coral  

54 

105 

Sumach,  Dwarf  

53 

106 

Sumach,  Poison  

54 

44 

Sumach,  Staghorn  

53 

45 

Summer  Haw  (Cratsegua  flava)  

83 

49 

Summer  Haw  (Cratsrgus  flava,  var.  pabescens)  

83 

50 

Suwarrow  

90 

58 

Swamp  Cottonwood  

172 

57 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  amara)  

135 

57 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  aquatioa)  ..  

136 

73 

Swamp  Laurel  . 

20 

74 

Swamp  Maple  ... 

...                                      50 

73 

74 

Swamp  Post  Oak  

140 

74 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak  ..  ..  . 

152 

74 

Swamp  White  Oak  

.  .                                   141 

73 

Sweet  Bay  

20 

73 

Sweet  Birch  

162 

74 

Sweet  Bnckeye  

43 

Sweet  Gnm  . 

86 

Sweet  Leaf  

105 

Sweet  Locust  

59 

98 

Sweet-scented  Crab  

72 

Swietenia  Mahogoni  .  ..  . 

33 

Switch-hnd  Hickory  

134 

129 

129 

Sycamore  (Platanus  Wrightii)  

130 

Svmplocos  tinctoria  

105 

218 
219 

T. 

199 

44 

Tacamahac  .............. 

173 

151 

Tallowberry  

28 

152 

Tallow  Nut  

34 

88 

„              215 

165 

216 

120 

Tamarack  (Pinns  Murrayana)  .  . 

195 

38 

Tamarind  Wild           .        ...... 

64 

70 

155 

98 

Tan  Bay  ,  .  .. 

25 

203 

185 

205 

183 

199 

183 

201 

.  .                                    183 

'  200 

183 

195 

183 

206 

183 

204 

184 

205 

183 

205 

185 

94 

184 

53 

185 

86 

185 

26 

185 

186 

185 

186 

185 

89 

186 

89 

185 

88 

186 

242 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TEKNSTIKESIIACEjE 25,26 

Tetranthera  CaHfornica 

Thatch.  Brickley 

Thatch,  Brittle 

The  Joshua 

Thorn,  Black 

Thoru,  Cockspur 

Thorn,  Newcastle 

Thorn,  Washington 

Thorn,  White 

Three- thorned  Acacia 

Thrinax  argontea 

Thrinax  Garberi 

Thrinax  parvifloTa 

Thuya  Craigana 

Thuya  excelsa 

Thuya  gigantea 

Thuya  gigantea  (Libocedms  deoarreng) 

Thuya  Lobbii 

Thuya  Menziesii 

Thuya  obtusa , 

Thuya  occirtputalis 

Thuya  occidentalis,  var.  plicata 

Thuya  vdorata 

Thuya  plicata 

Thuya  Sibirica 

Thuya  sphdfroidalii 

Thuya  sphceroidea 

Thuya  Wareana 

Thuyopsis  torealle 

Thuyopsis  cupressoidet 

Thuyopsis  Tchugatekoy 

Thuyopgis  Tchvgatskoyts 

Thylax  fraxineum I 

Tide-land  Sprnce 

Tilia  alba 

Tilia  Americana 

Titia  Americana  (Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens) 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  heterophyUa 

Tilia  Americana,  oar.  pubescena 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  Walteri 

Tilia  Canadensis 

Tilia  Caroliniana 

Tilia  glabra 

Tilia  grata 

Tilia  heterophyUa 

Tilia  heterophyUa,  var.  alba ., 

Tilia  latifolia 

Tilia  laxiflora  (Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens) 

Tilia  laxiflora  (Tilia  heterophylla) 

Tilia  neglecta 

Tilia  nigra 

Tilia  pubescens 

Tilia  pubescent,  var.  leptophylla 

f  Tilia,  steilopetala 

TUia  truncata 

Tn.IACE.ra 26-28 

Titi 

Tollon 

Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylum  Americannm) 

Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis) 

Torchwood 

Tornilla... 


Torreya  Californica 

Torreya  Afyristica 

Torreya  taxifolia 

Toxicodendron  arborescent. 

Toyylon  Madura 

Toyon 


Trefoil,  Shrubby 

Trilopus  dentabl 

Trilopus  nigra 

Trilopus  parrifolia . . . 
Trilopus  rotundifolia . 
Trilopui  Tirginiana  . 
Tsnga  Canadensis  . . . 


ge- 
5,26 

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

Page. 
207 

120 

Tsuga  Douglasii  

209 

218 

Tsitfja  Lindleyana  

209 

218 

Tsuga  Mertensiaua  

207 

219 

Tsuga  Pattoniana  

208 

79 

20 

76 

Tulipastrum  Americanum,  var.  subcordatum  

20 

76 

Tulipifera  Liriodendron  

22 

81 

Tulip  Tree  

22 

78 

Tupelo  

92 

59 

Tnppln  fjiim  ,    , 

93 

218 

Tupelo,  Large  

93 

217 

Tupelo,  Sour  

91 

217 

Turkey  Oak  

151 

176 
178 

IT. 

124 

177 

123 

176 

123 

177 

123 

177 

124 

176 

123 

176 

123 

177 

123 

176 

123 

177 

122 

176 

123 

177 

..            124 

177 

122 

176 

122 

178 

123 

178 

122 

178 

123 

178 

124 

29 

122 

206 

123 

27 

122 

26 

*                          124 

27 

.          123 

27 

122 

27 

120 

27 

21 

26 

44 

27 

44 

26 

44 

27 

Upland  Willow  Oak     

153 

27 

127 

27 

122-128 

26 

23 

27 
27 

V. 

96 

96 

96 

146 

70 

70 

27 

116,117 

6-28 

M 

38 

94 

84 

94 

29 

94 

30 

47 

33 

57 

62 

57 

186 
186 

186 

w. 

31 

33 

38 

128 

28 

84 

124 

31 

13» 

131 

131 

131 

139 

217 

206 

Washington  Thorn  ...                           

81 

INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


243 


Page. 

110 

159 

129 

123 

136 

60 

50 

152 

152 

140 

136 

138 

184 

184 

115 

33 

187 

46 

107 

28 

20 

159 

160 

87 

179 

178 

17 

176 

175 

184 

123 

123 

213 

212 

45 

20 

87 

49 

137 

White  Oak  (Quercns  Garryana) J38 

WhiteOak  (Quercns  griaea) 144 

White  Oak  (Quercus  lobata) 138 

White  Oak  (Quercas  oblongifolia) 144 

White  Oak,  Mountain 143 

White  Oak,  Swamp 141 

White  Oak,  Water 140 

White  Pine  (Pinus  flexilis) 188 

White  Pine  (Finns  glabra) 201 

White  Pine  (Pinns  monticola) 187 

White  Pine  (Finns  reflexa) 189 

White  Pine  (Pinns  Strobns) 187 

White  Sprnce  (Picea  alba) 204 

White  Sprnce  (Picea  Engelmanni) 205 

White  Sprnce  (Picea  pnngens) 205 

White  Stopper ..  89 

White  Thorn 78 

White  Walnnt 130 

White-heart  Hickory 134 

Whitewood  (Canella  alba) 24 

Wbitewood  (Drypetes  crocea) 121 

Whitewood  (Liriodendron  Tnlipifcra) _ 22 

Wild  Black  Cherry 68 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunns  Capuli) 69 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunns  demissa) 89 

Wild  China 44 

AVild  Cinnamon 24 

WildDUly 103 

Wild  Fig 127 

Wild  Lime  (Xanthoxylum  Pterota) 31 

Wild  Lime  (Xinienia  Americana) 34 

Wild  Orange  (Prnnus  Caroliniana) 70 

Wild  Orange  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Hercnlls) 30 

Wild  Peach 70 

Wild  Plum 65 

Wild  Red  Cherry 6g 

Wild  Tamarind 54 


Water  Ash 

Water  Beech  (Carpinns  Caroliniana) 

Water  Beech  (Platanus  occidontalia) 

Water  Elm 

Water  Hickory 

Water  Locnst 

Water  Maple 

Water  Oak  {Quercus  aqnatica) 

Water  Oak  (Quercus  palustris) 

Water  White  Oak 

Wax  Myrtle 

Weeping  Oak ..... 

WeUingtonia  Californica 

WeUingtonia  gigantea . 

Western  Catalpa 

West-Indian  Birch 

Weymouth  Pine .. 

Whistlewood 

White  Ash 

White  Bnsswood 

White  Bay 

White  Birch  (Betnla  alba,  var.  popnlifolia)  . 

White  Birch  (Betnla  papyrifera) 

White  Buttonwood 

Whit*  Cedar  (Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana)  . 
White  Cedar  (Chamaecyparis  sphaeroidea) . . 

White  Cedar  (Libocedrus  decurrens) 

White  Cedar  (Thuya  occidentals) 

White  Cottonwood 

White  Cypress 

White  Elm  (Ulmus  Americana) 

White  Elm  (Ulmus  racemosa) 

White  Fir  (Abies  concolor) 

White  Fir  (Abies  grandis) 

White  Ironwood 

White  Laurel  

White  Mangrove 

White  Maple 

White  Oak  (Quercns  alba) 


Willow  (Salix  amygdaloides) — 

Willow  (Salix  tevigata) 

Willow  (Salix  lasiandra) 

Willow  (Salix  lasiolepis) 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scooleriana)  . 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  nigr») 

Willow,  Desert 

Willow,  Diamond 

Willow,  Glaucous ........... . 

Willow  Oak 

Willow  Oak,  Upland 

Willow,  Sand-bar , 

Willow,  Silky 

Winged  Elm 

Wintera  Canella 

Witch  Hazel... 


Xanthoxylnm  Americanum 

Xanthoxlyum  aromaticum .. 

Xanthoxylnm  Caribcenm — 

Xanthoxylum  Carolinianum 

Xanthoxylum  Catesbianum , . .. 

Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Hercnlis -. ... 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Eerculig  (Xantboxylnm  Americanum)  .. 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  (Xanthoxylnm  Caribsenm) 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hcrculis,  var . 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hercniis,  var.  fruticosnm 

Xanthoxylum  Floridanum 

Xanthoxylum  fraxineum 

Xanthoxylum  fraxinifolium  (Xanthoxylnm  Americanum) . . . 
Xanthoxylum  fraxinifolium  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Hercnlis) . 

Xanthoxylum  hirsutum 

Xanthoxylum  lanceolatum .. 

Xanthoxylum  macrophyltum ............ 

Xanthoxylum  mite ....... ...... 

Xanthoxylnm  Pterota 

Xanthoxylum  ramijlorum .. . 

Xanthoxylum  tricarpum  (Xanthoxylnm  Americannm) 

Xanthoxylum  tricarpum  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Hercnlls) 

Ximenia  Americana 

Ximtnia  montana > 

Ximenia  multifara 


Yaupon 

Yellow  Ash 

Yellow-bark  Oak 

Yellow  Birch 

Yellow  Cypress 

Yellow  Fir 

Yellow  Haw.. 

Yellow  Locust 

Yellow  Oak  (Qnercns  prinoides) 

Yellow  Oak  (Qnercns  tinctoria) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinns  Arizonioa) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinns  mitis) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinns  palnstris) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinns  ponderosa) 

Yellow  Poplar 

Yellowwood  (Cladrastis  tinctoria)  . . . 
Yellowwood  (Schaefferia  frntescens) . 

Yew  (Taxus  brevifolia) 

Yew  (Taxus  Floridana) 

Yop 


opon 


Yucca  angustifolia,  var.  data 

Yucca  angustifolia,  var.  radiota 

Yucca  baccata 

Yncca  brevifolia 

Yncca  canaliculate 

Yucca  Draconit,  1  var.  arbortsctm  . 

Yncca  data 

Yucca  fllamentosa  f 

Yucca  Treculiana 


Page. 
168 
167 
167 
171 
170 
168 
116 
170 
169 
154 
153 
168 
171 
124 
24 
85 

29 


29 


30 
30 
29 
29 
30 
30 
30 
30 
29 
31 
29 


31 
34 
34 

38 

57 

149 

1«1 

178 

209 

83 

55 

143 

149 

192 

200 

202 

193 

22 

57 

39 

185 

186 

36 

219 

219 

219 

218 

218 

218 

219 

219 

218 


Z. 


Zizyphut  Dominigengia 41 

Zizyphua  emarginatus 39 

ZYGOPBYLLACEJS 28,29 


PART    II. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


245 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


A  critical  examination  of  the  wood  produced  by  the  indigenous  trees  of  North  America,  exclusive  of  Mexico, 
Las  been  made  in  connection  with  the  investigation  of  the  forest  wealth  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  S.  P.  Sharpies,  special  agent  in  charge  of  this  department  of  the  investigation,  has  had  general  direction 
of  such  experiments,  and  suggested  the  methods  adopted  for  their  execution. 

The  object  of  this  examination  has  been  to  determine,  first,  the  fuel  value  of  the  woods  of  the  United  States ; 
second,  the  value  as  material  for  construction  of  the  wood  of  the  principal  timber  trees  of  the  country.  The 
results  thus  obtained  are  highly  suggestive;  they  must  not,  however,  be  considered  conclusive,  but  rather  valuable 
as  indicating  what  lines  of  research  should  be  followed  in  a  more  thorough  study  of  this  subject. 

The  fuel  value  has  been  obtained  by  a  determination  of  the  specific  gravity  and  the  ash  of  the  absolutely  dry 
wood,  supplemented  by  a  determination  of  the  actual  chemical  composition  of  the  wood  of  some  of  the  most 
important  trees ;  the  value  of  our  woods  for  construction,  has  been  obtained  by  experiments  made  with  the  United 
States  testing-machine  at  the  Watertown  arsenal.  Each  specimen  as  received  was  at  once  numbered,  and  this 
number,  designated  in  the  following  tables  as  "Office  number",  was  carefully  repeated  on  every  fragment  cut  from 
the  original  tree,  and  always  refers  to  the  same  specimen.  In  a  few  cases  in  the  early  part  of  the  work  a 
sub-number  was  used  to  designate  a  specimen  from  another  tree  of  the  same  species  received  from  the  same 
collector.  In  most  cases  the  specimens  were  taken  from  the  butt-cut  of  the  tree,  and  unless  it  is  otherwise 
mentioned  in  the  remarks,  were  free  from  sap  and  knots;  they  may  be  regarded  as  representing  the  best  wood 
that  could  be  obtained  from  the  tree. 

The  specimens  used  in  the  different  series  of  experiments  are  deposited  in  the  'National  Museum  at  Washington 
and  in  the  museum  of  the  Arboretum  of  Harvard  College.  It  was  found  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  proper 
material  upon  which  to  carry  out  the  various  experiments,  to  obtain  a  much  larger  amount  of  wood  of  the  different 
species  than  was  actually  consumed  in  the  experiments.  This  surplus  material  has  been  worked  into  12,961 
museum  specimens,  of  convenient  size,  showing  as  far  as  possible  the  bark,  sap-,  and  heart-wood  of  each  species. 
These  have  been  made  into  sixty  sets,  more  or  less  complete,  and  distributed  to  the  following  educational 
institutions  in  the  United  States  and  Europe: 

Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

United  States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  New  York. 

Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

United  States  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Maryland. 

Sheffield  Scientific  School,  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  New  York,  New  York. 

National  School  of  Forestry,  Nancy,  France. 

Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Agricultural  Museum,  Borne,  Italy. 

Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Eensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  New  York. 

Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Iowa  Agricultural  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Administration  of  National  Forests,  Lisbon,  Portugal. 

National  Forest  Administration,  Paris,  France. 

McGill  University,  Montreal,  Canada. 

Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Lansing,  Michigan. 

'  247 


248  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  Salem,  Massachusetts. 

Arkansas  Industrial  University,  Fayetteville.  Arkansas. 

Imperial  Botanic  Gardens,  St.  Petersburg,  Enssia. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  New  York",  New  York. 

Portland  Society  of  Natural  History,  Portland,  Maine. 

New  Jersey  Agricultural  College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Burlington,  Vermont. 

State  Agricultural  College,  College  Station,  Maryland. 

Union  College  Engineering  School,  Scheuectady,  New  York. 

Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  New  York. 

Hampton  Agricultural  and  Normal  Institute,  Hampton,  Virginia. 

Pennsylvania  State  College,  State  College,  Pennsylvania. 

Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Agricultural  College  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Missouri. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Auburn,  Alabama. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

North  Carolina  Agricultural  College,  Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

West  Virginia  University,  Morgantown,  West  Virginia. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Orono,  Maine. 

Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Massachusetts. 

Tennessee  Agricultural  College,  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 

New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture,  Hanover,  New  Hampsh  ire. 

Illinois  Industrial  University,  Champaign,  Illinois. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis.  Oregon. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kansas. 

Agricultural  College  of  Mississippi,  Starkville,  Mississippi. 

Kentucky  Agricultural  College,  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Claflin  University,  Orangeville,  South  Carolina. 

Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

Botanic  Garden,  Konigsberg,  Germany. 

Engineer's  office,  Water-works,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Franklin  Society,  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Madison  University,  Hamilton,  New  York. 

Rochester  University,  Rochester,  New  York. 

Colby  Academy,  New  London,  New  Hampshire. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  'AND  ASH. 

The  specific  gravity  and  the  ash  of  every  tree  of  the  United  States  have  been  determined  (Table  I)  by  Mr- 
Sharpies,  with  the  exception  of  the  following :  Clusia  /lava,  once  detected  upon  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  but 
not  rediscovered;  Gordonia  pubescens,  a  rare  and  local  species  discovered  in  the  last  century  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Altamaha  river  of  Georgia  and  never  rediscovered;  Pistacia  Mexicana  and  Acacia  Berlandieri,  economically 
unimportant  species  of  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande ;  Cratccgus  berberi/olla,  a  little  known  species  of  the 
Red  River  valley;  Cupressus  Macnabiana,  a  rare  and  local  species  of  California  of  little  economic  importance;  and 
Larlx  Lyallii,  a  rare  and  local  species  of  the  northern  Rocky  mountains. 

At  least  two  determinations  of  specific  gravity  have  been  made  for  each  species  studied,  and,  in  the  case  of 
woods  of  commercial  importance,  specimens  were  taken  from  many  trees  growing  in  widely  different  parts  of  the 
country,  and  under  different  conditions  of  soil  and  climate. 

The  specimens  used  for  specific  gravity  determinations  were  made  100  millimeters  long  and  about  35  millimeters 
square,  and  were  dried  at  100°  centigrade  until  they  ceased  to  lose  weight.  The  specific  gravity  was  then  obtained 
by  measurement  with  micrometer  calipers  and  calculation  from  the  weights  of  the  blocks. 

Two  determinations  of  ash  were  made  from  each  specimen  studied  by  burning  small,  dried  blocks  in  a  muffle 
furnace  at  a  low  temperature. 

An  average  of  the  specific  gravity  and  of  the  ash  of  all  the  specimens  taken  from  the  same  tree  was  made,  and 
the  average  of  these  averages  is  given  as  the  final  result  for  the  species ;  equal  weight  is  thus  given  to  each  tree  itt 
the  calculations  without  regard  to  the  number  of  specimens  representing  it. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


249 


In  the  following  table  the  trees  of  the  United  States  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  weight  of  the  dry  wood : 


1 

a 

3 

Species. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

43 

a  so^o 

163 

0  8337 

402 

0  7407 

44 

1  1909 

159 

0.  833'J 

'>7.'i 

0  7405 

I  1617 

26 

0  8319 

87 

0  7342 

"ii 

1  143'* 

119 

0  8316 

77 

0  7333 

114 

1.  1374 

257 

0.  8313 

276 

0  7324 

1   1235 

299 

0  8284 

L58 

21 

1.  1101 

270 

0.  8253 

278 

0  7294 

220 

1  0905 

244 

0.8218 

178 

0  7°93 

1  0838 

f>4"> 

0  8^17 

ll"> 

1  0731 

49 

0  8208 

ong 

CYIti<<  occidentals 

0  7287 

42 

1  0715 

106 

0.  8^02 

293 

0  7286 

80 

1  0602 

131 

0.8153 

31 

0  7282 

1  0459 

r>4 

0  8126 

''''8 

16° 

1  0316 

''01 

0  8111 

35 

0  7^70 

176 

1  0109 

243 

0.  8108 

225 

0  7263 

1  0092 

78 

0  8094 

141 

C  9900 

904 

0  8073 

280 

(Jii.Tciisa  uatica 

0  7244, 

12 

0  ^893 

"59 

0.  8039 

103 

0  7215 

83 

0  984° 

79 

0.  8034 

r'ft 

0  7194, 

0  9835 

247 

0  8016 

196 

0  7184 

113 

0  9803 

284 

0  8009 

241 

0  7180 

214 

0  9635 

18° 

0  7959 

407 

0  7172 

56 

0  9533 

128 

0.  7953 

170 

0  7160 

266 

0  9507 

370 

0  7942 

IT* 

0  7159 

°G7 

0  9501 

73 

0  7917 

16 

0  714° 

265 

0  9479 

184 

0  7908 

142 

0  7137 

148 

0  9453 

189 

0.7904 

ins 

0  7118 

°63 

0  9441 

100 

0  7879 

194 

0  7117 

87 

0  9^92 

271 

0  7855 

•>()•• 

0  7108 

116 

0  9366 

137 

0.  7838 

167 

0  7099 

144 

0  9360 

135 

0.  7809 

10'i 

0  7052 

175 

0  9360 

41 

0  7745 

117 

0  7048 

219 

0  9346 

234 

0.  7736 

274 

0  7045 

136 

0  o;j°6 

233 

ft.  7715 

380 

0  6999 

177 

DiphoJis  salicifolia  

0  9316 

102 

0.  7709 

11 

0  6971 

160 

0.  9310 

122 

0.  7703 

223 

0.6956 

"69 

0  9°63 

216 

0.  7693 

110 

0  6951 

9"> 

0  9°35 

135 

0.  7683 

123 

0  6950 

219 

0  9209 

281 

0.  7673 

174 

0  6948 

32 

0  9196 

258 

0  7G6" 

879 

0  G938 

146 

0  9156 

93 

0.  7652 

85 

0  6934 

211 

0  9138 

192 

0.7636 

277 

0  C928 

57 

0  9102 

1°9 

0.  7633 

64 

0.  6915 

272 

0  9080 

299 

0.  7617 

64 

0  6912 

lul 

0  9049 

164 

0.7630 

338 

0.6907 

40 

0  9048 

04 

0.  7609 

63 

0.  6902 

°4 

0  9002 

246 

0.  7552 

118 

0  6895 

112 

0  8998 

0.  7529 

27 

0  6885 

143 

0  8992 

92 

0.  7513 

104 

0.6884 

145 

0  8983 

381 

0.7504 

291 

0.6883 

262 

0  8928 

1G8 

0.  7500 

188 

0  6856 

0  8740 

16") 

0.  7500 

°82 

0  G834 

81 

Piscidia  Kry  thrina  

0.  8734 

260 

0.7499 

889 

0.6827 

210 

0  8710 

296 

0.  7491 

191 

0  6810 

111 

0  8688 

152 

CornAs  Nnttallii 

0.  7481 

1*>4 

0  6793 

127 

0  8618 

286 

0.  7472 

203 

0.6790 

261 

0  8605 

251 

0.  7470 

37 

0.6784 

173 

0  8602 

181 

0.  7467 

397 

0  6783 

98 

0  8550 

169 

0.7458 

86 

0.  6740 

84 

0  8509 

131 

0.  7453 

96 

0.  6732 

208 

0.8493 

253 

0.  7449 

250 

0.  6703 

185 

0  8460 

256 

0.  7453 

150 

0  6696 

255 

0  8407 

89 

0.  7453 

409 

0.6677 

•140 

0  8372 

25 

0.  7444 

61 

0  CG60 

55 

0  8367 

36 

0.  7420 

180 

0  6C03 

254 

0.  8367 

252 

0.  7409 

190 

0.6597 

172 

M  vrsiue  Rapanea  .  .  . 

0.8341 

248 

Carva  anuatica  .. 

0.  7407 

39 

Euonvmus  atroDUTDureua  .  .  . 

0.  6592 

250 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Kelative  specific 
gravity. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Relative  specific 
graTity. 

134 

0  6564 

187 

0  5705 

379 

0  6554 

"35 

0  5678 

346 

•>()7 

0.  6553 

353 

0  5675 

309 

179 

0.6544 

47 

1  ;  1  1  an  inns  Purshiana  

0.  5672 

231 

0  6543 

1  356 

0  5658 

237 

Platanus  Wri^htii 

•°72 

0.6540 

22 

0  5654 

14 

88 

0.  6531 

249 

0  5637 

361 

0.  6529 

188 

0  5698 

400 

0.  6517 

316 

0  5587 

3 

354 

0.  6512 

374 

0  5576 

333 

"^224 

0.  6506 

288 

0  5574 

304 

125 

0.  6491 

357 

0  557*' 

319 

0  6440 

76 

3-)  .-3 

275 

0.6435 

336 

0  55°° 

331 

215 

0.  6429 

45 

0  5469 

157 

69 

Q.  64  °5 

66 

0  5459 

153 

983 

0  6420 

363 

0  5457 

305 

0  6418 

120 

0  5451 

309 

0  6398 

370 

Piuus  Tieda 

0  5441 

382 

°15 

0  C:i9fi 

357 

0  5434 

368 

0  6391 

313 

0  541° 

391 

355 

0  6388 

161 

0  5350 

0  6372 

314 

0  5350 

399 

0  4561 

0  6363 

310 

0  5342 

309 

0  63GO 

59 

0  5330 

340 

0  6356 

186 

0  53°5 

50 

0  6345 

5 

17 

0  6340 

373 

0  633^ 

58 

107 

0  6319 

227 

0  5294 

307 

0  63  18 

71 

0  5273 

Q 

0  6303 

65 

"33G 

0.  6°82 

362 

0  5206 

411 

0  4470 

8° 

0.  6278 

155 

0  5194 

306 

0  4456 

33° 

0.  G'?61 

7j 

0  5184 

390 

0  4454 

193 

0.  6251 

:isa 

0  5182 

404 

Sabal  Palmetto        ..            

0  4404 

38 

0  6'>49 

405 

"Washin^tonia  filifera 

0  5173 

311 

0  4397 

0.  62.16 

391 

0  5157 

72 

0  438<) 

66 

0.  G178 

371 

0  5151 

350 

0  4358 

90 

0.6116 

345 

0  5145 

70 

0  4357 

0.  C115 

15G 

0  5087 

67 

0  4328 

377 

0.6104 

317 

0  5072 

386 

0  4287 

315 

0.  6069 

23 

0  5056 

388  ' 

0  4275 

0.  6034 

10 

0  5053 

61 

0  4274 

0.  6030 

0  504° 

312 

0  4°61 

62 

0.  6028 

360 

0  5038 

18 

0  4253 

0.  GOOO 

2 

0  5035 

387 

0  4239 

406 

0.  5U91 

105 

0  5023 

g 

0.  4230 

23 

0  5967 

7 

0  5003 

39a 

0.  4928 

300 

0  4996 

342 

0.  4208 

"in 

0  5955 

52 

0  4980 

207 

0.  4165 

191 

0  5998 

313 

0  4969 

351 

0.  4165 

139 

0  5009 

376 

0  4949 

321 

0.  4161 

208 

0  590  •> 

375 

0  4935 

4 

0.4139 

23  ' 

0  5898 

310 

0  4930 

28 

0.  4136 

19 

0  5888 

339 

0  4926 

367 

0  4133 

289 

0  5887 

325 

0  4914 

302 

0.  4127 

34 

0  5873 

60 

0  4909 

365 

0.4096 

337 

0  5899 

236 

0  4880 

320 

0.  4089 

108 

0  58^2 

359 

0  4879 

238 

0  4086 

33 

0  5818 

352 

0  4877 

17 

0.  4074 

0  5815 

308 

0  4872 

383 

0.  4051 

194 

0.  5780 

358 

0  4854 

318 

0.  4032 

291 

0  577° 

335 

0  4843 

326 

0.  4017 

338 

0  5765 

366 

0  4840 

303 

0.  3981 

°98 

0  5762 

68 

0  4821 

9 

0.3969 

294 

0  5760 

301 

0  4813 

378 

0.  3931 

48 

0  5750 

34 

0  4806 

322 

0.  3912 

197 

Fraxinna  Oreeana  .  . 

0.  5731 

330 

Cbamsecvparis  Nutkaensis  .  .  . 

0.  4782 

348 

Pinus  monticola  .  .  . 

0.3008 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


251 


1 

i  i    ii'ji 

1 

| 

4 

i£ 

1 

S3? 

I 

.| 

• 

Species. 

e'S 

« 

Species. 

el 

n 

Species. 

ll 

« 

16 

« 

'  2 
•5  fab 

^ 

II 

3 

*3 

I 

1 

o 

» 

3 

o 

« 

3 

H 

0  3839 

396 

0.3638 

820 

Chamaicyparisapbairoidea  

0.  3322 

1 

0  3854 

1-)1 

0  3635    I  119 

0.3188 

393 

Abies  irils'u 

0  3819 

ao'» 

0.3565 

3'27 

Thuya  occidentalis  

0.3164 

•  1     . 

0  3814       'iTi 

0  3545 

30 

0.  3003 

0  3790       1T> 

0  3541 

0.2882 

n  yjAn       -:i;<) 

0.  3499 

412 

Tncca  haccata  ... 

0.2724 

410 

Tucca  brevifolia                '    0.  r;7:;7      :::)4     A  'ties  aubalninu  

ci.  :;)7i;       J'-'ll      Virus  aurra  1     0.2616 

349 

U.  3634 

384 

0.344J 

It  will  be  noticed  that  all  species  in  which  the  wood  is  heavier  than  water  belong  to  the  semi-tropical  region 
of  Florida  or  to  the  arid  Mexican  and  interior  Pacific  regions.  There  seeing  to  be  a  certain,  but  by  no  means  constant 
relation,  as  shown  in  this  table,  between  aridity  of  climate  and  the  weight  of  the  wood  produced  by  closely  allieu 
species  or  by  individuals  of  the  same  species.  The  wood  of  the  form  of  Qucrcits  r  libra  peculiar  to  western  Texas  is 
nearly  30  per  cent,  heavier  than  the  average  of  all  the  specimens  of  the  typical  speci  es  grown  in  the  northern 
states.  Among  the  white  oaks  the  wood  of  species  belonging  to  regions  of  little  rainfall,  Qucrcus  grisea,  ollongifolia, 
Durandii,  and  Douglaxii,  is  heavier  than  that  of  allied  species  peculiar  to  regions  more  favorable  for  the  growth  of 
trees.  The  average  of  two  specimens  of  Quercus  prinoides  grown  in  •western  Texas  is  19  per  cent,  heavier  than 
the  average  of  all  the  other  specimens  of  this  species  grown  ia  other  parts  of  the  country.  In  Fraxinus,  the  wood 
of  F.  Grcggii  of  the  Eio  Grande  valley  is  heavier  than  that  of  any  other  species  ;  it  only  just  surpasses  in  weight, 
however,  the  wood  of  the  western  Texas  form  of  F.  Americana,  which  is  20  per  cent,  heavier  than  the  average  of 
all  specimens  of  the  typical  species  grown  north  of  Texas.  On  the  other  hand,  th  e  wood  of  Texas  forms  of  Fraxlnwt 
mrid'ut  is  constantly  lighter  than  that  of  northern  specimens,  and  the  wood  of  Celtis  grown  in  Arizona  is  lighter 
than  that  of  the  average  of  all  the  other  specimens  of  this  species.  In  Juglans,  the  heaviest  wood  is  that  of  J.  rupestris, 
a  species  belonging  to  a  region  of  little  rainfall,  and  a  specimen  of  J.  nigra  from  western  Texas  is  33  per  cent, 
heavier  than  the  average  of  all  specimens  grown  in  the  Mississippi  basin.  In  the  case  of  Platanus,  the  heaviest 
wood  is  that  of  the  Atlantic  species,  but  wood  of  the  species  peculiar  to  the  comparatively  moist  climate  of 
southwestern  Arizona  is,  however,  considerably  lighter  than  that  of  the  drier  climate  of  southern  California. 


,  FUEL  VALUE. 

The  relative  fuel  values  are  obtained  by  deducting  the  percentage  of  ash  from  the  specific  gravity,  and  are 
based  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  real  value  of  the  combustible  material  in  all  woods  is  the  same. 

A  number  of  analyses  was  also  made  of  the  wood  of  several  of  the  principal  trees  of  the  United  States  (Table 
II)  and  their  absolute  fuel  value  calculated.  Mr.  Sharpies  describes  the  methods  adopted  by  him  to  obtain  these 
results,  as  follows : 

The  carbon  and  hydrogen  determinations  were  made  by  the  ordinary  processes  of  organic  analysis,  by  burning  the  wood  in  a  current 
of  oxygon.  The  moisture  was  determined  by  drying  the  wood  at  100°  centigrade  until  its  weight  became  sensibly  constant.  The 
calculations  were  then  made  on  the  dry  wood.  The  results  contain  a  slight  constant  error,  arising  from  the  fact  that  the  nitrogen  in  the 
wood  was  «ot  determined.  This  error  is,  however,  very  slight,  the  nitrogen,  which  is  included  in  the  percentage  of  oxygen,  rarely 
amounting,  in  any  wood,  to  one  per  cent.  The  column  headed  "  Hydrogen  combined  with.oxygen  ",  is  found  by  dividing  the  amount  in 
the  column  headed  "Oxygen"  by  eight,  and  represents  the  hydrogen  that  may  be  considered  as  already  combined  with  oxygen  in  the  form 
of  water,  and  is  therefore  useless  for  fuel.  The  fuel  value  per  kilogram  is  found  by  multiplying  the  percentage  of  carbon  by  8,080,  and 
that  of  excess  of  hydrogen  by34,4b'2  (these  being  the  values  obtained  by  Favre  and  Sil1>erman),  adding  these  together  and  deducting  from 
the  sum  the  product  of  the  total  hydrogen  multiplied  by  4,833,  which  represents  the  heat  required  to  evaporate  the  water  produced  by 
burning  the  hydrogen.  The  constants  used  above  represent  the  number  of  kilograms  of  water  raised  one  degree  centigrade,  by  burning 
one  kilogram  of  carbon  or  hydrogen.  The  fuel  value  per  cubic  decimeter  is  found  by  multiplying  the  value  per  kilogram  by  the  specific 
gravity.  It  need  hardly  bo  said  that  this  fuel  value  is  rarely  attained  in  practice,  and  that  it  is  never  utilized.  There  are  too  many 
sources  of  loss ;  the  calculation  supposes  that  the  combustion  is  perfect,  that  no  smoke  is  given  otf,  and  that  the  heat  of  the  products  of 
combustion,  with  the  exception  of  that  neeessary  to  convert  the  water  into  vapor,  is  all  utilized. 

It  appears  from  Mr.  Sharpies'  experiments  that  resinous  woods  give  upward  of  12  per  cent,  more  heat  from 
equal  weights  burned  than  non-resinous  woods;  the  heat  produced  by  burning  a  kilogram  of  dry  non-resinous 
wood  being  about  4,000  units,  while  the  heat  produced  by  burning  a  kilogram  of  dry  resinous  wood  is  about  4,500 
units,  a  unit  being  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  1  kilogram  of  water  1  degree  centigrade. 

Count  Eumford  first  propounded  the  theory  that  the  value  of  equal  weights  of  wood  for  fuel  was  the  same 
without  reference  to  specific  distinctions;  that  is,  that  a  pound  of  wood,  whatever  the  variety,  would  always 
produce  the  same  amount  of  heat  (Count  Bumford's  Works,  Boston,  1873,  vol.  ii).  Marcus  Bull,  experimenting 
in  182C  upon  the  fuel  value  of  different  woods  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  new  ser.,  iii,  1),  found  a  variation  of  only  11 
per  cent,  between  the  different  species  tested.  Eumford's  theory  must  be  regarded  as  nearly  correct,  if  woods  are 


2,~2  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

separated  into  resinous  and  uoii-resinous  classes.  The  specific  gravity  gives  a  direct  means  of  comparing  heat 
values  of  equal  volumes  of  wood  of  different  resinous  and  non-resinous  species.  In  burning  wood,  however,  various- 
circumstances  affect  its  value;  few  fire-places  are  constructed  to  fully  utilize  the  fuel  value  of  resinous  wood,  and 
carbon  escapes  unconsumed  in  the  form  of  smoke.  Pine,  therefore,  which,  although  capable  of  yielding  more  heat 
than  oak  or  hickory,  may  in  practice  yield  considerably  less,  the  pine  losing  both  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  form 
of  smoke,  while  hickory  or  oak,  burning  with  a  smokeless  flame,  is  practically  entirely  consumed.  The  ash  in  a 
wood,  being  non-combustible,  influences  its  fuel  value  in  proportion  to  its  amount.  The  state  of  dryness  of  wood 
also  has  much  influence  upon  its  fuel  value,  though  to  a  less  degree  than  is  generally  supposed.  The  water  in 
green  wood  prevents  its  rapid  combustion,  evaporation  reducing  the  temperature  below  the  point  of  ignition. 
Green  wood  may  often  contain  as  much  as  50  per  cent,  of  water,  and  this  water  must  evaporate  during  combustion  j. 
but  as  half  a  kilogram  of  ordinary  wood  will  give  2,000  units  of  heat,  while  half  a  kilogram  of  water  requires  only 
268.5  units  to  evaporate  it,  1731.5  units  remain  available  for  generating  heat  in  wood  containing  even  a  maximum 
amount  of  water.  In  cases  where  the  pressure  was  perpendicular  to  the  grain  of  the  wood  it  was  applied  on  the- 
side  of  the  specimen  nearest  to  the  heart  of  the  tree. 

A  factor  in  the  general  value  of  wood  as  fuel  is  the  ease  with  whieh- it-ea»^ be  seasoned;  beech,  for  example,  a 
very  dense  wood  of  high  fuel  value  when  dried,  is  generally  considered  of  little  value  as  fuel,  on  account  of  the- 
rapidity  with  which  it  decays  when  cut  and  the  consequent  loss  of  carbon  by  decomposition. 

THE  STRENGTH  OF  WOOD. 

The  specimens  tested  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  strength  of  the  wood  produced  by  the  different  trees 
of  the  United  States  were  cut,  with  few  exceptions,  before  March,  1881,  and  were  slowly  and  carefully  seasoned. 

Those  used  in  determining  the  resistance  to  transverse  strain  were  made  4  centimeters  square  and  long  enough 
to  give  the  necessary  bearing  upon  the  supports.  TJiese  were  shod  with  flat  iron  plates,  slightly  rounded  on  the 
edges  and  were  set  exactly  1  meter  apart ;  they  remained  perfectly  rigid  under  the  pressure  applied.  Each  specimen 
was  weighed,  measured,  and  its  specific  gravity  calculated  before  it  was  tested.  The  result  thus  obtained  represents 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  air-dried  wood. 

To  eliminate  the  action  of  their  weight  the  specimens  were  placed  upright,  and  hydraulic  pressure  was  applied 
by  means  of  an  iron  rod  12  millimeters  in  radius,  acting  midway  between  the  supports,  the  deflections  being  read 
at  this  point. 

The  direction  of  the  grain  of  the  wood  is  shown  by  diagrams  in  the  table  (Table  III),  the  pressure  acting  upon 
it  horizontally  from  the  left. 

The  pressure  was  applied  slowly  and  uniformly,  a  reading  of  the  deflections  being  taken  for  every  50  kilograms. 
When  a  load  of  200  kilograms  had  been  applied  it  was  removed  and  the  set  read.  Pressure  was  again  applied  in 
the  same  way,  and  the  readings  of  deflections  were  resumed  when  200  kilograms  was  again  reached. 

P  I3 
The  formula  used  in  calculating  the  coefficient  of  elasticity  was  E  =5—7-77^ ;  I,  &,  d,  being  taken  in  millimeters; 

4  /  \  i/ft  *. 

3P  I  £w«3*«« 

that  of  the  modulus  of  rupture,  R  =  2  ;  -,«•  ^  &»  ^  being  in  centimeters,  P,  in  both  formulas,  in  kilograms. 

A  few  experiments  were  also  made  in  the  same  manner,  for  purpose's  of  comparison,  to  determine  the  transverse 
strength  of  specimens  1  meter  long  between  the  bearings  and  8  centimeters  square  (Table  IV). 

The  specimens  tested  by  longitudinal  compression  were  4  centimeters  square  and  32  centimeters  (8  diameters) 
long.  They  were  placed  between'the  platforms  of  the  machine,  and  pressure  was  gradually  applied  until  they 
failed.  The  figures  given  represent  the  number  of  kilograms  required  to  cause  failure. 

The  specimens  tested  under  pressure  applied  perpendicularly  to  the  fibers  were  4  centimeters  square  and  16 
centimeters  long.  They  were  placed  upon  the  platform  of  the  machine  and  indented  with  an  iron  punch  4 
centimeters  square  on  its  face,  covering  the  entire  width  of  the  specimen  and  one-quarter  of  its  length  at  the 
center.  In  this  series  of  experiments  the  direction  of  the  annual  rings  was  noted,  horizontal  pressure  being  also 
applied  from  the  left.  Readings  were  taken  of  the  pressure  necessary  to  produce  each  successive  indentation  of 
0.254  up  to  2.54  millimeters,  and  in  the  case  of  specimens  which  did  not  fail  with  this  pressure  :i  further  test  was 
made  of  the  weight  required  to  produce  indentations  of  3.81  and  5.08.  The  remarks  (Table  V)  upon  the  behavior 
of  the  wood  of  the  different  species  under  compression  were  furnished  by  Mr.  James  E.  Howard,  in  charge  of  the 
testing  machine. 

COMPARATIVE  VALUES. 

In  the  following  table  the  number  standing  opposite  each  species  represents  its  relative  value  in  the  column  in 
which  it  appears. 

This  table  is  purely  an  arbitrary  one,  since  the  introduction  of  one  or  more  species  would  of  course  change  the 
value  of  all  species  standing  lower  in  value,  or  results  based  on  an  examination  of  a  larger  number  of  specimens 
of  any  species  may  change  the  relative  numbers  in  regard  to  it  very  considerably.  In  other  words,  any  twenty  or 
thirty  species  bearing  consecutive  numbers  may  change  places  with  each  other.  This  arises  partly  from  the  want 
of  uniformity  of  the  wood  of  any  species,  and  partly  from  the  fact  that  where  so  many  determinations  fall  between, 
comparatively  narrow  limits  the  mere  order  of  sequence  must  be  largely  accidental. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


253 


TABLE  OF  RELATIVE  VALUES. 


1 

1 

id 
U 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 

V 

10 

12 
14 

17 
17 
18 

19 

20 

23 

24 

28 

29 

•JO 

31 

33 
34 

38 

42 
43 
45 
47 

50 
52 
54 
60 
61 
64 
64 
65 
66 
67 
08 

Species. 

Approximate  fuel  value. 

Elasticity. 

Ultimate  transverse 
strength. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crushing. 

Resistance  to  indenta-  1 
lion  to  1.27niillimeters. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  fuel  value. 

Elasticity. 

g 

i 
ir 

n 

o  . 
S3 

*•*  be 

i 

!« 
j 
i 

205 
208 

3 
81 
153 
151 
88 
121 
144 
77 
49 
259 
165 
273 
91 

103 
276 
194 
115 
186 
76 
138 
273 
284 
228 
210 
162 
177 
268 
176 
167 
24 

214 
10 

72 
264 

38 
15 
14 

85 
60 
194 
112 
210 

295 
69 

55 
291 

FUiiuate.  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crushing,  j 

li 

1! 

*! 

§a 
Is 

•s  p 

sa 

216 
109 

71 
52 
2 
24 
141 
27 
163 
156 
53 
90 
142 
26 
28 

104 
190 
266 
114 
76 
32 
39 
74 
225 
140 
107 
63 
80 
99 
94 
31 
48 

192 

8 

19 
174 

20 
12 
9 

40 
77 
169 
127 
161 

184 
35 

7 
230 

MAGNOLIACE.S:. 

14S 
205 
230 
265 
189 
249 
207 
259 

277 
220 

11 
228 

246 
272 
257 

169 
3 

204 

27 

268 

298 
& 

96 

167 
224 

152 

6 
1 
184 
175 

245 
208 
47 
213 
126 
117 
118 
192 
154 
256 
221 

133 
127 
122 
119 
41 
207 
114 
124 

281 
278 

56 
187 

161 
183 
158 

272 
147 

217 

143 

121 

292 
65 

71 

244 
246 

191 

74 
45 
208 
129 

243 
232 
165 
194 
221 
9 
88 
59 
117 
260 
113 

135 
163 
201 
236 
184 
245 
179 
208 

293 
234 

50 
201 

241 
256 
248 

288 
137 

219 
150 

252 

300 
2 

56 

188 
250 

262 

116 
85 
251 
152 

271 
222 
112 
190 
147 
18 
68 
S3 
121 
263 
132 

115 
173 
189 
191 
104 
234 
182 
229 

298 

277 

6 
214 

240 
195 
202 

206 
10 

148 
15 

171 

300 
9 

20 

180 
252 

231 

3 
5 
154 
28 

273 
246 
122 
223 
136 
30 
57 
113 
133 
270 
155 

IM 
U4 

2H 

248 
247 
257 
202 
262 

285 
198 

5 
240 

290 
298 
263 

100 
1 

165 

18 

251 

300 
6 

36 

149 

214 

177 

4 

3 
187 
131 

282 
220 
58 
159 
119 
73 
66 
145 
151 
215 
221 

71 
73 

77 
79 
80 
81 
82 
84 
85 
80 
87 
88 
91 
93 
94 

103 
104 
107 
108 
110 
111 
113 
117 
121 
125 
126 
128 
129 
132 
134 
135 
137 

139 
140 

141 
142 

144 
146 
148 

151 
152 
153 
154 
155 

156 
159 

160 
161 

ANACABDIACE.S:. 

193 
59 

87 
51 
7 
35 
150 
34 
114 
124 
88 
134 
146 
09 
67 

97 
119 
248 
164 
112 
29 
10 
109 
165 
135 
100 
52 
65 
102 
128 
61 
57 

162 
2 

9 
108 

18 
24 
19 

44 

74 
235 
141 
195 

206 
38 

15 
187 

210 
74 

19 
43 
143 
154 
95 

10: 

77 
64 
40 
264 
228 
259 
172 

161 
253 
149 
153 
199 
120 
212 
245 
248 
189 
240 
135 
213 
237 
256 
225 
34 

167 
2 

89 
219 

6 
65 
88 

176 
85 
234 
178 
275 

299 
131 

36 
231 

227 
73 

12 
16 
235 
34 
71 
48 
200 
93 
41 
184 
123 
40 
18 

39 
197 
124 
61 

84 
50 
63 
181 
220 
95 
169 
68 
153 
139 
152 
76 
19 

128 

2 

32 
147 

1 
55 
17 

69 
22 
167 
125 
237 

287 
87 

8 
289 

LEGUMINOS^l. 
Robinia  Pseudacacia  

Ma°  >olia  Umbrella' 

Robinia  Noo-Mexicana  

M  **    r    F 

Olneya  Teaota  

L'r-od     dr      Till'   T 

Piscidia  Erythrina  

AXONACE.S:. 

Anona  laurifolia  

Gleditschia  triacauthos 

CAXELLACE.S:. 
Canella  alba  

TEENSTECEMIACE^:. 

TILIACE.*:. 

ROSACES. 
Prunus  Americana  

Primus  emarginat*  

MALP1GHIACE-S1. 

ZYGOPHYLLACE2E. 

BUTACE.E. 

Xanthox>lum  Caribanm 

Cratffigus  Hubvillosa  

SIMARUBE.S:. 
Simamba  glauca  

BUESEEACE.S:. 

HAMAMELACE.S:. 

MELIACEJE. 

RHIZOPHOBACE.E. 

ILICINE.S:. 

COMBEETACE^I. 

CYRILLACE2E. 
Cliftonia  ligustrina 

MYRTACE.S.      . 

RHAMNACE^. 

Eugenia  procera  

COENACE^E. 

SAFINDACE.S:. 

CornoaXnttallii  

. 

Njssa  capitata  

Nyssa  sylvatica  

Nyasa  uniflora  

CAPRIFOLIACE.&. 

Acer  saccharinum  

Acer  saccharinnm,  var.  nigrum  

EUBIACE3!. 

Acer  rubrum  

Xegnndo  Californicum.  .  . 

Pinckneva  imbens  .  .  . 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  OF  RELATIVE  VALUES— Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

« 
Approximate  fuel  value. 

Elasticity. 

Ultimate!  transverse 
strength. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crushing. 

Resistance  to  indenta- 
tion to  1.27  millimeters. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  fuel  value. 

Elasticity. 

Ultimate  transverse 
strength. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crushing. 

Resistance  to  indenta- 
tion to  1.27  millimeters. 

165 
166 
167 
169 
170 
171 

175 
176 
177 
178 
179 
181 
182 
183 

184 

186 
187 

191 
102 
192 
193 
104 
193 
196 
197 
198 
199 
201 

204 
205 

206 
207 
208 

210 
212 
213 

215 
215 

217 
218 

219 
219 

222 

•m 

ERICACEAE. 

n 

107 
104 
78 
101 
148 

17 
12 
16 
90 
133 
81 
56 
4 

55 

190 
172 

122 
130 
66 
151 
105 
291 
73 
171 
149 
147 
45 

53 
142 

250 
563 
161 

28 
157 
14 

138 
140 
202 
131 

30 
25 

99 
111 

179 
164 
251 
137 
258 
242 

54 
61 
16 
204 
280 
193 
252 
95 

192 

250 
229 

254 
91 
69 
182 
133 
283 
196 
156 
142 
227 
28 

97 
296 

233 
175 

267 

26 
284 
49 

162 
162 
273 
70 

79 
168 

226 
110 

194 
81 
230 
164 
219 
205 

107 
67 
18 
200 
294 
254 
265 
79 

98 

230 
107 

226 
106 
27 

iei 

91 

261 
121 
203 
125 
175 
40 

71 
169 

241 

224 
247 

73 
296 

78 

88 
116 
235 
127 

132 
178 

142 
101 

107 
89 
198 
90 
168 
156 

33 
23 
11 
143 
239 
106 
117 
135 

88 

218 
166 

217 
121 
C5 
162 
114 
296 
94 
80 
175 
199 
51 

45 
215 

238 
194 

278 

13 
274 

7 

47 
232 
221 
49 

24 
79 

142 
66 

92 
110 
75 
95 
65 
133 

15 
25 
49 
146 
162 
97 
47 
16 

29 

139 
123 

108 
153 
121 
113 
98 
185 
111 
157 
130 
154 
64 

43 
87 

273 

254 
181 

37 
218 
13 

128 
132 

188 
120 

23 
13 

68 
172 

224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
228 
229 
231 
232 
234 

235 
230 
237 

238 
239 
240 
241 
242 
243 
244 
245 
246 
247 
248 

249 
250 

251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
256 
257 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
264 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
281 

136 
93 

xo 

191 
94 
98 
300 
244 
163 
63 

173 
218 
231 

270 
155 
132 
103 
36 
4C 
43 
42 
71 
49 
86 

177 
125 

76 
85 
79 
37 
32 
82 
39 
60 
48 
75 
31 
26 
20 
.  8 
21 
13 
33 
22 
41 
58 
129 
23 
84 
106 
137 
89 
113 
91 
115 
95 
62 

205 
62 
273 
266 
229 
143 
300 
292 
173 
114 

146 
249 

286 

181 
63 
218 
239 
IS 
78 
42 
92 
86 
8 
93 

137 

99 

104 
222 
183 
169 
262 
122 
17 
131 
106 
27 
53 
197 
150 
209 
165 
49 
33 
247 
110 
148 
48 
83 
65 
81 
206 
102 
11 
80 
55 
29 
25 

IK) 
36 
167 
228 
•135 
127 
298 
299 
141 
25 

222 
254 
285 

238 
109 
236 
240 
11 
33 
20 
31 
30 
1 
96 

119 

46 

85 
103 
99 
100 
194 
65 
50 
81 
28 
48 
6 
57 
175 
73 
57 
54 
4 
180 
75 
118 
63 
52 
38 
44 
145 
43 
12 
42 
32 
40 
13 

146 
38 
158 
203 
178 
160 
299 
284 
179 
4 

144 
269 

267 

205 
46 
159 
164 
27 
52 
30 
43 
78 
25 
110 

151 

74 

82 
172 
97 
108 
186 
103 
100 
102 
112 
67 
44 
53 
1C5 
11G 
70 
59 
62 
176 
131 
72 
83 
42 
87 
92 
1-19 
98 
35 
137 
101 
91 
77 

138 
112 
67 
179 
101 
56 
296 
207 
148 
22 

158 
245 
211 

244 
126 
143 
84 
60 
45 
51 
41 
78 
34 
55 

182 
135 

105 
136 
79 
54 
69 
82 
72 
96 
83 
86 
61 
17 
10 
21 
38 
30 
33 
11 
81 
57 
150 
44 
116 
115 
152 
46 
117 
88 
134 
122 
70 

=    fi 

nsis 

Rhododendron  maximum 

SAPOTACE^:. 
Chrysophvllumoliviibrme  

Sideroxvlon  Mastichodendron  —  

Hacln  aaun   fici 

PLATANACE.S:. 

JUGLANDACE^;. 

EBBNACE^!. 
Diospyros  Vireiniana  

STTEACAC2E. 

Caryaalba  

OLEACE-ffi;. 

Finx     is  \mericai 

MYRICACE^:. 
Myrica  cerifera  

Myrica  Californica  

CUPTTLrFER^E. 
Qucrcus  alba  

BORRAGINACE2E. 

Qucrcua  undulate,  var.  Gambelii  

BIGXONIACE^. 
Catalpa  bignonioidcs  

Cntalpa  speciosa  

0   CT     'AIM, 

Chilopsisflal'gna  

O 

VERBENACEJE. 
Citharexylirnvillosum  

NTCTAGIXACE^:. 

POLTGONACE^:. 

LAURACE.aS. 
Peraea  Carolincnsis  

Persea  Carolineusis,  var.  palnstris  

Sassafras  ofticinalo  

Umbellularia  Californica  

EUPHORBIACE^:. 

URTICACE.*:. 

Ulmus  fulva  .  .  . 

Qnercus  laurifolia  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


255 


TABLE  OF  KELATIVE  VALUES  -Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  fuel  value. 

Elasticity. 

> 
• 

| 

I1 

B 
•z 

B 

35 
57 
20 
8 
63 
70 
168 
60 
184 
18 
23 
18 

140 
37 
127 
5 
66 
9 
121 
190 
189 

257 
217 
199 
276 
125 
81 
120 
198 
169 
218 
257 
232 
292 
-204 
145 
183 
186 

190 
267 
154 
281 
130 
'93 
260 
276 
158 
190 
280 
238 
34 
94 
243 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crushing. 

Resistance,  to  indenta- 
tion to  1.27  millimeters. 

Catalogue)  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  fuel  value.  ' 

>• 
'Z 

UH 

112 

187 

270 
127 
297 
291 
289 
255 
223 
51 
270 
174 
140 
125 
216 
4 
198 
257 
46 
101 
290 
52 
261 
39 
269 
268 
186 
35 
13 
288 
118 
7 
5 
60 
90 
185 
265 
100 
135 
224 
13 
195 
20 
74 
104 
177 
201 
109 
130 
24 
21 
241 
23 
1 

263 

Ultimate,  transverse 
Btrengtb. 

T'ltimatr  IrsiKtanrr  to 

longitudinal  crushing. 

Resistance  to  indenta- 
tion to  1.27  inilliineli  TH. 

282 
283 
284 
281 
286 

289 
200 
201 
292 
2B9 

204 
293 
290 
297 
298 
£99 
301 
302 
303 

307 
308 
309 
309 
313 
313 
316 
318 
319 
320 
321 
321 
322 
323 
324 
325 
325 

326 
327 
328 
329 
330 
331 
333 
338 
339 
340 
341 
(342 
343 
345 
346 

12: 
144 

:',! 
68 
77 
123 
180 
160 
247 
120 
40 
92 

168 
159 
158 
127 
170 
64 
222 
267 
276 

251 
216 
243 
236 
209 
186 
181 
275 
234 
271 
288 
264 
280 
285 
281 
214 
238 

274 
297 
284 
296 
223 
233 
232 
116 
212 
242 
299 
261- 
139 
198 
227 

30 
203 
114 
87 

HIO 
106 
94 
40 
152 
32 
15 
43 

214 
18 
126 
3 
58 
10 
72 
158 
199 

277 
280 
141 
298 
65 
22 
137 
180 
108 
220 
150 
215 
284 
57 
98 
73 
160 

157 
271 
81 
291 
87 
31 
279 
211 
238 
84 
287 
236 
202 
170 
294 

190 
150 
279 
56 
211 
119 
163 
99 

120 
04 
96 

254 
109 
207 
29 
lf,7 
31 
188 
244 
285 

291 
272 
257 
281 
192 
126 
216 
266 
243 
283 
271 
286 
298 
209 
249 
225 
230 

130 
275 
145 
294 
138 
129 
242 
75 
177 
174 
213 
187 
HI 
134 
250 

144 
118 
59 
89 
102 
•93 
206 
209 
227 
128 
85 
103 

196 
195 
171 
160 
193 
91 
210 
2C8 
279 

208 
249 
261 
241 
199 
183 
265 

250 
276 
291 
274 

293 
258 
252 
239 

297 
284 
287 
236 
259 
147 
50 
176 

286 
271- 
62 
166 
203 

347 

348 
.-14(1 
350 
351 

353 
355 
350 
357 
357 
358 
359 
300 
301 
302 
363 
364 
365 
366 
367 
368 
369 
370 
371 
872 
373 
374 
375 
376 
377 
378 
379 
380 

382 
383 
384 
385 
386 
387 
388 
389 
390 
391 
591 
392 
393 
394 
395 
396 
398 
399 
400 
401 
402 

405 

282 
279 

287 

2:.:; 

...... 
-oj 

215 
174 
143 
170 
185 
179 
217 
200 
203 
226 
201 
182 
166 
269 
219 
266 
239 
293 
183 
197 
50 
188 
178 
211 
210 
156 
278 
225 
110 
70 
237 
273 
295 
28« 
254 
258 
255 
194 
252 

240 
290 
283 
294 
292 
289 
260 
241 
229 
153 
83 

199 

22.-. 
232 
238 
227 
244 
143 
287 
283 
297 
288 
210 
131 
149 
210 
171 
156 
114 
60 
253 
139 
148 
158 
290 
95 
158 
17 
207 
269 
166 
47 
45 
270 
214 
18 
15 
150 
155 
249 
281 
216 
171 
279 
80 
171 
96 
111 
219 
265 
275 
271 
180 
134 
105 
182 
90 
7 

285 

212 

2«:t 

202 
281 
JOB 
IDS 

258 
253 
288 
260 
268 
140 
272 
204 
226 
185 
259 
54 
264 
261 
233 
183 
293 
170 
245 
86 
241 
228 
247 
85 
118 
280 
201 
26 
21 
193 
256 
292 
295 
248 
219 
196 
60 
224 
81 
132 
255 
236 
276 
208 
210 
127 
141 
161 
58 
14 

297 

278 
288 
270 

224 
200 
129 
106 
155 
178 
189 
256 
180 
217 
222 

212 
170 
175 
253 
186 
246 
229 
255 
223 
191 
42 
108 
194 
213 
204 
197 
228. 
237 
167 
137 
272 
283 
275 
267 
281 
260 
211 
235 
232 
238 
233 
289 
277 
294 

269 

292 
205 
243 
231 
173 

164 

BETULACE.E. 
Betnla  alba,  var.  populifolia  

Betnla  pap\  riiVra  

lictuhi  oceidentalis  

Pinns  ririhirthnina 

Brtula  lutea  

Betula  nigra  

P'         M 

Betnla  lenta  

Finns  S-ibinhni 

Aluua  rubra  

P-        f 

Alnus  rhombifolia  

Pinus  insi   nia 

Alnua  oblongifolia  

SALICACE.S;. 

Salix  amygdaloides  

Pinus  Treda  

Salix  lajvigata  

Finn 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  

P 

Salix  laaiandra,  var.  Fendleriana  

Pinus 

Salix  iiaveaceus  

Salix  (lavescena,  var.  Sconleriana  

Salix  laaiolepia  

Populus  tremuloides  

g 

Populus  gi  andidentata  

Populus  heterophvlla  

Populus  balsaiuitera  

Populus  balsamifi-ra,  var.  candicaua  

Picea  ilba 

Populua  anguatifolia  

. 

Popuiua  trichoearpa  

Popnlus  monilifera  

Populua  Fremoutii  

enss_ 

Popnlus  Fremontii,  var.  "\Vializeni  

"  c  •  r  •• 

CONIFERS. 
Libocedrua  tlecurrens  

Thuya  occidentalia  

Peemlotsuga  Douglaeii,  var.  macrocarpa  — 

Thuya  gigantea  

Chamajcvparis  spha-roiilea  

Chamiecvparis  Xutkaensis  



Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  conjngena  
Juniperua  Virginiana  

Sequoia  gigantea  

Sequoia  aempervirens  

Taxua  brevifolia  

PALMACE2E. 

Torreya  taxifolia  

Torreya  California  

256 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  following  table  gives  the  figures  from  which  the  table  of  relative  values  was  computed,  and  includes  all 
species  upon  which  complete  tests  have  been  made. 

The  coefficient  of  elasticity  is  derived  from  the  second  deflection,  the  measurements  being  taken  in  millimeters 
and  the  weight  in  kilograms. 

The  ultimate  transverse  strength  is  the  force,  applied  at  the  middle  of  the  stick,  required  to  break  a  stick  4 
centimeters  square  and  1  meter  between  the  supports. 

lu  the  compression  tests  the  surface  exposed  to  pressure  was  4  centimeters  square.  To  give  the  pressure 
on  a  square  centimeter  these  results  must  be  divided  by  16. 

The  indentation  to  1.27  millimeters,  or  the  fifth  in  the  series,  is  the  one  selected  for  comparison. 

TABLE  OF  AVERAGES. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

sS 

7  = 

-3.0 

Bi=S 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  relative 
fuel  value. 

Coefficient  of  elastic- 
ity, kilograms  on 
millimeters. 

Ultimate  transverse 
strength,  in  kilo- 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crush- 
ing, in  kilograms. 

Resistance  to  inden- 
tation to  1.27  milli- 
meters, in  kilograms.  ' 

Approximate  relati 
fuel  value. 

Coefficient  of  elast 
ity.  kilograms 
m'illimeters. 

Ultimate  transver 
strength,  in  ki 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance 
longitudinal  crufl 
ing,  in  kilograms 

Resistance  to  inde 
tation  to  1.27  mil 
meters,  in  kilogran 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

12 
14 

17 
17 
18 

19 
20 

23 
24 

28 

29 
30 

31 

33 
34 

38 

42 
43 
45 
47 

MAGNOLIACE.S:. 

63.26 
50.11 
46.76 
41.26 
52.90 
44.78 
49.89 
42.20 

39.61 
48.11 

97.20 
46.92 

45.00 
40.47 
42.27 

57.43 
113.  38 

50.15 
88.20 

40.98 

29.41 
103.97 

72.03 

57.74 
47.62 

62.23 

103.72 
119.  38 
54.27 
56.34 

903 
914 
929 
941 
1,169 
744 
944 
926 

482 
501 

1,117 
794 

840 
811 
846 

525 

863 

726 
868 

932 

417 
1,085 

1062 

643 
642 

783 

1,050 
1,143 
741 
913 

338 
313 
286 
256 
297 
249 
302 
280 

167 
259 

438 
286 

252 
239 
246 

181 
336 

273 
322 

241 

63 
557 

428 

293 
244 

225 

350 
386 
242 
320 

7,705 
6,790 
6,633 
6,552 
7,829 
5,  861 
6,691 
5,955- 

3,395 
4,829 

12,  519 
6,195 

5,768 
6,487 
6,307 

6,260 
11,789 

7,189 
10,955 

6,816 

2,473 
11,975 

10,660 

6,709 
5,582 

5,938 

13,  426 
12,  848 
7,112 
9.984 

3,156 
,627 
,709 
,427 
,427 
,343 
1,966 
1,296 

1,098 
2,037 

9,163 
1,591 

1,044 
950 
1,296 

3,475 
12,689 

2,548 
5,964 

1,383 

749 
8,795 

4,951 

2,826 
1,808 

2,356 

9,753 
10,388 
2,195 
3.075 

50 
52 
54 
60 
61 
64 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 

71 
73 

77 
79 
80 
81 
82 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
91 
93 
94 

103 
104 
107 
108 
110 
111 
113 
117 
121 
125 
126 
128 
129 
132 
134 
135 
137 

139 

SAPINDACE.S;. 

45.03 
49.45 
80.05 
48.83 
66.34 
68.75 
68.66 
52.52 
61.65 
42.82 
47.  95 

52.42 
77.28 

72.96 
79.86 
103.  59 
84.39 
62.61 
84.46 
68.88 
66.86 
72.89 
64.58 
63.18 
74.86 
75.37 

72.02 
68.65 
44.93 
58.14 
09.16 
86.52 
97.27 
70.11 
58.08 
64.55 
71.54 
78.98 
75.96 
71.12 
65.27 
76.13 
77.95 

58.78 

644 
683 
837 
780 
718 
1,465 
1,027 
1,110 
943 
582 
945 

736 
1,050 

1,301 
1,149 
868 
851 
1,002 
977 
1,048 
1,086 
1,170 
558 
688 
583 
824 

827 
603 
861 
852 
769 
937 
732 
642 
626 
788 
664 
901 
732 
673 
592 
708 
1,197 

837 

211 

271 
360 
292 
327 
490 
410 
435 
346 
226 
340 

283 
280 

543 
388 
320 
321 
385 
346 
329 
394 
439 
233 
310 
207 
382 

3C9 
200 
290 
354 
295 
396 
334 
207 
190 
265 
279 
315 
303 
216 
304 
309 
483 

278 

5,017 
5,686 
7,523 
6,100 
7,349 
9,907 
8,803 
7,711 
7,402 
5,151 
7,072 

6,033 

8,523 

11,  272 
10,  931 
5,851 
9,548 
8,550 
9,129 
6,406 
8,001 
9,344 
6,679 
7,510 
9,412 
10,  732 

9,419 
6,441 
7,507 
8,746 
8,165 
8,989 
8,709 
6,706 
6,123 
7,969 
6,884 
8,612 
7,117 
7,280 
7,122 
8,437 
10,  712 

7,462 

1,132 
1,722 
4,350 
2,597 
3,205 
4,019 
4,149 
2,899 
2,795 
1,781 
1,719 

1,744 
3,348 

4,038 
4,427 
10,478 
5,698 
2,937 
5,348 
2,560 
2,697 
4,420 
3,620 
2,917 
5,484 
5,267 

3,405 
2,132 
1,280 
3,269 
3,937 
5,090 
4,888 
3,999 
1,715 
2,951 
3,368 
4,207 
3,844 
3,484 
3,583 
5,103 
4,483 

2,123 

Acer  saccharinnm,  var.  nigrum  ... 

Liriodendion  Tulipifera  

ANONACE.&. 

ANACARDIACE^E. 
Rhus  copallina  

CANELLACE.E. 

TERNSTRO3MIACE.E. 

LEGUMINOS.&. 

TILIACE.E. 
Tilia  Americana  

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubesceus  .  . 
Tilia  heteropbylla  

Piscidia  Erytbrina  

MALPIGHIACE.ZE. 

Gymnocladus  Canadeneis  

ZYGOPHYLLACE^:. 

RUTACE^l. 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  

ROSACES. 
Prunus  Americana  

BURSE  RACE^:. 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis  
Prunus  serotina  

Prunus  demissa  

MELIACE^;. 
Swietenia  Mabogoni  

Prunus  ilicifolia               

ILICINEJE. 

CYRILLACE^l. 

Cratffigus  spathulata  

RHAMNACE^!. 

Cratcegus  flava,  var.  pubescens  

HAMAMELACE.®. 
Liauidambar  Stvracitlua.  .  . 

Rhamnns  Pursbiana  .  .  . 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


257 


TABLE  OF  AVERAGES— Continued. 


Speciea. 


i  i 

if. 

e:  ^ 

£~ 

*£ 


I 
? 

140  j 


141 

142 


165 
166 
167 
169 
170 
171 


177 
178 
170 
181 
182 
183 


RHIZOPHORACE-E. 

Khizophora  Mangle- 114.00 

COMBRETACE^:. 

Cunocarpua  nrecta 98.  08 

Laguncularia  rari-momv 70.  21 


144 
146 
148 


151 
152 

153 
li» 

l;"j 


156 
159 


160  '  Exostemma  Caribteum  . 

161  Pinckneya  pubens 


MTHTACB2EC. 

Eu«euia  buxifolia 92.20 

Eli^i-nia  inoQticola 89.83 

Eugenia  prol-fl  a 92.  05 

CORNACE.S:. 

<  'ornua  Horida :  80. 98 

Cornna  Nuttallii 74.  44 

Nyasa  capitata 45.  97 

Xyssa  aylvatica  63.  66 

Nyaaa  uni flora '  51. 58 


CAPRIFOLIACE.S:. 


Sambucus  glauca 
Viburnum  pruuifolium 


ERICACE.&. 

Andromeda  ferruginea 

Arbutus  Menzieaii 

Arbutua  Xalapensis 

Oxydendrum  arboreum  . . . 

K  aliuiii  latifolia 

Rhododendron  maximum  . 


SAPOTACE^;. 


50.07 
82.89 


92.89 
53.28 


74.66 
70.24 
70.81 
74.30 
71.31 
62.  80 


175  '  Cbryaophyllum  oliviforme 92.44 


176     Sideroxylon  Maatichodendron 


Dipbolia  aalicifolia 

Buraelia  tcnax 

Bumelia  lanuginoaa 

Bumelia  lycioidea 

Bumelia  cuneata 78.  08 

Mimusops  Sieberi 105.  55 


95.89 
92.86 
72.39 
64.64 
74.07 


EBEXACE.S;. 

184     Dioapyros  Virgiuiana 


180     Symplocoa  tinctoria. 
187  !  Haleaia  diptera  .... 


191 

192  ' 

192 

193 

194 

195 

1% 

197 

198 

108 


204 
105 


Fraxiuua  pistacia' folia 

Fraxinua  Americana 

Fraxinns  Americana, ror.Texensia 

Fraxinua  pnbescens 

Fraxinua  viridia 

Fruxinna  platycarpa 

Fraxinua  quadraugnlata 

Fraxinua  Ofo^ana 

Fraxiuus  Hauibtu-ifolia 

Fon-stieru  acuminata 

Osmaiithus  Americanus 

BORRAGIJJACEA 

liourreria  Havanenaia 

Ehret ia  i-llipl ica 

17   FOK 


78.32 

52.88 
56.81 

67.68 
65.16 
75.83 
62.35 
70.71 
35.16 
74.50 
57.12 
62.72 
63.00 
80.74 

78.48 
63.56 


Species. 


1,  (156 


1,025 
724 


1,002 


782 


703 
1,231 


397 


429 
173 


204 


4,400 
9,474 


12,  020 
4,  355  ' 


7,802 
8,034 
6,419 
8,025 
6,890 
7,020 


9,571 
10, 410 
11,680 
7,235 
5,799 
7,825 
7,643 
7,360 


6,146 
6,940 


266       6, 158 


403       9,  197 
308       6,  192 


5,192 


2,967 
3,153 


13,  767       7,  394 


5,  9LC 
2,386 


14, 108  |  5,  851 
8,  845  |  6,  532 
10,710  7.099 


210 


212 


213 


Catalpa  bignonionlea  ....... 

Catalpa  sptcioaa  ............ 

Chilnpsis  nali^na  ........... 

VEUIiENACEJE. 
Citharexylum  villosum  ..... 
NYCTAGINACE^E. 
Piaonia  obtuaata  ............ 

POLYGONACE.S;. 

Coccoloba  Floridana  ........ 

LAURACE.S:. 


Peraea  Carolineuaia 

Pei-sea  Carolinensis,  var.  paluatria 

Sassafras  officinale 

Umbellularia  California 


EUPBORBIACEa:. 

Drypetea  crocea 

Urypetes  crocea,  var.  latlfolia 

UKTICACE.S. 

TJlmus  cragsifolia 

Ulmus  fnlva 

Ulmus  Americana 

Ulmus  raccmosa 

Ulmus  alata 

Planera  aquatica 

Celtia  occidentalis 

Celtia  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata  . 

Ficus  aurea 

Ficus  podunculata 

Morns  rubra 

Maclura  aurantiaca 


238 


(247 
248 


4,702 
3,663 


PLATANACE.E. 

Platanus  occidental?! 

I'latami.s  racernosa 

Platanns  Wrightii 

JUGLANDACE.SE. 

Juglaus  cinerea 

•  Mm huis  nigra 

Juglans  nipcatria 

Carya  olivseformia 

Carya  alba 

Carya  sulcata 

Carya  tomentoaa 

Carya  porciua 

Carya  amara 

Carya  myristicseformis 

Carya  aquatica 

MYRICACE.E. 


Myrica  cerifera 

Myrica  Cnlifornica 

CUPULIFER.3:. 


Quercua  alba 

Quercns  lobata 

Quercus  Garryana 

Qnercus  obttisiloba 

Qr.ercna  ujjdulata,  var.  Gambelii.. 

Quercua  mncrocarpa 

Quercus  lyrata 

Qnercus  bicolor 


60.31 
93.40 

63.81 
63.73 
50.38 
64.92 


86.44 
88.65 


71.59 
69.77 
64.54 
72.20 
74.17 
52.71 
72.08 
71.86 
24.84 
45.07 
58.56 
76.01 


56.52  864 
48.26  :  624 
46.72  |  457 


40.66  ! 

60.91  | 

64.89 

70.99 

83. 11  | 

80.  35  j 

81.29 

81.36 

74.74 

79.31 

73.13 

56.08 
66.81 


74.39 
73.87 
74.24 
83.01 
85.38 
7406 
82.59 
76.18 


1,257 


465 


1,136 


849 
519 

1,068 

1,039 
836 


704 
953 
747 
1,066 
523 
552 
685 
868 
257 
407 
824 
944 


812 

1,  092  | 
727 
666  . 
1,390 
1,039 
1,150  '. 
1,014 
1,030  , 
1,465 
1,013 


971 

717 
811 
833 
571 
929 
1,334 
906 


II 

=  z  u 

~  :  = 

•~ 

P 

252 

5,sei 

If! 

270 

0,521 

Ill 

247 

4,753 

2,: 

400 

11,034 

4,! 

127 

4,962 

V 

392 

12,  337 

6,: 

385 

9,173 

3,1 

350 

5.874 

3,( 

257 

6,110 

2,1 

344 

9,095 

3,1 

340 

10,  410 

5,' 

302 

8,324 

6,. 

330 

7,248 

4,< 

371 

8,«28 

2,: 

364 

7,191 

2,1 

455 

9,474 

3,1 

309 

7,001 

4,1 

265 

6,305 

2,: 

337 

6,739 

3,< 

344 

6,985 

4,: 

102 

2,597 

i 

98 

4,491 

U 

331 

6,721 

2,i 

483 

12,  939 

5,1 

1 

271  7, 207 
240  '  5, 190 
183  '  5, 228 

-:,-,  6, 270 
365  9,178 
236  6,997 
247  j  6,951 
512  i  10,007 
404  8, 939 
482  ;  9,485 
9,232 
8,357 


466 
470 


585 
376 


348 
442 


386 
369 
375 
372 
290 
419 
438 
388 


10,206 
7,776 


7,122 
8,516 

8,183 
0,793 

7,  957  j 
7,7(10 


7,843 
7,864 
7.850 


2,645 
1,486 
1,867 

1,488 
3,140 
2,909 
3,714 
4,344 
4,609 
4,429 
4,822 
3,878 
5,042 
4,397 

2,304 
3,017 


3,014 
3,846 
4,415 
4,072 
3,730 
4,033 
3,534 


258 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  OF  AVERAGES— Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  relative 
fuel  value. 

Coefficient  of  elastic- 
ity, kilograms  on 
millimeters. 

Ultimate  transverse 
strength,  in  kilo- 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crush- 
ing, in  kilograms. 

Eesistanco  to  inden- 
tation to  1.27  milli- 
meters, in  kilograms. 

Catalogue  nuinlter. 

Species. 

Approximate  rotative 
fuel  value. 

Coefficient  of  elastic- 
ity, kilograms  on 

millimeters. 

Ultimate  transverse' 
strength,  in  kilo- 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crush- 
ing, in  kilograms;  : 

Resistance  to  inden- 
tation to  1.27  milli- 
meters, in  kilograms. 

259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
264 
2C6 
267 
268 
209 
270 
271 
272 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 
287 
288 
289 
290 
291 
292 
293 

294 
295 
296 
297 
298 
299 
301 
302 
303 

307 
308 
309 
309 
313 
313 
316 
318 
319 
320 
321 
321 

322 
323 

80.03 
74.42 
86.09 
88.53 
97.60 
99.10 
91.00 
93.93 
84.43 
90.44 
81.47 
77.75 
65.28 
90.03 
73.81 
70.10 
64.18 
72.39 
69.11 
72.31 
68.82 
72.07 
76.10 
68.22 
63.47 
78.41 
74.97 
74.35 
67.25 
55.55 
58.80 
44.95 
68.48 
82.42 
72.26 

57.43 
59.40 
60.12 
65.34 
57.42 
75.97 
47.93 
41.14 
39.65 

44.68 
48.44 
45.73 
45.  12 
53.91 
49.39 
55.32 
40.10 
46.11 
40.57 
36.11 
41.  42 

38.81 
37.66 

964 
1,255 
1,125 
771 
857 
740 
837 
1,136 
1,198 
638 
953 
£51 
1,137 
1,033 
1,065 
1,034 
745 
977 
1,402 
1,035 
1,123 
1,227 
1,259 
1,225 
751 
944 
1,193 
784 
964 
1,012 
1,141 
856 
1,210 
1,373 
1,149 

730 
1,306 
924 
1,618 
1,  113 
1,432 
1,060 
846 
769 

501 
488 
305 
879 
1,262 
1,085 
888 
814 
963 
723 
857 
730 

458 
1.117 

477 
440 
628 
424 
307 
400 
424 
434 
541 
300 
399 
349 
422 
437 
450 
444 
328 
445 
509 
447 
465 
449 
504 
458 
424 
475 
520 
422 
404 
316 
423 
297 
490 
484 
490 

332 
454 
344 
533 
415 
519 
346 
291 
293 

235 
275 
200 
288 
388 
345 
347 
289 
308 
274 
235 
2CO 

171 
284 

7,715 
8,615 
9,204 
8,913 
6,941 
7,066 
8,550 
8,748 
8,721 
0,  759 
7,416 
8,527 
8,172 
9,310 
8,074 
8,012 
7,184 
7,954 
9,532 
7,316 
7,862 
8,023 
8,424 
0,600 
7,167 
4,695 
8,839 
6,236 
7,609 
6,959 
7,923 
6,106 
7,550 
8,669 
7,969 

5,564 
7,781 
6,260 
9,907 
7,007 
9,907 
6,644 
5,696 
4,452 

4,224 
5,114 
4,581 
5,457 
7,484 
6,532 
6,169 
5,285 
5,727 
4,527 
5,  126 
4,418 

4,332 
6.243 

3,725 
3,686 
4,224 
5,988 
7,031 
5,829 
4  922 
5,185 
5,  079 
6,646 
3,770 
4,302 
2,825 
4,605 
3,224 
3,243 
2,783 
4,582 
3,223 
3,646 
3,040 
3,169 
4,056 
2,008 
3,221 
4,348 
3,623 
3,452 
3,593 
1,912 
1,887 
1,698 
3,145 
3,696 
3,405 

2,  073 
2,083 
2,459 
2,581 
2,117 
3,615 
1,870 
1,257 
1,189 

1,294 
1,894 
1,311 
1,400 
2,019 
1,581 
2,241 
1,281 
994 
1,384 
1,202 
1,030 

1  225 

1.018 

324 
325 
325 

326 
3-J7 
328 
329 
330 
331 
333 
338 

339 
340 
341 
342 
343 
345 
346 
347 
348 
349 
350 
351 
352 
353 
355 
356 
357 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
362 
363 
364 
365 
366 
367 
368 
369 
370 
371 
372 
373 
:;74 
375 
376 
377 
378 
379 
i  380 
381 
382 
383 
384 
385 
386 
387 
388 
389 

38.53 
48.77 
45.69 

40.14 
31.53 
37.90 
33.12 
47.66 
46.16 
46.68 
68.75 

49.11 
45.24 
28.67 
42.02 
63.78 
51.08 
46.96 
38.47 
38.99 
36.76 
43.42 
41.54 
48.65 
56.44 
63.49 
56.20 
54.17 
55.56 
48.41 
50.62 
50.28 
46.99 
50.  53 
54.37 
58.04 
40.83 
48.18 
41.18 
45.60 
34.88 
54.27 
51.39 
79.29 
52.93 
55.09 
49.22 
49.29 
60.86 
39.13 
47.50 
69.82 
74.83 
45.71 
40.38 
33.38 
37.26 
42.80 
42.20 
42.58 
51.61 

994 
1,051 

843 

847 
533 
1,034 
404 
1,029 
1,217 
499 
734 

670 
1,032 
451 
676 
761 
821 
401 
851 
950 
794 
676 
512 
913 
378 
421 
435 
594 
715 
1,132 
542 
824 
887 
925 
726 
1,585 
771 
585 
1,141 
979 
429 
1,128 
581 
1,170 
543 
543 
803 
1,194 
1,375 
448 
942 
1,488 
1,577 
1,100 
1,023 
808 
553 
990 
900 
713 
1.375 

328 
298 
295 

291 
219 
319 
194 
342 
379 
230 
200 

316 
291 
196 
255 
460 
378 
249 
267 
260 
255 
266 
249 
329 
182 
191 
123 
181 
279 
341 
323 
279 
307 
318 
355 
423 
241 
333 
325 
318 
175 
377 
316 
497 
281 
214 
310 
441 
443 
212 
278 
490 
500 
318 
319 
245 
194 
277 
307 
197 
388 

5,651 
6,055 
5,  950 

7,446 
4,903 
7,197 
4,149 
7,281 
7,454 
5,742 
8,505 

6,750 
6,771 
6,210 
6,656 
7,734 
7,364 
5,625 
0,219 
5,349 
5,  382 
5,591 
5,296 
7,825 
5,420 
5,579 
4,389 
5,398 
5,209 
7,274 
4,548 
6,292 
6,037 
6,679 
5,398 
8,868 
5,328 
5,387 
5,874 
6,680 
4,207 
6,834 
5,687 
8,079 
5,765 
6,028 
5,670 
8,142 
7,628 
4,604 
6,329 
10,  074 
10,  626 
6,520 
5,489 
4,271 
4,128 
5,653 
6,142 
6,450 
8.747 

1,327 
1,382 
1,007 

1,561 
957 
1,114 
1,074 
1.618 
1,317 
2,852 
4,464 

2,  376 
1,166 
1,091 
1,242 
4,223 
2,523 
1,963 
1,194 
1,071 
1,244 
1,727 
1,716 
2,002 
3,126 
3,388 
2,713 
2,350 
2,140 
1,353 
2,309 
1,740 
1,719 
1,850 
2,470 
2,382 
1,379 
2,202 
1,475 
1,687 
1,872 
1,719 
2,123 
4,740 
2,  496 
2,100 
1,842 
1,950 
2,064 
1,694 
1,009 
2,  508 
2,985 
1,540 
1,117 
1,217 
1,207 
1,100 
1.314 
1,996 
1,622 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 
CONIFERS. 

Qnercus  grisea  

Quercus  Durandii  

Quercns  virens  

Q  uercus  chry  solepis  

Quercus  Emory  i  

Quercus  agrifolia  

Qnercua  "Wislizcni  

.Junipcrus  occidentalis,  var.  conju- 
gens. 

Quercus  coccinea  

Quercus  tinctoria  

Quercns  Kelloggii  

Qnercus  nigra  

Quercus  falcata  

Quercus  Catesbsei  

Quercus  palustris  

Quercus  aquatica  

Quercns  laurifolia  

Quercus  hc-terophylla  

Quercus  cinerea  

Quercus  h  ypoleuca  

Qnercus  imbricaria  

Qnercus  Pliellos  

Quercns  densiflora  

Castanopsis  chrysophylla  

Castanea  puinila  

P  J 

Castanea  vulgaris,  car.  Americana. 
Fagus  ferrugiuea  

Pinus  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata.  .  . 

Ostrya  Virginica  

Carpinus  Carolinana  

BETULACE^!. 

Pinus  Chihuahuana  

Pinus  contorta  

Pinus  Murrayana  

Pinus  Sabiniana  

Pinus  Coulteri  

Piuus  iusignis  

Pinus  tuberculata  

Pinus  Tssda  

Piuus  rigida  

SALICACE.3!. 
Salix  amvgdaloides  

Salix  Icevigata  .. 

Salix  lasiandra,  ear.  lancifolia  
Salix  lasiandra,  oar.  Fundleriana.. 

Pinus  mitis        

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana  . 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  caudi- 
cans. 

Ponulus  trichocarpa  .  . 

Tsu^a  Mertensiana  .  . 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


259 


TABLE  OF  AVERAGES— Continued. 


Catalogue  muni"  j  . 

Species. 

Approximate  relative 

fuel  value. 

Coefficient  of  elastic- 
ity, kilograms  on 
millimeters. 

Ultimate  transverse 
Htrcngth  in  kilo- 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance  (n 
longitudinal  crush- 
ing, in  kilogram*. 

Resistance  to  inden- 
tation to  1.27  milli- 
meters in  kilograms. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Approximate  relative 
fuel  valne. 

Coefficient  of  elastic- 
ity, kilograms  on 

m'i  Hi  meters. 

Ultimate  transverse 
strength  in  kilo- 
grams. 

Ultimate  resistance  to 
longitudinal  crash- 
ing in  kilograms. 

Resistance  to  inden- 
tation to  1.27  milli- 
meters in  kilograms.  || 

too 

Tsuga  Pattoniana  

44.  35 

775 

307 

6  074 

1  664 

398 

42  18 

301 

Psendotsuga  Douglaaii  

51.53 

1283 

376 

8,289 

1  608 

399 

Abies  nobilia 

45  46 

1277 

391 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  rar.  ma- 

45.59 

1050 

361 

7,405 

1,642 

400 

46  8? 

662 

crocarpa. 

401 

62  16 

1261 

384 

8  763 

39° 

Allies  Fraseri  

35.46 

972 

273 

5  557 

I  048 

402 

lot 

38.02 

819 

220 

5  851 

1  202 

394 

34  61 

762 

•>02 

4  829 

1  015 

35  08 

958 

211 

6  255 

810 

PALMACE.E. 

w> 

36.07 

909 

300 

6  237 

1  248 

405 

The  following  table  illustrates  the  relation  between  the  specific  gravity  and  the  transverse  strength  of  the 
wood  of  species  upon  which  a  sufficient  number  of  tests  has  been  made  to  render  such  a  comparison  valuable.  The 
determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  and  transverse  strength  were,  in  every  case,  made  upon  the  same  specimen, 
at  the  same  time.  The  table  is  arranged  according  to  the  specific  gravity  of  the  specimens. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  strength  of  the  different  specimens  closely  but  not  invariably  follows  their  specific 
gravity.  An  examination  of  Table  III  will  show,  however,  that  in  nearly  every  case  where  any  wide  difference 
occurs  it  is  due  to  imperfections  in  the  stick  disproportionately  affecting  its  strength.  Moreover,  in  the  case  of 
species  where  the  specific  gravity  and  strength  of  different  specimens  are  nearly  identical,  their  order  of  arrangement 
becomes  largely  accidental.  A  slight  difference  in  the  time  occupied  in  the  strength  tests,  or  slight  variations  in 
the  direction  of  the  grain  of  the  wood,  may  considerably  affect  the  sequence  in  such  a  table : 

TABLE   ILLUSTRATING  THE   RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE   STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  IN  THE  WOOD 

OF  CERTAIN   SPECIES. 


J 

1 

8 

1 

j 

o          g 

a 

s 

Species. 

1 
I 

!>, 

ij= 
|| 

ue  num 

Species. 

1 

§£     e4 

If 

I 

f>  S; 

>  •** 

if 

(- 

t*  fee  '    *  *^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

| 

V 

3    1" 

0 

o 

« 

& 

G 

0 

«         M 

3 

Magnolia  acuminata  

534 

1 

i 

66 

Acer  rnbrnm 

20 

534 

2 

2 

878 

2            3 

24« 

3 

3 

878 

3            1 

261 

4 

5 

1048 

4            2 

246 

5 

* 

1048 

5            4 

261 

6 

6 

530 

6            5 

8 

818 

. 

j 

eon 

Tm 

818 

2 

5 

OOV 

743 

O 

8            9 

1231 

3 

2 

743 

9            7 

1236 

4 

6 

77 

1248 

1             1 

1236 

5 

4 

405 

2            2 

1232 

6 

3 

1248 

3            5 

1232 

7 

8 

1247 

4            3 

395 

8 

7 

1247 

5             4 

60 

982 

i 

QIC 

982 

2 

2 

OJB 

815 

6             6 

7             7 

1023 

3 

4 

108 

15 

1           1 

1023 

4 

3 

15 

2            2 

64 

299 

I 

o 

34 

1233 

2 

1 

1053 

» 

4            5 

1235 

3 

7 

1053 

5            '6 

1234 

4 

6 

127 

6             3 

1235 

5 

r, 

763 

7            8 

1234 

6 

4 

763 

8            7 

1233 

7 

3 

368 

9             9 

376 

8 

8 

317 

10  :       10 

409 

9 

9 

317 

11         11 

64 

Acer  saccharinum,  var.  Digram  

274 

1 

1 

1151 

12           13 

213 

2 

2 

406 

13           12 

757 

3 

3 

117 

1088 

1  ••          1 

757 

4 

4 

7108 

2  ;      3 

260 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


0 

a 

1 

£ 

o 

e 

! 

2 

y 

25 

u 

V 

a 

Species. 

1 

h 
> 

If 

e  num' 

Species. 

1 

• 

*•? 

'> 

Ij 

gft 

§: 

p 

e  2 
_>  61 

*  £ 
£  » 

5 

1 

!& 

!l 

•3 
jL 

1 

o 

I 

1 

1 

O 

I 

o 

I 

1 

117 

PVTUS  corouflfift    continued                                   • 

1088 

3 

2 

194 

Kriixiiiuft  viridis  —  continued 

948 

2 

4 

1087 

4 

4 

957 

3 

1 

139 

Jjiquidmnl)ur  Stvracifltia                          ... 

1173 

1 

2 

438 

4 

3 

1182 

2 

9 

57 

5 

7 

1182 

3 

5 

957 

6 

5 

1183 

4 

8 

308 

7 

6 

1173 

5 

1 

308 

8 

8 

1095 

., 

3 

196 

66 

. 

1181 

7 

11 

66 

2 

SI 

1181 

8 

10 

286' 

3 

1 

546 

9 

6 

518 

4 

5 

1095 

10 

4 

286' 

5 

6 

546 

11 

12 

291 

6 

4 

1183 

12 

7 

125 

7 

8 

151 

1077 

3 

1 

125 

^ 

7 

1077 

4 

3 

217 

814 

1 

1092 

5 

8 

814 

2 

4 

812 

6 

4 

71 

3 

1 

812 

7 

5 

854 

4 

7 

761 

8 

7 

854 

5 

8 

67 

9 

6 

446 

6 

5 

67 

10 

4 

.     387 

7 

3 

154 

750 

1 

2 

71 

8 

2 

835 

2 

9 

387 

9 

9 

750 

,. 

• 

223 

104 

833 

4 

6 

Mat 

134 

, 

2 

2 

833 

g 

4 

224 

TJInms  Americana  ....................  ... 

_ 

834 

6 

7 

533 

2 

4 

• 

834 

7 

3 

1049 

3 

2 

813 

8 

5 

19 

4 

1 

813 

9 

8 

19 

5 

3 

155 

128 

1 

2 

1036 

6 

11 

128 

2 

1 

1036 

7 

10 

604 

3 

6 

958 

8 

7 

604 

4 

4 

281 

9 

8 

550 

5 

5 

281 

10 

9 

550 

6 

3 

958 

11 

5 

184 

Diospyros  Vif^iniflnsi 

425 

_ 

• 

225 

116 

. 

1 

1084 

2 

6 

314 

2 

2 

1162 

3 

4 

314 

3 

5 

811 

4 

3 

116s 

\ 

3 

1084 

5 

2 

428 

5 

7 

811 

6 

5 

116s 

6 

4 

61 

7 

8 

116 

7 

6 

j-T 

228 

jyrq 

192 

Dl 

1045 

8 
1 

1 

BYO 

873 

1 

2 

4 

1045 

2 

4 

1111 

3 

1 

1143 

3 

3 

306 

4 

« 

937 

4 

19 

306 

5 

7 

227» 

5 

2 

1111 

6 

2 

130 

6 

7 

75 

7 

3 

431 

7 

6 

75 

8 

8 

232 

Morus  rnbrft        .     ....,,.«.,........,.....,-......... 

•IDO 

227' 

8 
9 

5 
10 

JUE9 

1255 

1 

2 

4 

392 

10 

8 

132 

3 

2 

212 

11 

11 

1255 

4 

6 

' 

212 

12 

9 

1244 

5 

3 

747 

13 

21 

1245 

6 

5 

551 

14 

14 

1246 

7 

7 

238 

_ 

. 

t 

Hv 

267 

15 

16 

13 

12 

76* 

. 

2 

2 

747 

17 

17 

16 

3 

7 

551 

18 

15 

16 

4 

4 

114s 

19 

16 

76 

5 

5 

114 

20 

18 

76 

6 

3 

114 

21 

20 

123 

7 

6 

194 

949 

1 

2 

393 

8 

8 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


261 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Office  uumber. 

i 
1 

*£ 

tf 

°$ 

>  a 

0] 

i 

Kelative  transverse 
strength. 

1 

a 

"e* 
0 

Species. 

Office  number. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

Kelative  transverse 
strength. 

239 

951 

i 

4 

251 

49' 

19 

15 

951 

2 

3 

259> 

20 

21 

766 

3 

1 

493 

21 

17 

766 

4 

6 

49" 

22 

24 

318 

5 

9 

8 

23 

25 

325 

6 

8 

403 

24 

28 

407 

7 

5 

895 

25 

29 

117 

8 

a 

251 

26 

4 

117 

9 

7 

1132 

27 

31 

242 

IV 

] 

4 

403 

28 

33 

539 

2 

7 

251 

29 

26 

531 

3 

2 

32» 

30 

20 

m 

113* 

31 

34 

531 

4 

3 

49 

32 

22 

1056 

5 

12 

443 

33 

35 

1056 

6 

13 

32» 

34 

22 

3 

7 

6 

113 

35 

31 

1097 

g 

1 

253 

985 

1 

1 

249 

9 

11 

1027 

2 

6 

118 

10 

14 

985 

3 

S 

249 

11 

10 

988 

4 

2 

118 

12 

16 

1027 

5 

7 

3 

13 

5 

1029 

6 

4 

816 

14 

9 

988 

7 

5 

539 

15 

8 

1029 

8 

8 

816 

16 

15 

254 

771 

1 

5 

243 

383 

1 

3 

771 

7 

1082 

2 

5 

256 

3 

3 

391 

3 

1 

151 

4 

1 

1166 

4 

6 

151 

5 

2 

391 

5 

4 

351 

6 

4 

1082 

6 

7 

351 

7 

4 

1164 

7 

2 

256 

137 

1 

1 

1170 

8 

8 

310 

2 

8 

1165 

9 

9 

1071 

3 

5 

245 

88 

1 

1 

310 

4 

10 

88 

2 

2 

143 

5 

13 

1168 

3 

7 

933 

6 

12 

1168 

4 

4 

1073 

7 

6 

« 

442 

5 

9 

1072 

8 

7 

538 

6 

3 

933 

9 

11 

6 

7 

5 

79 

10 

3 

6 

8 

6 

432 

11 

9 

121 

9 

8 

831 

12 

4 

248 

740 

1 

1 

79 

13 

2 

740 

2 

5 

257 

545 

1 

1 

362 

3 

3 

762 

2 

2 

362 

4 

4 

762 

3 

3 

129 

5 

2 

545 

4 

4 

917 

6 

6 

258 

O     b'  xilor 

54 

1 

1 

251 

1257 

1 

18 

<si 

846 

2 

5 

749 

2 

27 

846 

3 

4 

547 

3 

1 

54* 

4 

2 

547 

4 

11 

54 

5 

3 

1257 

5 

14 

*259 

755 

1 

3 

8 

6 

19 

755 

2 

1 

1050 

7 

10 

240 

3 

5 

749 

8 

8 

240 

4 

6 

259 

9 

9 

524 

5 

4 

238 

10 

5 

524 

6 

2 

748 

11 

3 

260 

35 

1 

1 

32 

12 

12 

925 

2 

3 

1050 

13 

2 

. 

31 

3 

5 

49 

14 

13 

925 

4 

4 

250 

15 

7 

31 

5 

2 

895 

16 

29 

434 

6 

6 

238 

17 

6 

261 

Ouercus  prinoides   .     ......................... 

273 

1 

2 

250 

18 

16 

287 

2 

4 

262 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Office  number. 

Eelative  specific 
gravity. 

Eelative  transverse 
strength. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Office  number. 

Eelative  specific 
gravity. 

Eelative  transverse 
strength. 

261 

Ouercus  prinoides—  continued    •  ........ 

514 

3 

3 

291 

Fagus  ferru*Tinea  —  continued   . 

765 

,\ 

9 

34* 

4 

1 

765 

8 

7 

514 

5 

6 

443 

9 

10 

34 

6 

5 

44» 

10 

8 

267 

404 

1 

3 

295 

836 

1 

. 

954 

2 

7 

1065 

2 

2 

954 

3 

6 

1065 

3 

4 

799 

4 

2 

1067 

4 

3 

919 

5 

4 

722 

5 

5 

799 

6 

1 

990 

6 

9 

919 

7 

5 

1066 

7 

6 

272 

1043 

1 

1 

1066 

8 

7 

146 

2 

10 

990 

9 

11 

1043 

3 

4 

1067 

10 

10 

•217 

4 

6 

722 

11 

8 

215 

5 

7 

297 

843 

1 

2 

218 

6 

3 

843 

2 

8 

7 

7 

2 

1068 

4 

7 

7 

8 

5 

1069 

5 

6 

140 

9 

8 

1070 

3 

4 

215 

10 

11 

1068 

6 

5 

92 

11 

13 

1069 

7 

1 

45» 

12 

9 

1070 

8 

3 

141 

13 

15" 

298 

842 

1 

5 

920 

14 

6 

841 

2 

4 

920 

15 

7 

841 

3 

2 

451 

16 

12 

842 

4 

6 

45« 

17 

14 

136 

5 

1 

274 

74 

1 

4 

136 

6 

3 

36> 

2 

9 

301 

991 

1 

4 

362 

3 

2 

991 

2 

3 

86 

4 

6 

1025 

3 

1 

36 

5 

8 

967 

4 

5 

247 

6 

1 

967 

5 

6 

17 

7 

5 

1025 

6 

2 

247 

8 

3 

324 

309 

1 

3 

437 

9 

10 

754 

2 

2 

17 

10 

7 

754 

3 

1 

244 

11 

11 

309 

1 

3 

444 

12 

12 

304 

5 

5 

277 

548 

1 

3 

304 

6 

6 

265 

2 

1 

325 

912 

1 

5 

548 

3 

2 

646 

2 

2 

131 

4 

6 

646 

3 

4 

131 

5 

7 

909 

4 

1 

265 

6 

4 

912 

5 

6 

245 

7 

6 

909 

6 

3 

245 

g 

g 

327 

1099 

1 

2 

280 

742 

1 

1 

874 

2 

1 

511 

2 

8 

874 

3 

5 

742 

3 

9 

782 

4 

7 

511 

4 

2 

1099 

5 

3 

849 

5 

4 

788 

6 

8 

349 

6 

3 

783 

7 

10 

264> 

7 

6 

790 

8 

4 

264» 

8 

5 

790 

9 

6 

264' 

9 

7 

379 

10 

9 

290 

18 

1 

2 

379 

11 

11 

258 

2 

1 

792 

12 

12 

516 

3 

3 

793 

13 

13 

18 

4 

4 

329 

350 

1 

7 

291 

1 

2 

850 

2 

3 

9 

2 

1 

850 

3 

1 

853 

3 

4 

851 

4 

4 

9 

4 

3 

851 

5 

2 

853 

5 

6 

852 

6 

5 

lift 

6 

5 

350 

7 

6 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


263 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Office  number. 

Relative  specific 
giavity. 

Relative  transverse 
strength. 

Catalogue  number. 

Species. 

Office  number. 

Relative  specific 
gravity. 

§5 

2^a 
*»  a 

g| 
5 

1 

330 

Chamfecyparis  Nutkaensia         .  . 

969 

1 

5 

378 

Piniis  fflabra—  ^outinTied           ^ 

764 

2 

2 

983 

2 

1 

142 

3 

4 

1000 

3 

8 

142 

4 

3 

983 

4 

3 

544 

5 

6 

• 

1000 

5 

6 

544 

6 

5 

994 

6 

4 

379 

780 

1 

I 

994 

7 

879 

2 

2 

969 

8 

7 

394 

3 

3 

330 

Juniperus  Vir^iniana  .  . 

1249 

1 

5 

394 

4 

4 

1250 

2 

7 

879 

5 

6 

734 

3 

1 

780 

6 

5 

800 

4 

4 

380 

81 

j 

j 

800 

5 

3 

358 

2 

7 

327 

6 

2 

559 

3 

2 

327 

7 

6 

358 

4 

8 

^342 

Sequoia  sempervirens  ...... 

711 

1 

5 

357 

5 

I 

710 

2 

1 

81 

6 

10 

711 

3 

3 

359 

7 

11 

713 

4 

6 

360 

8 

4 

713 

5 

2 

361 

9 

8 

712 

6 

4 

361 

10 

5 

712 

7 

7 

360 

11 

13 

.347 

222 

1 

2 

243 

12 

9 

1044 

2 

7 

243 

13 

6 

797 

3 

1 

385 

14 

18 

1 

4 

4 

390 

15 

15 

788 

5 

3 

357 

16 

12 

788 

6 

5 

85 

17 

19 

797 

7 

6 

384 

18 

18 

1044 

8 

11 

390 

19 

17 

789 

'  9 

8 

85 

20 

20 

789 

10 

9 

384 

21 

21 

777 

11 

10 

381 

493 

1 

g 

358 

315 

1 

493 

2 

4 

31S 

2 

2 

356 

3 

2 

1076 

3 

3 

356 

4 

1 

1078 

4 

5 

84 

5 

3 

785 

.  5 

4 

84 

6 

5 

1074 

Q 

6 

382 

231 

1 

1 

1075 

7 

7 

231 

2 

2 

785 

8 

8 

776 

3 

3 

361 

632 

1 

3 

QQA 

4 

4 

910 

•    2 

10 

oou 
776 

5 

9 

907 

3 

11 

373 

6 

7 

689 

4 

1 

880 

7 

8 

619 

5 

4 

794 

8 

5 

630 

6 

9 

794 

9 

6 

731 

7 

g 

383 

Piceaalba  

513 

j 

6 

626 

8 

2 

773 

2 

3 

718 

9 

5 

773 

3 

1 

630 

10 

12 

' 

784 

4 

5 

718 

11 

8 

513 

5 

4 

636 

12 

7 

784 

6 

8 

370 

Finns  Tseda  .„  

82 

1 

1 

791 

7 

2 

355 

2 

4 

386 

970 

1 

3 

355 

3 

6 

970 

2 

o 

388 

4 

2 

1015 

3 

1 

389 

5 

3 

977 

4 

4 

388 

6 

7 

1026 

5 

8 

389 

7 

5 

977 

6 

5 

373 

Pinusinops  

1172 

1 

4 

1026 

7 

9 

1172 

2 

2 

1019 

8 

6 

1169 

3 

6 

10J9 

9 

7 

1169 

4 

1 

387 

798 

1 

6 

622 

5 

5 

793 

2 

2 

621 

6 

3 

772 

3 

1 

378 

Pinusglabra... 

764 

1 

1 

772 

4 

3 

264 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


j 

0 

c 

1 

en 
'§ 

1 

Ii 

"o 

£ 

1 

« 

| 

Species. 

e  mimlnT. 

© 
&f. 

;1 

,>  « 

tivo  transv 
strength. 

logno  mini' 

Species. 

e  number. 

1* 

**  5 
s 

tivo  trauav 
strength. 

S 

u 

»s 

• 

a 

0 

J 

Eg 

5 

0 

K 

i 

0 

I 

i 

387 

Tauga  CanadeneiB—  continued  

1040 

5 

4 

391 

Psendotsnga  Douglasii—  continued 

1022 

25 

26 

1040 

6 

5 

1008 

26 

28 

775 

7 

13 

271' 

27 

24 

787 

8 

9 

1020 

28 

31 

787 

9 

8 

1022 

29 

6 

5 

10 

10 

986 

30 

23 

219 

11 

7 

1020 

31 

4 

775 

12 

15 

702 

32 

34 

1042 

13 

11 

709 

33 

22 

1042 

14 

12 

709 

34 

27 

5 

15 

17 

394 

Abies  s  ii  1  >a]  i  ii  n  ii          .......          . 

449 

1 

2 

817 

16 

14 

4492 

2 

6 

219 

17 

16 

449i 

3 

5 

817 

18 

18 

449' 

4 

1 

778 

19 

20 

820 

5 

3 

778 

20 

19 

820 

6 

4 

391 

708 

1 

1 

396 

Allies  concolor 

733 

i 

1 

708 

2 

2 

639 

2 

3 

704 

3 

3 

733 

3 

2 

1018 

4 

8 

639 

4 

4 

1018 

5 

10 

529 

5 

6 

1016 

6 

33 

529 

6 

5 

989 

7 

7 

401 

Larix  Americana  

226s 

1 

1 

1016 

8 

18 

226 

2 

3 

705 

9 

14 

774 

3 

10 

627 

10 

5 

840 

4 

8 

881 

11 

9 

786 

5 

2 

881 

12 

13 

795 

6 

4 

1008 

13 

19 

774 

7 

5 

706 

14 

11 

795 

8 

7 

720 

15 

15 

840 

9 

9 

1011 

16 

17 

781 

10 

12 

627 

17 

12 

786 

11 

6 

720 

18 

30 

781 

12 

11 

1011 

19 

32 

402 

Larix  ocoidentalis                                .  . 

1006 

1 

3 

974 

20 

16 

1006 

2 

4 

732 

21 

21 

984 

8 

1 

732 

22 

29 

8 

984 

4 

2 

973 

23 

25 

719 

5 

5 

973 

24 

20 

719 

6 

6 

GENEBAL  EEMARKS. 

An  examination  of  the  results  obtained  from  the  various  tests  made  upon  the  woods  of  North  America  indicate 
at  least  the  important  fact  that  within  the  limits  of  any  species  the  weight  and  strength  of  any  specimen  of  wood 
depends  upon  the  actual  proportion  of  the  space  occupied  in  the  layers  of  annual  growth  with  open  ducts  to  the 
space  occupied  with  compact,  woody  tissue,  and  to  the  size  of  these  ducts;  or  in  the  case  of  the  wood  of 
Coniferae,  the  proportion  of  space  occupied  with  cells  formed  early  in  the  season  to  that  occupied  with  the  smaller 
cells  of  the  summer  growth.  The  proportion  between  these  two  kinds  of  growth  varies  not  only  in  every  individual 
tree,  but  in  different  parts  of  the  same  tree.  The  causes  which  thus  affect  the  growth  of  wood  are  not  very 
apparent.  It  is  not  soil,  nor  age,  nor  general  climatic  conditions,  it  appears,  which  produce  the  different  proportion 
between  the  solid  and  the  light  portions  of  the  annual  growth  in  any  species,  because  in  the  same  individual  this 
proportion  is  found  to  vary  from  year  to  year.  It  varies  very  irregularly ;  nor  does  the  rapidity  of  growth,  as  has 
been  supposed,  greatly  affect  the  strength  of  wood,  because  the  proportion  of  open  to  compact  growth  is  little 
affected  by  rapid  or  slow  increase  of  the  tree's  diameter.  How  far  annual  climatic  variations  affect  the  nature  of 
the  annual  layers  of  growth  has  not  been  demonstrated,  although  it  is  not  impossible  that  in  years  in  which 
conditions  favorable  to  rapid  growth  are  extended  late  into  the  season,  the  proportion  of  the  annual  layer  occupied 
by  open,  weak  growth  to  the  growth  of  the  whole  year  would  be  greater  than  that  formed  in  a  year  during  which 
the  season  favorable  for  rapid  growth  was  less  extended. 

It  follows  that  while  such  experiments  as  those  conducted  by  Mr.  Sharpies  are  necessary  to  establish 
maximum  and  relative  values  for  any  species,  these  being  established,  actual  values  of  any  given  specimen  of 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


265 


wood  may  be  determined  by  microscopic  examination  of  its  structure ;  that  is,  two  specimens  of  the  wood  of  any 
species  to  which  the  census  tests  have  been  applied  being  given,  their  relative  values  can  be  determined  by  an 
examination  of  their  structure  as  well  as  or  better  than  by  any  elaborate  experiments. 


TANNIN  VALUES. 

The  amount  of  tannin  contained  in  the  bark  of  various  trees  of  the  United  States  has  been  determined. 

These  determinations  give  the  proportion  of  tannin.  They  do  not  indicate  the  real  value  of  the  bark  of  the 
species  for  tanning,  which  can  only  be  obtained  by  actual  experiments  made  on  a  large  scale,  other  properties  in 
the  bark,  beside  the  percentage  of  tannin,  affecting  the  value  of  the  leather  prepared  with  it. 

These  determinations  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  approximations,  which  will  serve,  in  some  cases,  to 
indicate  species  not  now  in  general  use  for  this  purpose,  which  may  be  looked  to  as  possible  sources  of  tannin 
supply. 

The  methods  adopted  by  Mr.  Sharpies  in  making  these  determinations  are  described  by  him  as  follows : 

The  tanuiu  in  each  case  was  determined  in  the  rossed  bark;  that  is,  bark  deprived  of  the  main  part  of  the  outside  coating.  The 
method  employed  was  that  devised  by  Lowenthal,  which  may  be  thus  briefly  described :  A  standard  decoction  of  the  bark  is  titrated 
with  permanganate  of  potash,  a  quantity  of  indigo  being  first  added  to  it.  In  a  second  portion  the  tannin  is  precipitated  by  means  of 
gelatine,  and  the  gallic  acid  in  the  liquid  again  determined  by  permanganate  and  indigo.  The  difference  between  these  two  readings 
gives  the  amount  of  tannin  in  the  bark,  the  value  of  the  permanganate  having  previously  been  determined  by  pure  tannic  acid,  or  by 
oxalic  acid  and  calculation. 

The  bark  of  the  following  species  has  been  examined : 


Catalogue  number.  ' 

Botanical  name. 

Common  name. 

Percent,  of  tannin. 

Percent  of  ash. 

Catalogue  number. 

Botanical  name. 

Common  name. 

Per  cent,  of  tannin. 

Per  cent,  of  ash. 

14 

Loblolly  Bay.    Tan  Bay  

13.14 

2.35 

275 

Quercus  Kelloggii  

Black  Oak  

6.76 

8.04 

93 

4  04 

8  71 

276 

Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak  .... 

4.36 

6.28 

P    J 

277 

Spanish  Oak.    Red  Oak  

8.59 

4.32 

Rhi?     h        Man  le 

31  04 

6  70 

287 

Tanbark  Oak    Chestnut  Oak 

16  46 

3  84 

160 

5  81 

7  16 

Peach  Oak 

251 

White  Oak 

5  99 

0.11 

290 

6.25 

2.00 

256 

4.59 

8.05 

• 

382 

7.20 

2.84 

260 

Chestnut  Oak     Rock  Cheat- 

6  25 

3  83 

3S4 

White  Spruce                   ..  .. 

20.56 

2.75 

384 

do     

17.01 

2.32 

261 

Yellow  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 

4.33 

8.38 

384 

...do  

12.60 

0.76 

387 

13.11 

1.31 

261 

do 

10  33 

6  23 

389 

do                  

14.42 

1.44 

267 

Live  Oak 

10.4ft 

8.89 

389 

do       

15.87 

1.49 

269 

Black  Oak  

9.76 

15.09 

390 

15.72 

2.48 

272 

Red  Oak     Black  Oak 

4  56 

4  43 

391 

Red  Fir     Yellow  Fir     Ore- 

13.79 

1.56 

274 

Black  Oak    Yellow-bark  Oak 

5  90 

5  73 

Quercitron  Oak.  Yellow  Oak. 

2G6 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Oflice  nninlior. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

MAGNOLIACE^. 

346 
354 

246 
261' 
261* 
261' 
534 

1178 

22 
532 

266> 
266» 
266» 

2801 
260» 
280» 

138 
165 
174 
177 
178 
187 
188 
395 
818 
1231 
1232 

211 
332 

479 

Cottage  Hill  
....do  

Wytheville  
Fancy  Gap  
do         

C.Mohr  
....do  

H.  Shriver  
....do  
do  

0.372 
0.268 

116 
91 

Big  Laurel.     Bull  Bay. 

....do  
Virginia  

20 

Sweet  Bay.     White  Bay.   Beaver  Tree. 
White  Laurel.    Swamp  Laurel. 

Cucumber  Tree.    Mountain  Magnolia. 

....do  
do  

Rich,  light  
do     .. 



....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Selvers'  mill  

C.Mohr  

C.  Mohr 

....do  

0.198 

26 

14 

uucumber  Tree. 

North  Carolina... 
Mississippi  

Statesville 

M.  E  Hyams 

Rich 

0.050 

18 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

C.Mohr  

Rich  low  

Virginia 

Wytheville  
do  

H.  Shriver  
..do  

0.072 

15 

8 

Umbrella  Tree.    Elk  Wood. 

....do  

do  

do  

do     

....do  

Fancy  Gap  
.      do    

....do  
do  

0.085 

20 

Long-leaved  Oucumber  Tree. 
8.  Liriodendron  Tnlipifera 

do  

do 

do 

do          

do     .. 

Michigan  
Ohio 

Dansville  

D.  E.  MeSherry  &  Co. 

Woodsnm  Machine 
Company. 
Barney    &     Smith  . 
Manufacturing  Co. 
D.E.McSherry&Co. 

J.W.  Stoddard&Co. 

Barney     &    Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 

W.J.Beal  

E  E  Barney 

Tulip  Tree.   Tettow  Poplar.   White  Wood. 

ANONACE2E. 
9.  Asimina  triloba  . 

do 

Ohio  

do        ..     . 

do 

....do  
....do  

..  do     

do 

W  .T  Tloal 

West  Virginia  .... 
Pennsylvania  
do 

Grafton                                C.  P1-.  Prinffle 

Chester  county  
do 

P  P  Sharpies 

do 

Meramec  river,  Jef- 
ferson county. 
Cumberland  river  .  . 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
A.  Gattinger  

A   H  Curtiss 

Alluvial  
....do  

0.169 
0.086 

0.240 

Papaw.    Custard  Apple. 
10.  Anona  laorifolia      ..... 

47 

Pond  Apple. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


267 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATION'S. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

"Weight,  per 

rllltir  t'o.it, 
ill  pounds 

(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

9.6040 
0.  5034 

0.  5012 
0.  4399 
0.4562 
0.  4215 
0.5065 

0.  4095 

0.5375 
0.5468 

0.  3787 
0.  5067 
0.  4606 

0.  5430 
0.4976 
0.  4602 

0.3843 
0.  3831 
0.  3798 
0.  4475 
0.4512 
0.  4362 
0.4436 
0.  3774 
0.  4763 
0.4444 
9.  4199 

0.3549 
0.4259 

0.4912 

0.  6680 
0.  5037 
0.5413 

0.6360 

0.40 
0.42 

0.29 
0.25 
0.30 
0.30 
0.34 

0.25 

0.32 
0.45 

0.19 
0.18 
0.24 

0.25 
0.27 
0.33 

0.25 
0.27 
0.20 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0.25 
0.33 
0.26 
0.20 
0.19 

0.16 
0.24 

4.94 

0.65 
0.53 
0.26 

0.53 

39.63 

348 
854 

246 
261' 
261« 
261i 
534 

1178 

22 
532 

266' 
206" 
266» 

260' 
260» 
260" 

138 
165 
174 
177 
178 
187 
188 
395 
818 
1231 
1232 

211 
332 

479 

0.5035 

0.47 

31.38 

0.  5213 
0.  4399 
0.4562 
0.  4215 
0.5061 

0.27 
0  25 

0.30 
0.30 

0.5058 

0.41S4 

0.4859 
0.5534 

0.33 
0.39 

0.34 

0.  4101 

Third  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-weed  ;  fonrth  sp.  gr. 
determination,  0.4175. 

0.4690 

0.29 

29.23 

0.  4139 

0.32 

25.79 

0.  5117 
0.5501 

0.32 
0.39 

0.34 

0.5309 

0.35 

33.09 

0.  3787 
0.  5067 
0.  4606 

0  19 

0.18 
0  °4 

Growth  rapid;  all  sap-wood  ....  .  

0.4487 

0.20 

27.96 

0.5430 
0.  4976 
0.4602 

0.25 
0.27 
0.33 

0.  5003 

0.28 

31.18 

0.3843 
0.  3807 
0.  3792 
0.  4418 
0.  4477 
0.  4256 
0.  4493 
0.  3774 
0.  4793 
0.4427 
0.  4455 

0.25 
0.27 
0.21 
0.16 
0.19 
0.19 
0.27 
0.32 
0.28 
0.21 
0.18 

0.  3783 
0.  3787 
0.  4361 
0.4442 
0.  4150 
0.4551 

0.27 
0.22 
0.15 
0.19 
0.21 
0.30 
0.31 
0.29 
0.22 
0.16 

0.14 
0.30 

4.79 

> 

0.  4822 
0.4409 
0.  4712 

0.  3810 

• 

0.  4230 

0.23 

26.36 

0.  3679 
0.  4259 

0.15 
0  °7 

0.  5199 

0.5048 

0.  3969 

0.21 

24.74 

0.5053 

4.86 

31.  49. 

268 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number.  1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap-      Heart- 
wood.  !  wood. 

CAPPARIDACE.S:. 

477 

lisa 

499 
1131 

236 
414 

1230 

2 
124 
252 
316 
1038 

745 

285" 
285* 
285« 
320 

510 
1113 
1117 
1190 

476 
898 
1133 

947 

80 
392 

Florida 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 
do  

A  H  Curtiss 

Coral 

0.098 

34 

CANELLACE-S:. 

...do  

.    do  

...do    

....do  
...do  

Sonth  Carolina  — 
....do  

Umbrella  Key  
Elliott's  Key 

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

0.620 
0.120 

17 
5 

White  Wood.     Cinnamon  Bark.    Wild 
Cinnamon. 

TERNSTROEMIACEJE. 

14 

Bonneaa's  Depot  .  .  . 
Aiken 

H.  W.  Ravenel  
do 

Loblolly  Say.     Tan  Bay. 
STERCULIACEJS. 

0.330 

22 

25 

San         Bernardino 
mountains. 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
Big  Rapids  
Allenton  
Hersey  
Danvers  

Baiubridge  
Cliffs  Kentucky  river 

C  G  Pringle 

Slippery  Elm. 
TILIACE^I. 

Massachusetts  
Michigan  
Missouri  

C.  S.  Sargent  
W.  J.Beal  
G.  W.  Letterman... 
W.  J.Beal  :. 

Drift  

0.470 

9 

26 

Lime  Tree.  Boss  Wood.   Americ&n  Lin- 
den.   Lin.    See  Tree. 

Alluvial  

0.270 

3 

73 

Massachusetts  
Georgia  

0.330 
0.300 

2 
23 

35 

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
W  M  Linncv 

Low  

18    Tilia  heterophylla 

White  Bass  Wood.     Wahoo. 
MALPIGHIACE.S;. 

do 

do  

....do  

do 

do 

do 

do  

Cumberland  river  .  . 
Boca  Chica  Key  

A.  Gattinger  

Alluvia]  
Coral               

9.080 

21 

Tallowberry.     Olamberry. 
ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 

do 

do 

..  do  

...do  
....do  

do 

Boca  Chica  Key  

....do  

....do  
do 

0.074 

19 

12 

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

do    

• 
....do  

0.178 

18 

55 

Lignum-vitee. 

do 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
A.  H.  Curtias  

C.Mohr  

G.  TV.  Letterman  ... 
W.  J.  Beal  

....do  

Elliott's  Key  

San  Antonio  

Allenton  
Lansing  

Coral 

Limestone  

0.056 

0.087 
0.066 

31 

5 

4 

RUTACE.E. 

Missouri  

Alluvial  
....do  

9 

23 

» 

Prickly  Aeh.     Toothache  Tree. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

\\Viijlit,  pel 

cnl.ic.  tout, 

ill  pound* 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.6fi90 
0.  7272 

0.  9570 
1.  0390 

0.  3852 
0.  5146 

0.  8995 

0.  4626 
0.  3815 
0.5035 
0.  5166 
0.  4272 

C     0.  4103 
i     0.  4087 

0.  4927 
0.  3791 
0.  3674 
0.  4695 

0.5257 
0.  5909 
0.5681 
0.6009 

1.1845 
1.2736 
1.0997 

1.  1230 

0.6609 
0.  7315 

0.  9593 
1.  0017 

0.4659 
0.5255 

0.7288 
0.4722 

0.  6649 
0.  7293 

5.60 
13.82 
0.75 
2.66 

0.49 

1.02 

1.51 

0.30 
0.32 
0.97 
0.55 
0.42 

(     0.68 
I     0.62 

0.45 
0.67 
0.86 
0.48 

2.84 
2.40 
2.75 
1.94 

0.87 
0.51 
0.86 

0.53 

0.60 
0.54 

5.77 
3.88 

0.95 
2.65 

0.44 
1.08 

1.86 

0.33 
0.38 
1.08 
0.64 
0.48 

0.671 
0.64) 

5.68 
3.85 

477 
1188 

499 
1131 

238 

414 

1280 

2 
124 
252 
316 
1039 

745 

285' 
285< 
285> 

320 

510 
1113 
1119 
1190 

476 
898 
1133 

947 

80 

892 

0.6971 

4.70 

43.44 

0.  9582 
1.  0203 

0.85 
2.66 

0.  9893 

1.75 

61.65 

0.  4255 
0.  5201 

0.47 
1.05 

0.  4728 

0.76 

29.47 

0.7142 

1.69 

44.51 

0.4674 
0.  3815 
0.4706 
0.5166 
0.  4266 

0.31 
0.35 
1.02 
0.60 
0.45 

0.  4378' 

0.  4163 

0.38851 
0.  4220  J 

0.  4302 

0.  4525 

0.55 

28.20 

0.  4074 

0.65 

25.39 

0.  4927 
0.  3791 
0.  3674 
0.  4620 

0  45 

0  67 

0.86 
0.50 

0.4545 

0.5360 
0.  6783 
0.  5791 
0.5964 

1.2180 
1.1700 
1.0998 

1.0843 

0.5969 
0.  5290 

0.53 

2.85 
1.94 
2.56 
2.40 

0.92 
0.81 
0.94 

0.49 

0.58 
0.55 

0.4253 

0.62 

26.51 

0.5308 
0.6478 
0.  5782 
0.  5987 

2.85 
Vl7 
2.65 
2.17 

0.  6743 
0.5875 

0.9563 

0.5888 

2.48 

36.69 

1.1196 

1.2218 
1.0882 

0.90 
0.66 
0.90 

1.0652 
1.1230 

1.  1432 

0.  82                71.  24 

1.  1101 

0.  51     i            69.  18 

0.  6122 
0.  5235 

0.6045 
0.  5262 

0.59 
0.5* 

0.56M 

0.57 

35.23 

270 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Ollicc  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 

meters. 

LAYEK8   OK 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

735 
807 
1086 

938 

1109 

1140 

481 
950 
1128 

768 
1228 

487 

462 
90§ 

475 
452 

472 
1134 

280 
902 

484 
802 

Florida  
Georgia  

Chattahoochee  
Cumberland  island  . 
Palestine  

Austin  

Bahia  Honda  Key..  - 
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss 

Toothache  Tree.  Prickly  Ash.   Sea  Ash. 
Pepper  Wood.     Wild  Orange. 

23.  Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  var.  fru- 

....do  

Texas 

C.Mohr  

....do  

A.H.Cnrtiss  
do  

Damp,  sandy  

Dry,  calcareous   .  . 
Coral    

0.352 

0.098 

20 
33 

10 

....do  
Florida  

24.  Xanthoxvlum  Caribaeum  

Satin  Wood. 
25.  Xanthoxylum  ]?terota  

....do  

...do 

0.136 

4 

54 

do  

Bay  Biscayne  
Matagorda  bay  
Bay  Biseayne  

Aspalaga  .  
Wiekenbnrg  

Bay  Biscayne  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.Mohr  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

....do  
C.G.Pringle  -•... 

A.H.Cnrtiss  
..  do 

Coral  

Wild  Lime. 
26   Ptelia  trifoliata 

Texas  

Florida   

Coral 

0.84 

0.94 

• 

13 
23 

31 

....do  
Arizona  

Florida  

Hop  Tree.      Shrubby  Trefoil.     Wafer 
Ash. 

Coral  

SIMARUBE^:. 

Paradite  Tree. 

BURSERACE.S:. 

....do  
....do  

...  do 

Quin  Elemi.    Gumbo  Limbo.    West  In- 
dian Birch. 

9 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 

A  H  Curtiss 

....do  
....do  

Upper    Hetacombe 
Key. 

do  v  

Coral 

0.  128 
0.228 

0.112 

61 
16 

3 

Torch  Wood. 

MELIACE.E. 
31.  Swietenia  Mahogoni  

do  

do  

81 
43 

Mahogany.    Madeira. 

OLACINE.S:. 

.      do 

..  do 

do 

do 

Wild  Lime.    Tallow  Nut.     Bog  Plum. 
Mountain  Plum, 

ILICIXE.E. 
33.  Hex  opaca  

....do  

South  Carolina  — 
.  do 

Umbrella  Key  

do  

.    do  

Waverly  Hills  

W.  St.  J.Mazyck... 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

0.144 

35 

American  HoUy. 
34.  Hex  Dahoon  

Florida  

Bay  Biscayne  

Low,  damp  
do     ... 

0.128 
0.148 

29 

28 

Dahoon.    Dahoon  Holly. 
34.  Ilei  Dahoon,  var.  myrtifolia  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  TOE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


271 


SPECIFIC   (iliAVlTY   DKTKHMIXATIOXS.                             A6H   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second.          Third.        Average. 

First.       Second. 

Average. 

0.  5139 
0.  4880 
0.5392 

0.  0139 

0.8598 
0.  9090 

0.  7480 
0.5807 
0.  9COO 

0.  8238 
0.6484 

0.  4100 

0.  2677 
0.  2823 

1.0«9 

0.  7335 

0.8799 
0.9838 

0.6046 
0.  5524 

0.  4791 
0.5886 

0.5002 
0.  4772 
0.5153 

0.  5733 

0.  8965 
0.  9275 

0.  7666 
0.  5775 
0.8949 

0.8400 
0.  7305 

0.  4172 

0.  2488 
0.  4022 

1.0450 

0.7464 

0.8925 
0.9305 

0.6624 
0.5078 

0.  4820 
0.5860 

0.  5070 
0.  4826 
0.5272 

0.92 
O.C8 
0.90 

,      0.76 

1.59 
2.34 

0.90 
0.63 
0.69 

f 

0.34 
6.13 

0.93 

2.05 
2.10 

0.66 

1.06 

0.55 
0.84 

0.71 
1.04 

0.94 
0.95 

0.91 
0.65 
0.84 

0.76 

2.01 
2.15 

1.00 
0.59 
0.89 

0.27 
4.54 

0.92 

1.91 
2.07 

0.51 

1.11 

0.69 
0.82 

0.55 
0.71 

0.88 
0.84 

0.91 
0.67 
0.87 

735 

807 
1086 

938 

1109 
1140 

481 
950 
1128 

768 
1228 

487 

462 
903 

475 

452 

473 
1134 

280 
902 

484 
802 

0.  C030 

0.5056 

0.82 

31.51 

0.5967 

0.76 

37.19 

0.  8782 
0.  9222 

1.80 
2.25 

0.  9302 

0.9002 

2.02 

56.10 

0.  7573 
0.  5791 
0.8968 

0.95 
0.61 
0.79 

0.8955 

0.  7444 

0.78 

46.39 

0.8319 

0.30 

51.84 

. 

0.6885 

5.33 

42.91 

0.  4136 

0.93 

25.78 

0.  2587 

0.2584 
0.  3423 

1.98 
2.09 

0.  3003 

2.  04               18.  71 

1.0459 

0.59 

65.18 

0.7047 

0.7282 

1.09 

45.38 

0.8862 
0.  9531 

0.62 
0.83 

0.9249 

0.9196 

0.73 

57.31 

0.6335 
0.  5301 

0.63 
0.88 

0.5818 

0.76 

36.26 

0.480H 

0.91 

29.95 

0.5873 

0.90 

36.60 

272 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 

of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

I.AVKRS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

345 
804 
952 

56 
335 
753 
945 

341 
615 

338 

63 
1078 

1188 

478 
1201 

454 
460 
941 

43 
521 
803 

1004 

1256 
993 
1101 

Cottage  Hill  C.  Mohr  

Saint  John's  river  .  .    A.  H.  Curtiss  

0.076 

17 

Oassena.     Yaupon.     Yopon  . 
•  36.  Hex  decidua  

Florida 

Kich,  sandy  

Light 



Texas  

G.  W.  Letterma,n  
J.  Keverchon  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.Mohr  

Low,  damp  
Upland  
Clay  

Alluvial 

0.086 

33 



CYRILLACE.®. 

Texas 

Dallas  
Chattahoochee  river 

Florida  

Texas  

do 

0.195 
0.194 

Iron  Wood. 
'•  38.  Cliftonia  liguatrina  

Ogeechee  river  
Cottage  Hill  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

% 
C.Mohr...  

G.  W.  Letterman  ... 
do    

Low  
Wet  

Alluvial  

47 

Titi.    Iron  Wood.    Buckwheat  Tree, 
CELASTKACE^. 

Burning  Bush.     Wahoo.     Spindle  Tree. 
Arrow  Wood. 

do 

do     

do 

0.092 

22 

A  H  Curtisa 

....do  
do 

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 
...do       

do 

Coral              .... 

0.1)0 

71 

Jellow  Wvod.    Box  Wood. 
RHAMNACE.ffi. 

do  

....do  

do 

do 

do              

do          

0.112 
0.186 
0.100 

7 
22 
5 

52 
56 
36 

Red  Iron  Wood.     Darling  Plum. 

do 

do            

.  do     

do  

Black  Iron  Wood. 

Texas  

New  Brannfels  

Allenton  
Nashville  

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

C.  Mohr  

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
A.  Gattinger  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Dry,  calcareous... 

Blue  Wood.    Logwood,    Purple  Haw. 

Missouri  
Tennessee  

Indian  Cherry. 

....do  

Kich  hummock  .  .  . 

0.108 
0.059 

19 
14 

10 

Santa  Cruz  mount- 
ains. 

C  G  Piin»le 

G.  Enprelm.inn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.  L.  Anderson  

Kich,  alluvial  

Bearberry.         Bear  Wood.        Shittim 
Wood. 

California  

Santa  Cruz  

0.090 

11 

Rl'if  3lyrllt. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DET  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


273 


SPECIFIC   QKAVITY  DETERMINATIONS.                            ABH  DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

A  verage. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  7257 
0.  6890 
0.  7475 

0.  7976 
0.  7888 
0.  5910 
0.  7960 

0.  7147 
0.6818 

0.6350 

0.6240 
0.0868 

0.9057 

0.7487 
0.  7912 

1.0605 
1.3020 
1.  2049 

0.5954 
0.5940 
0.  4971 
f      0.  4894 
1     0.  4789 

0.6000 

0.  5665 

(     0.  5805 
{     0.6965 

0.  7185 
•      0.  7191 
0.  7619 

0.  7221 
0.  7041 
0.  7547 

0.74 
1.04 
C.  89 

0.44 
0.83 
0.87 
0.67 

0.41 
0.42 

0.35 

0.70 
0.51 

3.88 

2.79 
2.15 

3.24 

8.00 
7.03 

0.19 
0.76 
0.47 

1.15 

0.63 
0.74 

0.70 

0.70 
1.11 
0.72 

0.50 
0.84 
0.79 
0.  67 

0.43 
0.40 

0.48 

0.58 
0.53 

2.95 

2.91 
2.28 

3.15 
8.  Gl 
7.02 

0.18 
0.98 
0.52 

0.81 

0.53 
0.59 
0.68 

0.72 
1.08 
0.81 

345 
804 
953 

50 
335 
753 
945 

341 
615 

338 

63 
1078 

1188 

478 
1201 

454 
460 
841 

43 
521 

803 

1094 

1356 
993 

1101 

0.  7270 

0.87 

45.31 

0.7976 
0.  7888 
0.5885 
0.  7931 

0.47 
0.84 
0.83 
0.67 

0.5861 
0.  7894 

' 

0.  6563 
0.  6608 

0.  0147 

0.  7039 

0.  7420 

0.70 

46.25 

0.  6855 
0.  6713 

0.42 
0.41 

0.42 

0.6784 

42.28 

0.6249 

0.42 

38.95 

0.  6240 
0.6943 

0.64 
0.53 

0.  7018 

0.  9039 

0.  7728 
0.  7850 

1.  0825 
1.3020 
1.1949 

0.  6592 

0.58 

41.08 

0.  9048 

3.42 

56.39 

0.  7608 
0.  7881 

2.85 
2.22 

0.  7745 

2.54 

48.27 

1.  0715 

3.20 

66.78 



1.  3020 

8.31 

81.14 

1.1999 

7.03 

74.78 

0.  5954 
0.  5951 
0.  5136 

0.  4807 

0.19 

0.87 
0.50 

0.93 

0.5962 
0.  5301 
0.  4720  > 
0.  4825  ) 

0.  5  sap-wood  

0.5462 

0.64 

34.04 

0.  6000 

0.58 

37.39 

0.  5678 

0.  5604  1 
0.  5625  $ 

0.5672 

0.07 

35.35 

0.5750 

0.69 

35.83 

IS  FOE 


274 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLK  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector.                           Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

1 

LAVEK8  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap. 
•wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

502 
1139 

297 
386 

427 

445 
684 
944 

307 
589 
824 
928 

568 
1122 

463 
464 

99 
372 

98 
371 

982 
1023 

962 
1013 
1014 

52« 

Umbrella  Key              A  11  Cuitiss 

Coral 

0.126 
0.100 

6 

13 

45 

24 

Naked  Wood. 
SAPrNBACE^:. 

do    

do 

Missouri  
....do  
Tennessee  

....do  
California  .  . 

Alleiiton  
....do  
Nashville  

....do  

G.  W.  Lctterman  .  .  . 
....do  

A.  Gattinger  

Ohio  Buckeye.    Fetid  Buckeye. 

Alluvial  





....do  
G.R-Vasey  
C.Mohr  

Rich  upland  
....do  

0.250 
0.124 

26 



Sweet  Buckeye. 

California  Buckeye. 

Spanish  Buckeye. 

....do  

do 

Dallas  

do 

3.  Revorcbon  
do  

Kich,  damp  
do 



Wild  China.    Soapberry. 

E.  L.  Greene  

do 

Texas  

Austin  
Cape  Sable 

C.  Mobr  
A.  H.  CurtiBS  

Limestone  

Rich,  Bandy,  damp  . 
Coral 

0.222 
0.134 

24 
41 

36 

Soapberry. 

....do  

....do  
do              

.  do  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

do          

..  do       

do 

0.262 
0.224 

15 
13 

80 
72 

Ink  Wood.    Iron  Wood. 

do  

do  

White  Iron  Wood. 

Vermont  
do 

Huntingdon  
do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
do           

Gravelly  
do 

Striped  Maple.     Moose  Wood.    Striped 
Dogwood.   Goose-foot  Maple.    Whistle 
Wood. 

do 

do  J 

do 

do 

Mountain  Maple. 

do 

do 

do 

do          

Portland           .     .  . 

G.  Englemann  and  C. 

S.  Sargent. 

Rich,  alluvial  

0.229 

30 

40 

Broad-leaved  Maple. 

...do  
...  do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Portland  
do 

....do  

do 

Moist,  alluvial  .  .  . 
do 

fine  Maple. 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 

do 

do 

Bnglemann's  canon. 

R.  Douglas  

Dry,  gravelly  

0.048 

28 

Dwarf  Maple. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


275 


I 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  PETEIUIIKATIONX.                             ASH   DKTEUM1NATIOXS. 

Weight,  per 

&»                                                 Kerourks. 

(average). 

a 

H 

First.           Si-ooml. 

Third.         AvtTn^e.         First.        Second. 

Average. 

0.  8100 

0.  MI4G 

0.  4J70 
0.4787 
0.4606 

0.4241 
0.4921 
a  6392 

0.  7520 
0.8324 
0.7978 
0.7550 

0.  8595 
0.7940 

0.9000 
0.9666 

a  5111 

0.5564 

0.  5198 
0.5490 

0.5057 
0.4323 

0.6824 
0.6587 
0.6370 

0.6032 

0.  8516 
0.8166 

0.4358 
0.4625 

0.  8308 
0.  8108 

1.29 
2.31 

,0! 
0.83 
0.77 

0.99 
0.66 
1.15 

1.42 
1.86 
1.44 
1.54 

3.82 

5.00 

1.23 
1.35 

0.32 
0.44 

0.42 
0.48 

0.59 
0.49 

0.39 
0.35 
0.41 

0.31 

1.14 
2.26 

1.00 
0.85 
0.68 

1.00 
0.73 
1.19 

1.27 
1.52 

1.21 
2.29 

502 
1139 

207 
388 

427 

445 
684 
944 

307 
589 
824 
928 

568 
1122 

463 
464 

99 
372 

98 
371 

962 
1023 

962 
1013 
1014 

526 

0.  8112 

0.8208 

1.75 

51.15 

0.  4314 
0.  4706 
0.  4606 

1.01 
0.84 
0.73 

0.  4307 
0.5038 
0.8272 

0.  7980 
0.8616 
0.8345 
0.8522 

0.8763 
0.  8024 

0.9465 
0.  8548 

0.  5119 
0.  51CO 

0.  5205 
0.5528 

0.5029 
0.  5087 

0.  6720 
0.  8660 
0.6800 

0.6023 

0.4542 

0.86 

28.31 

0.4274 

1.00 

27.  S4 

0.  4980 

0.70 

31.04 

0.6332 

1.17 

39.46 

0.7750 
0.8470 
0.8162 
0.  8123 

1.35 
1.69 
1.44 

0.  8296 

1.52 

3.30 
5.25 

1.27 
1.41 

0.35 
0.80 

0.37 
0.41 

0.57 
0.49 

0.39 
0.37 
0.44 

0.29 

1.53 

0.  8126 

1.50 

50.64 

0.  8679 
0.  8058 

3.56 
5.13 

0.8204 

0.8367 

4.34 

52.14 

0.9533 

1.25 

59.41 

0.9102 

1.38 

56.72 

0.  5115 
0.5484 

0.34 

0.37 

0.5789 

0.5299 

0.36 

33.02 

0.  5202 
0.5457 

0.40 
0.45    j 

0.5353 
0.5254 



0.5330 

0.43 

33.22 

0.  5113 
0.  4705 

0.4909 

0.58 
0.49 

0.54 

30.59 

0.6772 
0.6624 
0.  6585 

0.39 
0.36 
0.43 

- 

0.6C60 

0.39 

41.51 

0.6028 

0.30 

37.57 

276 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Speciee. 

\ 

8 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LATEIiS  OP 
OROWTII. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

886 

105 
203 
298 
299 
376 
409 
1233 
1234 
1235 

213 
274' 
274» 
399 
440 
757 
1167 

103 
367 
448 
1052 

20 
530 
743 
878 
1048 

1239 

1240 

290 
311 

645 
1176 

Utah  

City  Creek  caiion  .  .  . 

M.  E.  Jones  
C.G.  Pringle  

Moist,  gravelly  .  .  . 
Gravelly  

0.050 

a 



Sugar  Maple.  Sugar  Tree.  Hard  Maple. 
Rock  Maple. 

Ohio 

\Voodsnm  Machine 
Company. 
Allunton  

do           

Missouri  
..  do  

G.  W.  Lctterraan  
..  do  

Rich  uplands  
..  do          ..     . 





Charlotte 

C.  G.  Pringle      

New  England  
Vermont  
do 

CliarU'stown  Navy- 
yard. 
Charlotte  

do 

S  H  Pook 

F  H  Horsford 

do          ... 

do 

do 

do 

...do  

...do  

C.G.  Pringle  

Clay 

Black  Sugar  Mapl 

G.  TV.  Lettennan  
..  do  
....do  

...do  
...do  

....do  
...do  

Rich,  alluvial  
Low,  alluvial  .  
Rich           





Florida 

Cbattahoochee  
Allenton  

Charlotte  
do    

A.  H.  Curtiss  
G.  W.  Letterman  

C.G.Pringle  
...do  

Clay  
Rich  alluvial 

0.268 

51 

Missouri  

Vermont  
do     

S^ft  Maple,.  White  Maple.  /Silver  Maple. 

do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  

Massachusetts  — 
do 

Topsfield  

Arnold  Arboretnm.  . 
Kemper's  mill  
Bainbridge  
Danvers  

J.  Kohinson  
C.  S.  Sargent  

Drift  

0.285 
0.222 
0.252 
0.168 
0.204 

18 
41 

22 
30 
60 

36 

Red  Maple.  Kwamp  Maple.  Soft  Maple. 
Water  Maple. 

Mississippi  

C.Mohr  

A.H.Cnrtiss  

Rich,  swampy  
Low  
..do  

54 
3 
6 

Massachusetts  
....do  

do 

do          

do 

do 

do         

Missouri  

A  11  r  111  01  1  

Dallas 

G.  W.  Letterman  

Box  Elder.     Ash-leaved  Maple. 

do  

California 

Contra  Costa  county 

G.  K.  Vasey  
C  Mohr 

Rich,  moist  

0.240 

14 

Sox  Elder. 
ANACARDIACE^:. 

Chittam  Wood. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


277 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY  1IETEUMIXATIOXS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Kemarks. 

1 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  7012 

0.  61  DO 
0.6363 
0.  7697 
0.  7828 
0.  6538 
0.  6242 
0.  7106 
0.6893 
0.  7239 

0.  7319 
0.  7249 
0.  7214 
0.  7117 
0.6410 
0.  6868 
0.  6814 

0.  4889 
0.  4860 
0.  4760 
0.6247 

0.  6761 
0.  5770 
0.  5288 
0.6397 
0.6374 

0.5563 
0.5355 

0.4332 
a  4217 

0.4786 
0.  6196 

0.  0791 

0.  6003 
0.6300 
0.  8098 
0.  7689 
0.  6783 

0.  6902 

0.66 

0.44 
0.51 
0.54 
0.60 
0.93 
0.36 
0.91 
0.33 
0.48 

1.48 
0.56 
0.52 
0.70 
1.31 
0.55 
0.42 

0.31 
0.30 
0.40 
0.29 

0.24 
0.43 
0.49 
0.32 
0.38 

0.31 
0.36 

0.76 
1.01 

0.51 
0.48 

0.61 

0.40 
0.45 
0.59 
0.57 
1.10 
0.44 
0.33 
0.29 
0.35 

1.01 

0.64 

43.01 

886 

105 
203 
298 
299 
376 
409 
1233 
1234 
1235 

218 
274" 
274» 
398 
440 
757 
1167 

103 
367 
448 
1052 

20 
530 
74S 
878 
1048 

1239 
1240 

290 

311 

645 
1176 

0.  6071 
0.  6332 
0.  7898 
0.  7759 
0.  6661 
0.  6242 
0.  7106 
0.6896 
0.  7239 

0.42 
0.48 
0.57 
0.59 
1.02 
0.40 
0.62 
0.31 
0.42 

0.  6899 

0.  6935 
0.  6980 
0.7002 
0.  6799 
0.6429 
0.  7008 
0.6840 

0.  5254 
0.  4828 
0.5062 
0.6163 

0.6845 
0.6064 
0.  5510 
0.64% 
0.  6185 

0.6639 

0.  6912 

0.54 

43.08 

0.  6964 
0.  7115 
0.  7108 
0.  6958 
0.6419 
0.  7014 
0.6827 

1.25 
0.56 

0.52 

0.56 
1.02 
0.33 
0.36 

0.32 
0.31 
0.42 
0.27 

0.25 
0.42 
0.49 

0.33 
0.32 

0.31 
0.36 

1.22 
1.30 

0.57 
0.51 

0.63 
1.17 
0.44 
0.39 

0.  7165 

• 

0.  6915 

0.71 

43.09 

0.5072 
0.4844 
0.  4911 
0.  6251 

0.32 
0.31 
0.41 
0.28 

0.6344 

0.  5269 

0.33 

32.84 

0.6803 
0.  5917 
0.5466 
0.6433 
0.  6273 

0.25 
0.43 
0.49 
0.33 
0.35 

0.5601 
0.6406 
0.  6260 

0.6178 

0.37 

38.50 

0.5563 
0.  5355 

0.31 
0.36 

0.  4288 
0.  4474 

0.4856 
0.  6393 

0.5459 

0.34 

34.02 

0.  4310 
0.  4346 

0.99 
1.16 

0.  4328 

1.07 

26.97 

0.4821 

0.54 

30.04 

0.6686 

0.6425 

0.50 

40.04 

273 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

§ 

State. 

Vermont  

Massachusetts 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYEKS  OF 
GBOWTH. 

Sap. 
wood. 

Hi-art- 
wood. 

153 
1060 

70 
610 
736 

330 

876 

1037 
1041 

467 

1147 
1079 

405 
441 
815 
845 

1061 
1031 
650 

564 

33 
439 

940 

Hinesburgh  

C  G.  Pringle 

Staghorn  Sumach. 

do 

0.120 

2 

34 

G.  W.  Letterman    .  . 
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Dwarf  Sumach. 
71.  Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata  

Georgia  

Lower      Altamaha 
river. 
Chattahoochee  river. 

Dallas  

Danvers  
.  do 

1 

Florida          

do     

do 

0.175 

5 

19 

Texas  

J.  Eeverchon  

J".  Robinson  
do  .             ... 

Dry,  gravelly  

Massachusetts  
do 

Wet,  swampy  
...do 

0.070 

0.085 
0.067 

0.222 

1 

4 

4 

39 

20 

16 

27 

39 

Poiion  Sumach.    Poison  Elder. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

Santa   Rita  mount- 
ains. 

A  H  Curtiss 

Coral 

Poison  Wood.   Coral  Sumach.   Mount- 
ain Manchincel.    Hum  Wood.    Hog 
Plum.    Doctor  Gum. 

LEGUMINOS.E. 

0.  G.  Pringlo   . 

Charleatown  Navy- 
yard. 
Nashville  

Graf  ton  
Dan  veue  

do  

S.  H.  Pook  

Locust.    Black  Locust.     Yellow  Locust. 
78.  Robinia  visco&a  

Tennessee  
West  Virginia  .. 

Massachusetts  

do 

A.  Gattinger         

C.  G.  Pringle  
J.  Robinson  

.  .do       

Gravelly  

0.184 
0.060 

4 
4 

35 

8 

Clammy  Locust. 

Trinidad  

Lower        Colorado 
valley. 

Upper    Metaoombe 
Key. 

Mercer  county  
Nashville  

New  Braunfelg  

W.  B.  Strong  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

A  H  Curtiss 

Low,  moist  

Locust. 
80.  Olueva  Teaota  . 

California 

Iron  Wood.    Arbol  de  Sierra. 

Coral     .  ,. 

Jamaica  "Dogwood. 

W.  M.  Linney  

Limestone  







YellowWood.    YellowAsh.  OopherWood. 

Tennessee  

C.Mohr  

• 

FriQolito. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


279 


SPECIFIC   GEAVITT   DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

Wi-istht,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Oflici'  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.4476 
C     0.  4079 
{     0.  3912 

0.  4997 
0.6478 
0.5472 

0.  5131 

iO.  4383 
0.4192 
f     0.  4365 
(     0.  4535 
0.  4259 

0.8106 

0.  8691 

f     0.  5714 
t     0.  5285 

0.7550 
0.7908  . 
0.6490 
0.  7410 

(     0.  8130 
{     0.  7942 

0.  7988 

50.8953 
1.1542 

0.  8779 

0.  6072 
0.6277 

1.0310 

0.4593 
0.  4855  1 
0.  3869  ) 

0.  5080 
0.  5579 
0.  4910 

0.  5236 

0.  4362  f 
0.4368$ 
0.43221 
0.4449$ 
0.  4511 

0.7728 

0.8884 

0.  5904  1 
0.  5241  J 

0.7904 

0.  4535 
0.  4179 

0.43 
0.52 

0.62 
0.63 
0.55 

0.89 

0.90 

0.49 
0.50 

2.31 

]  29 
3.41 

0.22 
1.26 
0.35 
0.22 

0.22 

0.62 

51.85 
2.75 

3.42 

0.21 
0.39 

1.44 

0.54 
0.52 

0.62 
0.56 

0.60 

0.80 

0.88 

0.49 
0.60 

2.47 

1.28 
4.68 

0.26 
1.13 

0.49 
0.52 

158 
1060 

70 
610 
736 

330 

876 

1037 
1041 

467 

1147 
1079 

405 
441 
815 

845 

1061 
1031 
650 

564 

33 

439 

940 

0.  4357 

0.50 

27.15 

0.5039 
0.  5529 
0.  5250 

0.62 
0.60 
0.57 

0.  5367 

0.5273 

0.60 

32.86 

0.5184 

0.85 

32.31 

0.  4326 

0.4418 
0.  4403 

0.89 

0.49 
0.55 

0.4440 

\ 

0.4382 

0.64 

27.31 

0.  7917 

2.39 

49.34 

0.8646 

0.8740 

1.28 

54.47 
34.50 

ETirst,  second,  and  third  up.  pr.  determinations  made  on  sap- 
wood;  fourth  up.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.1  sap-wood. 

0.5536 

0.7727 
0.7908 
0.6439 
0.7259 

4.04 

0.24 
1.19 
0.35 

0.  6387 
0.  7279 

0.  8017  1 
0.8287$ 

0.7855 

0.  9600  1 
1.  1542  5 

0.  S689 
0.6485 

0.7087 

0.25 

0.19 

0.58 

2.151 
2.43) 

3.34 

0.17 
0.36 

1.74 

0.24 

Third  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood.    Cultivated  
0.  125  sap-wood.    Cultivated  

0.7333 

0.51 

45.70 

0.8094 

0.20 

50.44 

0.8258 
1.  1374 

0.  8034 

0.60 

50.07 

1.0602 

2.29 

66.07 

0.8734 

3.38 

54.43 

0.6278 
0.  6277 

0.19 
0.38 

• 
0.9890 

0.9325 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  sap-wood  

0.6278 

0.28 

39.12 

0.9842 

1.59 

61.34 

280 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYEU8  OF 
GUOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

329 
932 

296 
402   . 
519 

53' 
53* 
444 

760 
678 
1268 

829 
1208 

59 
436 
1089 
1090 
1091 

1142 

561 
590 
680 
927 

600 
658 
998 

1224 
1222 

Texas  

Dallas  
Austin  

J.  Reverchon  
C.  Mohr  

G.W.  Letterman  ... 
do 

...do  

....do  
Low,  rich  

0.084 

10 

16 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.     Co/ee  Nut. 

do 

do          

Tennessee  

Nashville  

G.W.  Letterman  ... 
do 

Low,  rich  
do 

Honey  Locust.    Jilack   Locust.    Three- 
thorned    Acacia.         Sweet    Locust. 
Honey  Shucks. 

do 

do           

Nashville  

Chattahoocliee  river. 

Lower        Colorado 
river. 

Valley  of  the  Gila 
river. 

A.  Gattinger  

A.H.Curtiss  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C  G  Pringle.  .. 

Dry,  sandy  barren 
Alluvial  

0.294 

21 

26 

Water  Locust. 

Green-bark  Acacia.    Palo  Verde. 

....do  

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
S.  B.Buckley  

G.  W.  Lettennan  

Texas  

Missouri  
Tennessee  
Missouri  
do 

Austin  ..... 

Allenton  
Nashville  
Allenton  
do               

Low,  rich  

0.260 

5 

35 

Sedbud.    Judas  Tree. 

G  W  Lettennan 

Rich                  .  . 

.    do    

.  do  

do 

do 

do         

do            

Redbud. 

....do  

Fort  Stockton  

B.  L.  Baldridge  

Mesquit.      A  Igaroba.      Honey  Locust. 
Honey  Pod. 

do 

do 

do          ..     .. 

Texas  

Austin  

C.Mohr  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do 

Screw  Sean.    Screw-pod  Mesquit.   Tor- 
nilla. 

do 

do 

Sandy  

do 

do 

do 

0.064 

8 

Lampasas  mountains 
Brownsville  

S  B  Buckley 

Texas  

....do  

THE 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE 


WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WOODS  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES— Coutiuued. 


281 


SPECIFIC  GKAVITY   DETERMINATIONS. 

ABU   I1ETERMIXA1 

First.       Second. 

loss. 
A.  verage. 

^Vciizht.per 
cubic  foot, 
in  poumiM 
(avenge). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First.           Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

i 
0.  8019 
0.8540 

0.  6700     ' 
0.  6663 
0.  7395 

0.  7330 
0.6418 
0.  6528 

0.7509 
0.6330 
0.  7176 

0.  6325 
0.5848 

0.  6104 
0.  7098 
0.9254 
0.6493 
0.6009 

0.  7392 

0.8322 

0.  7137 
0.  7247 
0.  7478 

0.  7772 
0.  7527 
0.  7237 

0.9265 
0.6655 

0.  8161 
0.  9316 

0.6786     i 

(1.  8(190 
0.  8928 

0.42 

1.04 

0.70 
0.46 
0.98 

0.55 
0.69 
1.29 

0.66 
1.25 
4.20 

2.32 
2.17 

0.59 
0.67 
0.80 
0.82 
0.67 

0.76 

3.35 
1.67 
1.45 
2.09 

1.02 
0.91 
0.  95 

3.27 
0.90 

0.34 
1.13 

0.57 
0.50 
0.82 

0.61 

0.38 
1.09 

329 
932 

298 

402 
519 

531 
63« 
444 

760 
678 
1258 

829 
1208 

56 
436 
1088 
1090 
1081 

1142 

V 

Ml 
590 
680 

927 

600 
658 
998 

1224 
1222 

0.8509 

0.73 

53.03 

0.  6743 
0.  6663 
0.7395     1 

0.64 
0.48 
0.90 

0.  7359 
0.6275- 

0.  0934 

0.67 

43.21 

0.  7345 
0.6346 
0.  6528 

0.58 
0  69 

0.98 

0.79 
1.00 
3.08 

2.26 
2.51 

0.56 
0.67 
0.77 
0.74 
0.84 

0.77 

2.69 
1.71 
2.49 
2.00 

0.98 
0.90 

1.  14 

0.  7245 
0.  6732 
0.  7722 

0.  7272 

0.  6740 

0.80 

42.00 

0.  7342 

0.73 

45.76 

Second  ep.  gr.  determi  nation  made  on  sap-wood  

0.6531 

1.12 

40.70 

0.7449 

3.64 

49.75 

0.  6325 
0.  5908 

2.29 
2.34 

0.  5968 
0.  6070 

0.  6157 

0.  6116 

2.32 

sail 

0.  6110 
0.7098 
0.  6107 
0.  6289 
0.  6213 

0.58 
0.67 
0.79 
0.78 
0.76 

0.  5959 
0.6084 
0.  6417 

0.7645 

0.8664 
0.6997 
0.  7726 
0.  7620 

0.  7910 
0.  7930 
0.7278 

0.  9205 
0.  680!) 

0.7502 

First  and  second  ep.  gr.  determinations  made  on  half  sap-wood  . 

0.6363 

0.72 

39.65 

0.  7513 

0.77 

46.82 

0.8493 
0.  7067 
0.  74S7 
0.  7562 

3.02 
1.69 
1.97 
2.05 

0.  7587 

0  05  sa    wood 

0.  7652 

2.18 

47.13 

0.  7841 
0.  7729 
0.  7258 

1.00 
0.91 
0  95 

3.31 
1.13 

0.7609 

0.95 

47.42 

0.  9235 

3.29 

57.55 

0.  6732 

1.01 

41.95 

'• 

282 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEK  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 
i 

$ 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LATE 
GRO' 

Sap- 
wood. 

IB  OF 
VTH. 

Heart- 
wood. 

87.  Acacia  Wrightii  

1209 

598 
697 
893 

509 
1112 

465 

iios 

480 

68 
220 
334 

435 
233 

606 

9C8 

15 
106 
115 
127 
148 
198 
317 
368 
406 
725 
763 
1053 

294 
418 

Texas  

Austin  

S.  B.  Bucklev  

Cat't  Claw. 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

Cafe  Claw. 

...  do  

....do  

....do  

Florida 

Clifton 

Boca  Chica  Key  .  .  . 
Key  Largo  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

A.H.Cnrtiss  
....do  

....do  

Coral  

0.202 

14 

29 

Wild  Tamarind. 

do  

....do  
...do  

....do  

Missouri  
Vermont  
Texas  

....do  
....do  

Cat's  Claw. 
ROSACES. 

...  do  

Bay  Biscayne  

Allenton  
Charlotte  
Dallas  

Nashville  

A.H.Cnrtiss  

G.  W.  Lettennan  — 
C.G.Prlngle  
J.  Eeverchon  

A.  Gattinger 

Swampy  

0.100 

47 

Cocoa  Plum. 

Wild  Plum.     Canada  Plum.   Horse 
Plum. 

Gravelly  
Rich  

River  bluff 



Tennessee  

Ohickasaw  Plum.    Hog  Plwn. 

C  G  Pringle 

Wild  Red  Cherry.  Pin  Cherry.  Pigeon 
Cherry. 

Altamaha  river  

A.H.Curtiss  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.  S.  Sargent  
C  G.  Pringle  .  - 

Clay  

0.216 

21 

24 

Sloe.    Black  Sloe. 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 

Massachusetts  — 
Vermont  
Michigan  
Missouri  

Roxbury  
Charlotte  
Dansville  
Allenton  

Gravelly  
do          

0.205 

9 

31 

Wild  Black  Cherry.    Bum  Cherry. 

W.J.Beal  
G.  W.  Lettennan  .  .  . 
H.Donglas  

...do  

Rich  loam  
Gravelly  

........ 

Barney     &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Horsey  

Charlotte  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
Willinmsport  

Cbattahoochee  river. 
Topsfield              .     . 

Michigan  
Vermont  

Virginia  or  Mid- 
dle states. 
Pennsylvania  

W.J.Beal  

Rich  



S  H  Pook 

C.G.Pringle  
A.H.Cnrtiss  
J.Robinson  

E.  L.  Greene  
do 

Clay  
Gravelly...  

Alluvial  
do  

0.218 
0.320 

0.238 

15 
11 

7 

48 
33 

12 

Massachusetts  .... 

N  ew  Mexico  
do 

Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 

Wild  Cherry. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


283 


SPECIFIC   GKAVITT  DETEKMINATION6. 

ASH  DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pouuda 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First.        Second. 

Average. 

0.  9380 

0.  8703 
0.  8162 
0.  8558 

0.  6033 
0.  6901 

0.  8829 
0.  8885 

0.  7290 

0.  6750 
0.  7035 
0.  7876 

0.6675 
0.  5014 

0.  8162 
0.  4310 

0.  7047 
0.  5525 
0.  5809 
0.  6736 
0.6473 
0.  5675 
0.  5373 
0.  5131 
0.  4680 
0.  5734 
0.  5755 
0.  6833 

0.  7282 
0.8459 

0.9404 

0.  9392 

0.68 

0.68 
0.95 
1.00 

2.00 
1.98 

2.48 
3.00 

0.87 

0.11 
0.17 
0.33 

0.28 
0.36 

0.14 
0.18 

0.13 
0.13 
0.12 
0.19 
0.11 
0.13 
0.19 
0.14 
0.06 
0.09 
0.17 

0.15 

1 

0.16 
0.28 

0.57 
0.89 

0.63 

58.  53 

1209 

598 
897 
893 

509 
1112 

465 
1108 

480 

68 
220 
334 

435 
233 

606 
868 

15 

106 
115 
127 
148 
198 
31T 
368 
406 
725 
703 
1053 

294 
418 

0.8703 
0.  8389 
0.  8558 

0.79 
0.95 
1.00 

0.  8616 

0.05  sap-wood  

0.5663 
0.  7159 

0.  8349 
1.  0135 

0.  8129 

0.  6745 
0.  6800 
0.  8079 

0.  7092 
0.  5031 

0.  8242 
0.  4604 

0.  7079 
0.  5539 
0.  4832 
0.  6235 
0.  6508 
0.  5659 
0.  5186 
0.  5351 

2.44 
2.07 

2.25 
2.09 

0.87 

0.09 
0.21 
0.21 

0.28 
0.43 

0.10 
0.23 

0.14 
0.11 
0.15 
0.17 
0.13 
0.11 
0.17 
0.17 
0.09 
0.10 
0.34 
0.17 

0.12 
0.26 

0.8550 

0.91 

53.28 

0.5848 
0.  6987 

2.22 
2.03 

0.  6901 

_ 

0.  6418 

2.12 

40.00 

0.  8589 
0.  9510 

2.37 
2.55 

0.  9049 

2.46 

56.39 

0.  7709 

0.87 

48.04 

0.  6748 
0.  6918 
0.  7978 

0.10 
0.19 
0.27 

0.  7215 

0.18 

44.96 

0.6884 

0.28 

42.90 

0.5023 

0.10 

31.30 

0.  8202 

0.12 

51.11 

0.  4502 

0.21 

28.06 

0.  7063 
0.5532 
0.5321 
0.6486 
0.  549  1 
0.  5667 
0.  5280 
0.5241 
0.  4680 
0.  5756 
0.5488 
0.  6857 

0.  5822 

0.14 
0.12 
0.14 
0.18 
0.12 
0.12 
0.18 
0.16 
0.08 
0.10 
0.25 
0.16 

0.  5777 
0.  5221 
0.6857 

0.6940 
0.8837 

0.6880 

0.15 

36.28 

0.7111 
0.  8648 

0.14 

0.27 

0.7879 

0.20 

49.10 

284 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GKAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  nambcr. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LATKKS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

637 

549 
806 
916 
1032 
1062 

1217 
1158 
1152 

883 
904 

825 

808 

1087 
1088 

313 

1002 

214 
365 

410 
885 
999 
926 

363' 

363' 

607 

California  

Strawberry  valley  .  . 
Mobile  

Gr.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.Mohr  
A.H.  Curtiss  

Low,  rich  

WOd  Cherry. 

Sandy  
...do  

0.171 
0.202 

8 
12 

61 

50 

Wild  Orange.     Mock  Orange.      Wild 
Peach. 

112.  Prunns  sphaerocarpa  

Florida 

..do  
do 

Chattahoochee  

C.Mohr  

A  H.  Curtifis  

Alluvial  
Sandy  

Texas  

Victoria  

Edge  of  Everglades. 
Santa  Cruz  

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

City  Creek  canon.  .  . 

C.  Mohr  
A  H  Curtiss 

Kich,  moist  

0.180 

26 

34 

113    Prunus  ilicifolia          

California  

C.  L.  Anderson  

0.206 

80 

Iilay. 
114.  Vauquelinia  Torreyi  

115.  Cercocarpus  ledifoliua  

M.  E.  Jones  

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 

G.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

Mountain  Mahogany. 

California  

Siskiyou  county  — 

Clay 

0.062 

3 

27 

Mountain  Mahogany. 

American  Crab.   Sweet-icented  Crab. 
118.  PJTUB  angustifolia  

Pennsylvania  
do 

Nazareth  

do 

J.  Henry  
.  do    

Moist  
do    







Sonth  Carolina  

Aiken 

• 

0.130 
0.186 

25 

American  Crab  Apple.    Southern  Crab 
Apple. 

119.  Pyrns  rivularis  

6.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

C.G.  Pringle  
do 

Rich  hills  

Oregon  Crab  Apple. 

Charlotte  

Gravelly  
do 

Mountain  Ash. 

...  do  

...do  

Utah 

do 

do    

0.106 
0.064 
0.200 

17 
14 
29 

Mountain  Ash. 
122.  Cratecgus  rivolaris  

City  Creek  canon  .  .  . 

Cascades  of  the  Co- 
lumbia river. 

"Webster  pariah  

Aiken  
do 

M.E.Jones  

G.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

g.Mohr  

H.W.Kavenel  
do 

....do  
Eich        

13 

Clay  

Kich  
do    

Hogs'  Uana. 
125.  Cratxgus  arborescena  

South  Carolina  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
| 

Low  

0.168 

46 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


285 


SPECIFIC  GBAVITY   UKTERMIKAT1OXB. 

A8H   UF.TKKU1XAT1OX8. 

Weight,  pur 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First, 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  7025 

0.  9515 
0.8874 
0.  7766 
0.  8060 
0.9030 

0.9062 
0.  9885 
1.  1340 

1.0608 
1.0950 

0.9365 

0.  6973 
0.6640 
0.  7402 

0.6945 

0.  8266 

0.5345 
0.5512 

0.  5893 
0.  7672 
0.7025 
0.6750 

SO.  6366 
0.  6093 
0.  6263 
0.  6934 

0.  6937 

0.  9855 
0.  8227 
0.  7797 
0.  8721 
0.  8610 

0.  8934 
0.  9720 
1.  1408 

1.  0332 
1.  1080 

0.6890 

0.  6951 

0.51 

0.32 
0.39 
0.44 
0.46 
0.43 

0.97 
0.80 
1.44 

1.27 
1.09 

0.45 

0.52 
0.50 
0.49 

0.33 
0.41 

0.98 
0.56 

0.39 

0.33 
0.29 
0.37 

0.63 

0.38 
0.62 

0.48 

0.33 
0.37 
0.44 
0.49 
0.43 

0.76 
0.76 
1.46 

1.12 
0.69 

0.50 

43.32 

637 

549 
806 
916 
1032 
1062 

1J17 
1158 
1152 

883 
904 

825 

808 
1087 
1088 

313 
1002 

214 

365 

410 
885 
999 
926 

363> 

363* 
607 

0.  9685 
0.8472 
0.  7782 
0.  8691 
0.8810 

0.33 
0.38 
0.44 
0.48 
0.43 

0.  8314 

0.8790 

0.8688 

0.41 

54.14 

0.  8998 

0.87 

56.07 

0.9803 

0.78 

61.09 

1.  1374 

1.45 

70.88 

1.0400 

1.0447 
1.  1015 

1.19 

0.89 

1.0731 

1.04 

66.87 

0.9365 

0.45 

58.36 

0  7228 
0.  6762 
0.  7260 

0.6845 
0.8366 

0.  5429 
0.5416 

0.5963 
0.  7734 
0.6928 
0.6835 

0.  6230  1 
0.  6225  } 
0.6590 
0.6699 

0.  7320 
0.  6788 
0.  7057 

0.48 
0.38 
0.75 

0.33 
0.41 

1.23 
0.56 

0.31 
0.37 
0.36 
0.46 

0.70 

0.  7174 
0.  6730 
0.  7240 

0.50 
0.44 
0.62 

0.  7048 

0.52 

43.92 

0.6895 

0.33 

42.97 

0.8316 

0.41 

51.82 

0.5539 

0.5438 
0.5464 

Lll 
0.56 

Sap-wood  

0.5451 

0.83 

33.97 

0.  5928 

0.35 

36.94 

0.  7703 

0.35 

4K.oo 

0.6898 

0.6950 

0.33 

43.31 

0.6793 

0.42 

42.33 

0.  0228 

0.  6127 
0.6817 

0.07 

0.38 

0.68 

0.65 

0.6491 

0.57 

40.45 

286 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAV1TY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  nnmber. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS   OF 
GKOWTH. 

Sap- 
"wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

328 
1093 

100 

949 
1*81 

154 
426 

447 

Massachusetts  

Brookline  

J.  Robinson  
G.  W.  Letterman  

0.180 

Oockspur  Thorn,    Newcastle  Thorn. 

Monkton  

C.  G.Pringle  
C.  Mohr  

Gravelly  
Alluvial  

0.180 
0.106 

61 
28 



Scarlet  Haw.  Red  Haw.  White  Thorn. 

Texas  

Scarlet  Haw, 

Missouri  

Saint  Louis  

Charlotte  

Nashville 

C.  G.Pringle  

Clay  

Slack  Thorn.    Pear  Haw. 

do          

do         ...     . 

.  ..do    

Low  

Washington  Thorn. 

759 

300 
614 

238 

301 

569 

767 
1160 

156 
241 

849 

867 

875 
1259 

546 
1095 
1173 
1181 

A.  H  Curtiss 

Alluvial  

0.080 

27 

Parsley  Haw. 

South  Carolina  
Georgia  

South  Carolina  
....do  

Aiken  
Ogeechee  rivor  

Bonneau's  Drpot  
Aiken  

H.'W.Eavcnel  
A.H.Cnrtiss  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
...do  

Small-fruited  Haw. 

Low  

0.880 

38 

May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 

Dry,  fertile  . 

0.224 

58 

Summer  Haw.    Yellow  Haw. 

....do  

Aspalaga  

;...do  

0.142 
0.184 

0.140 
0.190 

44 

21 

34 
43 

Summer  Haw.    Red  Haw. 

34 

69 
21 

Toyon.    Tollon.     California  Hotty. 

Charlotte  

Brnmueld  Station.  .  . 
Dan  vers  

Beverly  

C.G.Pringle  
W.M.Linney  
J.  Robinson  

....do  

do 

Gravelly  
"Waverly  shale  

Juneberry.     Shad  Bush.     Service  Tree. 
May  Cherry. 

HAMAMELACE.®. 

Massachusetts  

....do  

do 

Rocky  

Witch  Said. 

do  

Tennessee  
Alabama  

Montvale  
Kemper's  mill  

C.Mohr  

- 

Sweet  Gum.  Star-leaved  Gum.  Liquid: 
amber.    Red  Gum.    Bilsted. 

S,P.  Sharpies...-  
R.  Abbey... 

Clay  

Alluvial  ... 

0.208 

30 

17 

MiMifwinni  ...       -    Yazoo  River  bottom. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  TI1K  WOODS  OF  TEE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


237 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   DF.TEKMIXATIOSB. 

ASH  DETERMINATION'S. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
.  (average). 

Remarks. 

| 

1 

I 

0 

First 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

SeoODd. 

Average. 

0.6590 
0.  7781 

0.8654 

0.7909 
0.  8378 

0.7649 
0.  8059 

0.  7105 
0.7506 

0.7524 
0.  6716 

0.6625 

0.  7724 
0.  8172 

0.  7770 
0.9610 

0.  6074 
0.7904 
0.8600 

f      0.7067 
(     0.  7031 
(      0.  6662 
1  (     0.  7028 
0.  6099 

0.6415 
0.  5773 
0.5841 
0.5605 

0.6705 
0.7667 

0.  8582 

0.7144 
0.8382 

0.  7712 
0.  7110 

0.  7481 
0.7400 

0.  7698 
0.6700 

0.6503 

0.7620 
0.  7718 

0.  7596 
0.9042 

0.7642 
0.7944 
0.9028 

0.7393T 
0.  7826  5 
0.  7828  1 
0.  6985  J 

0.6632 
0.  7791 

0.6642 
0.  7746 

0.57 
0.49 

0.36 

0.77 
0.54 

0.50 
0.53 

0.48 
0.72 

0.71 
0.60 

0.57 

0.82 
0.65 

0.91 
0.62 

0.61 
0.42 
0.65 

0.43 

0.27 
0.32 

0.47 
0.48 
0.29 
0.67 

0.55 
0.60 

0.40 

0.78 
0.68 

0.44 
0.51 

0.44 
1.22 

0.67 
0.63 

0.56 

0.94 
0.73 

0.91 
0.46 

0.61 
0.53 
0.45 

0.44 

0.33 
0.39 

0.49 

0.73 
0.34 
0.66 

0.56 
0.55 

Cultivated             

*328 
1093 

100 

949 
1081 

154 
426 

447 
759 

300 
614 

239 

301 
569 

767 
1164 

156 
241 
849 

867 

875 
1259 

546 
1095 
1173 
1181 

0.7194 

0.56 

44.83 

0.  8618 

0.38 

53.71 

• 

0.  7527 
0.  8379 

0.78 
0.61 

0.  7953 

0.69 

49.56 

0.7681 
0.7585 

0.47 
0.52 

0.7633 

0.50 

47.57 

0.7293 

0.46 

45.45 

0.7453 

0.97 

46.45 

0.  7611    1 
0.6708 

0.69 
0.62 

0.7159 

0.66 

44.61 

0.6564 

0.57 

40.91 

0.  7672 
0.  7945 

0.88 

o.69 

0.  7809 

0.79 

48.67 

0.7683 

0.91 

47.88 

0.  9326 

•0.54 

58.18 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.75  sap-wood  ;  second  sp. 
gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood. 
0.25  sap-wood  

First  and  third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.9  sap-wood  ; 
secsnd  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.6858 
0.7924 
0.8733 

0.63 
0.48 
0.55 



0.8570 

0.7838 

0.55 

/ 
48.85 

0.7342 

0.  7126 
0.  6099 

0.44 

0.30 
0.36 

0.  6176 
0.5665 
0.  5991 
0.5549 

0.  6856 

0.37 

42.72 

0.  6^95 
0.  5719 
0.  5916 
0.  5615 

0.48 
0.61 
0.32 
0.67 

0.5692 

288 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LATKE8  OP 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

139.  Liqnidambar  Styracifina  —  continued  .  .  . 
EHIZOPHORACEffi. 

1182 
1183 

485 

489 
507 

1205 

456 
1118 
1120 
1198 

560 
1200 

1115 
1135 
1189 

HOT 
1127 

693 

860 
S61 

67 
761 
812 
1077 
1093 

900 

Mississippi  

Yozoo  River  bottom 
...do  

R.  Abbey  

Alluvial  

....do  

....do  

do    

Florida              .  .. 

A.  H.  Cartlss 

0.250 
0.161 

31 

15 

50 
34 

Mangrove. 
COMBKETACE^E. 

do  

....do  

....do  

...do  

Button  Wood. 

....do  

....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
do           

do  

do 

White  Button  Wood.    White  Mangrme. 
MYRTACE.S. 

...  do  

Coral 

Upper    Motacombe 
Key. 

do 

do 

0.084 

43 

Gurgeon  Stopper.    Spanish  Stopper. 

...do  

Elliott's  Key  

...  do  

Coral 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

do  

do 

0.084 

5 

53 

Naked  Wood. 

do  

Coral      

Umbrella  Key  .    ... 

do 

do 

0.150 

15 

Stopper.     White  Stopper. 

....do  

do  

do  

do       

do    

...  do  

do 

....do  
....do  

No-Name  Key  

do  

...  do  

Stopper. 

Miami  !... 

do   

do     .. 

0.141 

87 

Red  Stopper. 
CACTACE^l. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

J.  Robinson  

Suwarrow.    Saguaro.     Giant  Cactus. 
CORKAGES. 

Massachusetts  
do              

Danvera  

Dogwood. 

do  

do  

do  

G.  W.  Lotterman... 
A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.  G.  Pringle  
G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
....do  

0.143 
0.128 

0.122 

47 
72 

44 

Flowering  Dogwood.    Box  Wood. 

Florida  

Chattahoochee  
Grafton  

West  Virginia  

Dry  
Gravelly  
Flinty  

7 

....do  

....do  
Portland  

Flowering  Dogwood. 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


289 


SPECIFIC   OUAV1TY   DETERMINATIONS.                             ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

1 

Weight,  pel 
cubic  loot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

OiBce  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  6125 
0.5825 

1.  1391 

0.  9939 
0.  7100 

0.8030 

0.  8753 
1.  0625 
0.8645 
0.  8857 

0.  8526 
0.9542 

0.  8910 
0.  9180 
0.  9140 

1.  1450 
0.  9425 

0.  3259 

0.  6572 
0.  C9S7 

0.  8264 
0.  7599 
0.  7892 
0.  8690 
0.  8114 

0.  7487 

0.  5891 
0.  5765 

1.  1842 

0.  9860 
0.  7174 

0.  9282 

0.  6256 
0.  5878 

0.  6091 
0.5823 

0.72 
0.85 

1.80 

0.32 
1.69 

3.04 

1.11 
1.19 
2.23 
1.66 

0.85 
0.58 

2.05 
1.60 
1.83 

3.36 
2,44 

3.89 

0.43 
0.39 

0.51 
0.75 
0.73 
0.66 
0.62 

0.48 

0.77 
0.77 

1.83 

0.32 
1.54 

3.59 

1.26 
1.05 
2.15 
1.38 

0.91 
0.60 

1.95 
1.95 
1.99 

3.60 
2.79 

3.01 

0.41 
0.43 

0.60 
0.84 
0.83 
0.58 
0.60 

0.52 

0.  75 
0.81 

1182 
1183 

485 

489 
507 

1205 

456 
1118 

1120 
1198 

566 
1200 

1115 
1135 
1189 

1197 

1127 

693 

860 
861 

67 
761 
812 
1077 
1092 

!>eo 

0.  5910 

0.01 

36.83 

1/1617 

1.82 

72.40 

0.  8900 

0.32 

61.70 
44.48 

0.  7137 

1.62 

0.  8765 

0.  8992 

3.32 

56.04 

0.  8753 
1.0513 
0.  9128 
0.  9045 

1.19 
1.12 
2.19 
1.52 

1.  0400 
0.8540 
0.  9232 

0.  8392 
0.  9472 

0.  9110 
0.  9340 
0.  9295 

1.  1020 
0.  9482 

0.3116 

0.  6748 
0.  6932 

0.8264 
0.7710 
0.  7663 
0.  8916 
0.  8215 

0.  7474 

1.  0200 

. 

0.  9360 

1.50 

58.33 

0.8459 
0.  9507 

0.88 
0.59 

• 

0.  8983 

0.74 

55.08 

0.  9010 
0.  9241 
0.  9217 

2.00 
1.77 
1.91 

0.  9202 

0.  9156 

1.89 

57.06 

1.  1235 

3.48 

70.02 

0.9453 

2.62 

58.91 

. 

0.  3188 

3.45 

19.87 

0.  6048 
0.  6893 

0.6456 
0.  6937 

0.42 
0.41 

41.73 

0.  6696 

0.41 

0.8264 
0.  7655 
0.  7878 
0.  8803 
0.  8165 

0.56 
0.80 
0.78 
0.62 
O.C1 

0.  8153 

0.67 

50.81 

0.  7481 

0.50 

46.62 

19  FOR 


290 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GllAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Oflico  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYKKS  OK 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

605 

235 
517 
608 
750 
813 
833 
834 
835 

128 
235 
550 
604 

681 
1220 

108 
370 

42 
110* 
739 

406 

257 
381 

457 
1132 
1195 

471 
1129 
1194 

Georgia  
South  Carolina  

Ogeechee  river  

Boimeau's  Depot  .  .  . 
Cumberland  liver.  .  . 
Offeechee  river  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
H.  W.  Kaveuel  

Swampy  
Muek  

0.220 

27 



Ogeechec  Lime.    Sour  Tupelo.    Gopher 
Plum. 

Tupelo.  Sour  Gum.  Pepperidge.  Black 
Gum. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

0.220 
0.214 

0.256 

49 
49 

66 

Florida 

Clay 

West  Virginia  
Massachusetts  
....do  

Grafton  
AVest  Xowbury  
....do  

C.  G.  Pringle  
J.  Bobinson  
....do  

Eich  
....do  

32 

....do  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
do 

Chebacco  pond  

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
do                   

....do  

H.W.Eavenel  
do         .  . 

Low,  rich  
Swampy  

0.188 
0.320 

30 
67 

'Large  Tupelo.     Cotton  Gum.     Tupelo 
Qum. 

CAPEIFOLIACE^E. 

Stockton  

C.  Mohr  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Alluvial  

19 

Contra  Costa  county. 

Santa          Catalina 
mountains. 

Charlotte  

G.  R  Vasey 

0.320 

6 

28 

Elder. 

C  G  Pringle 

Elder. 

Vermont  
....do  

....do  

do 

i 
Muck  

Sheepberry.    Nannyberry. 

"W.  M.  lanney  

Shale  

Black  Haw.    Stag  Bush. 
EUSTACES. 

do 

do       

do           

Trenton  limestone. 
Clay 

Georgia  

Bainbridge  

Upj>er    Metacombe 
Key. 

Bluffton  
do    

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  

....do  

J.  H.  Mellichamp.  .  . 
do    

0.076 

0.076 
0.108 

36 

28 
5 

Coral  

Sandy,  swamp  
..do  

25 
34 

South  Carolina  
do 

Georgia  Bark. 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 
Elliott's  Key 

A  H.  Curtiss  

Seven-year  Apple. 

....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

do 

do                   

Coral     

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

do 

do           

....do  
do     

....do  
..  do  

0.095 

34 

do 

do        

do    

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  TEE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


291 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
hi  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second,     i 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  41380 

0.  5050 
0.  5050 
0.  C079 
0.  6436 
0.  0198 
0.  6849 
0.  7467 
0.  7429 

0.  5589 
0.  5656 
0.  5002 
0.4424 

0.  5076 
0.  4588 

0.  7285 
0.  7519 

0.  8106 
0.  9140 
0.  7749 

0.  9200 

0.  5528 
0.  5126 

1.  0219 
1.0425 
1.  0705 

0.  9375 
0.8409 
0.  7490 

0.  4540 
0.5049 

0.  4613 

0.35 

0.66 
0.89 
0.49 
0.49 
0.52 
0.41 
0.38 
0.32 

0.72 
0.66 
0.58 
0.76 

1.60 
1.83 

0.27 
0.29 

0.46 
0.47 
0.60 

0.24 

0.28 
0.49 

0.71 
1.00 
1.48 

0.88 
0.94 
1.33 

0.33 

O.S1 
0.79 
0.43 
0.49 
0.53 
0.40 
0.39 
0.34 

0.76 
0.81 
0.59 
0.66 

1.55 
2.17 

0.28 
0.30 

0.49 

0.34 

28.75 

605 

235 
517 
608 
750 
813 
833 
834 
835 

128 

235 
550 
604 

681 
1220 

108 
370 

42 
11C< 
739. 

466 

257 
381 

457 
1132 
1195 

47] 
1129 
1191 

0.  5652 
0.  5650 
0.  6092 
0.  6559 
0.  6031 
0.  6839 
.  0.  6974 
0.  7026 

0  74 

0.84 
0.46    ; 
0.49 
0.53 
0.41 
0.38 
0.33 

0.  0104 
0.  6682 
0.  5865 
0.  0787 
0.  6748 
0.  6626 

0.  5700 
0.  5649 
0.  5525 
0.4002 

0.  5098 
0.  4668 

0.  7075 
0.  7332 

0.  6881 
0.  6708 
0.  7022 

• 

0.  6353 

0.52 

39.59 

0.5645 
0.  5653 
0.5264 
0.  4213 

0.74 
0.74 
0.59 
0.71 

• 

0.5194 

0.70 

32.37 

0.5087 

1.57 

31.70 

0.4586 

0.  4614 

2.00 

28.75 

0.  7180 
0.  7426 

0.28 
0.30 

0.29 

0.  7303 

45.51 

0.  8106 
0.  9140 
0.  7749 

0.48 
0.47 

0.60 

P 

0.9419 

0.  5613 
0.  5131 

0.22 

0.27 
0.58 

0.60 
1.02 
1,55 

0.79 
1.03 
1.32 

0.  8332 

0.52 

51.92 

0.  9310 

0.23 

58.02 

0.  5571 
0.  5129 

0.28 
0.54 

0.  5350 

0.41 

33.41 

1.  0219 
0.  9957 
1.  0772 

0.66 

1.01 
1.52 

1.  0270 
1.0840 

0.  8933 
0.  8598 
0.  7217 

0.  9175 

Second  and  third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.2  sap-wood.  . 

1.  0316 

1.06 

64.29 

0.9154 
0.  8504 
0.7353 

0.84 
0.99 
1.32 

0.8337 

1.05 

51.96 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diametei 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

I.ATEliS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
•wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

ERICACE.E. 

343 
612 

1033 
1034 

643 
679 

596 

1085 

353 

515 

2621 
262' 
262' 

2631 
263* 

1123 

494 
1136 
1192 

498 
1130 
1199 

492 
461 

Citron  t-lle  
Altamaba  river  

C.Mohr  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

do 

0.127 

65 

Farkleberry. 

i 

165.  Andromeda  ferruginea  

Florida  

166.  Arbutus  Menziesii  

....do  

do    

....do  

0.216 

5 

29 

California  

Contra  Costa  county 

G.E-Vasey      

Madrofta. 

do  

do 

do 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

Hays  county  

Cottage  Hill  
Nashville  

G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

Rocky 

Texas  

0.086 
0.130 

0.082 

22 

28 

74 

28 

C.  Mohr  

A.  Gattinger  

H.Shriver  
do 

Sorrel  Tree.    Sour  Wood. 
170.  Kalmia  latifolia      

Sandy,  rocky  

Moist  

.  do 

Virginia  

Laurel.     Calico  Bush.     Spoon  Wood. 
Ivy. 

do 

do 

do  

do 

do    

do  

do 

do 

.  do 

do 

0.078 

62 

Great  LaureL    Rose  Bay. 
MTESINACE2E. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Florida   . 

A.  H.  Curtiss    

Coral  

do 

do 

do 

do   

0.080 

15 

18 

Marlberry.     Cherry. 

do         

do    

....do  

...  do  

—  do  
...  do  

Palm  creek  

....do  

do 

....do  
do     

Joe  Wood. 
SAPOTACE^!. 

do 

An 

....do  
....do  - 

do    

do    

0.105 
0.268 

18 
2S 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

....do  

49 

Maiti'c. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DKY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


293 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY   DETERMINATION'S. 

ASH  DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cabic  foot, 
in  pounds 

(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number.  ! 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  7814 
0.  7740 

0.7766 
0.  7037 

0.  6452 
0.7482 

C     0.  7202 
(     0.  6842 

0.  7535 

0.7920 
0.  7114 

0.7536 
0.  7214 
0.  6730 

0.6266 
0.6341 

0.8491 

0.8154 
0.8800 
0.8770 

0.  5693 
0.6437 
0.  8300 

0.  8986 
1.  0125 

0.  7479 
0.  7405 

0.  8021 
0.7174 

0.  6939 
0.  7332 

0.69551 
0.  7397  ) 

0.  7674 
0.  7574 

0.7647 
0.  7573 

0.42 
0.35 

0.45 
0.56 

0.42 
0.42 

I      0.21 

o.  4:, 
0.32 

0.37 
0.45 

0.33 
0.39 

0.241 

0.30  5 

0.48 

0.49 
0.31 

0  44 
0.34 

343 
6)2 

1033 
1034 

643 
679 

598 

1085 

353 
515 

262' 
262* 
262* 

263' 
263* 

1123 

494 

1136 
1192 

498 
1130 
1199 

492 
461 

0.  7610 

0.39 

47.42 

0.  7894 
0.  7106 

0.41 
0.51 

0.  7500 

0.46 

46.74 

0.  6696 
0.  7407 

0.38 
0.41 

0.  7052 

0.40 

43.95 

0.  7099 

0.25 

0.7292 
0.  7916 

0.  5  sap-wood  .  .  

0.54 

0.42 
0.27 

0.61 
0.31 
0.32 

0.43 
0.29 

0.74 

1.81 
1.74 
1.75 

4.09 
3.47 
2.85 

1.36 
4.90 

0.7500 

0.51 

46.74 

0.7803 
0.  7114 

0.46 
0.29 

0.7458 

0.37 

46.48 

0.  7536 
0.  7214 
0.  6730 

0.61 
0.31 

0.  7160 

0.41 

44.62 

0.  6266 
0.6341 

0.43 
0.29 

0.8541 

0.8412 
0.8532 
0.8942 

0.6500 
0.6475 
0.7965 

0.9433 
1.  0149 

0.7990 

0.88 

1.84 
1.95 
1.95 

3.82 
3.74 
2.73 

1.11 
5.37 

0.6303 

0.36 

39.28 

0.8341 

0.81 

51.98 

0.8283 
0.8666 
0.8856 

1.83 
1.85 
1.85 

0.6582 

0.8602 

1.85 

3.96 
3.61 
2.79 

53.61 

0.  6258 
0.6456 
0.  8132 

0.9660 
1.  0052 

0.6948 

3.45 

43.30 

0.9360 

1.24 

58.33 

1.  0109 

5.14 

63.00 

294 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 

a 

§ 
a 

o 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

488 
500 
1191 

746 

60 
930 
1083 

1146 
1151 

333 

503 
1124 

458 

61 
425 
811 
1084 
1162 

936 

347 
560 

738 
922 

Bay  Bisoayne  

A.H.  Curtiss  
...  do    

Coral  
do  

0.170 
0.150 

36 
7 

14 
25 

Jiustie.     Canada. 
178.  Bumelia  trim-;  

....do  
...  do  

Georgia  

Missouri  
Texas  

No-Name  Key  

....do  

....do  

Bainbridge  

Alleliton  
Austin  
Alleuton  

Santa          Catalina 
mountains. 

....do  

....do  

G.  "W.  Lettennan  
C.Mohr  
G.  W.  Letterman  

Low  

0.128 

0.286 
0.237 

29 

57 
65 

179.  Bumelia  lanu^mosa  

Qum  Elastic.    Shittim  Wood. 
180.  Bumelia  spinosa  

....do  
....do  

Missouri  

C.  G.  Pringle 

Rocky                

181.  Bamelialycioides  

....do  

...  do  

...  do  

Tennessee  

Nashville  

A.  Gattinger 

Alluvial 

Iron  Wood.    Southern  Buckthorn. 
182.  Bumelia  cnneata  .  

A  H  Curt  iss 

Coral 

Ants'  Wood.    Downward  Plum.    Saf- 
fron Plum. 

183.  Mimnsops  Sieberi  .  . 

....do  
....do  

Boca  Chica  Key  

....do  

....do  

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

do     — 

do 

0.170 
0.168 

12 
56 

40 

Wild  Ditty. 

EBENACEJE. 
184.  Diosnvros  Virginiana  

G.  W.  Lettennan  
A.  Gattinger.   ..  . 

Rich  upland  

Persimmon.  ' 
185.  Diospyros  Texana  

Tennessee  

Nashville  

West  "Virginia  
Missouri  

Grafton 

C.  G.  Pringle 

G.  W.  Letterman  
do  

do  

do    

.      do 

Austin  
Cottage  Hill     .. 

C.Mohr  
.  do  

0.098 

0.134 
0.123 

37 

26 
47 

Black  Persimmon.    Mexican  Persim- 
mon.    Chapote. 

STYKACACE^I. 
180.  Syruplocos  tinctoria  

Alabama  

Sandy  

Horse  Sugar.    Sweet  Leaf. 
187.  Halcsia  diptera  

G.  W.  Letterman  — 
A  H  Curtiss 

....do  

Georgia  
Florida  

i 
Bainbridge  

Snow-drop  Tree.    Silver-bell  Tree. 

C.Mohr  

Alluvial  

.......... 

........ 

........ 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  TOE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


295 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH  DETERMINATIONS.' 

Weight,  per 

cubic  loot, 
in  pounds 

(average). 

Remarks. 

1 

a 
P 

a 
f 

4S8 
500 
1181 

746 

60 
930 
1083 

1116 
1151 

333 

503 
1124 

458 

61 
425 
811 
1084 
1162 

936 

347 
SCO 

738 
922 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  9813 
0.  9737 
0.  9312 

0.  7106 

0.7541 
0.5947 
0.  6221 

0.6580 
(     0.  6392 
\     0.  6565 

0.  7467 

0.7567 
0.8420 

1.  0525 

0.7639 
0.  8552 
0.7962 
0.  7790 
0.  7710 

0.8325 

0.  5265 
0.5079 

0.  5481 
0.5999 

O.S887 
0.9233 
0.  8912 

0.  7479 

0.7299 
0.5997 
0.  6386 

0.6991 
0.  6063  1 
0.6658$ 

0.  9350 
0.9485 
0.  9112 

0.34 
0.26 
0.37 

0.71 

1.10 
1.44 
1.27 

1.19 
1.32 

0.81 

2.29 
1.60 

2.89 

1.03 
0.95 
0.83 
0.86 
0.97 

3.34 

0.72 
0.62 

0.57 
0.35 

0.32 
0.31 
0.33 

0.84 

1.02 
1.28 
1.27 

1.04 
1.43 

0.81 

2.31 
1.43 

2.32 

1.03 
1.12 
0.70 
1.02 
1.05 

3.32 

0.81 

0.57 

0.42 
0.3*5 

0.33 
0.29 

0.35 

0.  9316 

0.32 

58.06 

0.  7293 

0.78 

45.45 

0.  7420 
0.5907 
0.0304 

1.06 

1.30 
1.27 

0.  5777 

0.6544 

1.23 

40.78 

0.  6786 
0.6419 

1.11 
1.37 

0.  6603 

1.24 

41.15 

0.  7467 

0.81 

46.53 

0.7465 
0.8384 

1.0989 
0.  7465 

0.  7516 
0.8402 

2.30 
1.51 

1.1000 

0.  7959 

1.90 

49.60 

1.0838 

2.61 

67.54 

• 

0.  7552 
0.8552 
0.  7913 
0.7855 
0.7667 

1.03 
1.04 
0.77 
0.94 
1.01 

0.7864 
0.  7920 
0.  7722 

0.8391 

0.  5593 
0.5360 

0.  5381 
0.  5957 

0.  7570 
0.8664 

0.7908 

0.90 

49.28 
52.72 

0.8460 

3.33 

0.5429 
0.  5220 

0.77 
0.60 

0.5325 

ff.es 

33.18 

0.  5431 
0.  5978 

0.50 
0.35 

0.  5705 

0.42 

35.55 

290 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OP 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

275 
613 

1221 
1105 

591 

892 

25 
39' 
39> 
39s 
114' 
1143 
114« 
1145 
130 
144 
170 
173 
175 
190 
191 
212 
227' 
227» 
267' 
267a 
267" 
431 
551 
728 
747 
1045 

364 
937 

139 
2291 
2292 

Virginia  
Georgia  

Carter's  ferry  
Altamaba  river  

Lampasas     mount- 
ains. 

H.  Shrivor 

Rocky 

Itattlebox.     Snow-drop  Tree.      Silver- 
teU  Free.     Calico  Wood. 

OLEACEJE. 

A.H.Curtiss  
S.  B.  Buckley  

Clay  

0.088 

17 

Utah 

A.  L.  Siler      . 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

San  Francisco  mount- 
ains. 

G.  Engclmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

E.  L.  Greene  

Eastern  Arizona.. 

E.  A.  Dana  

White  Ash. 
192.  Fraxinus  Americana,  nor.  Tezenaia  

G.  W.  Letterman  ... 
....do  
do 

Siliceous  hills 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

Alluvial  
do 





Michigan  
....do  
....do  
....do  

South  Carolina  ... 
Illinois  
Ohio 

Dansville  

W.J.Beal  
....do  

Clay  





....do  .... 

Dansville  
Bonneau's  Depot  -  .  . 
Waukegan  —  
Pineo,  Daniels  &  Co  . 

Farmers'       Jt'riend 
Manufacturing  Co. 
J.W.  Stoddard&Co 

Woodsum  Machine 

B.  E.  McSherry  & 
Co. 
"Wytheville 

....do  
H.  W.  Kavenel  

Clay  
Wet  
Clay  





....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

Virginia 

do         

•do                

do                   

....do  









rhavlnt.tft 

C  G  Pringle 

do          

do 

do 

do     

do             

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Kemper's  mill  

C.Mohr...  

Alluvial  

0.268 

79 

Pennsylvania  

A.H.Curtiss  

River-bottom  

0.260 
0.215 

0.384 

95 
64 

69 



Massachusetts  

Dry,  calcareons  .  .  . 
Rich,  calcareous  .  . 

Poor  
Clay  

...do... 

....do  

Austin  

Lansing  
Charlotte  

..  do... 

C.Mohr  

W.J.Beal  
C.G.  Pringle  
...do... 



lied  Ash. 

Vermont  
...do  ... 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES— Continued. 


207 


BI'ECIFIC   OIIAV1TY 

DETE11M1XA 

Third. 

noxs. 

ASH  DKTKIIMINATIONS. 

Wright,  ]>rl 

cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 

(avrruyi'). 

Remarks. 

Offiee  number.  ! 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

First. 

Srronil. 

Average. 

0.  5617 
0.  5569 

0.  7778 
0.  0708 

(     0.  6336 
(     0.  7267 
0.  6868 

0.  H911 
0.  6253 
0.  6223 
0.  6771 
0.5265 
0.  7225 
0.6506 
0.6086 
0.6744 
0.  7631 
0.7449 
0.  7179 
0.6470 
0.6383 
0.  6116 
0.  6157 
0.0253 
0.6489 
0.  6097 
0.6329 
0.  6763 
0.6449 
0.  6176 
0.6423 
0.5599 
0.  9131 

0.8252 
0.  7095 

0.  5006 
0.6619 
0.  6455 

0.5460 
0.5864 

0.  8030 
0.6485 

0.  6243  } 
0.  6656  ) 
0.  7120 

0.  6682 
0.6481 

0.5539 
0.  5717 

0.38 
0.48 

0.97 
0.81 

C     0.84 
I     0.44 
0.51 

0.29 
0.33 
0.51 

0.36 
0.38 

0.89 
0.88 

0.881 
0.695 
0.54 

0.32 
0.34 

0.37 
0.43 

275 
613 

1221 
1105 

591 
892 

25 
39> 
39» 
39S 
114' 
114« 
114* 
114« 
130 
144 
170 
173 
175 
180 
191 
213 
227' 
227« 
287» 
267» 
267« 
431 
551 
728 
747 
1045 

864 
937 

139 
229" 
229» 

0.5628 

0.40 

35.07 

0.7904 

0.93 

49.26 

0.6597 

0.85 

41.11 

0.6625 
0.  6994 

0.71 
0.53 

0.  6810 

0.62 

42.43 

0.  6297 
0.  6367 
0.  6223 
0  6771 

0.31 
0.34 
0  51 

0.  4711 



0.  4988 
0.  7225 
0.6506 
0.  6086 
0.  6875 
0.  7616 
0.  7449 
0.  7148 
0.6472 
0  6335 

0.53 
0.60 
0.38 
0.32 
0.30 
0.45 
0.35 
0.39 
0  31 

0.53 
0.60 
0.38 
0  32 





0.  7005 
0.  7600 



0.89 
0.45 
0.37 
0.39 
0.29 

0.38 
0.45 
0.36 
0.39 
0.30 

0.  7116 
0.6473 
0.  6387 

0.  6110 
0.  6185 
0.6290 
0.  6738 
0.6097 
0.  6329 
0.6763 
0.6449 
0.6329 
0.6184 
0.5786 
0.8429 

0.24 
0.45 
0.30 
0.20 
0.43 
0.35 
0.44 
0.74 
0.55 
0.37 
0.08 
0.47 

0.56 
0.86 

0.26 
0.21 
0.22 

0.24 
0.42 

0.24 
0.44 
0.30 
0.26 
0.43 
0.35 
0.44 
0.72 
0.52 
0.33 
0.70 
0.43 

0.  6213 
0.  6326 

0.  6987 



0.5  sap-wood  —  

0.69 
0.48 
0.28 
0.71 
0.39 

0.49 
0.87 

0.6481 
0.5944 
0.5972 
0.  8141 

0.  8530 
0.  6667 

0.  6529 

0.8016 

0.6543 

0.42 

40.77 

0.8391 
0.  6881 

0.53 
0.87 

0.  6779 

0.7636 

0.70 

47.59 

0.  6125 
0.  6619 
0.6455 

0.26 
0.21 

0.22 

298 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

• 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GEOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

2295 
1059 

57 
308 
438 
948 
957 

1211 
536 

66 
125 
286' 
286* 
286> 
291 
428 
518 

964 
1001 
1024 
1030 

102 
122 
147 
378 
839 

616 
737 
955 

276 
751 

Vermont  

Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pringle  

Clay 

Massachusetts  

Missouri  
Texas      

Topsfield  

Allenton  
Dallas  
Nashville  
Victoria  

J.  Robinson  

G.  W.  Letterman  
J.  Eeverchon  
A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  
do 

River-bottom  

Green  Ash. 

194.  Jb'raxinus  viridis,  nor.  Berlandieriana.  .  . 
Ash. 

....do  

0.512 

45 

42 

Tennessee  

Texas  
....do  

....do  

Kich,  wet  
do 

0.144, 
0.184 

31 
34 

Austin  
Stockton  

Allenton  
Lansing  

S.  B.  Buckley  

do       

C.Mohr  

G.  "W.  Letterman  ... 
W.J.Beal  
W.  M.  Linney  

Rich,  alluvial  

0.090 
0.138 

27 
35 

Water  Aeh. 

Missouri  

Slue  Ash. 

Kich  loam  



Kentucky  

do  

do              

do                     

do 

....do  

.  ..do  

do  

do  

Missouri  

G.  "W.  Letterman  
....do  

..do  

Tennessee  

....do  
Nashville  

Kich  upland  







G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do    

0.355 

46 

47 

Oregon  Ash. 
198.  Fraxinus  sambucifolia  

....do  
....do  
do  '.  

Weidler's  saw-mill  . 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

do     

do 

Vermont  

Charlotte  

Slack  Ash.    Hoop  Aeh.    Ground  Aeh. 

W  J  Beal 

do 

Illinois  
Vermont  

Massachusetts  — 

Waukegan  
Charlotte  
Danvere  

Ogeechee  river  
Bainbridge  
Matagorda  bay  

Carter's  ferry  
Cbattahoochee  

Eobert  Douglas  
C.G.Pringle  
J.  Robinson  

A  H  Curtiss 

Low,  wet  
"Wet  peaty  ...  ... 







Rich,  loamy  

0.236 

0.075 
0.150 

55 

31 
55 

Privet. 

....do  

....do  
C.Mohr  

H.  Shriver  

Alluvial 

Virginia  
Florida  

Kich,  moist  
Clay  upland  

0.141 

47 

Fringe  Tree.    Old  Man's  Beard. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


299 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   UKTKKMINATIONB. 

ASH  UKTKKMINATIOXS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  6459 
l     0.  5957 

[      0.  .-)i:.-.-> 

0.  0040 
0.5947 
0.  7350 
0.  7728 
0.  7198 

0.  5774 
0.  3507 

0.  8246 
0.  4929 
0.  7789 
0.  8131 
0.  7469 
0.  5967 
0.  6897 
0.  7060 

0.0432 
0.  5314 
0.  4553 
0.  6317 

0.  6209 
0.  5034 
0.  6859 
0.6485 
0.  7020 

0.  7067 
0.  5829 
0.  5988 

0.64,76 
0.7150 

0.0459 
0.  5598 

0.20 
0.42 

0.47 
0.54 
0.82 
0.63 
0.82 

0.51 
0.69 

0.63 
0.96 
0.74 
0.81 
0.82 
0.88 
0.78 
0.60 

0.11 
0.73 
0.12 
0.21 

0.62 
0.89 
0.84 
0.77 
0.46 

0.75 
0.65 
0.88 

0.53 
0.39 

0  90 

229" 
1059 

57 
308 
438 
948 
957 

1211 
536 

66 
125 
286' 
286» 
286» 
291 
423 
518 

964 
1001 
1024 
1030 

102 
122 
147 
378 
839 

616 
737 
955 

27« 

751 

1 

0.52601 
0.5489) 

0.  6701 
0.6277 

0.41 

0.62 
0.57 
0.80 
0.56 
0.76 

0.56 
0.76 
0.67 

0.42 

0.6251 

0.26 

38.96 

0.  6671 
0.  6112 
0.  7350 
0.7949 
0.  7503 

0.55 
0.56 
0.81 
0.60 
0.79 

0.  8217 
0.  7807 

0.  5786 
0.  3515 
0.8440 

0.7902 

Second  and  third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  sap-wood  

0.  7117 

0.65 

44.35 

0.  5780 

0.54 

36.02 

0.3541 

0.73 

22.07 

0.8343 
0.  4929 
0.  7789 
0.  8131 
0.  7469 
0.  6027 
0.  6822 
0.  7960 

0.65 
0  96 

0  74 

0  81 

0  82 

0.  6086 
0.  6746 

0.90 

0.74 
0.61 

0.43 

0.69 
0.76 
0.61 

• 

0.5947 
0.  6123 
0.  4736 
0.6425 

0.6338 

0.7184 

0.78 

46.78 

0.  6189 
0.  5719 
0.4645 
0.6371 

0.27 
0  73 

0.15 
0.24 

0.57 

0.14 
0.23 

Brash                   w 

0.  5731 

0.34 

35.72 

0.6274 
0.5034 
0.6836 
0.  6207 
0.7243 

0.60 
0  89 

0.  6812 
0.  5928 
0.  7465 

0.7500 
0.5681 
0.6002 

0.4628 
0.7165 

0.88 
0.83 
0.48 

0.72 
0.72 
0.60 

0.86 
0.80 
0.47 

0.6318 

0.72 

39.37 

0.7284, 
0.  5755 
0.5995 

0.74 
0.69 
0.74 

0.6345 

0.72 

39.54 

0.5552 
0.  7191 

0.53 
0.48 

0.7259 

0.58 

0.  6372 

0.  51     i           39.  71 

300 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYKIiS  OF 
GHOWIII. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

283 
344 
584 

1202 
1218 

1223 

455 
1137 

827 
942 

167 
540 

744 

38 
160 
'  166 
171 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
210 

556 
595 
682 

1216 
483 

C.  Mohr  

do 

Eicb,  alluvial  





Devil  Wood. 

BOBEA  GINACE.E. 
202    Cordia  Sebestena  

Alabama  

Cottage  Hill  

Florida 

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

Key  West  
do  

A.H.  Curtiss  

....do  
do 

0.190 

45 

19 

....do  
....do  

Coral 

Geiger  Tree. 
203.  Cordia  Boiesieri  

do  

Texas  

Brownsville  
Upper  Metacombe 

S.B.Buckley  

Florida 

Coral 

0.002 

45 

Strong  Bark. 

....do  

do 

.     .do    

Texas     .... 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
C.Mohr  

S.  H.  Binkley  and  E. 
E.  Barney. 
C.Mohr  

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
C.  S.  Sargent  

Knackaway.    Anaqua. 
BIGNONIACE.E. 

....do  
Ohio 

New  Brannfels  

Alexandersville  .... 
Stockton  
Bainbridge  

Rich,  alluvial  

0.170 

25 

Catalpa.   Catawba.  Bean  Tree.    Cigar 
Tree.    Indian  Bean. 

Georgia  

Clay  
Wet  clay  

0.238 
0.288 

3 

8 

17 
51 

Western  Catalpa. 

Ohio 

E  E  Barney 

Clay  

D  Axtell 

do       

Low,  alluvial  bot- 
tom, 
do 

Tennessee  

Obion  river  
New  Madrid  

Ullin 

E.  P.  Hynda  and  E. 
E.  Barney. 
E.E.Barney  

do 

....do  
do         





Illinois 

do               ... 

do  

do 

do 

do 

do  

do 

do    

Valley  of  the  Upper 
Gila  liver. 

Desert  Willow. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

Moist,  gravelly  .  .  . 

do 

do 

.do    

Coral  .  

Black  Calabash  Tree. 
VERBENACE.S;. 

do 

.    do    

Fiddle  Wood. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


301 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY   1>F.TKKJ1INATIO-NH. 

ASH   UKTERMIKAT10K8. 

Weight,  ]HT 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average)  . 

Remarks. 

Office  cnmber. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

AVI  r:ii;v. 

0.8156 
0.8606 
0.  7100 

0.  7740 
0.6008 

0.  6710 

0.  8280 
0.  7708 

0.  6C36 
0.  6274 

0.  4293 
0.  4694 
0.4426 

0.  4601 
0.  4586 
0.  3897 
0.3850 
0.  4156 
0.  3900 
0.  3968 
0.  4493 
0.  4536 
0.  3911 

0.6059 
0.5631 
0.6003 

0.6270 
0.  8775 

0.8652 

0.8404 
0.  8606 

0.  TK2 

0.68 
0.26 
0.43 

0.65 
0.29 

0.  4G 

4.09 
4.28 

3.39 

3.20 
2.27 

1.27 
1.41 

0.41 
0.34 
0.37 

0.41 
0.39 
0.34 
0.30 
0.50 
0.42 
0.43 
0.37 
0.34 
0.39 

0.37 
0.41 
0.32 

1.23 
0.54 

0.67 
0.28 
0.43 

283 

344 
584 

1202 
1218 

1223 

455 
1137 

827 
942 

167 

540 
744 

88 
160 
166 
171 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
210 

556 
595 
682 

1216 
183 

0.7544 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood  ;  second  ep.  gr.  de- 
termination made  on  0.75  sap-wood. 

0.8111 

0.46 

50.55 

0  7740 

4.09 
4.35 

0.6942 

0.6870 

0.  S24« 
0.7960 

0.6548 
0.6302 

0.  4270 
0.  4979 
0.4177 

0.4446 
0.  4467 
0.  3829 
0.  3878 
0.  3783 

0.6475 

4.43 

3.67 

3.38 
2.28 

1.23 
1.33 

0.40 
0.26 
0.47 

0.30 
0.34 
0.36 
0.32 
0.45 
0.38 
0.47 
0.48 
0.40 
0.38 

0.37 
0.43 
0.32 

1.47 
0.49 

0.  7108 

4.22 

44.30 

0.  6790 

3.53 

42.31 

0.  8264 
•0.  7863 

3.29 
?.28 

0.  7980 

0.8073 

2.79 

50.31 

0.  8592 
0.  6288 

1.25 
1.37 

• 

Cultivated.               

0.6440 

1.31 

40.13 

0.  4282 
0.  4837 
0.  4302 

0.41 
0.30 
0.42 

• 

0.4474 

0.38 

27.88 

0.  4524 
0.4527 
0.3863 
0.3864 
0.4066 
0.3900 
0.3968 
0.  4493 
0.4535 
0.3909 

0.36 
0.37 
0:35 
0.31 
0.48 
0.40 
0.45 
0.43 
0.37 
0.39 



Cultivated  

0.  4260 

0.3907 

0.  4165 

0.39 

25.96 

0.  6059 
0.5631 
0.  6015 

0.37 
0.42 
0.32 

0.  6026 

0.6368 
0.8644 

0.5902 

0.37 

36.78 

0.  6319 

1.35 

39.38 

0.8710 

0.52 

54.28 

302 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYEKfl  OF 
GEOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

490 
826 
828 

474 

473 
453 

585 
340 

476 
1138 
1196 

71 
387 
446 
814 
854 
1163 

703 
807 

468 
1185 
1193 

459 
1187 

Florida 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
...do 

Coral  

0.158 

39 

18 

Slack  Mangrove.     Slack  Free.    Slack 
Wood. 

NTCTAGINACB^E. 

do 

.do  

....do  
.     .do  

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

..  do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Coral  

Pigeon  Wood.  Beef  Wood.  Cork  Wood. 
Pork  Wood. 

POLYGONACE.E. 

...do    

do  

0.156 
0.214 

0.188 
0.372 

48 
17 

12 
119 

27 
29 

45 

Pigeon  Plum. 

....do  
....do  

....do  

....do  
..do    

Sea  Or  ape. 
LAttRACE.33. 

Red  Say. 

Mobile  county  

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

C.Mohr  

A  H  Curtiss 

Damp,  sandy  

Lance  Wood. 
217.  Sassafras  officinale 

do 

do 

do 

0.086 

27 

....do  

.Missouri  
do 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

Allenton  
do 

do 

do 

G.  W.  Letterman... 
do 

Low,  rich  
Alluvial  

Sassafras. 

Nashville 

Kich      

West  Virginia  
Massachusetts  

Dan  vers  

0.232 

11 

68 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 

Low,  alluvial  

Mountain  Laurel.    California  Laurel. 
Spice  Tree.      Cagiput.     California 
Olive.    California  Bay  Tree. 

EUPHORBIACEJG. 

Florida 

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 

Coral 

Guiana  Plum.     White  Wood. 

....do  
....do  

....do  

do 

do 

do 

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

do 

do 

.  do  

....do  

do 

....do  
do    

0.292 

112 

52 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


303 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY   DKTK11MIXAT1ON9. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(aveiage). 

Remarks. 

I 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

1.0919 
0.  9060 
0.  7074 

0.  6475 

0.9629 
0.  9140 

0.  6373 
0.5977 

0.  8206 
f      0.  7980 
(     0.  8148 

0.  7222 

0.  5030 
0.4900 
0.4542 
0.  5266 
0.  5765 
0.  4558 

0.  6326 
0.6697 

0.9195 
0.8918 
0.9690 

1.0069 
0.9048 

1.  0485 
1.U522 
0.  6762 

0.  6582 

1.0040 
0.  9998 

0.  6485 
0.  6815 

0.  7650 
0.  8482  1 
0.  7980  ) 
0.  6787 

0.  5210 
0.  4828 

1.  0702 
0.  9794 
0.6918 

1.99 
1.71 
4.54 

7.44 

5.25 
1.11 

0.66 
0.46 

0.82 
0.52 
0.48 

0.11 
0.08 
0.04 
0.06 
0.06 
0.12 

0.36 
0.55 

8.58 
3.19 

7.07 

8.69 
7.70 

1.12 
1.72 
4.01 

7.79 

4.81 
1.63 

0.85 
0.27 

0.68 
0.59 
0.47 

0.09 
0.09 
0.05 
0.07 
0.23 
0.15 

0.27 
0.36 

8.16 
3.26 
6.58 

9.09 
7.70 

1.56 
1.71 
4.27 



0.  5  sap-wood  

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood  ;  second  sp.  gr. 
determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood. 

490 
826 

828 

474 

473 
453 

585 
340 

470 
1138 

1196 

71 
387 
446 
814 
854 
1163 

703 
897 

468 
1185 
1193 

459 
]187 

0.  9138 

2.51 

56.95 

0.6529 

7.62 

40.69 

0.  9835 

5.03 

61.29 

0.  9759 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood  ;  third  sp.  gr. 
determination  made  on  0.25  sap-wood. 

0.9635 

1.37 

60.04 

0.6429 

0.76 

40.07 

0.  6396 

0.37 

39.86 

0.9  sap-wood  

0.  7928 
0.  8147 
0.  7005 

0.75 
0.56 
0.48 



0.  7693 

0.60 

47.94 

0.  5120 
0.4864 
0.4542 
0.  5315 
0.  5769 
0.4644 

0.10 
0.09 
0.05 
0.07 
0.15 
0.13 

0.5363 

0.  5773 
0.5055 

0.4319 

0.  6202 
0.6840 

0.8448 
0.  9119 
0.  9882 

0.  9390 
0.8878 

0.5042 

0.10 

31.42 

0.6264 
0.  0769 

0.32 
0.46 

0.  6517 

0.39 

40.61 

• 

0.  8821 
0.  9019 
0.  9786 

8.37 
3.23 
6.83 

0.  9209 

6.14 

57.39 

0.  9730 
0.  8903 

8.89 
7.70 

0.9346 

8.29 

58.24 

304 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FO'OT 


Speciea. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

469 
1126 
1206 

1110 

324 
929 

301 
303 
30* 
101 
120 
134 
366 
369 
429 

869 

19 
202 
2811 
281s 
958 

1036 
1049 

1161 

no2 

116' 

lie1 

314 

428 

133 
380 
533 

Florida  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 
....do  

A.H.  Curtiss 

Coral 

0.116 

30 

40 

Crab  Wood.    Poison  Wood. 

....do  

...do  

...  do    

..-.do  

....do  
Texas  

Key  Largo  
Key  "West  

....do  
do         

....do  
do    

0.129 
0.484 

35 
52 

Manchineel. 
UKTICACE^. 

Dallas  
Austin  

J.  Reverchon  
C.  Mohr  

W.  M.  Linney  .  . 

76 

Cedar  Elm. 

..do  

....do  

ItedElm.    Slippery  Elm.    Moose  Elm. 

1 

....do  

do    

do  

do    

Vermont  
Michigan  

Hinesburg  
Dansville  

W.  J.Beal.l.  Gravelly  .. 
G.  W.  Lettennan  '  "Rich    allnvi.il 







Charlotte    

C.G.Pringle  
do 

Gravelly  
do 





do 

do 

Nashville  

Clay  

Boxford  

...do  

Ohio 

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
S  M  Brown  &  Co 

C.S.Sargent  

Drift  

0.561 

19 

38 

WhiteElm.  AmericanElm.  WaterElm. 

G.  W.  Letterman  
do 

Alluvial         

do 

do 

do 

Texas  

Massachusetts  
....do  

Michigan  
....do  

.  do 

Colorado  river  

Danvers  
North  Reading   . 

C.Mohr  
J.  Robinson  

....do  

Gravelly  
do 

0.  230  . 

0.160 
0.215 

... 

17 

7 
21 

5 

17 
10 

Dansvillle  
Big  Rapids  
do 

W.J.Beal  
...  do  

....do  

Low.  gravelly  
..  do    

Book  Elm.   Cork  Elm.    Hickory  Elm. 
While  Elm.    Oli/Elm. 

...do  

do 

Hudson  

....do  

do 

Alluvial  



Tennessee  
South  Carolina  .  .  - 

Nashville  

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
Davidson  county  .  .  . 
Kemper's  mill  

A.  Gattinger  

....do  

do 

Wahoo.     Winged  Elm. 

Mississippi  

C.Mohr  

Alluvial  

0.244 

82 

38  . 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


305 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

A6U  DKTEHMINATION8. 

"Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Kemarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

1.  1195 
1.0900 
1.0832 

0.5945 

0.6286 
0.  7867 

0.8363 
0.  7062 
0.6499 
0.  5699 
0.  6769 
0.6841 
0.6540 
0.  7330 
0.  6706 
C     0.  7613 
\     0.  7978 

0.5462 
0.  7459 
0.  6221 
0.6299 
0.6495 

0.  6382 
0.  7173 

0.8144 
0.6846 
0.6803 
0.  7345 
0.7290 
0.  7414 

0.8710 
0.5979 
0.7632 

1.  0855 
1.0705 
1.  1010 

0.  5600 

0.  7185 
0.7640 

0.  8358 

1.  1025 
1.0768 
1.  0921 

4.96 
1.82 
1.65 

5.20 

1.05 
1.41 

1.30 
0.79 
0.60 
0.86 
0.82 
0.68 
1.24 
0.12 
1.22 

1.07 

0.86 
0.40 
0.93 
0.86 
1.04 

0.75 
0.75 

0.42 

4.48 
1.96 
1.82 

5.11 

1.03 
1.30 

1.00 

4.72 
1.89 
1.74 

469 
1126 
1206 

1110 

324 
929 

30' 
30s 
30* 
101 
120 
134 
366 
369 
429 

869 

19 
202 
281' 
281« 
958 

1036 
1049 

116' 
116" 
116» 
116* 
31t 
428 

133 
380 
533 

LOMO 

1.  0905 

2.78 

67.96 

0.  5772 

5.16 

35.97 

Ashofakuot  185  

0.  6736 
0.7754 

1.04 
1.36 

0.  7245 

1.20 

45.15 

0.8361 
0.  7062 
0.6499 
0.5619 
0.  6769 
0.6841 
0.  7065 
0.6817 
0.6706 

0.  7823 

1.15 
0.79 
0.60 
0.84 
0.82 
0.74 
1.04 
0.12 
1.27 

0.88 

0.  5538 

0.81 

0.6841 
0.7589 
0.6303 

0.79 
0.84 
0.11 
1.31 

0.70 

0.82 
0.56 

0.  7522  ) 
0.  8180  ) 

0.  5309 
0.7287 
0.6054 

0.  6956  ' 

0.83 

43.35 

0.  5386 
0.  7373 
0.6207 
0.6299 
0.  6413 

0.  6742 
0.7124 

0.84 
0.48 
0.93 
0.86 
1.02 

0.88 
0.60 

0.6346 

0.6480 

0.  7102 
0.7085 

0.6265 

0.6742 
0.  7116 

0.99 

1.01 
0.45 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood  j  second  sp.  gr. 
determination  made  on  0.75  sap-wood  ;  third  sp.  gr.  determina- 
tion made  on  sap-wood. 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.25  sap-wood  ;  second  and 
third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.6506 

0.80 

40.54 

0.  8144 
0.6846 
0.6400 
0.  7345 
0.  7430 
0.  7414 

0.42 

0.5996 

0.34 
0.79 
0.69 
0.90 

1.02 
1.14 
0.76 

0.34 

0.79 

0.  7570 

0.89 
0.72 

1.12 
1.17 
9.72 

0.64 
0.81 

0.8544 
0.6220 
0.7860 

0.7263 

0.60 

45.26 

0.8627 
0.6100 
0.  7746 

1.07 
1.16 
0.74 



0.5  sap-wood  

0.  7491 

0.99 

46.69 

20  FOB 


306 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYEBS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

758 
918 

69 
75' 
75* 
306 
375 
864 
873 
1111 

652 
486 
1204 

508 

132 
433 

450 
1106 

253 
421 

21 
126 
195 

686 

648 

16 
76' 
76« 
123 

Florida  

Chattahoochee  
...do  

A.H.Curtiss  
C.Mohr  

Eich,  alluvial  
....do  

0.246 

38 

...do  

G.  W.  Letterman  
....do  
.   .do    

0.108 

50 

Sugarberry.    Hackberry. 

...do  
...do  

...do  
...do  

Low,  rich  
Alluvial  

Texas  

Dallas       

do              .  . 

Tennessee  
Massachusetts.  .  .  . 
....do  

Davidson  county  .  .  . 

J.Kohinson  
do 

Sandy  

4 

30 

Salem    

0.132 

23 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Drv 

Hackberry.    Palo  Blanco. 

Florida 

Coral          

....do  
....do  

do 

..  do  

do 

ao  

Wild  Fig.    India-rubber  Tree. 

G."W.  Letterman... 

Red  Mulberry. 

Nashville 

•do   

New  Mexico  
Texas  

do 

Silver  City  
Austin  

E.  L.  Greene  
S.  B.  Bnckley  

Moist  clay  

0.078 
0.098 

7 
4 

25 
25 

Mexican  Mulberry. 

Osage  Orange.    Bois  d'Are. 

PLATANACE.E. 
235.  Platanus  occidentalia  . 

Pennsylvania  
Massachusetts  

"West  Chester  
Arnold  A  ^boretum  .  . 

S.  P.  Sharpies  

C.  S.  Sargent  
G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  - 

0.710 
0.680 

3 
35 

44 
63 

Drift  

Rich,  alluvial  
...do  

Sycamore.    Button  Wood.   Button-ball 
Tree.    Water  Beech, 

Ohio 

G.RVasey  

G.  Ensrelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.S.  Sargent  
G.  W.  Letterman... 
....do  
W.J.  Eeal  ... 

Clay  

0.280 

20 

Sycamore.    Button  Wood. 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 

Sycamore. 
JUGLANDACE^I. 

Massachusetts  

Drift  
Rich  loam  
Alluvial  
Gravelly  clay  .  .  . 

0.560 

5 

50 

Sutternut.     White  Walnut. 

....do  

TWirhitran  _. 

...do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


307 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

W,'iKht,per 
cnblc  foot, 
in  pounds 

(average). 

Kemarks. 

Office  number,  i. 

First, 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

1 
Average. 

0.  5735 
0.  4674 

0.  7802 
0.6858 
1).  6r>!l2 
0.  6910 
0.8384 
0.  7784 
0.7999 
0.  6570 

0.7400 
0.2537 
0.  6321 
0.  4680 

0.6242 
0.5679 

0.  7169 
0.  8270 

0.7841 
0.  8551 

0.  6060 
0.  6073 
0.  4986 

0.  5151 
0.  4783 

0.  4183 
0.  4014 
0.4633 
0.  3638 

0.  5631 
0.  5137 

0.  7419 

0.  5683 
0.4906 

0.48 
0.42 

1.89 
0.74 
0.68 
1.70 
0.97 
1.05 
0.89 
0.89 

1.32 
5.17 
4.55 
4.83 

0.77 
0.69 

0.57 
0.79 

0.87 
0.38 

0.35 
0.47 
0.40 

1.17 
1.34 

0.35 
0.49 
0.69 
0.70 

0.48 
0.42 

1.89 

0.48 
0.42 

All  gap-wood  

758 
918 

69 
75« 
75» 
306 
375 
861 
873 
1111 

652 
486 

1204 
508 

132 
433 

450 
1106 

253 

421 

21 
126 
195 

686 
648 

16 
761 
76» 
123 

C.  pnmila.   ,  ,  .. 

0.5294 

0.45 

32.99 

0.  7611 
0.6858 
0.  6592 
0.7274 
0.  8170 
0.  7452 
0.  7837 
0.6504 

1.89 
0.74 

0.68 
1.65 
0.94 
0.90 
0.98 
0.92 

0.  7637 
0.  7956 
0.  7186 
0.7908 
0.6547 

0.7150 
0.  2695 
0.6475 
0.  4798 
0.5993 

1.60 
0.90 
0.75 
1.07 
0.94 

1.12 
4.88 
4.18 
5.00 

0.60 
0.78 

0.54 

0.82 

0.88 

0.59 

0.32 
0.67 
0.57 

1.05 
1.36 

0.30 
0.43 

0.  7385 
0.  7604 
0.  6396 

0.  7287 

1.09 

45.41 

0.7275 

1.22 

45.34 

0.  2616 

5.03 

16.30 

0.6398 

4.36 

39.87 

0.  4739 

4.92 

29.53 

0.  6118 
0.  5679 

0.68 
0.74 

0.  7157 
0.  8262 

0.  7495 
0.7054 

0.  6111 
0.  5748 
0.  5091 

0.4609 
0.  4688 

0.  4343 
0.  4005 
0.4355 

0.  5898 

0.71 

36.76 

0.7163 
0.8266 

0.56 

0.81 

0.  7715 

0.68 

48.08 

0.7668 
0.  7803 

0.88 
0.49 

47.78 
48.63 

Cultivated.    First  sp.  #r.  determination  made  on  limb-wood  ; 
second  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  root-wood. 

0.  7736 

0.68 

48.21 

0.  6086 
0.  5911 
0.5038 

0.33 
0.57 
0.48 

0.5678 

0.46 

35.38 

0.  4880 

1.11 

30.41 

0.  4736 

1.35 

29.51 

0.  4263 
0.  4010 
0.  4494 
0.3638 

0.33 
0.46 

0  69 

0.79 

308 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap. 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

238.  Juglans  cinerea  —  continued  

145 
176 
393 
1057 

112 
117 
149 
209 
318 
325 
407 
430 

766 

934 

951 

415 
672 
1227 

3221 
3222 
326 

3 
29' 
29* 
29" 
48 
118« 
1182 
118> 
152 
249 
422 
531 
539 
816 
1056 
1097 

Illinois  

Alluvial 

Ohio  

Barney     &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Lansing  

Topsfield  

E.  E.  Barney  

Michigan  
Massachusetts  

"VV.  J.Beal  
J.  Robinson  

G.  W.  Letternian  
•W.J.Benl  

29 
37 

Drift 

0.152 

8 

Alluvial  
Gravelly  

Slack  Walnut. 

Dansville  
"Waukegan  

Illinois  

Ohio  

Barney     &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 

E.  E.  Barney   

W  J  Beal 

Texas  

Dallas  

Charlestown  Xavy- 
yard. 
Nashville  

Aspalaga  
Austin  

J.  Revorcbon  
S.H.I>ook  

Alluvial  

0.272 

24 

84 

Tennessee  
Florida  

Texas  
....do  

A.  H.  Corliss  

C.Mohr  
..  do    

Clay  

0.286 

8 

23 

do 

Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
Contra  Costa  county. 

Santa          Catalina 
mountains. 

Greenville  
do  

E.  L.  Greene  
G  R.  Vasey 

Alluvial  
do 

0.207 
0.313 

15 

11 

32 
18 

Walnut. 

California 

C.  G.  Prin»le  .... 

C.  Mohr  
do  

Alluvial  

0.260 

33 

48 

Pecan.    niinoi»  JVuf. 
242.  Caryaalba  

do    

....do  

Dallas    

do  

Massachusetts  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Danville  
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
W.  M.  Liraiey  
do 

Drift  

Shale 

0.305 

25 

37 

Shell-bark  Hickory.  Shag-barkHickory. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  .  .  . 
•W.  J.Beal  
do 

Upland     

Hudson  

do 

Clay  
do 







do 

....do  

do 

do 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
H  Shriver 

Clay 

Missouri  

Allenton  
Kemper's  mill  
....do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  .  .  . 
C.Mohr  
....do  

Alluvial  
....do  
....do  
do 

0.288 
0.360 

28 
31 

81 
102 

...do  

West  Virginia  
Massachusetts  
Missouri  

0.250 

53 

Allenton  

G.  \V.  Letterman  .  .  . 

Alluvial  

.  ..  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


309 


SI'ECIKIC  GRAVITY   DETEKHIHATIO.N8. 

ASH   DETEBMINATIOS6. 

"Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Oflice  number. 

.First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.4394 
0.3941 
0.  3379 
0.4538 

0.5778 
0.5807 
0.  5579 
0.5025 
0.6313 
0.5608 
0.  5750 
0.  6376 
(     0.  6415 
(     0.  6435 
0.7830 
0.6609 

0.  6789 
0.  6266 
0.7258 

0.7390 
0.  7020 
0.  7314 

0.  7618 
0.  9680 
0.  9205 
0.  9859 
0.8249 
0.  8028 
0.  7974 
0.8019 
0.  8064 
0.8470 
0.  7289 
0.86% 
0.  8729 
0.  7470 
0.8800 
0.6835 

0.4388 
0.4023 

0.  4391 
0.  3982 
0.3379 
0.4530 

0.51 
0.44 
0.43 
0.41 

0.63 
0.48 
0.12 
0.63 
0.62 
1.92 
0.60 
0.93 
C      0.78 
(     0.51 
1.22 
0.71 

0.57 
0.85 
1.15 

0.96 
0.93 
1.33 

0.61 
0.73 
0.86 
0.65 
0.37 
0.28 
0.66 
1.14 
0.87 
0.63 
0.92 
0.79 
0.78 
0.76 
0.54 
0.90 

0.51 

14S 
176 
393 
1057 

112 
117 
149 
20» 
818 
325 
407 
430 

768 

934 
951 

411 

072 
1227 

322> 
32Z» 
826 

8 

29' 
29» 
29» 
48 
118' 
118» 
118« 
152 
249 
422 
531 
639 
816 
1056 
1097 

0.44 

0.44 
0.43 
0.47 

0.4355 
0.5881 

0.  4698 

0.53 

0.  4086 

0.51 

25.46 

0.  5830 
0.  5807 
0.  5569 
0.  5145 
0.6252 
0.  5721 
0.  5750 
0.  6376 

0.6403 

0.  7916 
0.6499 

0  63 

0.48 

0.  5559 
0.  5265 
0.  6191 
0.5833 

0.12 
0.49 

0.12 
0.56 
0  62 

1.99 
0.69 
1.05 
0.651 
0.77  5 
1.64 
0.57 

1.09 
0.07 
1.42 

1.18 

1.96 
0.65 
0.99 

0.68 

1.43 
0.64 

0.  6363  -I 
0.  6400  ) 
0.  8002 
0.  6388 

0.6469 
0.5611 
0.  6848 

0.6925 
0.6982 
0.  7445 

0.  7814 

0.  6753 

1 

0.  6115 

0.79 

38.11 

0.  6670 
0.  5939 
0.  7053 

0.83 
0.91 

1.28 

0.6554 

1.01 

40.85 

0.  7158 
0.  7001 
0.  7380 

1.07 
0.93 
1.40 

Second  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood  

1.46 
0.58 

0.7180 

1.13 

44.75 

0.  7716 
0.9680 
0.9205 
0.  9970 
0.  8255 
0.  8028 
0.  7974 
0.8019 
0.  787] 
0.  7974 
0.  7523 
0.  9033 
0.  8711 
0.7523 
0.9027 
0.  7443 

0.60 
0.73 
0  86 

1.  0080 
0.8260 

0.43 

0.40 

1.14 
0.77 
0.78 
0.91 
0.79 
0.83 
0.71 
0.62 
0.90 

0.  7677 
0.  7477 
0.  7756 
0.  9370 
0.  8692 
0.  7505 
0.9035 
0.  8051 

0.66 
0.93 
0.90 
0.78 
0.88 
0.66 
0.69 
0.80 

0.9245 

0.8372 

0.73 

52.17 

310 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Mameter 
of  tree, 
in 

meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap. 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

27 
91* 
91» 
336 
383 
391 
1082 
1164 
1165 
1166 
1170 

52 
72 
254 
289 
348 

6 
51 
88 
121 
288 
442 
538 
1051 
1098 
11«8 

153 
401 
838 
871 

237 

129 
362 
740 
917 

Kentucky  
...do  
do 

Mercer  county  
....do  
do 

"W.  M.  Linney  
....do  
..  do  

Limestone  
Alluvial  
....do  





Big  Shell-bark.    Bottom  Shell-bark. 

244.  Carya  tomentosa  

MofkerNut.  Black  Hickory.  BuUNut. 
Big-bud  Hickory.    White-heart  Hick- 
ory.   King  Nut. 

1 

Nashville 

A.  Gattinger    

....do  

Missouri  
do     

Allenton  
..do    

G  "W  Letterman 

do  

....do  

....do  

do 

do 

do  

....do  

do 

...do  .. 

....do  

...do  ... 

do  do  

do 

do  . 

do    

....do  

do 

do 

do      

....do  

...do  
Kentucky  

....do  
Perry  ville  

....do  

Rich  upland  

• 

G.  W.  Lettennan  

Rich  upland  

do 

do 

do  

Citronelle  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Allenton  
...do  
Dansville  

C.Mohr  

C.  S.  Sargent  

0.200 
0.317 

42 
29 

31 
55 

Massachusetts  
Missouri  
....do  

Drift  

Pig  Nut.  Brown  Hickory.  Black  Hick- 
ory.   Switch-bud  Hickory. 

G.  W.  Letterman  
....do  
W.J.Beal  
G.  W.  Letterman  

Flinty 

Rich  loam  

0.159 

41 

6 

Rich  loam  

0.100 

47 

13 

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Kemper's  mill  
Xorth  Reading  

C.Mohr  
J.Robinson  
G.  W.  Letterman  
do 

Alluvial  
Drift  
Flinty  

0.354 
0.228 

63 
31 

59 
42 

Massachusetts  

do 

do 

do       

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

....do  
do     

Rich  upland  
do  

Bitter  Nut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

Massachusetts  — 
do 

Danvers  

do 

J.  Robinson  
do  

do  

0.115 
0.402 

18 
7 

19 

107 

Boimeau's  Depot  .  .  . 

....do  
Ticksbnrg  

H.  W.  Ravenel  

....do  
C.Mohr  
A.H.Curtiss  
C.Mohr  

Rich,  swampy  

Nutmeg  Hickory. 

....do  

Mississippi  

Water  Hickory.  Swamp  Hickory.  Bit- 
ter Pecan. 

Alluvial  
....do  

0.277 
0.282 

28 
23 

18 
28 

Florida  

Cbattahoochee  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DKY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


311 


SPECIFIC  GBAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

ABH  DETEKMLNATIOXS. 

Woi^lit,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  8791 
0.  7527 
0.7345 
0.7654 
0.9020 
0.  8512 
0.  8911 
0.8827 
0.7054 
0.8508 
0.  8024 

0.8524 
0.  8610 
0.  8334 

0.  8316 

0.  8157 
0.  8827 
0.  9189 
0.  6803 
0.8554 
0.  7926 
0.8530 
0.8842 
0.  8990 
0.  7470 

0.  7814 
0.  5927 
0.7530 
0.  9208 

I 
0.  7919 

0.  7639 
0.  7719 
0.8248 
0.6422 

0.  8767 
0.6859 

0.  8779 
0.7193 
0.7345 
0.7634 

0.72 
1.09 
1.04 

0.70 

0.71 
1.09 
1.04 

27 
91» 
91» 
336 
383 
391 
1082 
1164 
1165 
1166 
1170 

52 
72 
254 
289 
348 

6 
61 
88 
121 
288 
442 
538 
1051 
1098 
1168 

153 
Ml 
838 
871 

237 

129 
362 
740 
917 

0.  8610 
0.8424 
0.9061 
0.8854 
0.6898 
0.8432 
0.7275 

0.8168 
0.8709 
0.  8500 
0.7279 
0.8462 

0.  8139 

0.  8815 
0.8468 
0.8934 
0.8840 
0.7122 
0.8470 
0.7563 

0.99 
0.91 
0.83 
0.81 
0.73 
0.90 
0.84 

0.97 
1.02 
0.72 
1.29 
0.99 

0.60 
1.25 
0.85 
1.58 
0.83 
0.68 
0.82 
0.74 
1.27 
1.15 

1.00 
0.97 
0.94 
1.42 

1.07 

1.31 
1.05 
1.32 
0.91 

0.92 

1.24 
0.90 
0.84 
0.72 
0.95 
0.71 

0.84 
1.06 
1.05 
1.65 
1.03. 

0.60 

.    1.40 
0.85 

0.96 
1.07 
0.87 
0.83 
0.73 
0.93 
0.78 

0.8831 

0.  7414 

0.  7389 

0.  8108 

0.90 

50.53 

0.8346 
0.8660 
0.8417 
0.  7279 
0.8389 

0.91 
1.04 
0.89 
1.47 
1.01 

0.5  sap-wood  

Second  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood;  second  growth 



First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood  ;  second  sp. 
gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.  8218 

1.06 

51.21 

0.  8148 
0.  8827 
0.  9740 
0.6803 
0.8542 
0.  7926 
0.7841 
0.  8620 
0.8315 
0.  7913 

0.60 
1.33 
0.85 
1.58 
0.77 
0.69 
0.84 
0.75 
1.28 
1.17 

0.9290 

Second  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood;  second  growth 

0.  8530 

0.71 
0.70 
0.86 
0.75 
1.29 
1.19 

0.97 
0.93 
1.03 
0.92 

1.05 

2.03 
1.32 
1.05 
1.17 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood  ;  second  sp.  gr. 
determination  made  on  0.9  sap-wood. 

0.  7152 
0.8481 
0.7640 
0.  7355 

0.7830 
0.5754 
0.  7142 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.8  aap-wood  ;  second  sp. 
gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.  8537 

0.  8913 

0.  8217 

0.99 

51.21 

0.  7822 
0.  5841 
0.  7336 
0.  9208 

0.99 
0.95 
0.99 

1.17 

0.  8112 

0.  7332 
0.  7700 
0.8244 
0.6313 

0.  7552 

1.03 

47.06 

0.8016 

1.06 

49.96 

0.  7486 
0.  7710 
0.8248 
0.  6185 

1.67 
1.19 
1.19 
1.04 



0.5  sap-wood  ...................  ..  

0.5821 

0.  7407 

1.27 

46.16 

312 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

id 

® 
.= 

a 
g 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 

meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

MYRICACE.E. 

586 
665 

8 
26 
32' 
32' 
323 
49' 
49' 
49* 
113' 
113' 
113» 
150 
160 
196 
2281 
228' 
228» 
238 
250 
251 
259' 
259" 
259» 
403 
443 
547 
748 
749 
895 
1050 
1257 

670 

985 
988 
1027 
1029 

37» 
37» 

Florida  

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

A  H  Curtiss 

0.198 

18 

22 

Barberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.S.Sargent  
E  A  Dana 

CTJPULIFER.S;. 

Massachusetts  
do  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 

Drift  

0.560 

12 

88 

White  Oak. 

...do  
do 

do 

Slate  

do    

do 

Shale  

Missouri  
..  do       

Allenton  
do    

G.  W.  Letterman  — 
do 

...do  

do 

do                 

do 

.  do  

Big  Rapids  

•W.J.Beal  
do 

Gravelly  

0.374 

34 

18 

do 

Sandy  

...do  
Illinois  
Ohio 

do 

"Waukegan  
Pineo,  Daniels  &  Co. 

Barney    &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Champlain  valley.  .  . 

Charlotte  

Robert  Douglas  

...do  
Vermont  
...do  

do 

*do 

Clay  

do 

Gravelly  loam.  

do 

do 

.  do  

South  Carolina  — 

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
Wythcville  
do 

H.  VT.  Ravenel  
H.Shriver  
do 

Clay  

0.225 

56 



do 

...do  
do 

....do  
do                   

...  do  
do 

do    

do 

do 

do 

do      

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
Nashville  

Kemper's  mill  
Chattahoochee  
do 

S  H  Pook 

Tennessee  
Alabama  
Florida  

Rich  bottom  

C.Mohr  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  
Clay  
do     

0.236 
0.248 

8 
13 

48 
74 

do 

M  C  Beedle 

...do  

North  Reading  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 

Redding  

TVeidler's  saw  .mill.. 

0.203 

7 

11 

S  H  Pook            .   - 

G.R.Vasey  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Gravelly  loam  ... 
Rich  loam  

0.356 
0.393 

15 
30 

17 
82 

White  Oak.    Weeping  Oak. 

White  Oak. 

....do  
....do  

do 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

do 

do 

W.  M.  Linney  
...do  ... 

Shale              .... 

Pott  Oat.    Iron  Oak. 

...do.., 

...do.. 

...do... 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


313 


SPECIFIC  ORAVITY   DBTEBMDIATION8. 

ABB  DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight.per 
cubic  loot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

I      0.5639 
(     0.  5723 

0.  6793 

0.7165 
0.  7970 
0.8480 
0.  6328 
0.0365 
0.6865 
0.  7826 
0.6829 
0.0006 
0.6852 
0.  7017 
0.  7892 
0.  7672 
0.  6203 
0.  8304 
0.  8670 
0.  8091 
0.  7830 
0.  7874 
0.6848 
0.7556 
0.  7069 
0.  8056 
0.7390 
0.  6549 
0.  8566 
0.  7732 
0.8066 
0.  7672 
0.8065 

0.  5592  1 
0.  5519  ) 

0.6613 

0.7093 
0.  8012 
0.8451 

0.  5711 

0.  5637 

0.33 

0.37 
0.30 
0.45 

0.51 

35.13 

586 
665 

8 
26 
32J 
32« 

ae> 

49< 
49« 
49» 
1131 

113' 
150 
169 
196 
228" 
228» 
228« 
238 
250 
251 
259' 
259» 
259» 
403 
443 
547 
748 
749 
895 
1050 
1257 

670 

985 
088 
1027 
1029 

37' 
37* 

0.33 

0.31 

0.25 
0.47 

0.  6703 

0.33 

41.77 

0.7129 
0.7991 
0.  8299 
0  6328 

0.34 
0.28 
0.46 

0.7965 

0.  6305 

0.  6526 

0.  6746 
0.  7826 
0.  7107 
0.6006 
0.  6932 
0.  7017 
0.  8314 
0.  7672 
0.6254 
0.8304 
0.8670 
0.8091 
0.  7611 
0.7647 
0.  6916 
0.7556 
0.  7069 
0.8056 
0.  7414 
0.6549 
0.  8180 
0.7647 
0.  8147 
0.  7703 
0.7669 
0.8439 

0.37 
0.45 
0.30 
0.87 
0.41 
0.24 
0.47 
0.21 
0.57 
0.39 
0.33 
0.37 
0.43 
0.35 
0.21 

0.43 

0.40 
0.45 
0.30 
0.37 

0.7385 

0.  7012 

0.41 

0  24 

0.  8735 

0.42 
0.23 
0.65 

0.45 
0.22 
0.61 
0.39 

0.  6305 

0.33 
0.37 
0.43 
0.34 
0.23 

0.  7391 
0.  7419 
0.6984 

0.42 
0.33 
0.25 

0.30 
0.37 
0.49 
1.37 
0.45 
0.47 
0.34 
0.33 
0.26 

0.30 

0.37 

0.  7437 

0.44 

1.64 
0.29 
0.50 
0.31 
0.37 
0.22 

0.47 
1.51 
0.37 
0.49 
0.33 
0.35 
0.24 

0.7794 
0.  7562 
0.8228 
0.7734 
0.7584 

Taken  from  beam  in  old  court-house  at  Cambridge,  built  in  1757. 

0.7358 

0.7849 

0.  7814 
0.6549 
0.  7478 
0.  6698 

0.8200 
0.8765 

0.  7672 

0.8425 
0.7600 
0.  7574 
0.  7369 

0.8008 

0.6706 

0.25 

0.33 
0.33 

0.37 
6.62 

0.62 
0.74 

0.34 

0.25 
0.33 

0.41 
0.49 

0.  7470 

0.41 
0.30 

46.35 

0.  7409 

46.17 

0.  8120 
0.  7075 
0.7585 
0.  7034 

0.29 
0.33 
0.39 
0.56 

0.7704 

Brash      .  

0.  7453 

0.39 

46.45 

0.  8104 
0.  8765 

0.62 
0.74 

0.5  sap-wood...                                                    

314 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

3?s 
151 
256 
351 
771 

295 

417 
525 
1150 

791 
792 
79" 
79« 
137 
143 
168 
204 
310 
400 
412 
432 
583 
831 
832 
933 
1071   • 
1072 
1073 

424 
545 
762 
953 

12 
54' 
54s 
54» 
846 

"W.  M.  Linney  

Shale    

South  Carolina  .  .  . 

Bonneau's  Depot  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
G  W  Lettennan 

Clay 

Citronelle  

C.Mohr  

A.  H.  Curtiss    

....do  

Gravelly  barrens  . 

0.244 
0.264 

0.196 

38 
32 

18 

88 
115 

67 

Florida          

Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains, 
do 

Scrub  Oak. 

do 

do 

Engelmanu's  canon  . 

Santa   Rita  mount- 
ains. 

Robert  Douglas  
C  G  Pringle 

"W  M  Linney 

Burr  Oak.    Mossy-cup  Oak.    Over-cup 
Oak. 

257.  Quercus  lyrata  

do     

do            

.    do 

do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do       

do  

...do  

Missouri  
Illinois 

Allt'iiton  

G.  W.  Letterman  

Moist  upland  
Rich  





Ohio 

"Woodsum  Machine 
Company. 
Barney     &      Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Dallas  

Allenton  
Charlotte  

Nashville.....  
Waukegan  
Winnebago  county  . 
do 

....do  
Texas 

do       

J.  Reverchon  '.  

0.528 

13 

120 

Missouri  
Vermont  
Tennessee  

C  G  Pringle 

Clay  

Alluvial 

do 

M  S  Bebb 

.  do    

...do    

do  

Texas 

Austin  
Charlotte  
do 

C.Mohr  

C  G  Pringle 

Alluvial  







"Vermont  
do 

do 

do 

do 

do    

Tennessee  

Nashville  

Kemper's  mill  

A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  

A  H.  Curtiss 

Low  
Alluvial  
...do  

0.339 

0.266 

19 

20 

73 
70 

Over-eup    Oak.      Swamp   Poit   Oak. 
Water  White  Oak. 

C  Mohr 

Massachusetts  
Missouri  
do 

Arnold  Arboretum.. 
Allenton  
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  

Drift  

0.305 

8 

60 

Swamp  White  Oak. 

do     

.  do  

do 

do 

do 

..do  

Massachusetts  

West  Newbury  

J.Robinson  

Low,  swampy  

0.206 

5 

30 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


315 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH  DETERMINATIONS. 

\\Yijiht,  per 
cubic  foot, 

ill    pounds 
(average). 

Re  marks. 

Office  number,  j 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.8459 
0.  8920 
0.  8522 
0.  7888 
0.8548 

0.  8382 
0.8680 
0.7684 
0.  9487 

0.  7070 
0.  7205 
0.7275 
0.6426 
0.8469 
0.  8280 
0.6440 
0.6458 
0.  7722 
0.  6183 
0.  8630 
0.  7271 
0.  9229 
0.6842 
0.  6107 
0.7605 
0.  7740 
0.  7845 
0.  7598 

0.8060 
0.  7802 
0.8050 
0.9790 

0.  7552 
0.  8616 
0.6833 
0.  7114 
0.8404 

0.8459 
0.  8991 
0.  8359 
0.  7702 
0.  8187 

1.56 
0.79 
0.46 
0.  52 
0.63 

1.56 

37» 
151 
256 
351 
771 

295 
417 
525 
1150 

791 
79» 
79» 
79« 
137 
143 
168 
204 
310 
400 
412 
432 
583 
831 
832 
933 
1071 
10T3 
1073 

434 
MS 
762 
053 

12 
64' 
54' 

54' 

846 

0.8882 
0.8196 
0.  7516 
0.  7942 

0.8562 
0.  7748 
0.7894 
0.9052 

0.  9170 

0.79 
0.52 
0.53 
0.88 

0.79 
0.49 
0.53 
0.76 

0.  8072 

0.  8367 

0.79 

52.14 

0.8472 
0.8097 
0.  7789 
0.9270 

0.7862 

0.78 
1.08 
1.10 

0.96 
0.66 
0.70 
1.18 
0.41 
0.60 
0.31 
0.37 
1.08 
0.60 
0.26 
0.74 
1.18 
0.78 
0.98 
1.11 
0.45 
0.32 
0.44 

0.59 
0.22 
0.23 
1.72 

0.26 
0.39 
0.98 
0.98 
0.27 

0.79 

1.37 
0.80 

0.79 
1.23 
0.95 

0.8407 

0.99 

52.39 

0.  7070 
0.7205 
0.7275 
0.6363 
0.8469 
0.8278 
0.6416 
0.  6318 
0.  7944 
0.  6297 
0.8563 
0.  7271 
0.  9387 
0.  6977 
0.  6591 
0.  8018 
0.  7729 
0.  7929 
0.  7515 

0.96 

0.66 

0.  7275 
0.6300 

0.70 

1.18 

0.37 
0.92 
0.32 
0.43 
1.03 
0.60 
0.27 
0.75 
1.46 
0.70 
0.93 
1.18 
0.46 
0.45 
0.35 

0.56 
0.23 
0.18 
1.44 

0.28 

0.39 
fl.76 
0.32 
0.40 
1.06 
0.60 
0.27 
0.75 
1.32 
0.74 
0.96 
1.15 
0.46 
0.39 
0.40 

0.  8276 
0.6383 
0.  6177 
0.  8166 
0.6411 
0.8496 

0.  9543 
0.  7112 
0.  7075 
0.8402 
0.8087 
0.  7924 
0.7630 

0.  7863 
0.  7502 
0.7649 

0.  9390 



Old  fence-post  

0.  8047 
0.7360 
0.8018 
0.  7317 

0.7453 

0.71 

46.45 

0.  7962 
0.  7652 
0.7850 
0.9790 

0.58 
0.23 

0.21 
1.58 

0.  7315 
0.  8628 

0.8313 

0.65 

51.81 

0.  7434 
0.  8622 
0.6833 
0.  7114 
0.8307 

0.27 
0.39 

0.98 

0.98 

0.8186 

0.8330 

0.31 

0.29 

0.7662 

0.58 

47.75 

316 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GBOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

210 

524 
755 

31" 
3V 
313 
35 
434 
92* 

28 
34' 
34» 
34» 
58 
273 
287 
323 
514 
588 
856 

688 

601 

700 

419 
698 
1145 

1148 

935 
1103 

404 
79fl 

South  Carolina  .  .  . 

Bonneau's  Depot  
Kemper's  mill  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
C.Mohr  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Alluvial  
....do  
do    

0.322 
0.260 

22 
12 

69 
32 

Satket  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 

Florida  

Shale 

Chutnut  Oak.    Sock  Chestnut  Oak. 

....do  

...  do  

do  

....do  

do  

do  

.  do  

....do  

do  

...do 

do  

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Cnllman  

Harrodsburg  

C.Mohr  

W.  M.  Linney  
do  

Dry,  rocky  

0.436 

34 

84 

Yellow  Oak.   Ohcttnut  Oak.    Chinqua- 
pin Oak. 

262.  Quercns  Douglasii  

....do  
....do  
....do  
Missouri  
do  

Boyleconnty  

....do  
do  '      

"Waverly  shale  







AUenton  
do  

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
do     

Poor,  hilly  

do  

do    

do       

Flinty  

Dallas 

0.226 

24 

35 

Nashville  
Dallas  

A.  Gattinger  

Texas  

...  do  

Massachusetts  
California  

Boxford  

Contra  Costa  county 

San  Diego  county.  .  . 
San  Gabriel 

J.  Kobinson  

G.  B.  Vasey  
....do  

0.364 
0.338 

0.202 
0.212 

10 
59 

16 

38 

123 

Clay  

Dry,  gravelly  
do  

Mountain  Whiff  Oak.    Slue  Oak. 

....do  
....do  

5 

40 

White  Oak. 

Silver  City  

E.  L.Greene  

G.  Engelmann  and 
.    C.  S.  Sargent. 
C.  G.  Pringle  

do 

Dry,  rocky  
do        

While  Oak. 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

do 

....do  

do 

....do  
do    

266.  Quercns  I)  u  rand  ii  .  . 

Texas  
....do  

Florida  

...do  .. 

Austin  
....do  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 

C.Mohr  

S.  B.  Buckley  

S.H.Pook  
A.  H.  Curtiss... 

Damp,  calcareous. 
....do  

Sandv... 

0.164 
0.238 

24 
89 

39 
15 

Live  Oak. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


317 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETEBM1NATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  7674 
0.  8253 
0.  8200 

0.  7126 
0.6549 
0.  7726 
0.  8308 
0.6870 
0.  8550 

0.8401 
0.  7951 
0.  8712 
0.  9643 
0.6566 
0.  9237 
0.8248 
1.0240 
0.  8592 
0.9183 
0.  7652 

0.9958 

(     1.  0078 
(     0.9495 
0.8420 

0.  9171 
0.9897 
1.1340 

0.9430 

C     0.  9762 
(     0.8648 
0.  9640 

1.0350 
0.  9005 

0.8312 
0.7704 
0.8090 

0.  7102 
0.6659 

0.7993 
0.  7979 
0.  8145 

0.33 
0.57 
0.38 

0.36 
0.33 

0.48 
0.57 
0.35 

0.40 
0.57 
0.37 

240 
524 
755 

31> 
31« 
31« 
35 
434 
925 

28 
34' 
34' 
34> 
58 
273 
287 
823 
514 
588 
856 

088 

601 
700 

419 
698 
1145 

1148 

835 
1103 

404 
789 

0.  8039 

0.45 

50.10 

0.  7114 
0.6604 
0.  7726 
0.  8308 
0.  6870 
0.8368 

0.36 

0.33 

0.70 
1.94 
0.40 

1.50 
1.49 
0.39 
1.62 
1.39 
1.16 
0.64 
1.25 
1.43 
1.38 
0.43 

0.80 

(     4.62 
(     2.28 
0.99 

1.22 
2.57 
1.32 

0.51 

I     ^ 
(     1.80) 

1.82 

0.87 
1.93 
0.49 

1.40 

0.79 
1.94 
0.45 

0.  8185 
0.8419 

0.7499 

0.77 

46.73 

0.8410 
0.  7951 
0.  8712 
0.9643 
0.6546 
0.  8893 
0.8446 
1.0484 
0.  8671 
0.9294 
0.7605 

1.45 

1.49 

0.49 

0.44 
1.62 

0.  6525 
0.8548 
0.8644 
1.0728 
0.8750 
0.9405 
0.  7458 

0.7898 

1.0790 
1.1500 
0.  8374 

0.9835 

1.25 
1.31 
0.57 
1.09 
1.49 
1.22 
0.43 

0.88 

4.691 
4.  68  5 
1.31 

1.26 
3.33 
1.19 

0.53 

1.32 
1.24 
0.61 
1.17 
1.48 
1.30 
0.43 

0.  7706 

0.8605 

1.14 

53.63 

0.8928 

0.84 

55.64 

1.01691 
1.0882) 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  sap-wood  

1.0486 
0.8397 

4.07 
1.15 

0.8703- 

0.9441 

2.61 

58.84 

0.9236 
0.9897 
1.  1143 

1.24 
2.95 
1.26 

1.0945 

0.  9528 

0.80001 
0.8690) 
1.0835 

1.0092 

1.82 

62.89 

0.  9479 

0.52 

59.07 

0.8775 
1.  0238 

1.75 

1.82 

0.9507 

1.78 

59.25 

1.0350 

0.8949 

0.8977 

1.23 

1.21 

1.22 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 

meters. 

LAYKR8  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

919 
954 

574 
649 
653 

594 
663 
677 

7 

45" 
45* 
89 
92' 
92* 
140 
141 
146 
197 
215 
216 
217 
218 
553 
866 
920 
1043 

931 

23 
762 

17 
36' 
36* 

Mobile  county  

C.  Mohr  
do 

Texas  ... 

Saw-mill,  Ashland  .  . 
San  Bernardino  
Marin  county  

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Live  Oak.  Maul  Oak.  Valparaiso  Oak. 

California 

....do  

G.  R.  Vasey  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Gravelly    . 

Black  Oak. 

California 

0  247 

Enceno     Coatt  Lite  Oak. 
271.  Quorcns  "Wislizenl         

....do  

Massachusetts  

Live  Oak. 

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Mercer  county  
....do  

C.  S.  Sargent 

Drift  

0.534 

8 

73 

Red  Oak.    Slack  Oak. 
272.  Guercus  rnbra,  var.  Texana  ... 

W.  M.  Linney  
do 

Shale 

do     

do 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 
W.  M.  Linney  
do 

0.149 

5 

40 

Mercer  county  
do  

Allnvial  

do 

Dansville  
....do  

W.  J.  Beal  
do 

do    

do 

Robert  Douglas  
E.  E  Barney 

Gravelly  





Ohio  

Barney     &     Smith 
MariufacturingCo. 
Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Gravelly  
...do  







do  

....do  

..  do    

....do  

do 

do 

do 

do  

do 

do 

Kemper's  mill  
Danvers  
Enterprise  
North  Beading  

Austin  

Hingham  
Aspalaga  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Danville  Junction  .  . 
...do.. 

C.  Mohr  
J.  Robinson  
C.  Mohr  

Allnvial  
Drift 

0.368 

38 

97 

Massachusetts  

Alluvial  
Drift  

0.230 
0.118 

6 

13 

27 
20 

Massachusetts  
Texas 

C.  Mohr  

T.  T.  Bouve  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Bed  Oak. 

Massachusetts  
Florida 

Scarlet  Oak, 

Clay  
Drift 

0.230 
0.630 

15 
8 

Massachusetts  
Kentucky  
...do... 

74 

Slack  Oak.     \  clinic-lark  Oak.     Quer- 
citron Oak.     Tettov  Oak. 

W.  M.  Linney  
...do.. 

...do.. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES-Continued. 


319 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

A8II   DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 

culm-  foot, 
in  pound!) 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

SecoDd. 

Average 

0.8225 
1.0090 

0.  7888 
0.8830 
0.  8787 

(     0.9975 
(     0.  9201 

0.  8290 

C     0.  7956 
(     0.  8018 

0.6381 
0.  5186 
0.  5169 
0.  7480 
0.5889 
0.  7516 
0.6410 
0.5952 
0.  7481 
0.  6516 
0.6423 
0.6897 
0.  6669 
0.  6765 
0.6389 
0.6636 
0.5244 
0.  7130 

0.  9142 

0.7111 
0.7667 

0.7364 
0.  6863 
0.  7205 

0.  9330 
0.  9709 

0.  7592 
0.  8827 
0.  9033 

0.  9019  1 
0.  8855  5 

0.  8216 

0.  7788  1 
0.  7657  5 

0.6440 
0.  5910 
0.  6251 

0.  8778 
0.9900 

1.25 
1.09 

0.80 
0.38 
0.73 

C     1.86 
}     2.61 

1.21 

(     0.94 
(     0.96 

0.14 
0.46 
0.43 
0.27 
0.47 
0.15 
0.20 
0.23 
0.22 
0.16 
0.27 
0.20 
0.20 
0.33 
0.37 
0.07 
0.25 
0.14 

0.93 

0.11 
0.22 

0.13 
0.21 
0.31 

1.30 
0.76 

0.62 
0.34 
0.79 

2.191 
2.78) 

1.34 

0.981 
1.18) 

0.10 

1.27 
0.93 

919 

954 

574 
649 
653 

594 
663 

677 

7 
45' 
45» 
89- 
92' 
92«- 
140- 
141 

m: 
197 
215- 
216 
217 
218^ 
553 
866 
920 
1043 

931 
23 

7sa 

IT 
36"- 
36» 

0.9501 

1.14 

59.21 

0.  7740 
0.  8829 
0.  8910 

0.71 
0.34 
0.76 

• 

0.  8493 

0.60 

52.93 

0.9263 

2.36 

57.73 

0.  8253 

1.28 

51.43 

0.7855 

1.02 

48.95 

0.6411 
0.5548 
0.  5710 
0.  7480 
0.5899 
0.  7515 
0.6410 
0.  5952 
0.  7498 
0.6566 
0.  6710 
0.6994 
0.  6768 
0.  6897 
0.64*9 
0.6487 
0.  5424 
0.  6952 

0.12 
0  46 

0.43 
0.27 
0.47 
0.15 
0.21 
0.24 
0.27 
0.17 
0.25 
0.22 
0.23 
0.33 
0.36 
0.11 
0.23 
0.17 

0.47 

0.  7512 

0.  7516 

0.21 
0.24 
0.31 
0.17 
0.22 
0.24 
0.26 
0.32 
0.34 
0.14 
0.21 
0.19 

0.76 

0.16 
0.28 

0.08 

0.  7514 
0.  6615 
0.6997 
0.7090 
0.6867 
0.  7029 
0.  6589 
0.6252 
0.5604 
0.6806 

0.9018 

0.  7079 
0.7762 

0.  7305 

0.6573 

0.6920 

0.6540 

0.26 

40.75 

0.9080 

0.85 

56.59 

0.  7095 
0.  7715 

0.14 
0.25 

0.7405 

0.19 

46.15 

0.  7335 
0.6863 
0.7205 

0.11 
0  21 

0.31 

320 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

36' 
41 
74 
86 
244 
247 
437 
921 

628 

9C3 

268 
339 

131 
245 
2661 
265« 
265' 
548 

342 

770 

47 
282 

349 
511 
742 

758 

801 

1171 
352 

Slate  

Missouri  
do 

Allenton  
do 

G.  "W.  Letterman... 
do 

Hilly  

0.165 

6 

16 

do 

do 

...do  

do       

"Wytheville 

H.  Shriver 

Clav 

.do    

..do    

..do  

...  do  

Tennessee  
Alabama  

Nashville  
Cullman  

Saw-mill,  Ashland  .  . 
Eugene  City  

A.  Gattinger  

do  

C.Mohr  

G.  EriL'i-liimin  and 
C.  S.'Sargent. 
G.H.  Collier  

G.  W.  Letterman 

Sandy 

Slack  Oak. 

do  ,  

Clay          .     . 

0.224 

17 

78 

Slack  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 

Citronelle  

Bonneau's  Depot  
Wytheville  

C.Mohr  

H.  W.  Eavenel  
H.  Shriver  
do  

0.128 

13 

46 

South  Carolina  .  .. 
Virginia  

Spanish  Oak.    Bed  Oak. 

Clay  
do          







....do  

do 

do 

..  do    

do 

do 

do            

Kemper's  mill  
Cottage  Hill 

C.Mohr  
do    

Turkey  Oak.    Scrub  Oak.   Forked-leaf 
Slack  Jack.    Black  Jack. 

Florida 

A  H  Curtisa 

do 

0.301 

62 

Allenton 

G.  W.  Letterman  
do 

Rich  allnvial  . 

Pin    Oak.      Swamp    Spanish     Oak. 
Water  Oak. 

do 

do 

do 

Cottage  Hill  

C.Mohr  

0.350 

8 

1< 

Water  Oak.  Duck  Oak.   Potium  Oak. 
Punk  Oak. 

do 

Georgia  

Bainbridge  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  

0.310 

13 

23 

Laurel  Oak. 
282    Qaercna  heterophylla  

do 

do 

do    

do  

0.240 
0.329 

33 
6 

26 
19 

New  Jersey  

Mount  Holly   ..... 

S.P.Sharples  
C.Mohr  

Clay  

Pine-barren  

ISartram's  Oak. 

Citronelle  

Upland  Willow  Oak.  Blue  Jack.  Sand 
Jack. 

Til  1C  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


321 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS.                             A8II   UKTKIIMIXATIONS. 

i    ]IIT 

££                               •—  ** 

CLVl    I  . 

Office  numln'r. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

AVIM-HUV. 

FilHt. 

Second.    Average. 

0.  7749 
0.  7590 
0.  8014 
0.  7192 
0.  5070 
0.  7164 
0.  6765 
0.  6622 

0.  6565 
0.  6273 

0.  7304 
0.  7309 

0.6892 
0.  5701 
0.  6613 
0.  7334 
0.  6556 
0.  6052 

0.6679 
0.  7906 

0.  6917 
0.  7480 

0.  7167 
0.7084 
0.  7237 

0.  7474 
0.  8146 

f      0.  6818 
I     0.  6882 

0.6502 

0.  7749 
U.  7174 

0.  7192 

o.  r.iia 

II.  IS 
0.17 
0.22 
0.28 
0.44 
0.14 
0.35 
0.59 

0.18 
0.33 

0.86 
1.41 

0.27 
0.27 
0.15 
0.22 
0.25 
0.29 

0.85 
0.90 

0.65 
0.92 

0.45 
0.82 
0.35 

0.48 
0.93 

0.19 

1.27 

0.18 

36' 
41 
74 
86 
244 
247 
437 
921 

628 
963 

268 
339 

131 
245 
2651 
265' 
265' 
548 

342 
770 

47 

282 

349 

511 

742 

756 
801 

1171 
352 

0.  7352 

0.14 
0.19 
0.18 
0.03 
0.15 
0.37 
0.70 

0.21 
0.30 

0.92 
1.32 

0.27 
0.33 

0.  Ill 
0.21 
0.23 
0.54 
0.15 
0.36 
0.  (15 

0.  5175 
0.  6586 

0.  0875 
0.  6765 

0.  6972 

0.  6582 
0.6322 

0.  7492 
0.  7192 

0.  7003 
0.  6780 

0.  7100 

0.  7045 

0.28 

43.90 

0.  (i.-.T.'i 
0.  6297 

0.20 
0.32 

0.6435 

0.26 

40.10 

0.  7398 
0.  7251 

0.94 
1.37 

0.7324 

1.16 

45.64 

0.6948 
0.  6241 
0.6013 
0.  7334 
0.  6550 
0.  7874 

0.27 
0.30 
0.15 

0.22 
0.25 
0.29 

• 

0.  7696 

0.  6730 
0.7854 

0.6465 
0.6890 

0.  7149 

0.  7-->02 
0.  7624 

0.  7075 
0.  7995 

0.68341 
0.  6802  ) 

0.  6337 

0.28 

0.80 
0.90 

0.57 
1.07 

0.39 
0.84 
0.19 

0.46 
1.41 

0.14 
1.15 

0.  6928 

0.25 

43.17 

0.  6708 
0.  7880 

0.83 
0.90 





0.7294 

0.87 

45.45 

0,  6691 
0.7185 

0.61 
1.00 

0.  6938 

0.81 

43.24 

0.  7158 
0.  7143 
0.  7431 

0.42 
0.83 
0.27 



0.7244 

0.51 

45.14 

0.  7275 
0.  8071 

0.  7673 

0.47 
1.17 

0.82 

47.82 

0.6834 

i 

0.17 
1.21 

42.59 

0.6420 

40.00 

21   FOE 


322 


FOREST  TREES.  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAV1TY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OP 
GKOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

416 
599 

40- 
40* 
403 
50 
135 

512 
687 
729 
573 

18 
258' 
258« 
258» 
516 
727 
868 

9 
44» 
443 

55' 

119 
765 
853 

11 
87 
870 
877 
3047 

46 
73' 
73« 

New  Mexico  

Finos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

Harrodaburg  
...do  

E.  L.  Greene  

G.  Engelmflnn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

W.  M.  Linney  
do 

Dry,  rocky  
do 

0.203 

49 

20 

Kentucky  
....do  

Shingle  Oat.    Laurel  Oak. 

..  do  .. 

...  do  

....  do  do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  
...  do         

do 

do 

Tullalioma  

A.  Gattinger  

Moist,  siliceous  .  .  . 

0.184 
0.400 

15 
25 

Willow  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 

California 

85 

Tanbark  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak.     Peach 
Oak. 

....do  

Mendocino  county  .  . 
Hot  Springs  ... 
Arnold  Arboretum  . 

A.  Kellogg    ..     . 

Chinquapin. 

G.  "W.  Lettennan  
C.  S.  Sargent  

0.615 

Chinquapin. 

Massachusetts  — 
Virginia 

Drift  

0.666 

34 

42 

Chestnut. 

H.  Shriver        ...   . 

Moist              .  ... 

do 

do    

do  

....do  

do 

do              

do  

do       

Tennessee  
Pennsylvania  
Massachusetts  

...do  

Nashville  
Williamsport  
Danvers  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Mercer  county  
do  

A.  Gattinger  
C.G.Pringle  

Sandy  

0.110 
0.190 

4 
8 



21 

26 

C.S.  Sargent  

Drift  

Seech. 
292.  Ostrya  Virginica 

W.M.  Linney  
do  

Hudson        River 
shale. 
....do  

do  

do 

do    

do  

..  do    

do 

do                 

do 

<ln 

Dansville  

W.J.Beal  Gravelly  
A  H  Curtiss                     d« 

0.272 

0.285 
0.085 

82 

2« 
35 



Massachusetts  
....do  

Hamilton  

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 

.J.Robinson  

C.S.Sargent  
G.  W.  Lettennan  

....do  

Drift  
Rich  loam  

44 

Sop  Hornbeam,    Iron  Wood,     Lever 
Wood. 

Massachusetts  
....do  

do 

....do  

....do  
do 

0.190 

62 

14 

G.  W.  Lettennan  
W.M.Linnoy  
...do... 

Hornbeam.   Blue  Beech.    Water  Beech. 
Iron  Wood. 

Mercer  county  
...do  ... 

Trenton  limestone 
...do  .., 

...do.. 

THE  WOODS  OF  TPIE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


323 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  DETEKMINATIOKB.                             ASH   DETEI1MIXATIOXS. 

Welgnt.ppr 
i-uliic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Kemarka. 

Office  number. 

First.           Second.          Third.         Avcnidf. 

First. 

Second.    Average. 

0.  7826 
(      0.  7774 
1     0.  8208 

0.  7402 
0.  7234 
0.8332 
0.  7517 
0.  7200 

0.7532 
0.6650 
0.  5520 
0.  5698 

0.  3829 
0.  4720 
0.  4716 
0.4494 
0.  4693 
0.  4663 
0.4613 

0.6663 
0.  6200 
0.6343 
0.7992 
0.7150 
0.  7619 
0.6897 
0.  7017 

0.  7608 
0.  8919 
0.  8512 
0.8491 
0.  7818 

0.7657 
0.7264 
0.  7526 

0.  8304 

0.  8065 
0.  7952 

1.27 
C      1.S1 
1     1.114 

0.23 
0.65 
0.79 
0.22 
0.23 

0.51 
1.65 
0.35 
0.12 

0.10 
0.26 
0.21 

LSI 

1.35} 
1.42J 

1.27 
1.41 

416 

599 

40' 
40'' 
40» 
50 
135 

512 

687 
729 
573 

18 
258' 
258» 
258» 
516 
727 
868 

9 

44» 

44" 
55« 
55« 
119 
765 
853 

11 

87 
870 
877 
1047 

46 
73' 
78* 

0.  7735 
0.  7394 

0.  8089  ) 

0.  8009 

1.34 

49.91 

0.  7398 
0.  7234 
0.  8332 
0.  7439 

ii.  7-4;; 

0  23 

0  65 

0.79 
0.28 
0.21 

0.  7360 
0.7285 

0.  7412 
0.7004 
0.5627 
0.6076 
0.  3827 

0.34 
0.18 

0.48 
1.41 

0.7529 

0.43 

46.92 

0.  7472 

0.50 

46.56 

0.  6827 

1.49 

42.55 

0.5574 

0.35 

34.74 

0.11 
0.12 

0.5887 

0.12 

36.69 

0.  3828 
0.  4720 
0.  4716 
0  4494 

0.11 
0  26 

0.21 

0.  4693 
0.4455 
0.  4621 

0.18 
0.16 
0.14 

0.34 

0.75 
0.70 
0.57 
0.54 
0.31 
0.47 
0.29 

0.34 
0.49 
0.53 
0.55 
0.51 

0.76 
0.80 
1.34 

0.21 
0.17 
0.12 

0.20 
0.17 
0.13 

0.4247 
0.  4594 

0.6556 

0.4656 

0.4504 

0.18 

28.07 

0.6610 
0.6200 
0.6343 
0.7992 
0.  7175 
0.  7112 
0.  6729 
0.6904 

0.33 

0.34 
0.75 

• 

0.70 
0  57 

Bed  beech  ,  

"White  beech 

0.7200 
0.6605 
0.  6560 
0.6825 

0.  7636 

0.51 
0.35 
0.47 
0.34 

Whitebeech  

0.38 

0.6870 

0.38 

0.37 
0.67 
0.66 
0.51 
0.39 

0.80 
0.79 

First  and  second  sp.  cr.  determinations  made  on  0.5  sap-wood  ; 
third  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.6883 

0.51 

42.89 

0.  7622 
0.8919 
0.  8595 
0.8440 
0.7842 

0.36 

0.58 
0.60 
0.53 
0.45" 

0.  8402 
0.  8296 
0.7940 

0.  7711 

0.  8870 
0.8534 
0.  7768 

0.8284 

0.50 

51.62 

0.7684 
0.7264 
0.  7515 

0.78 
0.80 
1.34 

0.7504 

324 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GKAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

! 

3 

§ 
i 

o 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil 

of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYKKS  OK 
GROWTH. 

Sail- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

77 
872 
1038 

10 
818 

223 
224 
225 
722 
836 
990 
1065 
1066 
1067 

528 
629 

155 
2301 
230' 
843 
1068 
1069 
1070 

136 
398 
841 
842 
1184 

4 
221 
844 

G.  W.  Lettennan  
J.  Robinson  
....do  

C.S.  Sargent  

Rich,  alluvial  
Low,  rich  
Gravelly  

Drift  

0.052 

0.170 
0.196 

22 

10 
16 

BETULACB^:. 
204.  Betula  alba,  war.  popnlifolia  

Massachusetts  
....do  

....do  
....do  

Vermont  
do 

Danvers  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
Dan  vers  

Charlotte  

do 

26 
33 

White  Sink.      Old-Jleld  Birch,      dray 
Birch. 

J.  .Robinson  
C.  G  Pringle 

Gravelly  

Canoe  Bireh.      White  Birch.      Paper 
Birch. 

do 

do 

do  

do      .... 

do    

...do 

Wet 

0.234 
0.188 

26 
67 

Alaska  

Chilcoot  inlet 

Paul  Schultze  . 

Vermont  
....do  

Charlotte  
do    

C.G.  Pringle  
do  

do    

do    . 

do    

Engelmann's  canon. 
Strawberry  valley  .  . 

Charlotte 

Eobert  Douglas  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

C.  G.  Pringle 

Black  Birch. 

California 

Yettow  Birch.    Gray  Birch. 

do 

do 

do 

Clay 

....do  

Massachusetts  

....do  
Danvers  
Charlotte  
.  do 

...do  

Gravelly  
do 

0.160 

34 



C.G.Pringle  
...  do  

....do  
do    



.      do    

do 

do 

do 

do 

• 

G.  W.  Letterman  ... 
do 

Red  Birch.    River  Birch. 

• 
299    Betula  lenta  . 

do 

do 

Alluvial  

Massachusetts  
do 

North  Andover  
do 

J.  Robinson  
do 

....do  
do 

0.192 
0.214. 

30 
32 

8 

Missouri  

Massachusetts.  .  . 
Vermont  
Massachusetts  

Alleuton  

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
Charlotte  
Danvers  

G.  W.  Letterman  .  .  . 

C.S.Sargent  
C.G.Pringle  

Drift  

0.362 
0.118 

12 
41 

61 

22 

Cherry  Birch.     Black  Birch.     Sweet 
Bireh.    Mahogany  Birch. 

Gravelly  
do               .     . 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATE;'— Continued. 


325 


SPECIFIC   GKAVITY 

DETEimixvr 
Third. 

IONS. 

ABH    mCTKUSUXAIIOXS. 

\\Yi^ht,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

A  \'rr;l^i\ 

First. 

Second. 

Average 

0.  7591 
0.  7014 
0.  7080 

0.  5301 
0.  0330 

0.4594 
0.6021 
0.6086 
0.  6240 
0.  6290 
0.6081 
0.  6801 
0.  6002 
0.5804 

0.  5880 
0.6543 

0.  5759 
0.  7047 
0.6416 
0.  7032 
0.6468 
0.6380 
0.  6557 

0.5608 
0.5554 
0.  5910 
0.  6049 
0.  5556 

0.  7555 
0.7344 
0.  8115 

0.  C907 
0.  7085 
0.  6804 

0.  7249 
0.  7079 
0.  6927 

0.60 
0.88 
0.  55 

0.32 
0.28 

0.24 
0.30 
0.25 
0.25 
0.20 
0.24 
0.28 
0.25 
0.26 

0.18 
0.44 

0.29 
0.33 
0.60 
0.16 
0.28 
0.28 
0.27 

0.30 
0.27 
0.38 
0.38 
0.44 

0.16 
0.25 
0.26 

0.52 
0.93 
0.65 

0.27 
0.28 

0.24 
0.31 
0.22 
0.22 
0.19 
0.25 
0.26 
0.24 
0.22 

0.18 
0.37 

0.20 

0.56 
0.91 
0.60 

77 
87Z 
1038 

10 
848 

223 
224 
225 
722 
836 
990 
1065 
1066 
10«7 

528 
629 

165 
230' 
230» 
843 
1068 
10«9 
1070 

138 
198 
841 

842 
1184 

4 
221 
844 


0.  7137 
0.  6896 

0.  7286 

0.83 

45.41 

0  5301 

O.JO 
0.28 

0.6088 

0.  4757 
0.5979 
0.  6207 
0.  6096 
0.  6260 
0.  6060 
0.  6227 
0.5665 
0.  5908 

0.  6183 
0.  5777 

0.  6237 

0.6061 

0.  6160 

0.  5760 

0.29 

35.90 

0.  4676 
0.6000 

11.  irj'.i; 

0.  6168 
0.6315 
0.6070 
0.6380 
0.5837 
0.5849 

0.24 
0.31 
0.24 
0.24 
0.20 
0.26 
0.27 
0.25 
0.24 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood;  second  sp. 
ST.  determination  made  on  0.75  sap-wood. 

0.6395 

0.  6112 
0.5843 
0.  5745 

0.  5955 

0.25 

37.11 

0.  6032 
0.  6028 

0.18 
0.41 

0.  5763 

0.  6030 

0.30 

37.58 

0.  5998 
0.7047 
0.6416 
0.7104 
0.6445 
0.6369 
0.6494 

0.25 
0.33 
0  60 

0.875  sap-wood  

0.  7200 
0.  6293 
0.6472 
0.6543 

0.  5721 
0.5508 
0.  5759 
0.  5975 
0.  5836 

0.  7604 
0.6945 
0.  8160 

0.  7080 
0.  6573 
0.6256 
0.6382 

0.25 
0.25 
0.22 
0.27 

0.31 
0.31 
0.38 
0.38 
0.40 

0.20 
0.32 
0.33 

0.20 
0.27 
0.25 
0.27 

0.6553 

0.31 

40.84 

0.5665 
0.5531 
0.5827 
0.5996 
0.  5793 

0.31 
0.29 
0.38 
0.38 
0.42 

0.  5811 
0.  5965 
0.  5988 

0.  5762 

0.35 

35.91 

0.  7579 
0.  7145 
0.8128 

0.18 
0.29 
0.30 

0.  8109 

0.  7617 

0.26 

47.47 

326 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

OfBoe  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GBOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

809 
810 

967 
991 
1025 

717 
979 

694 

541 
611 

374 

862 

232 
855 

884 
008 
911 

690 
1219 

640 
981 

889 
1174 
955 

Delaware  
...  do  

Adger'smill  
Pepper's  mill  

W.M.Canby  
....do  

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
do  

0.108 

25 

Seaside  Alder. 

Sitka       

Paul  Schultze 

Alder. 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 

G-.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Wet            

Alder. 

San  Bernardino  

Stockton  
Altamaha  river  

W  G  Wright 

Alder. 

C.Mohr  
A.H.Curtias  

C.  G.  Pringle 

Wet  

0.108 

38 



Black  Alder.    Smooth  Alder. 

Wet  loam  

Speckled  Alder.    Hoary  Alder.    Black 
Alder. 

SALICACE.5:. 
306    Salix  nigra 

Massachusetts  

Danvers  

J.  Robinson  
C  G  Pringle 

....do  

Black  Willow. 

Massachusetts  — 
Utah 

Topsflcld     

Allnvial  

0.202 

12 

50 

Salt  Lake  City 

Clav     . 

Willow. 
308.  Salii  Uevigata     

Canon  City 

E.  Weston  

do       

..  .do  

California 

G-.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

Moist,  sandy  

Willow. 

do 

do 

- 

Willow. 

....do  

Strawberry  valley  .  . 
Portland  

City  Creek  canon  .  .  . 
Eockford  
Matagorda  bay  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
F.  Skinner  

M.  E.  Jones  
M.  S.Bebb  
C.Mohr  

Alluvial  

Utah  

Gravelly  

0.120 

4 

11 

310.  Salix  longifolia  

Illinois 

Sand-bar  Willow. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DBY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


327 


SPECIFIC  GBAVITY   DKTEUMIKATIONB. 

ASH  DKTKKMIXATIOXS. 

Weight,  per 

rubic  1'imt, 
ill  pounds 
(average). 

Kemarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

Tint, 

Second. 

Average. 

0.  4988 
0.4923 

0.4922 
0.4855 
0.4829 

(     0.45581 
(     0.  4427  ) 
0.  4172 

0.  4138 

0.  4714 
0.  4573 

0.4029 
0.4960 

0.  4327 
0.4790 

0.4530 
0.4689 
0.  4612 

0.  4916 
0.  4810 

0.4502 
0.5063 

0.  4576 
0.4901 
0.5221 

0.  5186 
0.4889 

0.4851 
0.4847 
0.4565 

0.  3722 
0.  4183 

0.3823 

0.4635 
0.  4738 

0.4842 
0.4642 

0.  4102 
0.  4621 

0.5087 
0.4906 

0.34 
0.37 

0.39 
0.59 
0.36 

(     0.39 
J 

(     0.43 

0.19 

0.42 

0.32 
0.47 

0.47 
0.38 

0.62 
0.65 

0.55 
(     1.08 
t      1.38 

0.56 
0.60 

0.61 
1.09 

0.53 
0.46 

1.02 

0.35 
0.47 

0.40 
0.49 
0.28 

0.45) 
0.30) 
0.25 

0.43 

0.34 
0.39 

0.40 
0.40 

0.79 
0.71 

0.89 
0.91) 
1.08) 

0.60 
0.5D 

0.73 
0.72 

0.58 
0.49 
1.09 

0.35 
0.42 

809 
810 

967 
991 
1025 

717 
979 

094 

541 
611 

374 

802 

232 
855 

884 
908 
911 

690 
1219 

640 
981 

889 
1174 

955 

0.4996 

0.39 

31.13 

0.4887 
0.4856 
0.4697 

0.39 
0.54 
0.32 

0.3604 

First  sp.  ffr.  determination  made  on  sap.  wood  ;  second  sp.  gr. 
determination  niado  on  0.5  sap-wood. 

0.4813 

0.42 

29.99 

0.4077 
0.4178 

0.39 
0.22 

0.  4127 

0.31 

25.72 

0.  3981 

0.42 

24.81 

0.  4675 
0.4656 

0.33 
0.43 

0.4666 

0.38 

29.08 

0.  4436 
0.  4778 

0.44 
0.39 

0.  4732 

28.71 

0.4607 

0.42 

0.  4215 
0.4696 

0.71 
0.68 

0.  4676 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.66  sap-  wood; 
third  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood. 

0.4456 

0.70 

27.77 

0.4530 
0.4488 

0.72 
1.11 

0.4448) 
0.  4201  ) 

0.4828 
0.  4702 

0.  4536 
0.4573 

0.  4619 
0.4959 
0.5324 

0.4509 

0.92 

28.10 

0.  4872 

0.58 

30.36 

0.4756 

0.60 

29.64 

0.4519 
0.  4575 

0.67 
0.91 

0.  4089 

- 

0.4547 

0.79 

28.34 

0.4598 

0.56 

28.65 

0.  4930 

0.48 

30.72 

0.5482 

0.5342 

1.06 

33.29 

328 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Speciea. 

1 
a 
S 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OP 

snowrH. 

Sap- 
wooU. 

Hoart- 
wood. 

311    Silix  scssilifolia 

1143 

859 
1225 

641 
721 

888 

072 
966 

1175 
1180 

669 
1161 

272' 
272' 
272  ' 
411 

1035 

157 

847 

522 
554 

159 
961 

Mouth  of  Willam- 
ette river. 

Alluvial 

Massachusetts  
New  York  

0.091 

7 

6 

Glaucous  Willow. 

Ellcnburg  

Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
Pattee's  canon,  Mis- 
soula. 
City  Creek  canon  .  .  . 

Seattle 

J.H.  Sears  

...do  

S.Watson  

Rich,  moist  
Moist,  gravelly  .  .  . 

0.060 
0.160 

13 

22 

4 

10 

Utah 

Washington  terri- 
tory. 

G.  Eng^lmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do         

Black  Willow. 
314    Salix  Hookeriana                    

R.  W.  Furnas  
W.G.Wright  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

Alluvial  
...do  

0.148 
0.117 

0.128 

5 
8 

10 

11 
14 

Diamond  Wittow. 

« 

316    Salix  lasiolepis 

Sioux  City  

WiUow. 

Sanvie's  Island  

Alluvial            

Silky  WiUow. 

T.  S.  Brandegee  
do           

Aspen,     Quaking  Asp. 

do 

do              

do  

do 

do 

do           

do  

Moist    

Massachusetts  — 

Danvers  

J.  Robinson  
C  G  Pringle   

0.137 

17 

7 

Poplar. 

Massachusetts  — 

J.  Robinson  

Gravelly  
Alluvial  

0.220 

41 

' 

River  Cottontaood.   Swamp  Oottonwood 

Alabama  

Stockton  

C.Mohr  

C.G.  Pringle  
PaulSchnltie  

....do  

jlaltam.   Tacamahac.   Balm  of  Gilead. 

Alaska 

Alluvial  





........ 

, 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— (Joutiiiued. 


329 


M'KCIFIU  OKAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

AMI    HKTKIIMINATIOX8. 

Weight,  prr 
nibir,  foot, 
in  pounds 
(im-rajti'). 

Remarks. 

Office  number,  j 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Avi-niuc. 

First. 

Sivuml. 

Avcrii.uc. 

0.  4326 

SO.  4930 
0.  4434 
0.  3974 

0.  4912 
0.5234 
0.  4923 

0.5320 
0.5471 

0.  5750 
0.  6393 

0.  5704 
0.5011 

0.3785 
0.  3579 
0.3569 
0.  4880 
1     0.  4184 
(     0.  4227 

0.  5119 
0.  4205 

0.  4023 
0.4115 

0.  3524 
0.3843 

0.4545 

0.  4184  » 
0.  4643  ) 

0.  4319 

0.  4397 

0.49 

0.48 
0.36 

0.79 
0.36 
0.67 

0.43 
0.33 

0.49 
0.72 

1.01 
0.67 

0.76 
0.72 

0.49 
0.37 

0.68 
0.42 
0.72 

0.34 
0.32 

0.44 
0.71 

0.95 
0.52 

0.50 

27.40 

1143 

859 

1225 

641 
721 
888 

072 
06« 

1175 
1180 

669 
1161 

272' 
272» 
272  » 
411 

1035 

157 
847 

622 
554 

159 

061 

0.4548 
0.3974 

0.49 
0.37 

0.  5081 
0.  4953 
0.  4707 

0.  5504 
0.  5229 

0.5683 
0.6450 

0.  5323 
0.  5133 

0.  42C1 

0.43 

26.55 

0.  4997 
0.5094 
0.4815 

0.74 
0.39 
0.70 

0.49C9 

0.61 

30.97 

0.  5412 

0.39 

33.73 

0.5350 

0.32 

33.34 

0.  5716 
0.6422 

0.47 
0.72 

0.  5734 

0.6069 

0.59 

37.82 

0.  5587 

0.98 

34.82 

0.5072 

0.59 

31.61 

0.3785 
0.  3579 
0.  3569 
0.  4951 

0.  4278 

0.76 
0.72 

0.5021 
0.  4255  -I 
0.4446$ 

0.  4872 
0.  4416 

0.4113 
0.4105 

0.3404 
0  3768 

0.31 
0.43 

0.31 
0.39 

0.43 
0.47 

0.70 
0.90 

0.72 
0.40 

0.31 
0.41 

1 

0.4032 

0.55 

25.13 

0.4996 
0.  4268 

0.43 
0.46 

0.  4182 

0.45 

0.74 
0.90 

1.12 
0.39 

0.4632 

0.45 

2a87 

0.  4068 
0.4110 

0.72 
0.90 

0.  4089 

0.81 

25.48 

0.3464 
0.3806 

0.92 

0.40 

0.3635 

0.66 

22.65 

330 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

I 

n 

s 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

' 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GBOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

321.  Populus  balsamifera,  tar.  candicans  .  .  . 

1054 
552 

1012 
1028 

199 
234 
255 
304 
309 
754 

659 
646 

579 
634 
662 

104 
379 
782 
783 
790 
792 
796 
874 
1099 

1017 
1021 

350 
850 
851 
852 

Massachusetts... 

Topsfleld  
Munitou  Springs  — 

Saint  John's  Barrel 
Factory,  Portland. 
Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Barney  and   Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Charlotte  

Allenton  
.    do    

J.  Kobiu.'On  
Robert  Douglas  

F.Skinnor  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

E.  E.  Barney  

Gravelly  

0.203 
0.098 

11 
10 

19 
11 

Jtlack  Cottonwood. 

Oregon  
....do  

Black  Cottonwood.  Balsam  Cottonwood. 
324.  Populus  monilifera  

Ohio  

Cottonwood.    Necklace  Poplar.     Caro- 
lina Poplar.    Big  Cottonwood. 

Vermont  
Missouri  
....do  

C.  G.  Pringlo 

Alluvial 

G.  W.  Letterman  
do    

....do  
do    





Texas  

Dallas 

do 

0.806 
0.250 

0.444 

5 
20 

16 

59 

Florida  

Chattahoochee  

Sacramento  valloy  .  . 
San  Bernardino  

Saw-mill,       Straw, 
berry  valley. 
...do  

A.H.Cnrtiss  

G.E.Vasey  
W.  G.  Wright  

.-..do  

....do  
....do  

California 

19 

Cottonwood. 
325.  Populns  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni  

...  do  

...do  
....do  

Oottonwood.     White  Cottonwood. 

CONIFERS. 
326.  Libocedrus  decurrens  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
..do            

White  Cedar.    Bastard  Cedar.     Pott 
Cedar.    Incense  Cedar. 

327.  Thuya  occidentalis  

....do  
Vermont  

Saw-mill,  San   Ber- 
nardino mountains. 

W.G.Wright  

C.  G.  Pringle  

White  Cedar.    Arbor-vitas. 
328.  Thuyagigantea  

....do  

....do  

....do  

do  

New  Brunswick  .  . 

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 
Ed.  Sinclair 

....do  
Province  of  Quebec 
....do  

A.  Grant  

Grand  Trunk   rail- 
way. 
.  do 

...do    

Mattawamkeag  

0.172 

19 

71 

H.  C.  Putnam 

Drift    

Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland. 
Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Cottage  Hill  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

Red  Cedar.    Canoe  Cedar. 
329.  ChamEBcyparis  sphaeroidea  .  .  . 

....do  

C.Mohr  

0.298 

7 

20 

White  Oedar. 

Massachusetts  
do 

do 

do    . 

do 

do 

do 

..  do 

do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


331 


SPECIFIC  GUAVITY  DETEKlimATIOKS. 

' 
ASH  DETKEMINATION8. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

1 
4 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Sci'oiid. 

Average. 

0.  3959 
0.  3942 

0.  3511 
0.4163 

0.  3817 
0.  3939 
0.  3315 
0.  3201 
0.4706 
0.  4355 

0.5490 
0.  4817 

0.  3891 
0.3428 
0.  4586 

0.3048 
0.2847 
0.3284 
0.3163 
0.  3016 
0.  3452 
0.  3108 
0.3584 
0.  3121 

0.3996 
0.  3460 

0.  3337 
0.  3105 
0.  3038 
0.2990 

0.  4222 
0.  3881 

0.  3656 
0.  3937 

0.  3946 
0.  3302 
0.3444 
0.  3231 
0.  4778 
0.4632 

0.  4655 
• 
0.  4176 

0.  3830 
0.  3769 
0.  4596 

0.  3021 
0.  2870 
0.  3275 
0.  3275 
0.3007 
0.2880 
0.  3104 
0.3529 
0.3232 

0.  4178 
0.  3551 

0.  3447 
0.3644 
0.  3036 
0.3091 

0.4301 

0.  4161 

0.48 
0.82 

1.47 
1.56 

1.34 
0.68 
1.18 
0.83 
1.09 
0.69 

0.77 
1.17 

0.03 
0.13 
0.08 

0.29 
0.29 
0.49 
0.39 
0.29 
0.36 
0.43 
0.39 
0.37 

0.12 
0.24 

0.94 
0.17 
0.13 
0.11 

0.43 

0.75 

0.87 
1.18 

1.43 
0.94 
0.92 
0.79 
0.96 
0.60 

0.46 

25.93 

Cultivated.    First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on 
sap-wood. 

1054 
552 

1012 
1028 

199 
234 
255 
304 
809 
754 

659 
646 

579 
634 
662 

104 
379 
782 
783 
790 
792 
796 
874 
1099 

1017 
1021 

350 
850 
851 
852 

0.  3912 

0.79 

24.38 

0.3567 

0.3578 
0.  4050 

1.17 
1.37 

0.  3814 

1.27 

23.77 

0.  3882 
0.  3621 
0.  3380 
0.  3216 
8.  4742 
0.4494 

1.39 
0.81 
LOS 
0.81 
1.03 
0.65 

0.4597 
0.  4860 

• 

0.3889 

O.M 

24.24 

0.  4914 

0.77 

30.62 

1.09 

0.04 
0.17 
0.05 

0.25 
0.29 
0.51 
0.44 
0.31 
0.44 
0.37 
0.34 
0.38 

0.14 
0.19 

0.90 
0.15 
0.11 
0.13 

0.  4621 

1.13 

28.80 

0.  3861 
0.  3599 
0.  4591 

0.04 
0.15 
0.06 

0.  4017 

0.08 

25.03 

0.  3035 
0.  2859 
0.3280 
0.  3237 
0.  3012 
0.3166 
0.3106 
0.3603 
0.  3177 

0.27 
0.29 
0.50 
0.42 
0.30 
0.40 
0.40 
0.37 
0.38 

0.3272 

0.3697 

- 

0.3164 

0.37 

19.72 

0.4087 
0.  3506 

0.13 
0.22 

0.3796 

0.17 

23.66 

0.  3392 
0.3277 
0.  3085 
0.3536 

0.92 

0.16 
0.12 
0.12 

0.3081 
0.3182 
0.4527 

0.3322 

0.33 

20.70 

332 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

i 

a 
1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GKOWTU. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

969 
983 
991 
1000 

701 
707 

675 

691 
1100 

798 
1149 

1229 

887 

555 
592 
692 

624 

420 
527 

939 
1102 

14 
327 
734 
800 
837 
924 
1055 

Sitka 

Ttllow  'Cypress.    Sitka  Cypress. 

British  Columbia  . 

Alaska 

Saw-mill,  Victoria  .. 
Peril  strait 

Or.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

...do  

"WYidlcr's  saw-mill, 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Dean  &  Co.'s  saw- 
mill, Marshfleld. 

G.  Engelmanu  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

.do    

Port  Orford  Cedar.     Oregon   Cedar. 
White  Cedar.      Lawson's  Cyprest. 
Ginger  Pine. 

.  do 

do 

California 

do 

Monterey  Cypress. 

....do  
do 

Marin  county  
Calistoga  

San  Francisco  mount- 
ains. 
Santa          Catalina 
mountains. 

San      Bernardino 
county. 

Lewiston  

G.K.Vasey  
W.F.Fisher  

0.283 
0.234 

95 

36 

« 

....do  

Eastern  Arizona  .  . 

i 

do 

do    

Juniper. 

336.  Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Utahensis  .  . 
Juniper. 

Utah  

M.  E.  Jones  

....do  

Stony 

0.072 

55 

12 

Juniper. 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains, 
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do 

do 

do 

..do    

Juniper. 

338.  JiiDiperns  occidentalis,  var.  monosperma 
Juniper. 

338.  Joniperua  occidentals,  nor.  conjngens.. 
Juniper. 

New  Mexico  

Silver  City  
Manitou  Springs.  .  .  . 

Anstin  
do 

Stony        

0.175 
0.134 

22 
23 

64 
28 

Robert  Douglas  
C.  Mohr  

Gravelly  
Limestone  —  

do 

do    

Massachusetts  
Texas  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
Dallas  
Chattahoocb.ee  
Saint  John's  river  .. 
Dauvers  
Chattahoochee  

C.  S.  Sargent  

*  Drift  

0.230 
0.484 

19 
16 

49 
66 

Red  Cedar.    Savin. 

J.  Keverchon  
A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
....do  
J.  Robinson  
C.  Mohr  

Calcareous  
....do  

Florida            .  .. 

Massachusetts  
Florida   

Drift  ,  
Alluvial  
Drift  

0.203 

15 

37 

Massachusetts  

\ 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   DETERMINATIONS. 

A  -11    HETBRMINA'I  II 

UVi^ht.  JMT 
rllllii-  I'.iOl. 

in  pounds 

(uvrra^i  ). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second.           Third.          Avi:r:w. 

First. 

Second. 

0.34 
0.32 
0.  32 
0.38 

0.4011 
0.  4987 
0.  5356 
0.  4555 

0.4356 
0.  4380 

0.  6260 

0.  4492 
0.  4620 

0.  4648 
0.  4826 

0.6309 
0.  5504 

0.  5744 
0.5085 
0.  5185 

0.  5724 

0.  7329 
0.  6768 

0.4484 
0.  5010 
0.  5166 
0.4686 

0.  4487 
0.  5259 

0.  6263 

0.4733 
0.  4910 

0.  4643 
0.  5272 

0.  0255 
ft  ".I,!) 

0.  6965 
0.  5619  ) 

(<.  r.:;-Ji  $ 

0.  5807 

0.  7440 
0.  6935 

0.  6967 
0.6840 

0.5045 
0.  4493 
0.5310 
0.  4727  ' 
0.  4693 
0.4705 
0.  4937 

(1.  .IU4.S 
0.  4999 
0.  5261 
0.4631 

0.30 
0.29 
0.29 
0.39 

0.07 
0.08 

0.55 

0.41 
0.54 

0.43 
0.41 

0.77 
0.47 

0.11 
(     0.07 
\     0.08 

0.12 

0.68 
0.89 

0.45 
0.39 

0.15 
0.12 
0.16 
0.13 
0.16 
0.16 
0.09 

0.37 
0.84 

0.34 
0.36 

0.12 
0.09 

0.59 

0.35 

0.47 

0.38 
0.51 

0.73 
0.51 

0.16 
0.07J 
0.09$ 

0.12 

0.68 
0.86 

0.47 
0.53 

0.14 
0.14 
0.17 
0.08 
0.14 
0.12 
0.09 

969 
983 
994 
1000 

701 
707 

075 

691 
1100 

798 
1149 

1229 
887 

555 
592 
692 

624 

420 
527 

939 
1102 

14 

327 
734 
800 
837 
924 
1055 

• 

0.  4782 

0.34 

29.80 

0.4422 
0.4819 

0.10 
0.09 

. 

0.  4liL'l 

0.10 

28.80 

0.  6261 

0.57 

39.02 

0.  4613 
0.  4765 

0.38 
0.51 

0.  4617 

• 

0.4689 

0.45 

29.22 

0.  4638 
0.5049 

0.41 
0.46 

0.4843 

0.44 

30.18 

0.6282 

0.75 

39.15 

0.  5:,2L' 

0.49 

34.41 

0.  6355 
0.5302 

0.14 
0.08 

0.5829 

0.11 

36.32 

0.5765 

0.12 

35.93 

0.7385 
0.  6852 

0.68 
0.88 

0.  7119 

0.78 

44.36 

0.6967 
0.  6846 

0.46 
0.46 

0.  6750 

0.  5112 
0.  4585 
0.  5455 
0.4901 
0.4804 
0.4838 
0.5290 

0.6948 

0.6907 

0.46 

43.04 

0.5079 
0.4539 
0.  5433 
0.  4814 
0.  4743 
0.  4761 
0.  5111 

0.14 
0.13 

0.18 
0.11 
0.15 
0.14 
O.iW 

0.  5533 

0.4733 
0.  4740 
0.  5107 

0.4926 

0.13 

30.70 

334 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

OfDce  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
OEOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

535 

542 
543 
581 
582 
741 
894' 
894' 

92:( 

1212 
1213 
1214, 

657 
666 

073 
710 
711> 
71  1» 
712 
713 
714 
715 

978 
305 

62 

277 

651 

1 
164 
208 
222 
723 
777 

Stockton 

C  Mohr 

Alluvial 

Said  Cypress,     Black  Cypress.     Red 
Cypress.     White  Cypress.     Decidu- 
ous Cypress. 

• 

do 

Otis  &  Co.,  saw-mill. 
do 

do            

....do  

do 

do 

do  

Little  Kock 

G-  "W.  Letterman 

.    do    ..  . 

do 

..do    . 

do  

....do  

A  H  Curtiss 

0.514 

55 

230 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
do  

Stockton  

C.Molir  
do 

AlluTial  







do  

Bayou  La  Battery  .  . 

...do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do    

Alluvial  

Big  Tree. 

9 

do 

do       

....do  

....do  
....do  
do 

C  S  Sargent         

Redwood. 

Turner,      Kennedy 
&  Shaw, 
do                 

do                    .  .. 

do 

do    

...  do  

....do  
do 

Mendocino  county.. 
do 

J  Kentfleld  <fe  Co 

do            

do 

do     

..do    

do 

do        

do    

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

0.279 

8 

45 

Tew. 

Flat  Creek  

yew. 

....do  
do 

Alluvial  

Stinking  Cedar.    Savin. 
346.  Torreya  Californica 

do  . 

A  H  Cnrtiss  

Calcareous  

0.284 

0.361 
0.510 

12 

20 
19 

78 

73 
51 

i 
G.K.Vasey  

C.S.  Sargent  

Stony  
Drift  

California:  Nutmeg.    Stinking  Cedar. 

Massachusetts  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 

"Woodsum  Machine 
Company. 
Barney     &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co. 
Charlotte  

White  Pine.     Weymouth  Pine. 

....do  
Vermont  
Pennsylvania  

.....In  
C.G.Pringle  
do 







py 

way. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  i)UY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


335 


SPECIFIC   GKAV1TY   DETEKMIXATIOXS. 

ASH   IIKTEIIMIXATIONB. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

SecoDd.          Third. 

A  vrr:tt:i'. 

First. 

Second.    Averace. 

0.  455D 
0.5114 
0.  5017 
0.  4682 
0.  4683 
0.  4159 
0.2444 
0.  2362 
f     0.  3442 
1     0.  4282 
10.  4599 
0.  4112 
0.3860 
0.  4123 
0.  4878 

(     0.  3234 
(     0.  3236 
0.  2524 

0.  3788 
0.  4242 
0.3963 
0.  4912 
0.  3015 
0.  3610 
0.  5226 
0.4827 

0.6390 
0.6340 

0.6034 
0.4728 

0.  4823 

0.3946 
0.3481 
0.3400 
0.4880 
0.  3690 
0.  3606 

0.  4442 
0.  4800 
11.  .7J-J4 
(I.  4545 
0.  5031 
0.  4094 
0.  2013 
0.  2394 
0.  3056 
0.  3705 
0.  5022 
0.  4336 
0.3750 
.  0.  4957 
0.  4904 

0.32021 
0.  3289  ) 
0.  2523 

0.3965 
0.  4281 
0.4444 
0.4562 
0.  2982 
0.  3612 
0.  4714 
0.  5181 

0.6553 

0.  4501 
0.  5005 
O.B121 

0.  4614 
0.  4857 
0.  4020 

0.44 
0.35 
0.06 
0.38 
0.34 
0.27 
0  56 

0.40 
0.31 
0.52 
0.45 
0.29 
0.36 

0.42 
0.33 
0.59 
0.42 
0.32 
0.32 

535 

542 
543 
581 
582 
741 
804' 
894' 

923 

1212 
1213 
1214 

657 
666 

673 
710 
711' 
711» 
712 
713 
714 
715 

978 
306 

62 

277 

651 

1 

164 
208 
222 

723 
777 

0.  3808 

Butt  of  knee  

1'.  :,-, 

(     0.33-t 
\     0.48) 

0.50 
0.51 
0.36 

C     0.54 
\     0.41 
0.50 

0.12 
0.16 
0.11 
0.14 
0.06 
0.18 
0.17 
0.10 

0.22 
0.20 

1.08 
0.25 

1.27 

0.11 
0.13 
0.22 
0.23 
0.18 
0.23 

1 

0.  4072 

0.  3805 
0.4540 
0.  481)1 

0.44 

0.50 
0.52 
0.37 

f  From  opposite  aides  of  center  of  tree  next  to  heart  .  . 

One  tree. 
J 

0.50 
0.53 
0.37 

0.501 
0.33) 

0.64 

0.23 
0.19 

0.  3492  j 

I 

0.4543 

0.42 

27.65 

0.3240 
0.  2524 

0.44 
0.57 

0.  2882 

0.50 

18.20 

0.  3877 
0.  4262 
0.4204 
0.  4737 
0.2999 
0.  3611 
0.4970 
0.  5004 

0.17 
0.18 
0.11 
0.14 
0.09 
0.17 
0.17 
0.12 

0.11 
0.15 
0.16 
0.13 

0.22 
0.22 

1.38 
0.21 

1.40 

0.19 
0.17 
0.20 
0.21 
0.12 
0.30 

0.6230 

0.4208 

0.14 

26.22 

0.6391 

0.22 

39.83 

0.6340 

0.21 

39.51 

0.5369 
0.4447 

0.4696 

0.  4106 
0.  3459 
0.3418 
0.6461 
0.  3850 
0.  3140 

0.  5702 
0.4588 

1.23 
0.23 

0.  5145 

0.73 

32.06 

0.4760 

1.34 

29.66 

0.  4026 
0.  3470 
0.3409 
0.5670 
0.  3770 
0.  3373 

0.15 
0.15 
0.21 
0.22 
Q.  15 
0.26 

336 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Speciea. 

1 
a 

i 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector.          * 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

788 
789 
797 
1044 

975 

987 

638 
668 
730 

819 
913 

992 

597 
602 
66  1 

656 
1226 

397 

823 
882 
891 
900 
916 

577 
631 

821 
914 

194 

Now  Brunswick  .. 

Province  of  Que- 
bec. 
....do  

Massachusetts  .... 
British  Columbia  . 

Brid<reton  

Ed.  Sinclair  
A.  Grant  







Reading  

Basting's  saw-mill, 
Burrard  inlet. 
Cascade  mountains  . 

Saw-mill,        Straw- 
berry valley. 

Grank  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
J.  Robinson  

G.  Eupt.'lmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
C.  S.  Sargent  

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
G.  E.  Vasey  

Drift  

0.215 

15 

16 

White  Pint. 

California  

Sugar  Pine. 

do 

....do  

Lassen's  peak  

Forest  City  
Monitor  range  

Silver  Mountain  val- 
ley, Eraser  river. 

Santa  Kita  mount- 
ains. 
Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
Santa  Eita  mount- 
ains. 

San  Diego  county.  .  . 

Santa          Catalina 
mountains. 

Canon  City  

Sierra  Lumber  Com- 
pany,  San    Fran- 
cisco. 

T.  S.  Brandegee  
A  Triple 

Gravelly  
do 

0.502 

38 

120 

White  Pine. 

Nevada  

British  Columbia  . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do 

0.494 

50 

160 

Rocky   .  . 

White  Pine. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

G.R.Vasey!  
C.  G.  Pringle  

California 







Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Nut  Pine. 

E.  Weston  

Gravelly  

0.284 

30 

79 

Pinon.  Nut  Pine. 

Eastern  Arizona.. 
Utah  
Eastern  Arizona.. 
California 

San  Francisco  mount- 
ains. 
Lewiston  

San  Francisco  mount- 
ains. 

do 

Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

M.  E.  Jones  

Rocky 

0.164 

19 

66 

Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
A.  Triple  

G.  Engclmanu  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Nevada  
California  

Danville  
Scott  mountains 

Gravelly  
Rocky  

0.368 

75 

309 

Forest  City  
Prospect  moun  ta  i  n 

Barney     &.     Smith 
Mannfavtui'io'iCo 

T.  S.  Brandegee  
A  Triple 

0.450 

44 

136 

Foxtail  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Michigan  

E.  1    Baiuoy  ..  

........          .... 

Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


337 


22   FOR 


BI'ECIFIC   GRAVITY  DETEUMIXA  I 

AM!    IIETKIIMIXAIIONB. 

fllltic   tuot, 

in  pounds 
(average), 

Bemarka. 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

A  \  erage. 

First. 

Si-i-nnd.     Average. 

0.  3991 
0.  3624 
0.  3905 
0.3303 

0.  4291 
I).  3684 

0.4066 
0.  3782 
0.  3153 

0.4965 
0.  4209 

0.  4233 

0.  4729 
0.  4986 
0.  4869 

U.5628 
0.6695 
0.5813 

0.  6000 
0.4499 
0.6140 
0.  5715 
0.5585 

0.  5434 
0.  5580 

0.4997 
0.  6149 

0.  4872 

0.  3970 
0.  3463 
0.  3725 
0.  3513 

0.  4102 
0.  3354 

0.  4014 
0.3889 
0.  3201 

0.  4031 

0.  3080 
0.3543 
0.  3815 
0.3485 

0.20 
0.19 
0.21 

0.10 

0.26 
0.15 

0.17 
0.29 
0.22 

0.20 
0.35 

0.30 

C     0.24 
\     0.27 
0.30 

0.54 
0.88 
0.57 

0.78 
0.67 
0.72 
0.89 
0.41 

SO.  41 
0.38 

0.18 
0.42 

0.23 

0  20 

788 
789 
797 
1044 

975 
987 

638 

608 
730 

819 
913 

(92 

597 
602 
661 

656 
1226 
397 

823 
882 
891 
900 
915 

577 
631 

821 
914 

194 

0.19 
9.13 

o.ia 

0.28 
0.21 

0.16 
0.24 

0.20 

0.19 
0.21 
0.12 

0.3438 

0.3854 

0.19 

24.02 

0.  4197 
0.3619 

0.  3908 

0.27 
0.18 

Cut  at  3  800  feet  elevation 

0.23 

24.35 

0.4040 
0.  3835 
0.  3177 

0.17 
0.27 
0.23 

0.  4526 

Secondsp.gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood.  Cntat  elevation 
of  10,000  feet. 

0.3684 

0.22 

22.96 

0.4507 
0.4209 

0.20 
0.35 

0.4097 

0.5253 
0.4961 
0.4696 

0.  5721 
0.6330 
0.6963 

0.5563 
0.4644 
0.  7617 
0.  5230 

0.23 

0.241 
0.20  5 
0.27 

0.4358 

0.28 

27.16 

0.4165 

0.27 

25.96 

0.  5052  1 
0.  4847  ) 

0.  4971 
0.  4783 
0.  4877 

0.24 

0.28 
0.26 

30.39 

0.5675 

0.51 

35.37 

0.92 

0.68 

0.65 
0.77 
0.72 
0.76 

0.  (J512 

0.90 

40.58 

0.6388 

0.62 

39.81 

0.  5781 
0.  4572 
0.6878 
0.5473 
0.  5585 

0.71 
0.72 
0.72 
0.83 
0.41 

0.5409 
0.5476 

0.5319 

0.  5273  > 

0.411 
0.42) 

0.18 

0.68 

One  tree  < 

0.5658 

35.26 

0.5434 

0.40 

33.86 

0.4671 

0.4996 
0.  6149 

0.18 
0.42 

0.4838 

0.18 

0.  5572 

0.30 

34  72 

0.  4855 

0.20 

333 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

315 
413 
779 
785 
1074 
1075 
1076 

996 

1144 
1154 
1155 
1156 

619 
026 
630 
632 
636 
689 
718 
731 
907 
910 
1007 

578 
633 
667 

593 
664 

997 

293 
563 
625 

571 
644 

\V  j  Beal 

Clay 

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 
Ed.  Sinclair  

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Vermont  
do 

Bridge  toil  
Charlotte    

.   do 





do 

1 

California  

Arizona  
do 

San  Diego  county.  .  . 

Santa   Rita  mount- 
ains, 
do 

G.  Engelmann  

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Sandy  

Rocky  

do 

0.234 

82 

8 

Yellow  Pine. 

do    

.   .  do    

do  . 

..  do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Dead  wood  

Saw-mill,  Ashland.. 

Robert  Douglas  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do 

Gravelly  





TeUow  Pine.    Sidl  Pine. 

California  
do 

do 

do 

do. 

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
nardino. 

W  G  Wright 

Sierra  Lumber  Com- 
pany. 
E   Weston 

do    

do        

.do    

California 

Saw-mill,  Sau  Ber- 
nardino. 

Scott  mountains  .... 
do        

W.  G.  Wright 

• 
....do  
...do  

G.  Eogelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...   do        

Butt  Pine.    Black  Pine. 

do        

California 

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
nardino. 

Santa   Rita  mount- 
ains, 
do     

W  G  Wright 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
.do         

Dry,  gravelly  
....do  

0.510 

102 

53 

.<jo       

British  Columbia.  . 

Vancouver's  island 

Forest  City  
.  ..  do  
Scott  mountains  .... 

* 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

T.  S.  Brandegee  
C.  S.  Sargent  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do  

Scrub  Pine. 

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
....do  

do 

0.269 

43 

23 

Tamarack.     Stack  Pine.      Lodge-pole 
Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

....do  

....do  
....do  

Digger  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Contra  Costa  county 

....do  

Gravelly  

0.312 

43 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


339 


M'FCIFIC  GRAVITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

ASH  DETEKMINATIIAS. 

\\YiL'ht.pi-l 
cubic  foot, 
in  poumls 
(average). 

Remarks. 

1 

8 
a 

1 

o 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.5450 
0.  5121 
0.  4555 
0.4250 

0.  4027 
0.  4931 
0.  4892 

0.4659 

0.5360 
0.5066 
0.  4567 
0.4168 

0.  4877 
0.  4552 
0.  4571 
0.  5264 
0.  4184 
0.5144 
0.  3972 
0.  4284 
0.  4676 
0.  4370 
0.  5521 

0.  4561 
0.  4985 
0.  5982 

0.5584 
0.5226 

0.  5709 

0.  3550 
0.  4291 
0.4204 

0.4528 
0.4988 

0.5416 
0.  4537 
0.  4911 
0.  4631 
0.  4752 
0.  4922 
0.4582 

0.  5119 

0.  5079 
0.7844 
0.  4204 
0.3864 

0.4813 
0.4419 
0.  4152 
0.5350 
0.  4240 
0.  5265 
0.  4479 
0.  4437 
0.  5305 
0.  4459 
0.  5J12 

0.  4520 
0.5075 
0.  5274 

0.  5780  1 
0.  5239  ) 

0.  5985 

0.  3551 
0.  4267 
0.  4711 

0.4531 
0.  5312 

0.4733 

0.  4441 
0.  4869 
0.  4899 
0.  4777 

0.20 
il.  -J4 
0.  •> 
0.39 
0.28 
0.  20 
I'.  L'4 

0.38 

0.14 
I'.  21 
0.19 
0.25 

0.27 
0.38 
0.38 
0.31 
0.34 
0.23 
0.40 
0.28 
0.58 
0.45 
0.30 

0.22 
0.23 
0.29 

f     0.37 
I     0.41 

0.21 

0.36 
0.26 
0.37 

0.43 
0.40 

0.24 
0.24 
0.29 
0.34 
0.27 
0.29 
0.31 

0.33 

0.15 
0.20 
0.26 
0.24 

0.26 
0.41 
0.36 
0.30 
0.43 
0.23 
0.36 
0.25 
0.40 
0.45 
0.33 

0.20 
0.36 
0.24 

0.371 
0.40) 

0.16 

0.29 
0.25 
0.37 

0.41 
0.35 

0.22 
0.24 
0.  '-'9 
0.37 
0.27 
0.28 
0.28 

315 
413 

779 
785 
1074 
1075 
1076 

996 

1144 

1154 
1155 
1156 

619 

626 
630 
632 
636 

689 
718 
731 
907 
910 
1007 

578 
633 
667 

593 
664 

997 

293 
563 
625 

571 
644 



0.5227 
0.4845 
0.  4858 

0.4860 

First  and  third  sp.  pr.  determinations  made  on  0.5  sap-wood; 
sci  i.nd  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 
Second  sp.  gr.  detenu  ination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood;  third  sp. 
ji'r.  determination  made  on  sap-wood. 

0.4854 

0.27 

30.25 

0.  4879 

0.35 

30.40 

'  0.  6455 
0.  4461 

0.  4010 

0.14 
0.20 
0.23 
0.24 

0.4611 

DLiOM 

0.20 

31.40 

0.4845 
0.4485 
0.  4362 
0.  5307 
0.  4212 
0.  5204 
0.  4225 
0.  4360 
0.4990 
0.  4417 
0.  5466 

0.27 
0.40 
0.37 
0.30 
0.39 
0.23 
0.38 
0.27 
0.49 
0.45 
0.32 

£  One  tree.    Fourth  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood.  < 

0.  4715 

0.35 

29.45 

0.4785 
0.5628 

0.25 
0.27 

0.5206 

0.26 

32.44 

0.5457 

0.39 

34.01 

0.5750 

0.5815 

0.19 

36.24 

0.  3551 
0.  4279 
0.  4457 

0.33    | 
0.26 
0.37 

0.4096 

0.32 

25.53 

0.4530 
0.5150 

0.42 
0.37 

0.4840 

0.40 

30.16 

3-iO 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Dia'meter 
of  tree, 
in 

meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

3G7.  Finns  Coulteri  

1157 

670 
896 

576 

82 
355 
388 
389 

13 
1046 

83 

621 
622 
1169 
1172 

279 

321 
396 

671 

278 
319 
557 
558 
559 

142 
544 
764 

California 

San  Bernardino  .  .  ..  . 
Monterey  

W.  G.  Wright  

G.  E.  Vasey  

Department  of  Ae- 
riculture. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  8.  Sargent. 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

....do  
...  do  

Gravelly  loam  

0.544 

35 

Monterey  Pine. 

0.418  ' 
0.034 

35 

27 

18 
6 

Knob-cone  Pine. 
370.  Pinus  Tseda      

Loblolly  Pine.     Old-field  Pine.    Rose- 
mary Pine. 

Cottage  Hill 

C  Mohr 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
....do  

Edward  Kidder  
...do.. 

.  .  do  

....do  

Massachusetts  
....do  

Florida 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
North  Reading  

C.  S.  Sargent  
J.  Robinson  

A.  H  Curtiss 

Drift  
....do  

Moist,  sandy  loam. 

0.267 
0.230 

0.312 

0.206 
0.164 

21 
26 

33 

8 
28 

15 

8 

19 

42 
34 

Pitch  fine. 

Pond  Pine. 

South  Carolina  
do 

Aiken  
...  do    

H.  W.  Eavenel  
..do  

Jertey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

New  Jersey  

Mount  Holly  

S.  P.  Sharpies  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Dry,  sandy  barrens 

Clay  
Slate  

Gravelly  
Clay  

0.238 

0.264 
0.010 

0.243 
0.015 

6 

20 
14 

29 
33 

36 
35 

Sand  Pine.  Scrub  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

Wythevffle  
Colerain  Forge  

Marin  county  

Chattahoochee  
Amite  

H.  Shriver  
J.  E.  Lowrie  

G.  R.  Vasey  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.  Mohr  
F  L  Harvev 

Table-mountain  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Pennsylvania  
California  

Obispo  Pine.    Bishop's  Pine. 

Ydlow     Pine.       Short-leaved     Pine. 
Spruce  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

.  .  .do  .  . 

do 

do 

do 

.  do       

...do  

....do  

South  Carolina  ... 

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
Gainesville  .  
Cbattahoochee  

H.  W.  Eavenel  
C.  Mohr  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Eich  upland  

OedarPine.  SprucePine.   WhitePine. 

Low,  sandy  
Low,  wet   





Florida 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


341 


B  VVITV   DETKIU1INAT10NS. 

ASH   1IKIK11MISATIONS. 

\\Yidit,  pi'i 
clliiir  t'uut, 

in  pounds 
(  ivc'rage). 

Remarks, 

Office  number. 

First. 

Third. 

Average. 

Fits]. 

ii.  (272 

0.  .Cl.l.! 
0.4082  ' 

(I.  5010 
(i.  S18S 
0.6468 
0.  5045 

0.  5597 
f     0.  4005 
<     0.4131 

0.  7004 

0.8671 

0.  5149 
0.  5778 

0.  4696 

0.  5235 
0.4851 

0.5054 

0.  5739 
0.  7098 
0.  6086 
0.  7262 
0.4689 

0.  4358 
0.  3232 
0.  4018 

0.  3904 

0.  52-14 
0.  4018 

0.  5609 
0.  54C6 
0.  5054 
0.  4896 

0.  5669 
0.41541 
0.  6323  ) 

0.  7931 

0.  4830 
0.56SO 
0.  4C03 
0.5841 

0.6456 

0.5050 
0.  4602 

0.  4831 

0.  4550 
0.7569 
0.6129 
0.  7232 
0.  4689 

0.  4235 
0.  3741 

0.  4002 

0.34 

0.25 
0.34 

0.30 

0.26 
0.25 
0.28 
0.27 

0.19 
f     0.  32  1 
(     0.19$ 

0.15 

0.24 
0.32 
0.32 
0.29 

0.30 

0.30 
0.24 

0.26 

0.35 
0.22 
0.23 
0.33 
0.32 

0.40 
0.53 
0.35 

0.  40 

u.  -A) 
0.37 

0.30 

0.29 
0.26 
0.26 
0.23 

0.21 

0.37 

25.  76 

1157 

676 
896 

578 

82 
355 
388 
389 

13 

1046 

83 

021 
622 
1169 
1172 

279 

321 
396 

en 

278 
319 
557 
558 
559 

142 
544 
764 

0.  4050 

0.36 



0.  4574 

0.30 

28.50 

0.33 

21.81 

0.  5009 
0.  5627 
0.  5556 
0.  4971 

0.27 
0.26 
ft  27 

0.25 

ine 

0.54  -11 

0.26 

33.91 

0.  5633 
0.4668 

0.20 
0.26 

S  First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood  ;  second  and 
third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.5  sap-wood.    Fourth 
sp.  gr.  specimen  very  resinous. 

0.7990 

0.18 

0.27 
0.3f 
0.23 
0.34 

0.31 

0.30 

0.22 

0.25 

0.35 
0.22 
0.17 
0.31 
0.41 

0.61 
0.44 
0.35 

0.  5151 

0.23 

32.10 

0.  7942 

0.17 

49.49 

0.  4867 
0.  562C 
0.  4876 
0.5870 

0.26 
0.32 
0.28 
0.32 

0.  5991 

0.5309 

0.30 

33.09 

0.  5576 

0.31 

34.75 

0.  5143 
0.  4727 

0.30 
0.23 

0.4935- 

0.27 

30.75 

0.4942 

0.26 

30.80 

0.  5144 
0.  7333 
0.  6107 
0.  7247 
0.  4689 

0.35 
0.22 
0.20 
0.32 
0.37 

p 

0.  6104 

0.29 

38.04 

0.  4297 
0.  3487 
0.  4010 

0.50 
0.49 
0.35 

« 

0.  3931 

0.45 

24.50 

342 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GBAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

394 

780 
879 

81 
85 
172 
243 
302 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
384 
385 
390 
562 
1096 

84 
356 
493 

109 
231 
373 
776 
794 
880 

513 
620 
773 
784 
791 

292 
575 
822 
899 
905 

Baldwin  

"W.  J.  Beal  

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 

Gray  Pine.  Scrub  Pine.  Prince's  Pine. 

do 

Florida  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Sandy  loam  

0.353 
0.355 

25 
46 

119 
51 

Long-leaved   Pine.      Southern    Pine. 
Georgia  Pine.    Yettow  Pine.    Hard 
Pine. 

...do  

....do  

Barney     &     Smith 
Manufacturing  Co 
Saw-mill,          Saint 
John's  river. 
Aikcn  

Cottage  Hill 

....do  

E  E  Barnev 

Moist,  sandy  

Florida. 

A  H  Curtiss 

South  Carolina  ... 

H.  TV.  Eavenel  
C  Mohr 

do   

do    

do    

....do  

...do  
...do  

Chum-hula  
..  do  

...  do  
do      

....do  
...do  





do     

do    

do    

....do  

Florida 

Saw-mill,        Cedar 
Keys. 

do 

do 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
Texas 

E  Kidder 

Sabino  county  
Mobile 

G.  TV.  Letterman  
C  Mohr 







Florida  

Duval  county  
Cottage  Hill  

Moist,  sandy  
....do  
Coral          ... 

0.326 

.  53 

50 

Slash  Pine.     Swamp  Pine.     Bastard 
Pine.    Meadow  Pine. 

382.  Picea  nigra    

C.Mohr  

Charlotte  

C  G  Pringle 

Black  Spruce. 
383.  Picea  alba  

....do  
...do  

New  Brunswick.. 
Province  Quebec  . 
New  Brunswick  .  . 

New  Hampshire  .  . 

....do  

....do  

do 

Cold,  peaty  





Bay  of  Fundy  
Danville  

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 
Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
Ed.  Sinclair     







Stratford  

C.  G.  Pringle  
Robert  Douglas  

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 
Ed.  Sinclair  

Gravelly  

0.186 

16 

22 

White  Spruce. 

t 

New  Brunswick  .. 
....do  

Province  of  Que- 
bec. 

Bridgeton  









Forest  City        . 

T.  S.  Brandegee  
C.  S.  Sargent  
T.  S.  Brandegee  

Department  of  Agri- 
culture, 
do 

Damp  

0.320 

8 

76 

White  Spruce. 

....do  
....do  

do 

....do  
....do  

Peaty 

....do  

0.318 

45 

71 

Utah 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


343 


me  '.];AVITV  I>ETEKMIXATIOXS. 

AS1[   IIETKKMIXATIOXS. 

Wright,  JM-1 

in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Oflice  number. 

First. 

Sccum!.           Third.          Avrraci'. 

First. 

Second. 

A'/«'r;i^rc. 

0.  4022 
0.  4778 

(I.  7:.;.] 
0.  7117 
0.  0027 
('.  T.V'.I 
0.  0139 
n.  mic 
0.8052 
0.  8509 
0.6073 
0.  7S90 
0.  0103 
0.  0549 
0.  4602 
(1.  7714 
0.0415 

0.  6533 

0.  7881 
0.8529 

0.  4576 
0.  5289 
0.  4285 
0.  4730 
0.  4005 
0.4830 

0.  4074 
0.3848 
0.  4231 
0.  3809 
0.  3737 

0.3550 
0.  3305 
0.  3507 
0.  3717 
0.  3195 

0.  4%o 
0.4588 
0.  5065 

0.7284 

0.4794 
0.  4588 
0.  4900 

0.28 
0.20 
0.19 

0.26 
0.16 
0.26 
0.28 
0.39 
0.27 
0.28 
0.15 
0.21 
0.23 
0.32 
0.28 
0.29 
0.17 
0.19 

0.31 
0.16 
0.30 

0.23 
0.25 
0.29 
0.29 
0.29 
0.38 

0.26 

0.42 
0.34 
0.32 
0.24 

0.36 
0.35 
0.29 
0.32 
0.43 

0.33 
0.19 
0.18 

0.  20 
0.17 
0.20 
0.21 
0.24 
0.27 
0.20 
0.16 

0.80 

0.20 
0.19 

394 

780 
879 

81 
85 
172 
243 
302 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
384 
385 
390 
562 
1096 

84 
356 
493 

109 
231 
373 
776 
794 
880 

513 
620 

773 
784 
791 

298 

575 
822 
899 
905 

0.  4857 

0.4*761 

0.2? 

29.67 

0.  7418 
0.  7117 
0.  6950 
0.7190 
0.  5605 
0.  6609 
0.  8989 
0.  8479 
0.7294 
0.7663 
0.  5938 
0.6236 
0.  5731 
0.  7245 
0.0453 

0.26 
0.17 
0.26 
0.25 
0.31 
0  °7 

0.  6374 
0.  0829 
0.  5191 
0.  6016 
0.  9325 
0.8450 
0.  7914 
0.  7736 
0.  5714 
0.  5924 
0.  0186 
0.  0745 
0.6490 

0.6506 
0.  7340 
0.  8389 

0.4715 
0.  5256 

0.4486 
0.  4593 
0.  4290 
0.  4098 

0.  41D4 
0.4034 
0.  4375 
0.  4188 
0.  4020 

0.  3551 
0.  3217 
0.  3528 
0.  3725 
0.3137 
N 

0.24 
0.16 
0  21 

Bored  for  turpentine,  1852  ;  chipped  10  years  ;  abandoned,  1801. 

Boxed  for  turpentine,  1876;  chipped  4  years;  specimen  taken 
alougcMp. 
Boxed  for  turpentine,  1876  ;  chipped  4  years  ;  specimen  taken 
above  chip. 

0.23 

0.32 
0.28 
0.34 
0.18 
0.26 

0.31 
0.15 
0.31 

0.17 
0.27 
0.29 
0.27 
0.25 
0.28 

0.21 
0.38 
0.38 
0.31 
0.29 

0.29 
0.35 
0.24 
0.33 
0.26 

0.23 
0.32 
0.28 
0.32 
0.18 
0.22 

0.6413 

0.6999 

0.25 

43.62 

0.  6520 
0.  7611 
0.8379 

0.31 
0.16 
0.31 

0.8220 

0.7504 

0.4646 
0.  5272 
0.4386 
0.4B62 
0.  4087 
0.  4431 

0.26 

46.76 

0.20 
0.20 
0.29 
0.28 
0.27 
0.33 

[P  rubra] 

0.3907 
0.4425 

^ 

0.4584 

0.27 

28.57 

0.4134 
0.3941 
0.  4303 
0.3999 
0.  3879 

0.24 
0.40 
0.36 
0.32 
0.27 

1 

' 

0.  4051 

0.32 

25.25 

0.3551 
0.  3291 
0.  3518 
0.3721 
0.  3166 

0.33 
0.35 
0.27 
0.33 
0.34 

0.  3449 

0.32 

21.49 

344 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY.  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

O!1i<-c  inumber. 

State. 

Loc.-llitv. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

IHamtter 
nl'  tree-, 
in 
meUTs. 

LAYERS  OK 
OHOWTII. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Hi-art- 
wood. 

385.  Picea  pnngens  
White  Spruce.    Blue  Spruce. 

260 
270 
901 
906 

970 
977 
1015 
1019 
1020 

5 
219 
726 
772 
775 
778 
787 
793 
817 
1040 
1042 

623 

971 
995 

980 

271 
627 
702 
704 
705 
706 
708 
709 
720 
732 
881 
973 
974 
986 
989 

Colorado  
do 

Alpine  
do 

T.  S.  ]'i:r  .li 
do 

Damp  
do                 .     . 



do 

Department  ft'  Am-i- 
cullute. 

.    dfi                   

Utah  

Sitka              

PaulSchult^e 

Tide-land  Spruce. 

British  Columbia  . 

Sa'.v-mill.     Kurranl 
inlet 
Wi  Ldler'smill,  Port- 
laud. 
Sav.'-iml],  Astoria..  - 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Amold  Arboretum-  . 
Charlotte  

G.  Entxclmann  :md 
0.  8.  Sargent. 

..-.do  
....do  

Massachusetts.  .  .  . 
Vermont  
Pennsylvania  

....do  

do 





C.  S.  Sargent  
C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Drift  
Gravelly  

0.382 

37 

r>7 

Hemlock. 

Intercolonial     rail- 
way, 
do"    

...do  
do                   .  . 

do 

....do  

Province  Quebec  . 
West  Virginia  .  .  . 
Massachusetts  
...  do  

North  Carolina  .  .  . 

"Washington  terri- 
tory. 
Alaska  

British  Columbia  . 
Colorado  

Bridgeton  

Danville               * 

Ed.  Sinclair  



way. 
C.  G.  Pringle    . 

J.  Robinson  
do 

0.230 
0.260 

0.228 

26 
16 

51 

92 
32 

14 

"Yorth  Heading 

Hendersonville  
Wilkeson  

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Dry,  rocky  
Rich  loam  

Hemlock. 

Hemlock. 

Sitka  

Silver    peak,    near 
Eraser  river. 

Alpine  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

T.  S.  Brandegee  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Moist  

0.276 

40 

155 

Red  Fir.    Yellow  Fir.    Oregon  Pine. 
Douglas  Fir. 

California  

Saw-mill,  Stiawberry 
vallev. 
Saw-mill,  Marshfield 

do  

do    

...do    

....do  

do 

E.  B.   Dean's  saw- 
mill, Marshfield. 
do 

....do  

do 





do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Saw-mill,  Missonla.  . 

Sierra  Lumber  Com- 
pany. 
M.  E.  Jones  

Utah 

Salt  Luke  

Saw-mill,     Burrard 
inlet. 
do 

Rocky  





British  Columbia  . 
do 

do            

do 

Saw-mill,  Victoria  .  . 
Saw-mill.  Portland  .  . 

G.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  ... 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


345 


MT.CIFIC   GRAVITY  IIETF.IIMIXATIO.VS. 

Aoil    I.KIEKMINATIOXS. 

Wriu'it.lirl 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second.          Third. 

Avc: 

First. 

Second. 

i!  ::|HI 

0.  3480 
0.3549 
0.  4292 
0.3641 

0.22 
0.32 
0.49 
0.69 

0.23 
0.16 
0.16 
0.22 
0.13 

0.24 
0.73 
0.43 
0.45 
0.34 
0.54 
0.44 
0.46 
0.45 
0.51 
0.52 

0.39 

0.41 
0.43 

0.34 

0.16 
0.10 
0.08 
0.02 
0.03 
0.10 
0.02 
0.04 
0.09 
0.12 
0.18 
0.05 
0.05 
0.10 
0.10 

n  •  )•> 

269 
270 
901 
906 

970 
977 
1015 
1019 
1026 

5 
219 
726 

772 
775 
778 
787 
793 
817 
1040 
1042 

623 

971 
995 

9SC 

271 
627 
702 
704 
705 
706 
708 
709 
720 
732 
881 
973 
974 
986 
989 

0.  3540 

0.  4309 

0.  6029 
0.  4280 

(i.  :;.-,2<> 

0.  3061 

0.  3880 
0.  4033 
0.  3817 
0.  3903 
0.  4839 
0.  3418 
0.  4538 
0.  5033 
0.  :;7i:i 
0.  4213 
0.4112 

0.  4289 

0.  5071 
0.  4981 

0.  4462 

0.  4461 
0.  5570 
0.4063 
0.6332 
0.  5215 
0.  3193 
0.  8189 
0.4254 
0.  5269 
0.4896 
0.  5251 
0.  4809 
0.5028 
0.  4511 
0.  5&90 

0.  3558 

0.  4274 
0.  3517 

0.  64  S5 
0.  3974 

0,  2!i 
0.51 
0.28 

('.  24 
0.17 
0.13 
0.13 
0.12 

".25 
0.67 
0.36 
0.46 
0.42 
0.56 
0.48 
0.46 
0.51 
0.60 
0.31 

0.41 

0.45 
0.39 

0.53 

0.31 
0.50 
0.48 

0.  3740 

0.  ::K 

23.31 

0.  dj:-,7 
0.  3816 
V.  '12811 
0.3463 
0.  3619 

0.24 
0.17 
0.15 
0.18 
0.13 

0.  3423 
0.  3570 

0.  3896 
0.  4624 
0.  3823 
0.  4704 
0.  4707 
0.  3343 
0.  4538 
0.  5191 
0.  3500 
0.  4554 
0.  4080 

0.  4260 

0.  4833 
0.4975 

0.4396 

0.  4674 
0.  5653 
0.4364 
0.  6769 
0.  5250 
0.  5937 
0.  5785 
0.  3859 
0.  5215 
0.  4941 
0.  5855 
0.4fl79 
0.4848 
0.  4504 
0.  5922 

0.  3446 

0.  4287 

0.17 

26.72 

0.  3888 
0.  4629 
0.  3820 
0.  4333 
0.  4773 
0.  3381 
0.  4538 
0.  5112 
0.  3610 
0.4443 
0.  4097 

0.25 
0.70 
0.40 
0.46 
0.38 
0.55 
0.46 
0.46 
0.48 
0.56 
0.42 

, 

White  hemlock 

0.  4561 
0.  4098 

0.4239 

0.46 

26.42 

0.  4275 

0.40 

26.64 

0.  5252 
0.  5122 

0.43 
0.41 

0.5411 
0.4503 

0.  5182 

0.42 

32.29 

0.4454 

0.44 

27.76 

0.4568 
0.  5612 
0.  4214 
0.  6551 
0.  5233 
0.  5715 
0.  5967 
0.  4057    \ 
0.  5242 
0.  4918 
0.  5553 
0.  4744 
0.  4938 
0.  4508 
0.  5936    , 

0.16 
0.08 
0.08 
0.03 
0.02 
0.08 
0.03 
0.04 
0.11 
0.13 
0.18 
0.06 
0.05 
0.09 
0.11 

0.06 
0.07 
0.03 
0.01 
0.06 
0.03 
0.03 
0.12 
0.13 
0.18 
0.06 
0.04 
0.08 
0.11 

Coast  fir  

Bed  fir  .  . 

Yellow  fir 

346 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAYITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Ollico  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

LAYERS  OF 
GROWTH. 

Sap. 
•wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

391.  Pseadotsuga  Douglasii—  continued  

391.  PseudotsngaDouglaaii,  var.  macrocarpa 
Heniloclc. 

392.  Abies  Fraseri  

1008 
1011 
1016 
1018 
1020 
1022 

642 
523 

107 
377 

449' 
449* 
820 

9591 
1009  L 
101  OJ 

529 
580 
639 
733 

572 
1004 
985 
047 

226' 
226* 
226' 

774 
781 
786 
795 
840 

British  Columbia 
Oregou  
do 

Saw-mill,     Burrard 
inlet. 
Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation  Co. 
"Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland. 

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

...  do        







....do    

...do  

....do  
....do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

Saw-mill,  San    Ber- 
nardino. 

Roan  mountain  

Green  mountains  .  .  . 
Monkton  

do  

W  G-.  "Wright 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 

Vermont  
....do  

"Walcott  Gibbs 

0.180 

46 

Balsam.    She  Bateani- 
393.  Abies  balsaiuea  

C.  G.  Pringle  
....do  

T.  S.  Brandegee  
....do  

Cold,  gravelly  loam 
Peaty 

Balsam  Fir.    Balm  of  Qilead  Fir. 

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
....do  

Balsam. 
395.  Abies  grandis  

do     . 

do  

do 

do    

...  do  

do  

0.344 

0.735 
0.196 

17 

56 
29 

155 
43 

Portland  . 

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Robert  Douglas  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

Rich  ,  alluvial  
Rocky             .  --- 

White  Fir. 

Engelmanu's  caBon  . 
Strawberry  valley  .. 
....do  

White  Fir.  Balsam  Fir. 

do 

....do  

....do  

....do  

British  Columbia  . 

Sierra  Lumber  Com* 
pany. 

Santa  Lucia  mount- 
ains. 

Silver     peak,    near 
Fraser  river. 

Cascade  mountains  . 

398.  Abies  amabilis  

G.  Engehnann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do 

Rich,  sandy  loam  . 
Rich       

0.584 

50 

120 

399.  Abies  nobilis 

Red  Fir. 
400.  Abies  raagnifica  

do  

Gravelly  loam  

1.324 

71 

267 

Red  Fir. 

Charlotte  
do 

C.G.  Pringle  
do       

Larch.      Black  Larch.      Tamarack. 
Hackmatack. 

• 

....do  

do            

New  Brunswick  .. 

Bay  of  Fundy  

Intercolonial     rail- 
way, 
do    

....do  
....do  
Massachusetts  .  .  - 

Bridgeton  
Danville  

Ed.  Sinclair  

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 





THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DHY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


347 


m-KCIFIC  (111AVITV   DETEliMIXATlOXS. 

ASH    DETERMINATIONS. 

Weight,  per 

*::';:;:,;;;:;'•                    ««-*•• 

(average). 

OHic.'  number. 

First. 

Si'coml. 

Third. 

Average. 

Firat. 

Second. 

A\  i-r:ii:<-. 

n.  .-,1'Cli 
0.  4902 

o.  MI 

0.  5000 
0.  4331 

0.  4.-.G2 

0.  4064 
0.  3000 

0.  3386 

0.  42-IS 

0.  3446 
0.3442 
0.3475 

10.3416 
0.3643 
0.  3390 

0.  3013 
0.  3059 
0.  3280 
0.4242 

0.  7082 
0.  4297 
0.  4625 
0.  4752 

0.  6973 
0.  6945 
0.  6835 
0.  5975 
0.  5925 
0.  5389 
0.5882 

0.5266 
0.  4885 
0.  ."l.'i 
0.5692 
0.  4377 
1).  457.-, 

0.03 
0.03 

0.11 
0.05 
0.07 
0.06 

0.08 
0.47 

0.63 
0.33 

0.66 
0.33 
0.34 

f     0.38 
|      0.63 
(     0.56 

0.87 
1.12 
0.56 
0.70 

2.09 
0.25 
0.27 
0.30 

0.26 

0.27 
0.32 
0.30 
0.47 
0.35 
0.38 
0.27 

0.04 
0.03 
0.'07 
0.04 
0.11 
0.07 

0.08 

0.60 

0.49 
0.35 

I).  114 
0.  lilt 
0.09 
0.-05 
0.09 
0.07 

1008 
1011 
1016 
1018 
1020 
1022 

642 
523 

107 
377 

449> 
449* 
820 

959 
1009 
1010 

529 
580 
639 
733 

572 
1004 
965 
647 

226' 
226» 
226» 

774 
781 
780 
795 
840 

0.  4867 
0.  5599 

ii.  57'r> 

0.  4422 
0.  4588 

0.  4463 
0.3431 

0.  3342 
0.  4299 

0.  3515 
0.3641 
0.  3397 

0.  3371 
0.3842 
0.  3625 

0.  3717 
0.  2910 
0.  3780 
0.4500 

0.6483 
0.  4159 

0.4497 
0.  4614 

0.7075 
0.  7779 
0.6069 
0.  5765 
0.  5740 
0.  5570 
0.5864 

0.  5157 

0.08 

32.14 

0.4563 

0.08 

28.44 

0.3565 

0.54 

22.22 

0.3364 
0.4273 

0.56 
0.34 

0.  3819 

0.45 

23.80 

0.3481 
0.3541 
0.  3405 

0.66 

0.33 

0.  3342 

0.33 

0.321 
0.  57  !• 
0.  47  J 

0.89 
1.12 
0.48 
J.04 

1.99 
0.21 
0.41 
0.30 

0.34 

0.3476 

0.44 

21.66 

0.3545 

0.49 

21.97 

0.3665 
0.2985 
0.3533 
0.4371 

0.88 
1.12 
0.52 
0.87 

(J.3638 

0.85 

22.  67 

0.6783 

2.04 

42.27 

0.  4228 

0.23 
0.34 

26.35 

0.  4561 

28.42 

0.  4738 

0.  4701 

0.30 

29.30 

0.7024 
0.  7362 
0.  6452 
0.  5870 
0.5833 
0.  5479 
0.  5873 
0.  6000 

0.26 
0.27 
0.32 
0.28 
0.48 
0.33 
0.34 
0.38 

0.27 
0.49 
0.30 
0.32 
0.48 

0.6000 

0.  6236 

0.33 

38.86 

348 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  I.— SPECIFIC  GKAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

illty. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 

of  tree, 
in 
meters. 

l.AYEHS  OF 
OROWTIl. 

.Sap-      Ilcart- 
•wood.     wood. 

719 
984 
1006 

242 
1159 

504 
1107 

506 
1116 

565 
1119 

1063 

695 
696 

699 
1003 

Montana  

"Washington    tcr- 
rltory. 

Missoula  

Fulda                  ..  . 

S.  "Wuison  

Tamarack. 

\        PALMACE^;. 
404    Saltal  I'abmtto 

William  N.Siksdorf, 
do 

do 

A  H  Curti^s 

Shell  

Cabbage  Tree.    Cabbage  Palmetto. 

California 

Agua  Calicute  
Long  Key  

"W.G.  Wright  
A  11  Curtips 

Fan-leaf  Palm. 

Florida  
....do  

...do  
....do  

...do  
....do  

Coral 

Kilk-top  Palmetto. 

do 

do  

Sugar-loaf  Pound  .  .  . 

....do  

do 

....do  
do    

Silver-top  Palmetto.    Bricldey  Thatch. 
Brittle  Thatch. 

do 

Royal  Palm. 
LILIACE2E. 

do 

...do    

Matagorda  

Mohave  
do 

C.Mohr  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Spanish  Bayonet. 

California  
do 

The  Joshua.    Joshua  Tree. 

do    

do 

do 

Spanish  Bayonet. 

do  

.»  

Spanish  Jiayonet.    Mexican  Banana. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


349 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   DKTEHMINATIONS. 

ASH   DETERMINATIONS. 

n  eiebl  i»-i 
cubit-  toot. 

in  pound.-- 
(average). 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

First. 

Second, 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

AvrlMjir. 

0.6603 

0.  7717 
0.8340 

0.  3002 

(      0.  5597 
1     0.  4700 

0.  7014 
0.4539 

0.  7357 
0.  6775 

0.  2370 
0.  8178 
0.  7451 

0.  7162 

0.  3473 
0.  4002 

0.2327 
0.1990 

0.5897 
0.7839 
0.7984 

0.  4020 

0.4942) 
0.  5453  ) 

0.7258 
0.  4957 

0.7468 
0.6907 

0.1887 
0.  8807 
0.  7513 

0.5875 

0.3472 
0.4002 

0.  6511 
a  3458 

0.  6280 
0.  7778 
0.  8102 

0.08 
0.09 
0.07 

7.51 
1.80 

2.65 
5.73 

1.7t 
3.90 

2.96 

1.31 
2.79 

7.03 

5.53 
2.66 

8.50 
8.94 

0.09 
0.09 
0.12 

7.80 
1.98 

2.79 
4.81 

2.19 
4.25 

2.52 
1.14 
2.53 

5.52 

4.75 
3.08 

10.06 

0.09 
0.09 
0.09 

719 
984 
1006 

242 
1158 

604 

1107 

506 

m« 

565 
1119 

1063 

695 
696 

609 
1003 

0.  4191 

0.  7407 

0.09 

46.16 

0.4404 

7.66 

27.44 

• 

0.  5173 

1.89 

32.  24 

0.  7136 
0.4845 

2  72 

0.5039 

5.27 

0.5991 

3.99 

37.34 

0.  7412 
0.  6933 

1.95 

4.07 

0.  7118 

Pith..) 

0.7172 

3.01 

44.70 

0.  2128 
0.8492 
0.7482 

2.74 
1.23 
2.66 



Rind..) 
Rind 

0.6994 

0.6034 

2.21 

37.60 

0.6677 

6.27 

41.61 

0.  3472 
0.4002 

5.14 
2.87 

0.  4572 

0.  3737 

4.00 

23.29 

0.  4470 

9.28 

27.86 

0.2724 

8.94 

16.97 

350 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  II.— ACTUAL  FUEL  VALUE  OF  SOME  OF  THE 


(Idle  c  iiiliiilicr. 

Catalogue  number. 

Botanical  Dame. 

Common  name. 

Kegion, 

FUEL  VALUE. 

Per  cubic 
decimeter. 

Per  kilogram. 

165 
903 
452 
274 
845 
927 
8S3 
llffi 

128 
1064 
227 
180 
533 
126 

209 
322 
29, 
539  3 

72 

1051 

838 
237 
382 
1050 
988 
424 

31 
92 
247 

339 
548 
511 
868 
55 
848 
225 
272 
754 

874 
701 

527 
923 

,711 
1044 
638 
900 
194 
632 
HE 

571 
389 
1043 
83 
621 
321 
557 

8 
29 
31 
C4 
77 
03 
115 
139 

155 
184 
192 
207 
224 
235 

239 

241 

242 
244 

245 

246 
247 
248 
251 
253 
257 

260 
272 
274 

276' 
277 
280 
290 
291 
294 
295 
318 
324 

:;27 
331 

338 
340 

342 
347 
349 

356  ' 
358 
361 

365 

j 

306 
370  j 
371  ! 

372 
:;T:I 
375 
377 

Tulip  Tree.     Yellow  Poplar.     White  Wood  
(ium  Elrmi.    Gumbo  Limbo.    Weal  Indian  Birch 

Atlantic 

1425.  57 

'.i!)7.  ;IL> 

2769.  31 
3091.  37 
28-J2.  99 
3201.  21 
4234.  06 
2255.  24 

2332.  41 
2970.  45 
2652.  34 
1582.  42 
324  7.  C  2 
2406.  89 

1984.  56 
2768.  72 
c   3851.17 
(    3319.79 
3380.  57 

3392.  12 

2863.  42 
3108.  27 
3140.  33 
3197.  41 
2594.  31 
3268.  92 

2843.  69 
3062.  08 
2595.  04 

2692.  51 
3193.  28 
2655.  82 
1808.  25 
2795.  34 
2509.  00 
2582.  66 
1624.  64 
1906.  42 

1411.  57 
2327.  52 

3143.  57 
1935.  71 

1985.  50 
1489.  03 
1785.  40 
2248.  13 
2051.  75 
2141.  24 
1791.  'SI 

1804.  29 
2031.  75 
3472.  26 
3980.  90 
2008.  20 
2054.  78 
3091.  82 

3744.  61 
2913.  58 
3802.  95 
4345.  48 
3890.  02 
4352.  30 
4052.  90 
4016.  46 

4131.  83 
3781.  Cl 
4217.  42 
3936.  38 
4191.87 
4071.  83 

3857.  26 
3954.  75 
4078.  76 
3811.  48 
3904.  11 

3922.  89 

3903.  25 
3877.  58 
4073.  59 
4167.  83 
3067.  39 
4105.  05 

3997.  32 
4075.  16 
3774.  60 

3713.  81 
4055.  48 
3718.  07 
4042.  96 
3895.  04 
4073.  05 
4101.41 
4292.  31 
4LM2.  15 

3917.  77 
5263.  50 

4587.  81 
4739.  73 

JHI1.47 
1272.  69 
4419.31 
4107.  68 
4226.  05 
4000.  04 
4019.  12 

3962.  97 
4087.  20 
5491.47 
5012.  54 
4120.  15 
3995.  30 
5062.  75 

Semi-tropical  Florida  

do 

do 

Mcsquit.  Algaroba.  Honey  Locust.  Honey  Pod. 
Mountain  Mahogany  
Sweet  Gum.    Star-leaved  Gum.    Liquidamber. 
Itcd  Gum.    Bilsted. 
Large  Tupelo.    Cotton  Gum.    Tupelo  Gum  

Mexican  boundary  
Interior  Pacific  

Atlantic 

Atlantic  

White  Ash 

do 

AVesttTn  Catalpa 

do    

do 

Sycamore.     Button  Wood.     Button-ball  Tree. 
\Vater  Beech. 
Black  Walnut 

do          

do 

Pecan.    Illinois  "Vnt                                     

do  

1 

Shell-bark  Hickorv     Shae-bark  Hickory 

do               

Gary  a  tomentosa  

Mocker  Xtit.    Black  Hickory.    Bull  Xut.    Big- 
bud  Hickory.  White-heart  Hickory.  King  Nut 
Pig  Xut.     Brown    Hickory.      Black  Hickory. 
Switch-bud  Hickory. 

....do  

do 

do           

Carya  myristicajformis  

Nutmeg  Hickory  
Water  Hickory.    Swamp  Hickory.  Bitter  Pecan 
White  Oak 

do             

Atlantic               

.  .  do 

Northern  Pacific  

Over-cup  Oak.    Swamp  Post  Oak.    Water  White 
Oak. 

do              

Red  Oak      Black  Oak 

Black  Oak.    Yellow-bark  Oak.    Quercitron  Oak. 
Yellow  Oak. 
Black  Jack     Jack  Oak 

do              

do                

Spanish  Oak     Ked  Oak 

WaterOak.  DnckOak.  FossumOak.  PunkOak 

do                 .          

Castanea  vnlgaris.  rar.  Americana  

Atlantic  

Beech                                            

...do  

White  Birch.    Old-field  Birch.    Gray  Birch  

do                      

Cottonwood.    Necklace  Poplar.    Carolina  Pop- 
lar.   Big  Cottonwood. 

Port  Orford  Cedar.     Oregon  Cedar.    White  Ce- 
dar.   Lawson's  Cypress.    Ginger  Pine. 

•A, 

Junipcrns    occidentalis,   var.    mono- 
sperma. 

Pacific  

Bald  Cypress.     Black  Cypress.     Eed  Cypress. 
White  Cypress.    Deciduous  Cypress. 

Northern  Atlantic  

Finns  Lambertiana  
Finns  monophylla  

Sugar  Fine  
Pifion.    Xut  Pine  

Pacific  
Interior  Pacific  

Yellow  Pine     Bull  Pine                 

Pacific  

Tamarack.  <    Black    Pine.      Lodge-pole   Pine. 
Spruce  Pine. 

do                   

Loblolly  Pine.    Old-field  Pine.    Rosemary  Pine  . 

Southern  Atlantic  

Pinus  serotiua  
Finns  inops  
Finns  pungens  

Pond  Pine  
Jersey  Fine.     Scrub  Pino  
Table-mountain  Pine.     Hickory  Pine  
Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine.    Spruce  Pino. 
Bull  Fine. 

Atlantic  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

MORE  IMPORTANT  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


351 


T.l.l.ATIVE   Fl 
By  volume. 

JEL  VALUE.                                                                                          1T.UCENTAGE   IX   DI1Y  WOOD. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Weight  of 
cubit;  fout,  in 
pounds. 

23.72 

Office  number. 

I!>  weight. 

Asli. 

Hydrogen. 

Carbon.                Oxygen. 

Hydrogen 

combined  with 
oxygen. 

Excess 
of 

hydrogen. 

117 

1:0                      0.  27 

6.  43                         47.  29                       46.  01 

:..  75 

0.08 

0.  3807 

165 

60                          70                          2.09                         0.02                         40.80                       51.09 

0.39 

0.36 

0.  3423 

21.33 

903 

:;-J                          ii2                          1.09                         6.69                         40.76                       45.40 

5.C8 

1.01 

0.  7282 

45.38 

452 

2:;                          19                          0.06                         6.61                         51.55                       41.28 

5.16 

1.45 

0.7114 

44.32 

274 

29 

''.2:i                         6.17                         49.19                       44.41 

5.55 

0.62 

0.  7257 

45.  22 

845 

14 

IS                          2.05                         6.61                         51.08                      40.26 

5.03 

1.58 

0.  7562 

47.12 

927 

;; 

42 

1.20                         5.45                         52.14                       41.21 

5.15 

0.30 

1.  0447 

65.  10                 883 

45 

40 

0.  48 

50.  99                       42,  68 

5.33 

0.52 

0.  5615 

34.  99               1182 

4:; 

30 

0.  74                         0.  07 

48.78                       43.  .'I 

5.44 

1.58 

0.5645 

35.  17                 128 

63 

0.  77                         0.  44 

47.  37                       45.  42 

5.07 

0.77 

0.  7855 

48.  95               1084 

36 

24 

0.  3(1                         6.  93 

49.  73                       43.  04 

5.38 

1.55 

0.  6289 

39.19 

227 

05 

52 

I).  47                         6.  92 

47.44                       45.17 

5.  65 

1.27 

0.  4020 

25.  05 

180 

10 

26 

0.  74                         K.  57 

.'II.  35                       42.34 

5.29 

1.28 

0.  7746 

48.27 

533 

42 

40 

0.  57                         5.  S3 

51.  45                       42.  15 

5.27 

0.56 

0.5911 

36.83 

126- 

53 

00 

0.  50                         0.  CO 

49.  28                       44.  16 

5.52 

0.48 

0.  5145 

32.06 

209 

33 

50 

(1.95 

6.15 

49.  51                       43.  39 

5.42 

0.73 

0.  7001 

43.63 

322 

7 

36 

0.73 

6.49 

49.67                       43.12 

5.39 

1.10 

0.  9442 

58.84 

29 

13 

61 

0.83 

0.13 

48.  45                       44.  59 

5.57 

0.56 

0.  8710 

54.28 

539 

11 

55 

1.04 

5.93 

49.  69                     43.  34 

5.42 

0.51 

0.  8659 

53.95 

72 

10 

53 

0.74 

6.28 

48.  98                      44.  00 

5.50 

0.78 

0.8647 

53.88 

1051 

27 

56 

1.03 

5.  91                         49.  71 

43.29 

5.41 

0.50 

0.  7336 

45.71 

838 

21 
20 

59 

38 

1.06 
1.19 

6.37 
6.60 

48.26 
49.16 

44.31 
43.05 

5.54 
5.38 

0.83 
1.22 

0.8016 
0.  7709 

49.95 
48.04 

237 
362 

17 

28 

0.24 

6.59 

50.44 

42.73 

5.34 

1.25 

0.  7635 

46.58 

1050 

38 

69 

0.33 

5.73 

48.56 

45.38 

5.67 

0.06 

0.  7074 

44.08 

988 

15 

33 

0.58 

6.75 

49.22 

43.45 

5.43 

1.32 

0.  7962 

49.61 

42  1 

28 

47 

0.34 

6.33 

49.59 

43.74 

5.47 

0.86 

0.  7114 

44.32 

31 

24 

37 

0.15 

6.62 

49.49 

43.74 

5.47 

1.15 

0.  7514 

46.72 

92 

37 

64 

0.15 

6.09 

48.78 

44.98 

5.62 

0.37 

0.  6875 

43.84 

247 

34 

68 

1.37 

5.73 

48.58 

44.32 

5.54 

0.19 

0.  7250 

45.18 

339 

18 

41 

0.29 

6.  14                         50.  58 

42.99 

5.37 

0.77 

0.  7874 

49.07 

548 

35 

67 

0.83 

5.75 

48.73 

44.69 

5.58 

0.17 

0.  7143 

44.51 

511 

56 

43 

0.13 

5.70 

51.74 

42.43 

5.30 

0.40 

0.  4621 

28.80 

868 

31 

57 

0.54 

6.11 

49.27 

44.  08 

5.51 

0.60 

0.  7175 

44.71 

55 

40 

39 

0.29 

6.49 

49.77 

43.45 

5.43 

1.06 

0.6160 

38.05 

848 

39 

34 

0.23 

7.12 

48.28 

44.37 

5.54 

1.58 

0.  6297 

39.24 

225 

63 

20 

0.74 

6.58 

51.13 

41.  55 

5.19 

1.39 

0.  3785 

23.59 

272 

55 

22 

0.05 

6.26 

51.64 

41.45 

5.18 

1.08 

0.  4494 

28.00 

754 

68 

54 

0.37 

6.37 

48.80 

44.46 

5.56 

0.81 

0.3603 

22.45 

874 

44 

3 

0.10 

6.28 

60.07 

33.65 

4.21 

2.07 

0.4422 

27.56 

701 

19 

11 

0.88 

6.03 

54.97 

38.12 

4.76 

1.27 

0.6852 

42.70 

527 

54 

8 

0.40 

6.54 

54.98 

38.08 

4.76 

1.78 

0.4084 

24.45 

923 

52 

27 

0.13 

6.01 

52.10 

41.70 

5.22 

0.79 

0.  4737 

29.52 

711 

N 

21 

0.12 

6.08 

52.55 

41.25 

5.15 

0.93 

0.  3485 

21.72 

1044 

59 

13 

0.19 

0.40 

52.85 

40.56 

5.07 

1.  33                    0.  4040 

25.18 

638 

46 

32 

0.83 

6.39 

50.48 

43.30 

5.41 

0.  98                    0.  5473 

34.11 

900 

49 

23 

0.20 

6.07 

52.18 

41.55 

5.19 

0.88 

0.  4855 

30.26 

194 

41 

9 

0.31 

7.02 

52.60 

40.07 

5.01 

2.01 

0.  5307 

33.07 

632 

58 

45 

0.37 

6.22 

50.05 

43.36 

5.  42                         0.  80 

0.4457 

27.78 

625 

57 

49 

0.42 

6.04 

50.22 

43.32 

5.41 

0.63 

0.  4530                      28.  28 

571 

50 

35 

0.25 

6.23 

50.  60 

42.92 

5.'36 

0.87 

0.  4971                       30.  98                 389 

9 

1 

1.12 

7.  19                        59.  00 

32.68 

4.08 

3.11 

0.6323                      39.40               1046 

6 

6 

0.17 

.    6.  80                        56.  55 

36.48 

4.56 

2.24 

0.  7942                      49.  49                   S3 

51 

31 

0.26 

6.30 

50.74 

42.70 

5.34 

0.90 

0.4867                  '    30.33                 52.' 

48 

48 

0.30 

5.78 

51.  07 

42.85 

5.35 

0.43 

0.  5143                       32.  05 

;<2i 

22 
i 

5 
I 

0.20 

6.91 

56.64 

36.  25 

4.53 

2.38 

0.  6107 

38.06 

557 

352 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  II.— ACTUAL  FUEL  VALUE  OF  SOME  OF  THE 


Office  number. 

Catalogue  number. 

Botanical  name. 

Common  name. 

_ 

FUEL  VALUE. 

Per  cubic 
decimeter. 

Per  kilogram. 

879 
a  359 
81 
385 
6358 
358 
356 

794 
1042 
709 
226 
242 
C565 
•/  5S.-> 

379 

>380 

381 

382 
387 
391 
401 
404 

'ins 

Pinus  Banksiana  

Gray  Pine.    Scrub  Pine.    Prince's  Pine  

C  Long-leaved  Pine.     Southern  Pine.     Georgia  ( 
J     Pine.    Yellow  Pine.    Hard  Pine.                    i 

Slash    Pine.      Swamp    Pine.      Bastard    Pine. 
Meadow  Pine. 

2132.  06 
4346.  88 
4064.  77 
2810.  20 
4129.  95 
4319.  67 
3363.  40 

1614.  11 
1724.  25 
1766.  32 
2937.  46 
1653.  35 
f         859.  07 
I       3708.48 

4393.  18 
5126.  64 
5480.  35 
4506.  42 
4594.  97 
4806.  05 
4418.  55 

3949.  37 
4208.  58 
4354.84 
4182.  04 
3754.  21 
4037.  01 
4367.  03 

Pinus  Cubensis  

do    

Tsuga  Canadensis  

Hemlock  

...do      

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  

Red  Fir.  Yellow  Fir.  Oregon  Pine.  Douglas  Fir. 
Larch.    Black  Larch.   Tamarack.    Hackmatack. 

Pacific  

Sabal  Palmetto 

South  Atlantic  coast  

Royal  Palm 

a  Boxed  for  turpentine  1876;  chipped  4  years;  specimen  taken  along  chip. 
b  Boxed  for  turpentine  1852;  chipped  10  years;  abandoned  1861. 


c  Pith. 
d  Kind. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
MOKE  IMPORTANT  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  -Continued. 


353 


RELATIVE  FUEL  VALUE. 

PEBCEXTAOE  IX   DllT   \VOOI>. 

Specific 

gravity. 

Weight  of 
cubic  foot,  in 
pounds. 

Office  number. 

I'y  volume. 

r,.\  weight. 

Ash. 

Hydrogen. 

Carbon. 

Oxygen. 

Hydrogen 
combined  \\  it  h 

(IX\ 

Excess 
of 

hydrogen. 

47 

15                        0.  19 

6.29 

03.98 

40.59 

5.07 

1.22 

0.4900 

30.54 

879 

1                            4                          0.  13 

7.  2G                       56.  19 

36.30 

4.54 

2.72 

0.8479 

52.84 

359 

5 

2                          0.  2G 

7.41                         58.61 

33.72 

4.21 

3.20 

0.7417                       40.22 

81 

30                          12                          ".-- 
4                          10                          0.28 

•J                            7                          0.  24 

C.  70 
G.  (•:. 
6.  8:j 

52.70 
52.99 

.14.  78 

40.32 
39.88 
38.  15 

5.04 
4.99 

4.77 

1.66                      0.6236                       38.86                 385 
LW                    0.8988                     55.96                358 

2.  OH                      U.  SIS?                       55.98                 358 

12 

14                  o.  n; 

8.22 

53.33 

40.29 

5.03 

1.19                      0.7«12                       47.44                 336 

64 

51                          0.  30 

6.58 

48.45 

44.  G7 

5.58 

1.00 

0.  4087 

25.47 

794 

61 

25 

0.48 

5.91 

52.  38 

41.23 

5.15 

0.76 

0.4097 

25.53 

1042 

00 
26 

17 
29 

0.03 
0.27 

6.42 
6.03 

52.32 
51.91 

41.23 
41.79 

5.15. 
5.22' 

1.27 
0.81 

0.  4056 
0.7024 

25.28 
43.77 

709 
226 

62 

65 

7.GG 

7.06 

43.35 

41.93 

5.24 

1.82 

0.4404 

27.45 

242 

70 

44 

2.74 

6.82 

47.73 

42.71 

5.34 

1.48 

0.2128 

13.26 

565 

8 

16 

1.24 

6.98 

60.46 

41.32 

5.16 

1.82 

0.8492 

52.92 

565 

23  FOE 


354 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  III.—  BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Sprcilir.  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

t 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  dcllrc- 
tion. 

6 

'I 

Il- 
l's 
cc 

MAGXOLIACE.E. 

346 
346 

354 

Cottage  Hill  
do 

C.Mohr  

do 

Rich  loam  
do 

0.  7051 

0.7006 

0.  5222 
0.  5028 

0.  5000 
0.  4755 
0.  4862 
0.4564 
0.  5682 
0.  5852 

0.  4318 
0.  4625 

0.  5807 
0.  5580 

0.4170 
0.5031 

0.  5688 
0.  5103 

0.  4174 
0.  4930 
0.  4809 
0.  4704 
0.4911 
0.4619 
0.  4381 
0.  4511 
0.4550 
0.  4614 
0.  4697 
0.  4591 
0.  4386 
0.4463 

0.  3634 
0.  3575 
0.  4323 

0.  5705 
0.  5794 

1.  1286 
1.  0857 

0.4844 
0.  4729 
0.5470 
0.  5605 

I 

1061 
887 

976 
976 

904 
939 
788 
729 
1061 
1109 

888 
976 

1191 
1252 

800 
609 

939 

887 

610 
1085 
1085 
976 
921 
970 
976 
976 
904 
888 
872 
888 
857 
976 

444 
362 
698 

542 
530 

1085 
1085 

718 
787 
888 
751 

957 
849 

930 
S96 

1061 
921 
734 
723 
1050 
1085 

864 
1017 

1085 
1252 

814 

•       673 

976 
912 

610 
1176 
1050 
976 
1007 
957 
848 
1028 
921 
834 
888 
849 
849 
976 

407 
315 
723 

514 

488 

1085 
1148 

723 
763 
921 
769 

820 
761 

717 

703 
665 
574 
525 
717 
839 

564 

637 

516 
876 

553 
612 

811 
602 

473 
756 
675 
743 
820 
755 
457 
722 
661 
694 
645 
584 
584 
635 

312 

288 
574 

628 
586 

905 
1148 

49!) 
671 
773 
729 

Big  Laurel.    Bull  Bay. 

do    ..     .. 

.  do    

.do    . 

do 

Sweet  Bay.     White  Say.    Beaver 
Tree.      White  Laurel.     Swamp 
Laurel 

354 

?46 
246 
261' 
2611 
534 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

266' 
266' 

260 
2601 

395 
818 
818 
1231 
1231 
1231 
1232 
1232 
)232 
1236 
1236 
1236 
1237 
1238 

211 
211 
332 

479 
479 

1131 
1131 

236 
236 
414 
414 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Virginia     

AVytheville  
....do  
Fancy  Gap  
....do  
Selvers'  mill  
.    do 

H.  Shriver  
....do  
....do  
....do  
C.Mohr  
.      do 

Clay  limestone  
....do  
Rich,  light  
....do  
....do  
do  

Cucumber  Tree.     Mountain  Mag- 
nolia. 

....do  
...do  
....do  

...  do  

do    ...     . 

Cucumber  Tree.                           * 

do 

do 

do 

Quitman  
do  

....do  
do  

Rich,  low  
....do  

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

...do  

Virginia 

"Wytheville 

H  Shriver 

Umbrella  Tree.    Elk  Wood. 

7.  Magnolia  Fraseri  

Long-leaved  Cummber  Tree. 

....do  

do 

do       

....do  
....do  

Michigan  
West  Virginia.... 
...do  

Fancy  Gap  
....do  

Lansing  
Grafton  
do     . 

....do  
....do  

W.J.Beal  
C.  G.  Pringle  •. 
...do  

....do  

Tulip  Tree.  Yellow  Poplar.  White 
Wood. 

ANONACE^:. 
9.  Asimina  triloba       ..        

Pennsylvania  
....do  

Chester  county  
do  

P.  P.  Sharpies 

do  

...  do  

do 

do  

....do  

do 

do 

....do  

...  do    .. 

do  

....do  

do 

.      do    

Saw-mill  at   Nash- 
ville. 
..  do     

A  E  Baird 

....do  

do    

...do  

do 

.do 

do  

do 

do 

..do  

do 

.    do    

Meramec  river,  Jef- 
ferson county. 

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
do    

Alluvial  

Papaw.    Custard  Apple. 

do  

....do  

Cumberland  river  .  . 

A.  Gattinger  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

....do  

Pond  Apple. 
CANELLACE.E. 

12.  Canellanlba  

White  Wvod.     Cinnamon  Bark. 
Wild  Cinnamon. 

TERNSTRCEMIACEJE. 

do 

do 

do  

....do  

do 

Elliott's  Key  
do 

....do  

do 

Coral  
..do  

South  Carolina  
....do  
....do  
....do  

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
....do  

H.  W.  Kavenel  ... 
....do  
do     

Wet  pine-barren  .  . 
....do  

Loblolly  Say.    Tan  Say. 

...do  

....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN. 


355 


DEFLECTION,   IX   MII.MMKTKKS,    f.Nl'KIt   A   1'KKSSUUE,   IS   KILOGUAM6,  OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

SO 

100 

ISO 

16.0 
16.7 

16.  0 
16.7 

14.5 
17.0 
21.0 
21.0 
14.5 
13.7 

17.3 
13.! 

13.8 
11.6 

19.4 
23.0 

14.4 
1C.  4 

26.0 
12.0 
14.3 
15.0 
14.4 
15.2 
18.0 
14.0 
15.7 
16.0 
16.0 
17.5 
17.2 
15.2 

soo 

0 

(set.) 

300 

L!-.  .'. 
23.0 

240 

20.0 
25.0 
35.0 
33.0 
20.0 
19.  'J 

27.0 
23.0 

19.5 
15.8 

32.4 
36.2 

20.0 
25.5 

230 

300 

350 

100 

430 

500 

530 

4.6 

5.5 

5.0 
5.0 

5.4 
5.2 
0.2 
6.7 
4.G 
4.4 

5.5 
5.0 

4.1 
3.0 

6.1 
7.3 

5.2 
5.5 

8.0 
4.5 
4.5 
5.0 
5.3 
5.0 
5.0 
5.0 
5.4 
6.0 
5.6 
5.5 
5.7 
5.0 

11.0 
13.5 
7.0 

!l.  (1 
9.2 

4.5 
4.5 

0.8 
0.2 
5.5 
6.5 

10.2 
11.5 

10.5 
10.9 

9.2 
10.  G 
13.3 
13.5 
9.3 
9.0 

11.3 
9.6 

9.0 
7.8 

12.0 
14.5 

10.0 
10.7 

16.0 
8.3 
9.3 
10.0 
9.7 
10.2 
11.  5 
9.5 
10.6 
11.7 
11.0 
11.5 
11.5 
10.0 

24.0 
31.0 
13.5 

19.0 
20.0 

9.0 
8.5 

13.5 
12.8 
10.6 
12.7 

22.8 
23.4 

21.7 
24.0 

20.0 
24.0 
34.3 
31.8 
20.0 
19.2 

20.1 
22.0 

19.2 

15.8 

30.8 
34.8 

19.6 

?4.  7 

l.fl 
2.0 

1.0 
2.3 

1.0 
1.9 
4.8 
3.4 
1.0 
0.7 

2.0 

1.4 

1.0 
0.3 

4.5 
4.0 

1.0 
2.0 

30.5 
31  2 

39.  :. 
40  5- 

54.6 

350 

:;"'i 

346 

346 

354 
351 

246 
246 
261' 
261' 
534 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

2661 
266» 

260 
260> 

395 
818 
818 
1231 
1231 
1231 
1232 
1232 
1232 
1236 
1238 
1236 
1237 
1238 

211 
211 
332 

479 
479 

1131 
1131 

236 
236 
414 
414 

do                                                  

30.0 
31.5 

44.5 
50.8 







321 
306 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  suddenly  and  squarely,  splitting 
to  the  end. 
do  

28.8 
33.7 

46.0 

300 
°84 

do 

°45 

do 

224 

do  

27.0 
2G.  0 

306 

do                                     .  . 

35.0 

54.0 

358 

do                                  

210 
272 

220 
374 

236 
261 

346 
257 

202 
322 
288 
317 
350 
322 
195 
308 
282 
296 
275 
249 
249 
271 

133 
123 

243 

268 
250 

386 
490 

213 
290 
330 

32.4 

Specimen  cross-grained  ;  started  at  knot  

20.8 

28.5 

40.0 

60.0 

26.3 
30.  8 

do 

37.2 

16.8 
20.0 
20.6 
20.0 
20.6 

0.4 
0.7 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 

16.9 
20.2 
20.7 
20.5 
20.6 

24.5 
28.8 
28.0 
25.8 
27.0 

34.0 

37.7 
34.2 
37.7 

50.0 

do 

19.2 
21.5 
22.0 
23.0 
26.  G 
27.0 
22.2 

0.5 
0.6 
1.0 
1.4 
2.0 
2.5 
1.5 

19.4 
22.0 
22.4 
23.5 
27.0 
28.0 
22.4 

25.4 
30.0 
31.5 
33.0 

36.0 

31.6 

do           

do                           

21.6 

31.0 
32.5 

13.7 
12.5 

21.5 
20.0 
16.3 

19.5 

31.0 

50.5 
51.5 

18.5 

17.5 

32.0 
29.2 

23.5 
27.0 

2.9 

10.0 
10.0 

1.0 
0.8 

3.0 
2.5 
1.2 
2.0 

33.3 

55.4 
54.3 

19.5 
17.8 

32.5 
30.0 
23.7 
28.2 

94.0 
83.0 

25.0 
22.0 

• 

31.0 
28.0 

38.0 
34.0 

42.0 

50.0 

40.0 
31.0 
37.0 

44.0 
58.0 

do 

311 

356 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

\ 

5 

1 
O 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  ot'rniituro. 

First  deflec 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

o 

252 
316 
1039 
1039 

745 
745 

285  ' 
285* 
2853 
320 
320 

1113 

476 
1133 

735 
735 
1086 
1086 

1140 
1140 

487 
487 

402 
482 

475 

Massachusetts  

Arnold  Arboretum.  . 

C.  S.  Sargent  
G.  W.  Letterman. 
do 

Drift  

0.  4601 
0.4668 
0.5496 
0.  4517 
0.  4492 
0.  4237 

0.  4702 
0.  4555 

0.  4017 
0.  3944 
0.  3920 
0.  4750 
0.  4924 

0.  6516 

1.  1430 
1.  1582 

0.  5240 
0.5353 
0.  5898 
0.  5545 

0.  9833 
0  9545 

0.4560 
0.4104 

0.3060 
0.3096 

1.  1140 
1.1273 

0.8364 
0.8221 

0.6990 
0.  7018 

0.  5307 
0.  5333 

0.  6916 

0.6062 
0.  6762 

: 

'  814 
970 
1638 
888 
698 
068 

842 
814 

697 
751 
827 
1085 
976 

542 

800 
856 

651 
669 

857 
659 

814 
814 

888 
1061 

417 

781 
976 
1027 
888 
729 
638 

834 

788 

634 
723 
814 
1085 
970 

525 

814 
912 

698 
688 
888 
630 

814 
921 

888 
976 

569 
616 
804 
525 
553 
469 

569 
548 

403 
525 
541 
703 
712 

424 

628 
947 

628 
708 
757 
469 

820 
687 

586 
544 

183 
112 

1244 
1366 

895 
1111 

703 
670 

586 

558 

314 

574 
478 

Lime  Tree.    Bass  Wood.    Ameri- 
can Linden.    Lin.     See  Tree. 

17.  Tilia  Americana,  rar.  pubeacens  
18    Tilia  heterophylla 

do 

Michigan  
Massachusetts  
....do  

Georgia  
..do    

Hersey  

W.  J.  Beal  

do  

Baiubridge  
do            

....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

...  do  

Low  

do 

Cliffs  Kentucky  river 
Mercer  county  
....do  
Cumberland  river.  .  . 
....do  

W.  M.  Limioy  
do  
....do  
A.  Gattuiger  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
...do    

LimesUmo  
....do  
....do  
Alluvial  
....do  

White  Bass  Wood.     Wahoo. 
MALPIGHIACE^. 

....do  
....do  

....do  

Tallowberry.     Glamberry. 

ZYGOPHTLLACE2E. 

20.  Guaiacum  sanctum  
Lignum-vitee. 

RUTACEJJ. 

23.  Xanthoxvlum  Clava-Herculis  
Toothache    Tree.       Prickly    Ath. 
Sea  Ash.    Pepper  Wood.     Wild 
Orange. 

....do  
....do  

...  do  
.  do  

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 
Elliott's  Kev 

do    

do 

do 

Chattahoocuee  
...  do    

....do  
do 

Dry,  sandy  
.  do  .            

Texas 

Palestine  
do  

C.  Mohr  
do               ..   .. 

Damp,  sandy  
do  

....do  

Florida 

Bahia  Honda  Key... 
...  do    

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Satin  Wood. 

SIMARUBE.E. 

28.  Simaruba  glauca  
Paradise  Tree. 

BURSERACE^!. 

29.  Bursera  gummifera  
Gum  Elemi.   Gumbo  Limbo.    West 
Indian  Birch. 

do     

do 

....do  
....do  

...do  
do     

Bay  Biscayne  

do    

do  

....do  

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 
.do    

....do  

....do  
do                .     .. 

....do  

....do  
do  

.  do  

...do    

do         

do  

1038 
976 

976 
1109 

651 
707 

610 
697 

465 

698 
814 

1085 
1085 

976 
1148 

622 
664 

610 
673 

488 

751 
814 

Torch  Wood. 

475 

452 

do               ..  .. 

do 

do 

do     

do    

do  

do       

do  

Mahogany.    Madeira. 
ILlCINE^i. 

4S2 

280 
280 

484 
484 

341 
338 

do            

do    

do 

do  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
.do     

Waverly  Mills 

W.  St.  J.  Mazyck  . 
do    

American  JJoUi^. 

do 

....do  

A,  H.  Curtiss  
do     

Low,  damp  
..do  :  

Dahoon.    Dahoon  Holly. 
CYRILLACE^. 

do 

do 

Chunchula  
Cottage  Hill  

ilo     . 

C.Mohr  

....do  
do  

Damp,  sandy  

Wet  
do  

Iron  Wood. 
38.  Cliftonia  ligustrina  

do  

Titi.  Iron  Wood.   Buckwheat  Tree. 

338 

do 

i 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANS  VK  US  K  STRAIN— Continued. 


357 


DEFLECTION,   IX  MILLIMETERS,    UXDF.lt   A  I'RESSUIE,  IX   KILOGRAMS.  OF— 

Ultilnatu  stvi'iiiilli: 
tranavci-80  pressure. 

Remark* 

Office  number. 

50 

100 

1,50 

200 

O 

(set.) 

200 

250 

300 

i.-.o 

too 

4.50 

500 

.530 

6.0 
5.0 

4.7 
5.5 
7.0 
7.3 

5.8 
6.0 

7.0 
6.5 
5.9 
4.5 
5.0 

9.0 

6.1 

5.7 

7.5 
7.:: 

:,.-, 
7.4 

6.0 
6.0 

5.5 
4.0 

11.7 

1  1  r. 
10.0 
9.5 
11.0 
13.4 
15.3 

11.7 

12.  4 

15.4 
13.5 
12.0 
9.0 
10.0 

18.6 

12.0 
10.7 

14.0 
14.2 
11.0 
15.5 

12.0 
10.0 

11.0 
10.0 

•jo.  :; 
16.5 
14.0 
17.3 
22.3 
26.4 

18.5 
18.8 

24.6 
20.3 
18.4 
13.7 
15.3 

31.0 

18.0 
15.9 

21.6 

22.5 
17.5 
23.8 

18.0 

I.'.,  r, 

18.0 
15.5 

32.0 
24.2 
19.4 
27.6 
34.3 
50.5 

28.6 

IN.  .I 

4.0 
2.2 
1.0 
3.5 
4.0 
18.0 

3.5 
3.0 

34.0 
25.5 
19.8 
29.5 

30.0 

30.6 
30.1 

243 
263 

2 
252 
252 
316 
1039 
1039 

745 
745 

.285' 
285« 
285* 
320 
320 

1113 

•  478 
1133 

735 
735 
108S 

lose 

1140 
1140 

487 
487 

462 
462 

475 
475 

452 
452 

280 
280 

484 
484 

341 

338 
338 

37.0 
25.9 

do 

33.5 

343 

do 

224 
236 

£00 

243 
234 

* 







i 

Broke,  on  reloading,  with  large  .splinters  

do  

172 

do  

31.0 
29.0 
19.0 
21.2 

3.5 
3.5 
0.7 
1.5 

33.6 
31.3 
19.5 
22.0 

224 

do          .  .              

231 

do  

26.0 
29.0 

39.5 
41.0 

300 

do                      

304 

do            .                                           

181 
268 

25.0 
21.2 

31.0 
31.5 
25.5 
35.5 

240 
21.2 

26.5 
21.7 

1.2 
1.0 

3.0 
2.5 
'2.3 

25.7 
22.0 

32.3 
33.0 
27.0 

33.0 
27.6 

43.0 
43.5 
36.0 

.      do                 

34.0 

41.2 

49.0 

404 

268 
302 
323 

70.5 
58.0 

• 

do                                                                             

200 

350 
293 

250 
232 

78 
48 

1.3 
1.0 

4.0 
2.0 

24.5 
21.7 

28.0 
23.5 

31.0 
28.0 

39.0 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  large  flake  on  compression 
side  ;  broke  aft  knot. 

do  

4.7 

5.0 

5.0 
4.4 

7.5 
6.9 

8.0 

7.0 

10.5 

7.0 
6.0 

9.0 
9.0 

10.0 

8.5 

15.7 
14.7 

16.0 
14.5 

20.0 

13.0 
12.0 

13.3 
13.  G 

14.6 
13.2 

25.0 
24.0 

26.0 
23.5 

18.0 
18.0 

20.4 
18.4 

40.0 
37.7 

39.2 
34.3 

0.3 
0.3 

1.0 
0.9 

5.0 
5.3 

5.5 

5.0 

18.2 

18.2 

22.0 
18.6 

42.0 
39.0 

41.0 
36.3 

22.7 
23.0 

27.0 
24.1 

58.0 
57.1 

28.0 
27.7 

32.0 
30.0 

845 

33.2 
32.0 

39.0 
35.5 

38.3 

38.0 

41.4 

46.3 
44.0 

50.5 

53.0 
51.0 

531 
583 

382 

474 

61.0 

do                                                

300 
280 

250 
238 

134 

245 
204 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  large  flake  on  compression  side  . 

20.0 
19.8 

28.8 
27.9 

2.3 
2.5 

30.0 

28.8 

1  

358 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

= 
tjc 

<»• 

O 

1 

5 

H 

m 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

RHAMNACE.&. 

454 
460 

Florida  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

do    

A.  H.  Curtiss  
.do 

Coral  

1.  2012 

1.3546 
1.  3430 

0.  5369 
0.  5066 

0.  5943 
0.  8721 

0.4653 
0.  4602 
0.  4970 

0.  5034 
0.  5228 

0.  7681 
0.7784 
0.  5243 
0.  5310 

1.  0405 
1.0123 

0.5445 
0.  5341 
0.  4907 
0.  5053 

0.  6928 
0.  7001 

0.8381 
0.  6852 
0.  6775 
0.7447 
0.  6986 
0.  7063 
0.7108 
0.  7137 
0.  7189 

0.7241 
0.  7355 
0.6973 
0.  6979 
0.  6824 

0.  0641 

0.  7148 
0.6136 

976 

1191 
1191 

814 

718 

775 
921 

751 
687 
610 

697 
678 

888 
857 
842 
688 

1135 

939 

697 
751 
697 
729 

626 
634 

1526 
888 
763 
1683 
1878 
1220 
1395 
1628 
1436 

1039 
1085 
888 
857 
610 

976 

827 
871 

1050 

1109 
1176 

794 
687 

912 
976 

707 
651 
574 

669 
698 

888 
948 
814 
697 

1206 
1017 

734 
751 
842 
794 

713 
723 

1457 
976 
930 
1953 
1808 
1395 
1480 
1575 
1575 

1149 
1221 
1149 
930 
688 

1109 

864 
1039 

820 

1127 
680 

518 
616 

750 
1216 

466 
468 
549 

548 
649 

663 
949 

820 
703 

1261 
1118 

696 
696 
691 
656 

712 
818 

1219 
816 
675 

1404 
1289 
1235 
1284 
1242 
1104 

1055 
1055 
1024 
933 
743 

1019 

738 
820 

ited  Iron  Wood.    Darling  Plum. 

do  

....do  

Black  Iron  Wood. 

460 
803 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

do 

do 

Rich  hummock... 

Rich,  alluvial  
Coral  

Indian  Chen  ;/. 

101)4 
09:i 
1139 

W7 

297 
427 

684 
684 

307 
307 
928 
928 

4G3 
463 

982 
982 
1023 
1023 

1013 

Arkansas  
Oregon  

Florida 

•Joneshoro'  
Portland  

T.B.  Kitchens.... 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

G.  W.  Letterman. 
do 

Bearberry.     Hear  Wood.    Shitfi.-/' 
Wood. 

Naked  Wood. 
SAPINDACE.E. 

T> 

Missouri  
do 

Allentou  
do 

Rich,  moist  

Ohio  Buckeye.     Fetid  Buckeye. 

do  

Tennessee  

California  
do 

Nashville  

M:u  in  county  
do 

G  R  Vasey 

Rich  upland  

California  Buckeye.. 

do 

....do  

Texas 

Dallas  
do 

J.  Reverchon  
do 

Rich,  damp  

Wild  China.    Soapberry. 

do 

....do  

....do  
...do  

Florida     .  . 

Austin  
....do  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

C.  Mohr  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

• 

do 

....do  
Coral  

Ink  Wood.    Iron  Wood. 

do 

....do  

G.  Engelniann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  

Broad-leaved  Maple. 

do 

do 

....do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

....do  
do 

do    

Portland 

do' 

Moist,  alluvial  .  .  . 
....do  

Rich  upland  

Vine  Staple. 

1014 

299 
376 
409 
1233 
1233 
1234 
1234 
1235' 
1235 

213 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 

Missouri  

Wilkesou  

do  

Allenton  

Charlotte 

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
C  G  Pringle 

Sugar  Maple.  Sugar  Tree.    Bard 
Maple.    Hock  Maple. 

64.  Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nignun  

Gravelly  

New  England  

Charlestown  Navy- 
vard. 

F.  H.  Horsford  
do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

do  ... 

do 

do 

..  do    .. 

do 

C.G.Prinsle  
G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 
A.Gattinger  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
do         

Clay  
Low,  alluvial  
Rich  
Clay  
do  

Slack  Sugar  Maple. 

2741 
440 
757 
757 

1052 

20 

Missouri  
Tennessee  
Florida 

Allenton  
Nashville  
Chattahoochee  
do 

.   .  do  

Massachusetts  
do 

J.  Robinson  

C.S.Sargent  
C.Mohr  

Low  meadow  

Drift  

Rich,  swampy  

Soft  Maple.     White  Maple.    Silver 
Maple. 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
Kemper's  mill  

Red  Maple.    Swamp  Maple.    Soft 
Maple.     Water  Maple. 

530 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TEANSVEESE  STEAIN— Continued. 


359 


DEFLECTION.   IX  HILIJMKTEltS,   UXI'Kit  A  I'KKKSUIiE,    IN   KII.OCItAMS,   OF— 

Ultimate  Btrencth  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

= 

50 

5.0 

4.1 
4.1 

C.O 
0.8 

8.3 
5.3 

6.5 
7.1 

ao 

7.0 
7.2 

5.5 
5.7 
5.8 
7.1 

4.3 
S.2 

7.0 
6.5 
7.0 
0.7 

T.8 

7.7 

3.2 
5.5 
6.4 
2.9 
2.6 
4.0 
3.5 
3.0 
3.4 

4.7 
4.5 
5.5 
5.7 
8.0 

5.0 

5.9 
5.6 

1OO 

!.><• 

->>»., 

18.0 

15.5 
16.0 

20.  ."> 
33.0 

22.0 
19.6 

O 

(set.) 

8OO 

25O 

::oo 

350 

-1OO 

45O 

5OO 

550 

9.3 

8.8 
8.3 

12.3 
14.2 

10.7 
10.0 

13.8 
15.0 
17.0 

14.6 
14.0 

11.0 

10.3 
12.0 
14.0 

8.1 
9.6 

13.3 
13.0 
11.6 
12.3 

13.7 
13.5 

6.7 
10.0 
10.5 
5.0 
5.4 
7.0 
6.6 
G.  2 
6.2 

8.5 
8.0 
8.5 
10.5 
14.2 

8.8 

11.3 
9.4 

13.5 

11.5 

12.1 

18.0 
22.1 

16.5 

15.0 

22.4 
24.0 
27.6 

23.0 
21.7 

16.6 
15.5 
19.0 

22.0 

12.0 

14.5 

21.0 
19.8 
17.8 
19.4 

21.5 
21.0 

10.2 
15.0 
15.5 
7.7 
8.4 
10.2 
10.0 
9.6 
9.1 

13.5 
12.0 
13.0 
16.5 
21.0 

14.0 

17.2 
14.2 

0.5 

0.5 

o.  r, 

2.4 

i.  r. 
1.0 
0.5 

19.0 

Hi.  I) 
17.0 

^7.  ."> 
34.0 

23.0 
19.5 

.':!.  o 

20.0 

21.2 

30.0 
24.5 

350 

481 

'.'30 

221 
263 

4J4 

460 
460 

803 
1094 

993 

1139 

297 
297 
427 

684 
684 

307 
307 
928 
928 

463 
463 

982 

982 
1023 
1023 

1013 
1014 

299 
376 
409 
1233 
1233 
1234 
1234 
1235 
1235 

213 
274' 
440 

757 
757 

1052 

20 
530 

:io.o 

33.7 

40.0 

Shattered                     .                

'28.0 
24.5 

36.6 
29.0 

320 
519 

199 
200 

34.5 

48.0 

57.0 

41.5 
44.0 

31.5 
30.3 

23.5 
22.4 
29.0 
32/0 

16.5 
19.0 

30.5 
29.5 
25.0 
29.0 

30.5 
29.5 

13.5 
20.0 
20.5 
10.2 
11.2 
13.6 
13.0 
13.0 
12.2 

18.2 
15.5 
17.6 
23.0 

30.0 

19.0 

24.5 
19.5 

do 

7.5 

1.8 
2.3 

1.5 
1.5 
3.0 

4.2 

0.7 
1.0 

3.4 
3.0 
2.0 
2.5 

2.0 
2.0 

0.3 
0.7 
0.8 
0.0 
0.0 
0.2 
0.2 
0.0 
0.0 

0.5 
0.5 
0.6 
1.5 
2.0 

1.8 

1.6 
1.2 

48.6 

32.0 
31.8 

24.5 
23.4 
29.7 
34.2 

17.0 

19.0 

32.0 
31.0 
26.0 
30.0 

31.4 
30.0 

13.8 
20.3 
21.3 
10.2 
11.2 
13.6 
13.0 
13.0 
12.5 

18.0 
16.3 
18.0 
24.0 
30.7 

19.2 

26.0 
20.0 

234 

265 

277 

383 
405 
350 

44.0 
44.2 

32.0 
30.7 
37.0 
45.0 

21.5 
24.0 

43.0 

42.0 
35.0 
41.0 

40.3 
39.0 

17.0 
26.0 
27.0 
12.6 
14.0 
16.6 
16.0 
15.8 
15.4 

23.5 
20.0 
22.5 
30.7 
40.4 

23.0 

35.0 
28.0 

42.0 
42.0 
53.0 

27.0 
30.5 

59.0 
58.0 

90.0 

..do       

33.2 

36.5 

39.5 
44.5 

48.5 
56.0 

62.0 



300 

538 
477 

Shattered               

do                      

297 
297 
295 

280 

304 
349 

Slightly  crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  splintered  

50.5 

21.5 
35.0 

do                    

25.8 

32.0 

39.0 

50.5 

551 
3& 
288 
599 
550 
527 
548 

15.2 

Vr.o 

20.2 
19.5 
19.7 
19.0 

30.6 
26.0 
29.5 
41.5 
54.0 

32.0 

46.5 
39.5 

18.2 
20.2 
24.6 
23.4 
24.7 
22.6 

38.0 
32.0 
37.0 
53.0 

21.7 
25.3 
30.0 
27.7 
30.0 
27.6 

48.5 
43.5 
52.0 

25.4 
30.0 
36.0 
33.0 
36.8 
34.5 

65.0 

31.4 
39.0 
47.0 
42.0 
50.0 

38.3 
50.0 

do                         

do                                            

530 

do                           

471 

450 
450 
437 
398 

317 

435 

315 
350 

41.0 

55.0 

' 

58.0 

360 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

«*-  • 

0  3 

£| 

li 

S 

;=•;:  . 

in 

CO 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture.  ! 

u 

li 

Second  de- 
dection. 

530 
743 
743 
878 
878 
1048 
1048 

290 
290 
311 
311 

645 
645 

730 
736 

4C7 
467 

405 

Kemper's  mill  

C.Mohr  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do      . 

Rich,  swampy  
Low  

do 

0.  5999 
0.  5524 
0.  5509 
0.  6818 
0.  7102 
0.  6699 
0.  6710 

0.  4750 
0.  4585 
0.  4773 
0.  4614 

0.5227 
0.  5227 

0.  4888 
0.5054 

0.7967 
0.  S105 

976 

KSS 
976 
888 
775 
888 
842 

610 
626 
452 

514 

939 
921 

634 
763 

921 
921 

1395 
857 
1221 
1039 
814 
1526 
1627 
976 
1320 

1061 

976 
659 

740 
842 

888 
957 

842 
1150 

872 
1061 
1221 
976 

976 
1164 

888 

1028 
930 
1085 
888 
835 
904 
913 

618 
697 
478 
536 

986 
904 

638 
835 

1050 
1050 

1302 
1302 
1268 
1050 
976 
1627 
1627 
.   1123 
1436 

1149 

1039 
697 

814 
888 

976 
1028 

857 
1097 

849 
1110 
1149 
1085 

1149 
1221 

888 

809 
600 
797 
937 
839 
820 
937 

443 
572 
509 
591 

785 
809 

694 
633 

616 
694 

1481 
1362 
1514 
.1041 
851 
1387 
1355 
1069 
1397 

909 

942 
558 

820 
675 

989 
813 

820 
799 

703 
813 
769 
802 

968 

907 
893 

do  

...  do    

Massachusetts  
...  do  

Danvers  

...  do    

...do  

...  do    

do 

...do  
...  do  

do 

do 

.  do     ...             .  . 

do 

do 

Allcnton  
....do  

G.  TV.  Letterman  .  . 
...  do  

Rich  bottom  
do 

Sox  Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 

....do  

Texas 

Dallas  

do  . 

J.  Bcverchon  
do 

...do  

do 

...  do    

California  
....do  

Contra  Costa  county 
...  do  

<;.  R.Vasey  
do  

Rich,  moist  
do 

Sox  Elder. 
ANACARDIACE^;. 

Florida 

Chattahoochee  
....do  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 
do  

Chailrstown   Navy- 
yard. 
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do    

S.  H.  Pook      .  . 

Dwarf  Sumach. 

....do  

....do  

Coral 

Poison    Wood.      Coral    Sumach. 
Mountain    Manchineel.     Sum 
Wood.  Hog  Plum.  Doctor  Gum. 

LEGUMINOS.ZE. 

....do  

....do  

Locust.      Slack  Locust.      fellow 
Locuet. 

79.  Kobinia  Xeo-Mexicana  

405 
405 
815 
815 

1247 
1247 
1248 
1248 

1031 

650 
650 

564 

564 

33 
33 

329 

932 

519 
1241 
1242 
1243 

53' 
53' 
444 

do  

0.  8205 
0.  8148 
0.6433 
0.6433 
0.7956 
0.  7769 
0.  8069 
0.8456 

0.  8019 

0.9841 
1.  1966 

1.  0398 
0.9466 

0.  7852 
0.6444" 

0.  8697 
0.  9594 

0.  7143 
0.6966 
0.6875 
0.6670 

0.6250 
0.6381 
0.  6969 

do  

do    

West  Virginia... 
....do  

Graf  ton 

C  G  Pringle 

....do    

do  

M  C.  Beedle    .  . 

....do  

...  do  

do  

....do  

<lo  

.  .do  

.  do    

..do 

do 

Colorado  

.California  
....do  

Trinidad  

Lower*       Colorado 
valley.- 
...  do  

W.  B.  Strong  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do    

Locust. 

80.  Olneya  Tesota  

Iron  Wood.    Arbol  de  Sierra. 

81.  Piscidia  Erythrina  

I'O'i  gravelly  
do     ..     .. 

Upper   Metacombe 
Key. 
.  do      . 

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
do 

Jamaica  Dogwood. 

.    do    

do 

KentucKy  
do 

Mercer  county  
do 

W.  M.  Linney  — 
do 

YcllmcWood.   Yellow  Aih.  Gopher 
Wood. 

84.  Sophora  affinis  

do 

Texas 

Dallas 

J.  Reverchon  
C.Mohr  

A.  Gattinger  

Dry,  calcareous... 
....do  

Limestone  

...do  

Austin  
Nashville  

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.    Coffee  Nut. 

86.  Gleditschia  triacanthos  
Honey    Locust.      Slack    Locutt. 
Three-thorned    Acacia.      Sweet 
Locust.    Honey  Shucks. 

Missouri  
do 

Allen  ton  
do 

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
do       

Alluvial       

do  

....do  

....do  
....do  
Tennessee  

....do  

....do  
....do  
Nashville  

....do  

....do  
....do  
A.  Gattinger  

....do  

....do  

Dry  ,  sandy  barrens 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


361 


DEFLECTION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  UNDER  A  PKEBSUIiE,  IN  KILOGRAMS,   OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Oflicc  number. 

SO 

100 

1.10; 

200 

O 

(set.) 

2OO 

250 

300 

350 

4OO 

450 

500 

55O 

5.0 
5.5 
5.0 
5.5 
0.9 
5.5 
5.8 

8.0 
7.8 
10.8 
9.5 

5.2 

5.3 

7.7 
6.4 

5.3 
5.3 

3.5 
5.7 
4.0 
4.7 
6.0 
3.2 
3.0 
5.0 
3.7 

4.6 

5.0 
7.4 

6.6 
5.8 

5.5 
5.1 

5.8 
4.4 

5.6 
4.6 

4.0 
5.0 

5.0 
4.2 
5.5 

9.5 
10.5 
9.0 
11.0 
11.7 
10.8 
10.7 

15.8 
14.0 
20.6 
18.2 

8.9 

10.8 

15.3 
11.7 

9.3 
9.3 

8.0 
7.5 
7.7 
9.3 
10.0 
6.0 
6.0 
8.7 
6.8 

8.5 

9.4 

140 

12.0 
11.0 

10.0 
9.5 

11.4 
8.9 

11.5 
8.8 
8.5 
9.0 

8.5 
8.0 
11.0 

14.5 
16.5 
14.5 
17.0 
18.3 
16.0 
15.5 

26.3 
22.0 
31.0 
30.0 

14.2 
15.8 

23.2 
18.0 

14.5 
14.5 

11.0 
12.0 

11.5 
13.8 
14.5 
9.0 
'.).  0 
12.5 
10.0 

12.4 

14.2 
21.0 

19.5 
17.3 

15.8 
14.5 

17.0 
13.0 

18.5 
13.0 
14.0 
13.7 

12.6 
12.9 
16.4 

19.0 
23.5 
20.0 
24.0 
28.0 
22.0 
21.5 

0.5 
2.0 
0.7 
1.2 
3.0 
1.1 
1.0 

19.2 
24.5 

20.5 
25.0 
28.4 
23.0 
21.8 

25.0 
32.0 
27.0 
33.0 
'37.5 
31.5 
28.0 

35.5 

345 
256 
340 
400 

530 
743 
743 

878 
878 
1048 
1048 

290 
290 
311 
311 

645 

645- 

738 
736 

467 
467 

405- 
405 
405 
815 
815 
1247 
1247 
1248 
1248 

1031 

650 
650 

564 
564 

33 
33 

329 
932 

519 
1241 
1243 
1243 

53' 
53  » 
444 

30.0 
42.0 
52.5 
42.0 
37.0 

Sap-wood;  crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  tine  splinters.  .  .  . 
do 

61.0 
90.0 

358 
350 

do 

50.0 

400 

do 

189 
244 
217 

335 
345 

286 
270 

33.5 
44.5 
42.0 

°1  2 
21.0 

32.3 
27.0 

21.3 
21.3 

14.5 
15.5 
15.6 
19.1 
19.0 
12.0 
11.6 
16.6 
13.2 

16.2 

19.5 
29.9 

26.0 
24.0 

21.6 
20.2 

23.0 
18.2 

29.9 
18.4 
19.2 
20.0 

16.8 
17.6 
22.5 

3.8 
5.0 
3.5 

1.0 
0.5 

2.6 
3.1 

1.6 
1.5 

0.8 
0.3 
0.2 
0.3 
0.5 
0.0 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 

0.4 

0.5 

,  I-* 

1.8 
1.4, 

1.1 

1.0 

1.5 
1.2 

3.0 
0.9 
1.5 
1.4 

0.6 

1.0 
1.0 

35.0 
47.0 
44.0 

21.2 
22.0 

33.5 

28.0 

23.0 
23.0 

14.7 
15.8 
15.3 
19.0 
19.5 
12.0 
11.8 
16.8 
13.5 

16.7 

20.0 
31.0' 

27.1 

24.5 

22.5 
20.5 

25.0 
18.7 

29.0 

18.8 
20.0 
20.5 

18.0 
18.7 
23.5 

71.0 

28.0 
28.0 

43.5 
37.3 

30.5 
30.5 

18.  0 
10.0 
19.0 
23.7 
24.0 
15.0 
14.5 
20.8 
16.4 

20.6 
26.5 

37.5 
36.5 

..   .  do  

263 
296 

do 

22.0 
23.5 
23.9 
30.0 
30.0 
18.0 
17.8 
25.  5 
20.1 

25.0 
33.7 

25.8 
28.7 
28.0 
38.0 
42.0 
21.0 
21.2 
31.0 
24.3 

31.0 
42.0 

30.2 

35.  0 
32.0 
47.7 

35.  C 
40.0 

37.0 

41.5 
47.0 
44.5 

47.8 
53.0 
51.8 

632 
581 
646 
444 
363 

60.2  millimeters  deflection  with  600  kilograms;    specimen  cross- 
Drained. 

64.3  millimeters  deflection  with  600  kilograms;  broke  with  fine 
splinters. 

24.9 
25.4 
36.5 
28.0 

29.3 
31.2 
45.6 
33.5 

34.7 
38.0 

42.5 
46.5 

592 
578 
456 
596 

388 

402 
238 

354 

288 

39.0 

46.4 

do  

54.3 

33.5 
30.5 

29.0 
28.0 

33.0 
24.0 

37.3 
26.0 
28.7 
28.3 

24.0 
25.0 
31.7 

43.0 

51.0 

do     

37.0 

47.0 

68.0 

422 
347 

350 
341 

300 
347 
328 
342 

42.0 
31.0 

52.0 
37.5 
46.5 
44.0 

31.0 
33.0 
39.5 

..  ..do   

41.0 
47.0 
55.5 

57.0 

413 
387 
381 

362 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OP  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species 

Office  number. 

State. 

' 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

si1 

<cd  '5  • 
aa1 

a 
I 

O 

1 

5 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

rma 

760 
760 

67J 

678 

436 
1089 
1090 
1091 

680 
680 
927 

658 
658 

697 
509 

480 

68 
63 
334 

435 

968 
968 

15 
15 
115' 
1152 
127 
127 
148 
317 
317 
368 
406 
763 
763 
1053 
1053 

637 

1032 
1062 
1062 

Florida    

Cliattahoochee  
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  

0.  7628 
0.  7748 

0.  6705 
0.  6727 

0.7323 
0.  6341 
0.  6534 
0.  6250 

0.  7818 
0.  7614 
0.7750 

0.  8068 
0.  8568 

0.  8714 
0.  567Q 

0.  7753 

0.  6003 
0.  5916 
0.  8045 

0.  6538 

0.  4099 
0.  4750 

0.  7438 
0.  7386 
0.  5315 
0.  5048 
0.  6790 
0.  6670 
0.6471 
0.  5315 
0.  5493 
0.5648 
0.  5028 
0.  6105 
0.6244 
0.  6751 
0.  6716 

0.  7636 

0.  8785 
0.  8698 
0.  8481 

1061 
1221 

514 
568 

814 
588 
452 
651 

542 
596 
509 

814 

787 

1039 
488 

957 

814 
651 
921 

634 

751 
751 

775 
1017 
651 
814 
976 
1221 
976 
775 
842 
764 
651 
976 
888 
740 
698 

814 

697 
1191 
976 

1149 
1191 

514 
602 

904 
610 
514 
723 

618 
630 
501 

835 
814 

1085 
461 

1110 

769 
734 
976 

603 

849 
872 

849 
883 
673 
849 
970 
1028 
930 
800 
828 
857 
718 
958 
976 
769 
775 

769 

718 
1097 
996 

1073 
982 

511 
579 

1003 
734 
649 
516 

469 
574 
412 

902 
886 

792 
553 

961 

649 
703 
1240 

469 

687 
670 

1171 
1084 
579 
724 
905 
996 
937 
689 
691 
769 
042 
797 
792 
820 
820 

691 

586 
1266 
930 

Water  Locust. 

88.  Parkinsonia  Torreyana  
Green-bark  Acacia.    Palo  Verde. 

do 

Arizona  
do 

Lower        Colorado 
river. 
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Sandy 

do 

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Alleuton  
....do  

A.  Gattinger  
G.  "W.  Letterman.. 
.  .  do  .  . 

Limestone  
Rich  
....do  

liedbud.    Judas  Tree. 

....do  

do 

do 

Mesquit,  Algaroba.  Honey  Locust. 
Honey  Pod. 

do    

....do  

do  

Texas  

C;Uifornia 

Austin  

C.  Mohr  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do 

Rich,  calcareous  .  . 
Sandy 

Sertav  Jlean.    &crew-pod   Mesqttit. 
Tomitta. 

do 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 

Boca  Chica  Key  

....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

do          

Dry,  gravelly  
Coral  

Cat's  Claw. 

Florida  

Wild  Tamarind. 
ROSACES. 

102.  Clirysobidanus  Icaco  

Cocoa  Plum. 

....do  
Missouri  

All  en  ton  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
....do  
J.  Reverchon  

A.  Gattinger  

Wild     Plum.      Canada     Plum. 
Morse  Plum. 

..do  
Tuxas 

....do  
Dallas  

...do  
Rich  

River  bluff  

Tennessee  

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 
do 

Nashville  

"Wilkeson 

Clnckaitaw  Plum.    H  off  Plum. 
107.  Pi  imus  emarginata,  far.  mqllis  

108.  Prunus  serotina  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

,1,, 

do 

Massachusetts  Roxbury  
..  do  !  do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
"W.  J.  Seal 

Gravelly  
....do  

do 

Wild  Black  Cherry.    Sum  Cherry. 

...do  

Dansville  

....do  

G.  W.  Lett«rman  . 
do 

....do  

do 

do  .  .. 

do 

R.  Donglns  :"  
W.  J.  Beal  .... 

Rich     

do 

do 

do 

do 

Charlotte  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 

C.  G.  Pringle  
S.  H.  Pook  

Gravelly  

Virginia  or  Mid- 
dle States. 
Florida 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

Clay  
....do  

....do  

Massachusetts  
....do  

California  

Florida  

Texas 

....do  

Topafield 

....do  

Strawberry  valley  .  . 

Jacksonville  
Victoria  
....do  

....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.Mohr  
....(to  

....do  

Wild  Cherry. 

Sandy  
Rich,  moist  
....do  

Wild    Orange.      Mock    Orange. 
Wild  Peach. 

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


363 


UEFLECTIOX,  IX   M1LLIUBTERS,  UNDER  A   PRESSURE,  IX   KII.ORRAHR,  OF  — 

1! 

7  °- 
fl 

Is 

pi 

458 
419 

218 
247 

428 

'U'i 

Remarks. 

OfBce  number. 

50 

4.6 

4.0 

!).  5 
8.6 

0.0 
8.3 
10.8 
7.5 

9.0 
8.2 
9.6 

6.0 

0.2 

4.7 
10.0 

5.1 

6.0 

7.  .I 
5.3 

7.7 

6.5 
6.5 

6.3 

4.8 
7.5 
6.0 
5.0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.3 
5.8 
0.4 
7.5 
5.0 
•5.5 
6.0 
7.0 

6.0 

7.0 
4.1 
•     5.0 

100 

130 

too     n 

(set.) 

300 

£50 

3OO 

350 

4OO 

450 

500 

550 

8.5 

8.2 

19.0 
16.2 

10.8 
16.0 
19.0 

iis 

15.8 
15.5 
19.5 

11.7 
12.0 

9.0 
21.2 

8.8 

12.7 
13.3 

10.0 

16.2 

11.5 
11.2 

11.5 
11.0 
14.5 
11.5 
10.0 
9.5 
10.5 
12.2 
11.8 
11.4 
13.6 
10.2 
10.0 
12.7 
12.6 

12.7 

13.6 
8.9 
9.8 

13.3 
12.8 

28.4 
25.4 

15.8 
24.5 
29.7 
20.0 

23.0 
22.5 
31.5 

17.7 
17.3 

14.0 
32.7 

13.0 

19.3 
21.0 
14.9 

26.0 

17.7 

17.0 

17.3 
10.9 
21.7 
17.6 
15.2 
15.0 
16.0 
19.0 
16.7 
16.7 
21.5 
15.2 
15.5 
19.5 
19.5 

19.5 

22.0 
13.  "5 
14.0 

43.2 
18.5 

43.2 
35.2 

22.9 
35.0 
43.0 
28.4 

0.6 
1.0 

6.4 
3.0 

1.0 
2.5 
6.0 
1.5 

18.0 
11).  5 

46.0 

:',-.  7 

22.7 
37.0 
45.5 
30.0 

23.5 
25.5 

29.0 
33.0 

4"  II 

760 
760 

678 
078 

436 

1089 
1090 
1091 

680 
680 
927 

658 
658 

697 
509 

480 

68 
68 
334 

435 

968 
968 

15 
15 
115 
115 
127 
127 
148 
317 
317 
368 
406 
763 
763 
1053 
1053 

637 

1032 
1062 
1062 

40.5 

52.5 

29.7 
48.0 
61.0 

38.0 
74.5 

50.0 

68.0 

do       

277 

do  

220 

200 
245 

30.7 

1.6 

31.7 

do  

176 

385 
378 

24.3 
24.5 

18.1 

r,i.:i 

17.8 

27.4 
28.9 
20.7 

38.5 

25.2 
24.7 

23.0 
22.0 
32.0 
24.6 
21.5 
21.0 
21.5 
26.8 
23.0 
22.6 
30.7 
21.0 
20.8 
27.0 
26.5 

28.4 

32.  3 
18.4 
18.5 

1.3 
2.2 

0.'6 
8.0 

0.9 

1.7 
1.6 
0.5 

4.5 

1.5 

1.7 

1.0 
0.6 
1.6 
1.0 
1.3 
1.2 
1.0 
1.1 
0.6 
1.0 
1.7 
0.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 

1.6 

4.0 
0.2 
0.6 

25.0 
25.5 

18.6 
55.3 

18.0 

28.0 

29.0 
20.0 

32.0 
33.5 

24.0 

41.0 
42.0 

29.0 

53.0 

do  

338 
236 

410 

277 
300 
529 

200 

293 
286 

500 

23.0 

37.0 
36.5 
27.0 

31.5 

40.0 

60.6 

34.0 

41.0 

50.0 

61.5 

84.0 

Specimen  cross-grained,  defective  ;  square  break  on  tension  side  .  .  . 

26.0 
26.0 

24.2 
22.0 
32.  5 
25.0 
22.0 
22.0 
22.5 
27.5 
24.0 
23.0 
31.6 
21.8 
21.5 
28.0 
27.0 

28.3 

34.0 
19.0 
19.0 

36.0 
36.5 

30.0 
28.0 

38.5 
35.7 

46.5 
44.0 

57.5 
55.0 

73.0 

do    

487 
247 

309 

32.5 
28.5 
28.0 
28.0 
36.0 
30.0 
30.0 
43.5 
26.5 
27.0 
36.0 
34.0 

36.5 

73.0 
23.5 
24.5 

45.0 
36.5 
36.0 

36.5 

47.0 
45.0 
45.5 

386 
425 
400 
294 
295 
328 
274 
340 
338 
350 
350 

57.5 

40.3 

34.0 
35.0 
46.0 
46.0 

62.5 
59.5 

do                                                          

295 

250 
540 

29.2 
32.0 

35.7 
37.5 

41.7 

53.0 

74.0 

do 

397 

Specimen  cross-grained;  shattered  .  

364 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Offlct)  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

11 
PTS 

11 

ss 

^ 

z~—  ~ 

_a 

'« 
c 
to 

o 

a 
o 

I 

3 

m 
m 

COEFFIC 
BLAST 

e!> 

V 

73 

ij 

i 

1EST  OF 
1CITT. 

*| 

~~ 

a  u 
o  ® 

g 

5 
g, 

H 

<M 
O 
• 

3 

•d 

o 

s 

113.  Prunus  ilicifolia  

1158 
1158 

1087 
1087 
1088 
1088 

410 

607 
607 

328 
328 
1093 
1093 

949 
1081 

426 
426 

926 
239 
767 

241 

849 
849 

546 
546 
1095 
1095 
1173 
1173 
1181 
1181 
1182 
1182 
1183 
1183 

485 

485 

489 
489 

507 
607 

0.  9734 
0.  9678 

0.  7357 
0.  7228 
0.  7340 
0.  7382 

0.  5727 

0.  6818 
0.  7126 

0.  6946 
0.  7166 
0.  7767 
0.7946 

0.  7565 
0.  8670 

0.  7166 
0.  7527 

0.  7102 

0.  7230 
0.  7973 

0.  8312 
0.  8472 
0.  8410 

0.5448 
0.  5796 
0.  6012 
0.  5765 
0.6080 
0.6477 
0.5864 
0.  6001 
0.  6250 
0.  6375 
0.5409 
0.  6159 

1.1480 
1.  1335 

1.  0240 
1.  0292 

0.7384 
0.  7239 

751 
697 

751 
729 
508 
651 

.-,7r. 

814 

788 

543 
508 
751 
751 

921 
842 

740 
651 

718 
595 
740 

1191 

1085 
1163 

603 
688 
888 
976 
751 
697 
751 
787 
976 
1163 
814 
1017 

1627 

1627 

814 
1002 

698 
775 

751 
712 

751 
723 
405 
630 

626 

814 
763 

575 
514 
775 
794 

913 

888 

740 
723 

674 
592 
708 

1221 
1149 
1221 

610 

674. 
930 
996 
769 
496 
781 
849 
1017 
1061 
888 
976 

1627 
1684 

913 
1136 

634 
814 

820 
745 

441 
422 
452 
623 

445 

799 
443 

619 
586 
703 
7«8 

860 
818 

698 

720 

506 
712 
72» 

1256 

1085 
1054 

520 
663 
776 
703 
750 
738 
553 
544 
670 
614 
661 
616 

1308 
1106 

830 
1055 

272 
764 

Itlay. 

...do  

....do  

do  

Pennsylvania  
....do  
....do  
....do  

Xazarcth  
....do  
....do  
....do  

Mount  Mansfield  .  .  . 

Ogeechee  
do  

J.  Henry  
....do  
....do  
....do  

C.  G.  Pringle  

A.H.  Curtiss  
do            

Moist 

'Ainerican    Crab.     Sweet-scented 
Crab. 

....do  
....do  
....do  

Gravelly  

Low  
do  

'Mountain  Ash. 

Georgia  
....do  

126.  Crataegus  Crus-galli  

Massachusetts  
....do  
Missouri  
....do  

Texas 

Brookline  
....do  
Allen  ton  
....do  

Victoria  
Saint  Louis  

,T.  Robinson  
....do  
G.  W.  Letterman  . 
....do  

C.Mohr  
H.Eggert  

Coctepur  Thorn.   NewcastleThorn. 
128.  Crafaegus  subvillosa  

....do  

Low,  wet  
....do  

Scarlet  Haw. 
120.  Cratsegue  tomentosa  

Missouri 

Slack  Thorn.    Pear  Saw. 

....do  

do  

do     

do  

Webster  parish  
Bonneau's  Depot  
Aspalaga  

Brumfield  Station... 
Danvers  
...  do  

C.Mohr  

H.  W.  Kavenel  
A.H.  Curtiss  

W.  M.  Linney  
J.  Robinson  
.do              . 

Clay  
Damp,  rich  
Dry  clay  
"Waverly  shale  

Small-fruited  Haw. 

South  Carolina  
Florida  

May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 

135.  Crataegus  flava,  var.  pnbescens  
Summer  Haw.    Red  Haw. 

Juneberry.    Shad  Hush.    Service 
Tree.    May  Cherry. 

HAMAMELACE.S:. 
139.  Liquidambar  Styraciflna  

Massachusetts  
....do  

do  ..'.  

Ketuper's  mill  
do  

C.Mohr  
do    

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  

Bout    Gum.    Ktar-leaved  Own. 
Liquidamber.         Red      Gum. 
Bilsted. 

EHIZOPHORACE.S;. 

....do  

Little  Rock  
do  

G.  AV.  Letterman. 
do  

....do  

New  Jersey  
do  

S.  P.  Sharpies  
do 

Clay  
do              

do 

Yazoo  River  bottom 
do     

E.  Abbey  
do 

Alluvial  
..  do  

....do  

do    

do 

do 

do 

....do  

.    do  

do    

do  

....do  
do    

...do  
do 

....do  

do 

do  
do    

Florida 

A.H.  Curtiss  
do  

._.do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

Mangrove. 

COMBEETACE.3:. 

141.  Conocarpua  erecta  
Button  Wood. 

142.  Laguncularia  racemose...  
White  Button  Wood.    White  Man- 
grove. 

....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  

....do  
....do  

Sugar-Loaf  Sound  .  . 
....do  

....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


365 


DEFLECTION,   IX  MILLIMETERS,    I'KDEU  A  ruKHUBE,    IX   KILOGRAMS,  OF— 

ritimnto  strt-n^tli: 
transverse  pressure. 

Kernarks. 

| 

a 

1 

50 

100 

1  -.0 

£OO      O 

•iOO 

450 

300 

:!-.<> 

400 

450 

500 

550 

6.5 
7.0 

6.5 
C.7 
9.8 

7.5 

8.5 

6.0 
6.1 

9.0 
9.6 
6.5 

0.5 

5.3 

5.8 

6.6 

7.5 

6.8 
8.2 
8.6 

4.1 
4.5 
4.2 

8.1 
7.1 
5.5 
•5.0 
6.5 
7.0 
0.5 
6.2 
b.O 
4.2 
6.0 
4.8 

3.0 
3.0 

6.0 
4.6 

7.0 
6.3 

13.0 
13.7 

13.0 
13.5 
21.0 
15.5 

15.6 

18.0 

12.8 

17.0 
10.0 
12.6 
12.3 

10.7 

11.0 

13.2 
13.5 

14.5 
10.5 
13.8 

8.0 
8.5 
8.0 

16.0 
14.5 
10.5 
9.8 
12.7 
12.0 
12.5 
11.5 
9.6 
9.2 
11.0 
10.0 

6.0 
5.8 

10.7 
8.6 

15.4 
12.0 

20.11 
•J-J.  :; 

21.5 
21.3 
33.5 
24,6 

28.  g 

18.  :i 

•jo.  :. 

28.0 
28.5 
20.0 
18.1 

16.0 
16.6 

20.2 
21.0 

22.5 
28.0 

23.5 

11.5 
12.6 
12.4 

24.5 

'£i.  r, 

16.0 
14.5 
20.5 
19.7 
19.0 
17.6 
14.6 
14.7 
17.8 
15.  5 

8.4 
8.5 

16.0 
12.7 

:i2.  :> 

3.0 
4.5 

30.0 
35.0 

38.0 
48.0 

56.0 
67.0 

M.fl 

350 
318 

188 
180 
193 
M6 

190 

341 
189 

204 
256 
300 
302 

367 

263 

• 

298 

307 

216 

1158 

1158 

1087 
1087 
1088 
1088 

410 

607 
607 

328 
328 
1093 
1093 

949 
1081 

426 
426 

926 

•j:i» 
767 

241 
849 
849 

548 
546 

1095 
1095 
1173 
1178 
1181 
1181 
1182 
1182 
1183 
1183 

485 
485 

489 
489 

507 
507 

B&  :, 

4.8 

37.0 

51.5 

26.5 

1.5 

27.1 

35.0 

47.0 

39.0 
42.3 
29.0 
26.0 

22.0 
25.5 

29.0 
30.3 

33.0 
39.0 

34.0 

14.6 
17.0 
17.0 

36.2 
34.5 
22.5 
20.6 
31.0 
29.0 
32.2 
28.7 
20.4 
22.0 
25.0 
23.7 

11.0 
11.5 

21.6 

17.5 

4.9 

5.0 
2.1 
2.0 

1.0 
2.1 

2.2 

3.0 

2.5 
5.0 
4.3 

0.0 
0.8 
0.7 

3.4 
4.5 
1.0 
0.9 
3.5 
2.7 
3.6 
4.0 
1.0 
1.2 
1.4 
2.4 

0.2 
0.2 

0.9 
0.6 

41.0 
44.0 
29.0 
26.5 

23.0 
26.0 

30.5 

32.0 

34.0 
41.7 
35.0 

14.0 
17.4 
17.7 

37.9 
36.2 
23.2 
21.0 
32.0 
30.4 
35.0 
31.0 
21.2 

58.0 

38.0 
34.2 

29.0 

34.0 

39.2 

41.0 

46.5 
37.0 

49.5 

59.0 

do  

57.0 
44.5 

18.5 
22.0 
23.0 

83.0 

70.0 

22.3 
29.0 
30.0 

304 

do                         

309 

536 
463 

28.0 
36.0 
37.0 

32.5 

47.5 
57.0 

40.5 

51.5 

..  do  

450 

do    

222 
283 
331 
300 

52.5 
30.2 
28.5 
45.0 
42.0 

45.0 

do  

79.  « 
67.0 

320 
315 

do  

236 
232 

do  

29  2 

286 
282 
282 
263 

23.0 
25.6 
26.0 

11.0 
11.5 

22.5 
17.5 

36.0 
35.0 
40.0 

13.5 
14.5 

28.3 
22.0 

Broke  with  long,  coarse  splinters  

do                       ..              

17.0 
18.0 

35.5 
28.5 

20.0 

21.6 

47.5 
35.0 

24.0 
25.7 

28.0 
29.6 

32.2 

38.3 

558 
472 

* 
do  

354 
450 

116 

320 

45.0 

Splintered              

19.5 

25.7 

1.2 

20.5 

!  36.0 

51.0 

Shattered            .... 

3G8 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Speciea. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. * 

Direction  of  pruin. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture.  I 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

MYRTACE^I. 
144.  Eugenia  buxifolia    

1118 
1135 

Florida  

Lost  Man's  river  
Umbrella  Key  

Miami  

do    . 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

....do  
do    

Humus  and  coral  . 
Coral  

....do  
.  do    

1.  0635 
0.  9405 

0.  9966 
1.  0023 

0.  8937 
0.8904 
0.  7795 
0.  7980 
0.7947 
0.  8647 
0.8490 
0.  8387 

0.  7763 
0.  7807 

0.  5739 
0.  6170 

0.5966 
0.  5735 
0.  5979 
0.  7885 
0.  7936 
0.  6222 
0.6447 
0.7364 
0.  7534 
0.  7233 
0.  6800 
0.  7914 

0.6648 
0.  6135 
0.  5455 
0.  5228 
0.  5739 
0.  5841 

0.  5216 

0.  8352 
0.  9034 
0.  8270 

0.9554 
0.  9524 

0.5425 

m 
m 

m 

m 

Ll 

1627 
1017 

1191 
1103 

787 
787 
787 
787 
763 
827 
888 
610 

814 
976 

610 
697 

687 
888 
814 

eoo 

763 
939 
888 
740 
651 
660 
814 
642 

542 
561 
444 
595 
456 
488 

34ti 

976 
904 
708 

1136 
1221 

660 

1575 
1085 

1206 

1177 

814 
849 
794 
849 
814 
849 
957 
647 

970 
1085 

638 

723 

761 
849 
814 
849 
781 
888 
1039 
769 
814 
713 
872 
651 

592 
564 
471 
585 
444 
444 

305 

957 
1028 
734 

1085 
1302 

683 

1055 
1172 

1179 
1172 

872 
1012 
820 
951 
886 
1015 
966 
710 

930 
1052 

694 

668 

783 
745 
689 
996 
952 
783 
899 
912 
736 
827 
924 
717 

701 
724 
628 
687 
635 
553 

370 

729 

1228 
898 

956 
1055 

405 

Gvrgcon  Stopper.     Spanish  Stop- 
per. 

....do  

Stopper.     White  Stopper. 

148.  Eugenia  procera  
lied,  Stopper, 

CORNACE^E. 

1127 
1127 

67 
67 
761 
812 
812 
1077 
1077 
1092 

960 
960 

605 

605 

235 
235 
517 
750 
750 
813 
818 
833 
833 
834 
834 
835 

128 
128 
550 
550 
604 
004 

681 
110' 

no4 

739 

466 
466 

381 

....do  

Allen  ton  
....do  
Chattahoochee  
Grafton  

G.  \V.  Letterman.. 
....do  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Upland  
....do  

Flowering  Dogwood.    Box  Wood. 
152.  Cornns  Nuttallii  

..do  

Florida 

West  Virginia  
..  do  

Dry  

.  do  . 

..  do                 

G.  \V.  Letterman  .  .  1  Gravelly  

do 

do 

...do    

do 

do                .              Flintv  

Portland  .. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Flowering  Dogwood. 

..  do 

do 

• 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Swampy  
do 

Ogeechcc   Lime.      Sour   Tupelo. 
Gopher  Plum. 

154.  Nyssa  svlvatica  

do 

do 

South  Carolina  
do  

Bonnean's  Depot  .  .  . 
do    

H.  \V.  Bavenel  
do    

Muck  
....do  

Tupelo.    Sour  Gum.   Pepperidge. 
Mack  Gum. 

Cumberland  river.  .  . 

A.  Gattinger  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  
C.G.Pringle  
..  do  

Clay  
....do  



....do  
West  Virginia  ... 
...  do  

....do  
Grafton  
....do    

Massachusetts  — 
do 

TVeat  Newbury  
do 

J.  Robinson  
do 

Rich  

do  . 

do  

do  

.  do    

...do  ... 

....do  
...  do  

South  Carolina  
.    do    

....do  

....do  
do 

....do  

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
do    

H.  W.  Eavenel  ... 
.    do     

Large    Tupelo.       Cotton    Oum. 
Tupelo  (rum. 

CAPEIFOLIACE.3;. 
156.  Sambiicus  elauca... 

....do  

Stockton  
....do  
Ogeechee  river  
do    ... 

C.Mohr  
....do  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

....do  
Georgia  

do 

do  
Swampy  
do  

California  

Kentucky  
....do  

Contra  Costa  county  . 

Mercer  county  
....do  

G.  E.Vasey  

W.  M.  Linney  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

J.  H.  Mellichamp  . 

Gravelly  

Hudson        River 
shale. 
Trenton  limestone 

Clay  

Coral  
....do  

Sandy  swamp  

FMr.r. 

Black  Haw.    Stag  liuth. 

• 

KUBIACE.S;. 

Florida    

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 
....do  

Bluffton  

....do  

South  Carolina.... 

Georgia  Hark. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TEANSVEESE  STRAIN— Continued. 


DEFLECTION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  L'XllEU  A  I'liKSKVKK,  IN  KILOGUAMS,  OF  — 

Ultimate  stren<:tli  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

50 

1OO 

!.-»<> 

200 

O 

(set.) 

200 

250 

300 

350 

4OO 

!.»<> 

500 

550 

3.0 

4.8 

4.1 
4.2 

6.2 
6.2 
C.  2 
6.2 
6.4 
5.9 
5.5 
8.0 

6.0 
5.0 

8.0 
7.0 

7.1 
5.5 
6.0 
0.1 
0.4 
5.2 
5.5 
6.6 
7.5 
7.4 
C.O 
7.6 

9.0 
8.7 
11.0 
8.2 
10.7 
10.0 

14.0 

5.0 
5.4 
0.9 

4.3 
4.0 

7.4 

6.2 
9.0 

8.1 
8.3 

12.0 
11.5 
12.3 
11.5 
12.0 
11.5 
10.2 
15.2 

10.0 
9.0 

15.3 
13.5 

ias 

11.5 
12.0 

11.5 
12.5 
11.0 
0.4 
12.7 
12.0 
13.7 
11.2 
15.0 

16.5 
17.3 
20.7 
16.7 
22.0 
22.0 

32.0 

10.2 
9.5 

13.3 

9.0 

7.5 

14.3 

9.5 
13.5 

12.5 

12.  5 

18.2 
17.0 
20.0 
18.2 
18.  7 
16.7 
10.3 
24.  G 

14.5 
18.  J 

25.0 
20.3 

19.6 
18.  It 
19.5 
17.7 
19.0 
16.2 
13.5 
19.7 
10.0 
21.6 
17.0 
26.0 

29.0 
28.7 
33.0 
26.7 
36.5 
36.5 

55.0 

14.7 
14.6 
20.7 

11.5 
11.4 

22.2 

12.  r. 

18.5 

17.0 
10.8 

26.  !l 
24.5 
29.0 
26.7 
27.0 
23.0 
24.0 

;;5.  3 

20.3 
17.5 

37.3 
29.5 

27.5 
25.5 
28.7 
25.  7 
20.5 
22.  5 
18.0 
28.7 
2!).  0 
32.0 
25.0 
38.5 

44.5 
43.0 
48.5 
3D.  0 
57.5 
58.0 

0.3 
0.7 

0.9 

0.0 

2.2 
2.0 
3.5 
2.2 
2.  5 
1.5 
1.0 
3.6 

0.9 
0.4 

3.3 
2.2 

1.6 

1.5 
2.4 
2.0 
2.0 
0.4 
0.4 
'2.3 
3.0 
3.5 
2.2 
5.5 

7.2 
7.5 
8.5 
5.0 
11.5 
12.2 

13.0 
18.5 

17.0 
17.5 

27.  0 
25.5 
31.2 
28.5 
28.6 
24.5 
24.6 
37.0 

20.3 

18.0 

38.0 
30.5 

28.2 
28.3 
29.5 

26.0 
27.5 
23  0 
18.2 
29.7 
30.0 
33.5 
25.2 
40.6 

46.0 

45.5 
53.0 
40.8 
62.5 
60.5 

10.5 
23.5 

23.0 
22.4 

30.0 
32.7 
40.5 
30.5 
39.0 
32.0 
32.0 
48.5 

25.5 
23.0 

52.0 
41.0 

37.5 
34.7 
38.0 
34.0 
37.0 
29.0 
22.0 
38.0 
42.0 
45.0 
32.5 
58.0 

60.0 

00.2 
82.0 
59.5 
108.0 

21.0 
30.3 

28.  5 
29.0 

50.0 
43.1 
56.0 
52.0 
55.0 
43.0 
42.5 
76.0 

20.0 
37.0 

30.0 
35.0 

70.0 
58.2 

32.0 
46.5 

46.5 
46.0 

43.5 
01.5 

62.0 
61.5 

450 
500 

503 
500 

372 
432 
350 
400 
378 
433 
412 
303 

397 
449 

1118 
113& 

1127 
1127 

07 
07 
761 
812 
812 
1077 
1077 
1092 

960 
900. 

605 
605 

235 
235 
517 
750 
750- 
813: 

sis- 
ess. 

833 

834 
834 
835. 

128: 
128 
550. 
530- 
604 
604: 

681 

110' 
110* 
739 

468 
466 

3811 

84.5 

Maximum  deflection,  120  millimeters  ;  broke  with  large  splinters.  .  . 

68.0 
87.0 
00.5 
57.0 

10  0 

81.5 

29.0 

34.0 

43.0 

- 

do             

290 
285 

334 

51.0 
54.5 

do  

318 

.do    

294 
425 
400 
334 
388 

40.0 
48.5 
38.0 
27.5 
53.0 
57.5 
00.0 
44.0 
100.0 

63.0 
74.0 

93.0 
120.0 

35.0 
84.0 
95.0 
116.0 
64.0 

do                                                                                       

389 
377 

do                                                                                                        

353 

do                                                               

394 
306 

299 
309 
208 
293 

Crumpled  on  compression  side  at  knot  ;   square  break  with  fine 
splinters. 

1 

108.0 

271 
236 

do                                        

158 
311 

20.6 
19.7 
29.0 

IS.  5 

15.2 

3.5 
0.9 

:;.  i) 

0.4 
0.5 

21.0 

21.0 
31.0 

15.7 
15.4 

27.0 
26.0 
40.0 

r 
20.0 

19.0 

34.0 
33.5 

53.0 

23.7 
23.0 

do                      .          

41.0 
71.0 

28.0 

28.5 

51.0 

68.5 

92.0 

524 
383 

408 
450 

173 

33.5 
33.0 

38.0 

1 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 

State. 

= 
= 
o 

1 

o 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

V.     • 

°'C 
o 

§'% 

>*3 

el 

"•= 

l|  8 
£.53 
of 

A 

I 
3 

1 

5 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

i. 

*a 

*| 

g  o 

SjS* 

EKICACE^:. 

1033 

643 
643 

C79 
679 

683 
083 

353 
353 

262* 

262^ 

263' 

Florida  

0.  7273 

0.  7200 
0.  7000 
0.7454 
0.  7546 

0.7670 
0.  7501 

0.  7386 
0.  7501 

0.  7642 
0.  6901 

0.  6216 
0.  C403 

0.  96C3  ' 
0.  9583 

0.  9872 
0.  9827 

0.9602 
0.  9173 
0.8823 

0.  7914 

0.5847 
0.5903 
0.  7148 

0.  8061 
0.8630 

1.  0786 
1.0191 

0.  7633 
0.  7362 
0.  8716 
0.  8176 
0.  8119 
0.  8125 
0.  8410 
0.  8240 

0.  5580 

0.  6704 
0.0577 

I 

814 

740 
610 
970 
842 

651 
531 

787 
939 

051 
465 

651 
610 

1136 
921 

976 
976 

1356 
1395 
1191 

751 

488 
478 
488 

697 
600 

996 
939 

814 
751 
1395 
010 
610 
751 
574 
697 

610 

642 
660 

SU 

704 
026 
1062 

872 

683 
549 

800 
970 

670 
500 

673 
618 

1252 
996 

1149 
1050 

1436 

1395 
1177 

751 

490 
432 
522 

781 
003 

1028 
976 

794 
751 
1337 
622 
603 
814 
603 
"34 

022 

073 

697 

680 

893 
827 
1015 
898 

689 
546 

469 
979 

696 

584 

691 
633 

947 
1237 

919 
1022 

1263 
1171 
1008 

673 

567 
265 
330 

562 
516 

952 

874 

483 
818 
1289 
895 
883 
932 
846 
883 

619 

881 
832 

Contra  Costa  county 
do  

G.  E.  Vasey  Gravelly  

Madrono. 

do    

do      ... 

do                               <1« 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S  Sargent. 
do 

do 

Cottage  Hill  
A,, 

C.Mohr  

do 

Light,  rich  

Sorrel  Tree.     Sour  Wood. 

do 

Laurel.       Calico  Hush.      Spoon 
Wood.     Ivij. 

...  do    :  do  

do 

...  do 

....do  

Great  Laurel.    Hose  Hay. 
SAPOTACE^S. 

263? 

492 
492 

461 

401 

488 

....do  

Florida 

do  

....do  

A.H.Curtiss  
do 

....do  

Coral 

176.  Sideroxy  lou  Mastichodeudrou  

Mastic. 

do  

...do 

do  

.  .do 

Upper    Ifetacombe 
Key. 
.  do 

do 

.   .  do    

do 

..do 

do 

,ln 

do 

JSustic.     Casitada. 

488 
500 

746 

930 
930 
1083 

333 
1124 

458 
458 

61 
61 
425 
811 
811 
1084 
1084 
1162 

347 

738 
738 

....do  

do 

—  do  do  

Umbrella  Key            '        do 

....do  

do 

Texas                 . 

Austin  
..  do  

C.Mohr  
—  do  

G  "W  Letterman 

Limestone  
....do  
do 

Gum  Elastic.    Shitthn  Wood. 
181.  Bumelia  lycioiiles 

....do..'.  

Nashville  
Boca  Chica  Key  
Upper    Metacombe 

yey. 

do  

A.  Gattinger  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

....do  

-do            ... 

Alluvial  
Coral 

Iron  Wood.    Southern  Buckthorn. 

182.  Biiinelia  mneata  
Ants'  Wood.    Doivnward  Plum. 
Saffron  Plum. 
183.  Mimusops  Sieberi    
Wild  Uilly. 

EBENACE^:. 
184.  Diospyros  Virginiana  

Florida  

....do  
....do    

....do  
do    

Missouri  
....do  

Allenton  
...do    

G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 
...do     ...  . 

Rich  upland  
...do  ... 

Persimmon. 

STYRACACE^:. 
186.  Svmplocoa  tinctoria    

Tennessee  
West  Virginia.... 

Nashville  
Graftou  
do  

Rich  loam    :  . 

C  G  Prin^le 

do 

G.  W.  Lettcinum.. 
do 

do 

do 

do 

Alabama  

....do  
Cottage  Dill  

....do  

C.  Mohr  

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
do  

Rich  

"Home  Sugar.    Sweet  Leaf. 
187.  Halosia  diptcra    

Low  
....do  ....'.  

Snow-drop  Tree.    Silver-bell  Tre*. 

....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


369 


DEFLECTION,  IK  Sill                            i   NDER  A   rKK66UKE,  IX   KII.OGIIAMS  OF— 

Ultimate  utre'Dgtli  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

1 

a 
§ 

M 

1OO 

ISO 

ZOO 

o 

(M't.) 

•ton 

23O 

3OO 

35O 

400 

450 

.»<><» 

...>o 

0.0 

6.6 
8.0 
5.0 
.5.8 

7.5 
9.1 

6.2 
5.2 

7.5 
10.5 

7.5 
8.0 

4.3 
5.3 

5.0 
5.0 

3.0 

:;.  .-, 

4.1 

(i.  r. 

10.0 
10.2 
10.0 

7.0 

7.4 

4.9 
5.2 

6.0 
6.5 
3.5 
8.0 
8.0 
6.5 
8.5 
7.0 

8.0 

7.6 
7.4 

12.0 

12.3 
15.6 
9.2 
11.2 

14.3 

17.8 

ia.s 

10.0 

14.6 
19.5 

14.5 
15.8 

7.8 

!(.  S 

8.6 
9.3 

C.  8 
7.0 
8  3 

13.0 

19.7 
22.6 

18.7 

12.5 
16.  2 

0.  5 
10.0 

12.3 
13.0 
7.3 
15.7 
16.2 
12.0 
16.2 
13.3 

15.7 

14.5 
14.0 

24 

is.  :. 

19.  5 
24.  0 
14.0 

22.0 

£9.0 

19.0 
15.0 

22.4 
31.0 

22.  .S 
25.ll 

12.0 

1.-,.  :, 

12.8 

13.  li 

10.0 
10.8 
12.8 

20.0 
31.5 

27.0 

19.0 

22.  :. 

:\].:, 

21.0 

31.2 
44.0 

32.5 
34.2 

1C.  4 
81.0 

17.5 
18.3 

13.0 
14.0 

is.  a 

29.  5 
46.0 

2.0 

1.8 
2.8 
0.0 
1.0 

-..  :, 

27.  r. 

28.0 
35.0 
20.0 

32.8 
46.0 

55.0 

::.-..  (i 
44.5 
25.  :. 
30.0 

4:1.  o 

290 
381 

433 
383 

294 
233 

200 
422 

297 

249 

205 

270 

404 
328 

1033 

043 
643 
079 
679 

683 
683 

353 
353 

262' 
262 

263 
263 

492 
492 

461 
461 

488 
488 
500 

746 

930 
930 

1083 

333 

1124 

458 
458 

61 
61 
425 
811 
811 
1084 
1084 
1162 

347 

738 
738 

47.5 
59.0 
32.5 
38.2 

62.5 

do                                                          

41.5 
51.0 

53.0 

1.2 

2.0 
4.8 

2.  3 
2.8 

0.9 
1.6 

0.6 

0.9 

0.3 
0.3 
0.4 

2.8 
7.0 

21.  5 

33.6 

47.0 

33.5 
35.5 

17.4 
22.0 

18.0 
19.0 

13.7 
14.5 
17.0 

31.5 
49.2 

28.0 
44.5 

30.0 

47.0 

05.  0 

44.0 
46.0 

21.8 
38.5 

24.0 
23.5 

17.0 
18.0 
21.5 

41.6 

28.2 
37.2 

30.0 
30.0 

20.0 
22.0 
27.0 

35.0 

46.0 

do                    

41.0 
38.0 

25.0 
27.0 
33.5 

392 
436 

539 
500 

49.0 

30.0 
31.5 
40.0 

37.0 
37.5 

45.0 
49.0 

«L        do                                                                    '..... 

430 
287 

242 
113 
141 

240 
220 

406 

373 

206 
349 

550 
382 

19.5 
26.7 

14.7 
]5.  0 

18.0 
19.4 
11.0 
24.8 
2.->.  7 
19.3 
26.0 
21.0 

25.6 

23.0 
22.5 
FOE 

28.5 
40.6 

19.7' 

20.  2 

20.  2 
•_•!>.  (1 
15.0 

33.0 
28.5 
38.0 
30.4 

40.0 

32.0 
32.0 

2.4 
7.5 

1.0 

0.8 

2.0 
3.2 

0.2 
4.0 

2.5 

B.  a 

3.0 

5.5 

2.5 
2.6 

29.7 
43.5 

20.0 
21.0 

28.0 
29.7 
15.0 
37.9 
39.0 
30.0 
40.2 
31.8 

42.0 

33.0 
33.0 

25.2 
26.5 

36.0 
39.0 
19.0 
50.0 
52.5 
38.0 
55.0 
40.5 

63.0 

44.0 
43.0 

32.0 
33.'2 

51.0 
55.0 
24.2 
70.6 
79.0 
52.0 
78.0 
58.0 

39.7 
42.5 

48.7 

Specimen  cross-grained  ;    short  bronk  on  tension  side,  flake  from 
compression  aide. 

30.0 
111.5 
115.5 

73.0 
135.0 

78.0 

35.2 

43.0 

56.0 

75.0 

do            .           

;;77 

398 
361 

Deflected  170  millimeters  before  breaking  ;  broke  with  fine  splinters 

do                                                                       

377 

do                                        .-                        

264 

376 

355 

59.0 
60.0 

8"  0 

96.5    



Broke  with  largo  splinters  

;70 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAYIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COKFI'lrlKXT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

| 

I 

<M 

© 
« 
D 

"3 

1 

666 
578 

928 
586 
619 
1041 
927 
743 
973 
951 
855 
907 
813 
860 
1059 
1289 
820 
968 
803 
764 
415 
693 
611 
1017 
1101 

1115 
1134 

1073 
780 
1040 
581 

816 
544 
820 
961 
944 
986 
937 
1179 
*7C 

537 

951 
949 
677 
633 

1.            ^ 

2l      T-i 

.r    §•§ 

^                                         'S. 

OLEACE.S:. 

660 
GGO 

39* 
114' 
1U' 
114s 
114« 
114s 
130 
130 
212 
212 
227 
227' 
227* 
227s 
207* 
431 
551 
551 
747 
747 
937 
1045 
1045 

364 
364 

139 
229 
229 
1059 

57 
308 
308 
438 
948 
948 
957 
957 
907 

536 

66 
G6 
125 
125 

Santa  Kita  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

G.  Engolmauu  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

0.  6633 
0.  6S)95 

0.  6592 
0.  49S3 
0.  5469 
0.  7535 
0.  6622 
0.  5920 
0.  6914 
0.  68C4 
0.  6569 
0.  6524 
0.  6347 
0.  6613 
0.  7243 
0.  7151 
0.  6250 
0.  6792 
0.  6417 
0.  60.18 
0.  6512 
0.  6250 
0.  7293 
0.7954 
0.  8205 

0.8194 
0.  7762 

0.6416 
0.  7065 
0.  6812 
0.  6080 

0.  7273 
0.  5977 
0.  6522 
0.7683 
0.  7813 
0.  8125 
0.  7022 
0.  7084 
0.  6893 

0.  4759 

d.  .^4-4 
0.  8620 
0.  5189 
0.  5206 

m 

514 
698 

1110 
542 
698 
1001 
1191 
814 
1191 
1136 
976 
939 
814 
888 
1221 
1479 
904 
1191 
97C 
1085 
660 
549 
697 
814 
1221 

1085 
11C3 

976 

720 
976 
407 

610 
610 
888 
976 
888 
904 
775 
1628 
U'.J7 

44:i 

814 
842 
740 
634 

542 
660 

1220 
531 
679 
1103 
1284 
872 
1284 
1221 
10S5 
1007 
930 
957 
1302 
1525 
976 
1221 
1085 
970 
642 
564 
708 
957 
1191 

1028 
1135 

1122 
752 
976 
398 

592 
610 
930 
1085 
819 
970 
781 
157J 
729 

47« 

7.-7 
888 
751 
687 

Aeh. 

...  do  

....do  

....do  
Clay  
....do  

White  Ash. 
192.  Fraxinus  Americana,  WJr.Texensis. 

Michigan  
...do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
South  Carolina  .  .  . 
...  do  
Virginia  

Dausville  
....do  
Hudson   

VT.  J.  Beal  
....do  

.     .do 

Lansing  
Dausville  '  
Bonneau's  Depot  
....do  
Wytheville  
....do  

....do  
...do  
H.  W.  Bavenel.  .  .  . 
....do  
H.  Shriver  
do 

Clay  
Wet  
....do  

....do  

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

do    

..  do 

do  

....do  

..  do  

.    do 

....do  

....do  

Virginia 

....do  

Wytheville 

...do  
H  Shriver 

....do  

Nashville  
Kemper's  mill  
do    

A.  Gattinger  
C.  Mohr  
do 

Alluvial  

...  do    

....do  

Georgia  
do  

Bninbridge  
do  

A.  H.Curtiss  
do                   .  . 

Elver-bottom  
....do  

Texas 

Austin  
Heading  
do  

C.Mohr  

Eich,  calcareous  .  . 

Massachusetts  
do  

do 

Dallas  

J.  Eeverchon  
do 

Dry,  calcareous... 
....do  

do    . 

do 

Michigan  
Vermont  

Lansing  
Charlotte  

W.J.Beal  
C.G.  Pringle  
do 

Poor  
Clay  
....do  

Jted  Aeh. 

do  

do    

Massachusetts  

Topsfield 

Eiver-bottom  

Eich,  wet  
....do  

...do  ... 

G.  "W.  Letteruian.  . 
J.  Roverchon  
ili> 

Green  Aeh. 
195.  Fraxinus  platycarpa  

Texas  
..  do    

Dallas  

do 

Eich  upland  
Eich,  wet  
do  

Texas  
do    

Victoria  C.  Mohr  

do 

....do  

do 

...do  

do 

do 

do 

....do  

Alabama  

.Missouri  
...do  

Stockton  

....do  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
....do  
W.J.Beal  
....do  

Eich,  alluvial  

Dry  uplaud  
....do  

Water  Aeh. 

Blue  Aeh. 

...  do  
Lansing  
....do  

...do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  [JNITED  STATES. 


371 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


! 

DEFLF. 

100 

CTIOX, 

150 

IX  Mil 

•iOO 

L1MKT 

0 

EK8,    I'MiEK  A   rlM'^SUUK,    IX  KII.OORASJ6.    or— 

Ultimate  strenjilh: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Oflk-e  number. 

50 

300 

VS.50 

.•(00 

350 

400 

450 

ooo 

550 

7.0 

4.4 
D.Q 
7.0 
4.6 
4.1 
6.0 
4.1 
4.3 
5.0 
5.2 
6.0 
5.5 
4.0 
3.3 
5.4 
4.1 
5.0 
4.5 
7.4 
8.9 
7.0 
C.O 
4.0 

4.5 
4.2 

5.0 
C.  7 
5.0 
12.0 

ao 

8.0 
5.5 
5.0 
5.5 
5.4 
.6.3 
3.0 
7.0 

11.0 

6.0 
5.8 
6.6 

7.7 

,18.0 
14.8 

8.0 
18.4 
14.4 
,   8.4 
7.6 
11.2 
7.6 
8.0 
9.0 
9.7 
10.5 
10.2 
7.5 
6.4 
10.0 
8.0 
9.0 
10.0 
15.2 
17.3 
13.8 
10.2 
8.2 

9.5 
8.6 

8.7 
13.0 
10.0 
24.5 

16.5 
16.0 
10.5 
9.0 
11.5 
10.0 
12.5 
6.2 
13.4 

20.5 

12.4 
11.0 
13.0 
14.2 

29.5 

•_'l.  •_' 

11.8 

29.5 
23.  1' 
12.3 
11.5 
17.8 
11.6 
11.4 
14.0 
14.6 
15.5 
16.0 
11.3 
9.8 
14.2 
12.2 
13.0 
14.5 
25.3 
27.6 
22.0 
15.2 
12.8 

13.0 
13.0 

12.8 
21.5 
15.0 
44.2 

27.2 
24.5 
15.5 
13.5 
18.0 
15.0 
19.0 
9.4 
20.6 

33.5 

19.5 
17.0 
20.2 

22.0 

1 

15.9 
47.4 
35.5 
17.0 
15.0 
26.3 
lij.  0 
15.8 
19.0 
20.0 
22.0 
22.8 
15.2 
13.0 
19.5 
1C.  5 
10.0 
21.5 

5.  - 
1.  1 

0.  1 
6.2 
4.2 
1.0 
0.4 
2.0 
0.3 
0.3 
0.5 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 
0.3 
0.2 
0.6 
0.5 
1.0 
1.3 

14.  f, 

I.;.:, 
50.6 
39.0 
17.5 
15.2 
27.5 
16.0 
16.0 
19.5 
20.3 
22.0 
23.5 
15.3 
13.0 
20.7 
17.0 
19.5 
22.5 

54.0 

284 

247 

396 
250 
204 
444 
415 
317 
415 
406 
365 
387 
347 
367 
452 
550 
350 
413 
343 
326 
177 
296 
261 
434 
470 

476 
484 

458 
333 
444 
248 

348 
232 
350 
410 
403 
421 
400 
503 
374 

229 

406 
405 
289 
270 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  large  flake  on  compression  side  . 
do 

660 
660 

392 
114' 
114' 
1143 
114« 
114« 
130 
130 
212 
212 
227 
227' 
227s 
227  2 

267  » 
431 
551 
551 
747 
747 
937 
1045 
1045 

364 
364 

130 
229 
229 
1059 

57 
308 
308 
438 
948 
948 
957 
957 
957 

536 

60 
66 
125 
125 

21.0 

28.0 

37.0 

54.0 
22.5 
19.0 
37.2 
20.7 
20.4 
20.0 
26.6 
29.3 
31.0 
19.3 
16.0 
27.0 
21.2 
26.0 
30.0 

::o.7 
24.0 
58.0 
26.2 
26.4 
:;•!.  5 
35.0 
39.0 
41.5 
24.8 
19.7 
36.0 
27.5 
35.0 
42.0 

39.0 
30.5 

33.2 
35.0 
50.0 
50.0 

56.5 
41.0 

45.5 
47.0 





do 

do 

60.0 

30.2 
23.7 

do            

38.2 
29.0 

51.2 
35.5 

45.0 

59.0 

35.0 

48.5 

do 

39.2 
32.3 
21.5 
17.0 

17.6 
18.0 

17.6 
32.2 
21.0 
76.0 

39.5 
36.0 
21.0 
19.0 
26.2 
21.0 
26.1 
12.7 
30.0 

52.2 

27.2 
23.2 
29.4 
32.0 

4,2 
3.6 
1.5 
0.9 

0.7 
0.5 

1.0 
5.0 
1.7 
IS.  5 

5.8 
3.5 

0.8 
1.0 
2.4 
1.1 

1.8 
0.5 
2.5 

7.0 

2.0 
1.4 
2.1 
2.0 

41.0 
33.2 
22.0 

17.5 

18.3 
18.4 

17.7 
33.2 
21.6 
81.0 

41.0 
37.6 
21.3 
19.5 
26.5 
21.0 
26.4 
12.9 
30.2 

56.0 

28.0 
24.0 
30.5 
33.0 

56.2 
44.5 
28.2 
22.5 

23.0 
23.5 

22.5 
45.5 
27.3 

36.5 
29.0 

30.7 
30.5 

2R5 
64.5 
35.4 

47.0 
37.0 

S9.  5 
38.0 

35.4 

65.0 
49.5 

53.6 
46.0 

45.7 

72.0 

79.5 
63.5 

63.2 

47.0 

65.7 

56.0 

94.0 

27.5 
24.6 
35.0 
28.5 
34.0 
16.0 
41.6 

38.0 
32.4 
47.0 
38.0 
45.5 
21.0 
57.0 

51.0 
42.0 
64.5 
50.5 
60.0 
26.5 
84.  tf 

61.0 
10.0 
90.0 

do    

do 

do 

32.5 

41.0 

58.0 



do  

38.0 
31.2 
43.0 
44.0 

52.0 
41.2 

72.5 
58.5 

do 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  large  flake  on  compression  side  . 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Ollico  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

sl, 

pi 

to 

Direction  of  grain. 

0 

First  clellec-  K  § 
tiou.  £  3 

2x 

IVXT  OF 
IC1TT. 

<b 

J5~ 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

196.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  —  cont'd  .  . 

286' 
286" 
291 
518 

964 
004 
1001 
1001 
1024 
1024 
1030 
1030 

122 
147 
839 
839 

737 
737 

283 
283 

584 

1137 
942 

540 

744 
744 
744 

38 
38 

682 
682 

490 
490 

474 

Mercer  county  
do 

TV.  M.  Linney  
do 

0.  7914 
0.  6080 
0.  7923 

0.61W 
0.  6057 
0.  ft.'-.-) 
0.  6001 
0.  4834 
0.  4832 
0.  6430 
0.6419 

0.521.-. 
0.  7:171 

0.  7575 

0.  5S75 
0.  5814 

0.  8762 
().  gttl! 
0.  7330 

0.  7984 
0.  6649 

0.  4816 
0.4413 
0.  4352 
0.  4585 

0.  4915 
0.  4915 

0.  0193 
0.  5716 

1.  0323 
1.0360 

0.  6884 

0.9718 
0.  9752 

0.6427 
0.6489 

0.  6216 

! 

976 
697 
651 
610 

939 
842 
888 
740 
478 
425 
1062 
1220 

814 
BW 
888 

S14 

610 
872 

1221 
1062 
1085 

888 
425 

669 
574 
567 
814 

787 
763 

514 
555 

1163 
1320 

465 

1161! 
1017 

814 
814 

814 

1028 
697 
697 
651 

948 
939 
913 

781 
474 
425 
1085 
1220 

814 
1002 
849 
763 

Mi 

814 

1328 
1221 
1136 

996 
397 

697 
610 
531 
888 

849 
794 

514 
574 

1177 
1338 

Ml 

1221 
1050 

864 
814 

839 

not 
713 
734 
781 

820 
757 
803 
729 
349 
351 
738 
766 

612 
977 
820 
811 

698 
734 

1202 
1015 
937 

945 
722 

682 
523 
469 
691 

673 
595 

409 
689 

7D3 
1170 

298 

937 
898 

921 
883 

820 

do     .  .     .  . 

.    do 

Allen  ton  
Nashville  

Por;  hind  
do 

G.  TV.  Letterman. 
A.Gattinger  .... 

G.  Engolinaunand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

Sandy  loam  
Eich  limestone  .  .  . 

Oregon  
do 

Oregon  Ash. 
198.  Fraxinus  sambucifolia 

do 

....do  

do 

TVcidler's  saw-mill  . 
do  

do  

do 

...  do  
do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
.  .  do    

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do  

....do  

do 

Michigan  
Illinois    

Dansville  

TV.  J.  Beal  
Eobert  Douglas.  .  . 
J.  Robinson  
do 

TVet  peaty 

Black  Ash.    Hoop  Ash,    Ground 
Ash. 

Low,  wet  —  
Eich,  loamy  
do 

Massachusetts  .  .  . 
.  do  

Dauvers  
..  do       

Privet. 

...do  

....do  

do     

Amite  
do  

C.Mohr  
do 

Eich,  alluvial  
...do  

Devil  Wood. 
BOEEAGINACEJE. 

....do  

Florida  

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

A  H  Curtiss 

...do  

Texas 

do 

Coral 

Strong  Bark. 
205.  Ehretia  elliptica    . 

New  Braunfels  

Stockton  
Bainbridge  
...do  
do 

C.Mohr  

...do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
...do  
do 

Eich,  alluvial  

Low,  wet  
Clay  
....do  
...do 

Enackaway.    Anaqua. 

BIGNOIUACE^;. 

206.  Catalpa  bignonioidcs  

Catalpa.     Catawba.    Bean  Tree. 
Cigar  Tree.    Indian  Bean. 

Alabama  

..  do  
.  do    

Charleston  
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Wet  clay  
do    . 

Wentem  Catalpa. 

do 

G.  Engelrnann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  — 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
...do  

do 

Moist,  gravelly  .  .  . 
....do  

Coral  

Desert  \Vittow. 
VEEBEXACE^;. 
210.  Citharexvlum  villosum  

..  do  
Florida    

...do  

Fiddle  'Wood. 
NYCTAGINACEJE. 
212.  Pisonia  ohtnsata,    .  . 

..  do  

do 

...do  

Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 

do 

...do  
.    do    

Pigeon  Wood.    Bee/  Wood.    Cork 
Wood.    Pork  Wood. 

POLYGONACEA 

473 

do 

do          

..  do  

Pigeon  Plum. 
LAUEACK2E. 

47li 

585 

585 

340 

do 

do 

do 

do    

..  do  .... 
..  do  

Saint  John's  river  .  . 
...do  

Mobile  county  

...do  
...do  

C.Mohr  

lied  Bay. 

215.  Persra    Carolinensis,  far.    palua- 
tris. 

...do  
Damp,  sandy  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


373 


I'K.KI.KCTIUN'.   IX   Mll.l.Ui!.li;i;s.    1  NUFU   A    I'KKhSLKK,   IN   HIUHiHAMB,  OF— 

Ultimata  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

OfBce  number. 

.•><>    too  1.10 

soo 

19.3 

29.  ii 
BO.  8 
33.0 

22.  u 
21.6 

•r>.  7 

O 

(set  ) 

0.0 
2.7 

2.3 
3.5 

0.7 
0.9 

u.  .'. 
1.0 

20O 

32.0 

:u.  u 
35.  0 

21.T, 
•-•2.  r, 
22.  P 
26.0 

350 

300   350 

4OO   450   500 

550 

5.  (i 

7.S 
8.0 

5.2 

. 
10.2 

!>.  :> 
,4.0 

M.I! 

15  0 

10.3 
ln.4 
ID.  7 
12.5 

20.  6 

14.3 
21.0 
21.4 
23.4 

15.  0 
10.0 
16.2 

IN.  7 

26.  ii 

11.0 
46.5 

28.0 
30.0 
28.0 

:;i.o 

31.2 

66.0 
59.0 
66.5 

39.0 
41.0 

::c.  o 
.15.  5 

38.0 

47.0 

61.0 

471 
305 
313 
312 

350 
323 
343 
311 
149 

286  « 
286> 
291 
518 

964 
964 
1001 
1001 
1024 
1024 
1030 
1030 

122 
147 
839 
839 

737 

737 

283 
283 
584 

1137 
942 

540 
744 
744 
744 

38 
38 

682 

682 

490 
490 

474 

473 
473 

585 
585 

340 

Specimen  cross-jrrained  ;    square  break  on  tension  side,  iiake  on 

rolnpivssicm  side. 

do  

11.5 
4.6 

4.0 

fi.  0 
5.0 
5.5 
6.0 

8.0 
5.0 

4.0 
4.6 
4.5 

5.5 
. 
11.5 

7.3 
8.5 
8.6 
6.0 

0.2 
6.4 

9.5 

8.8 

4.2 
3.7 

10.5 

4.2 
4.8 

6.0 
6.0 

6.0 

23.0 

a.  o 

8.0 

12.0 

ii  -> 

11.5 

12.8 

10.  5 
12.0 

7.8 

8.0 
8.6 

9.8 
24.6 

14.0 
16.0 
18.4 
11.0 

11.5 
12.3 

19.0 
17.0 

8.3 
7.3 

21.0 
8.0 

ii.  :; 
11.  a 

12.0 
11.5 

150 
315 
327 

13.  0 

12.  r. 

19.0 
14.0 

18.0 
22.0 

26.5 

18.0 

11.2 
12.7 
13.0 

14.6 
36.0 

21.5 
26.0 
31.0 
18.0 

17.0 
20.4 

31.6 
26.0 

12.5 
11.4 

18.  C 
17.0 

28.  5 
20.6 
•26.  0 
31.2 

38.7 
27.0 

15.3 

17.8 

18.0 

19.8 
53.0 

31.0 
37.6 
63.0 
25.2 

23.5 
30.0 

50.5 
37.0 

17.5 
15.0 

0.6 
0.4 

1.0 

1.7 

3.9 

4.5 

2.0 

0.4 
1.0 

1.0 

0.5 
6.9 

2.4 
4.5 
17.5 
1.4 

1.2 
2.6 

6.0 
3.0 

0.7 
0.4 

18.5 

17.:; 

28.7 
21.0 
27.  5 
34.0 

42  0 

23.5 

21.8 

39.0 
28.0 

•;,:,.  : 
48.0 

61  0 

30.2 

do    

261 
417 
350 
346 

36.0 

.1:1.  (1 
71.0 

49.0 
81.5 

74.0 



do    

298 
313 

28.2 

17.7 
18.0 
18.2 

20.0 
56.0 

32.5 
41.0 

38.0 

20.0 
23.5 
23.5 

25.0 
77.5 

44.0 

64.5 

24.  5 
30.0 
30.0 

32.0 
131.0 

do    

31.0 
37.0 
39.5 

40.0 

37.0 
48.0 
55.0 

50.0 

46.0 

60.5 

513 
433 
400 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  the  axis  with  fine  splinters. 
Sap-wood;  specimen  cross-grained;  broke  with  long  splinters  .  
.  do 



403 
308 

291 
223 
200 

Specimen  cross-grained  ;  square  break  on  tension  side  ;  split  in  axis  . 

do 

26.0 

24.3 

30.7 

35.0 

33.2 
53.0 

295 

do 

287 
254 

do 

200 
294 

300 
499 

127 

400 
383 

393 
377 

350 

38.0 

18.0 
15.7 

54.0 

23.0 
20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

37.0 

46.0 

12.4 
13.5 

18.0 
17.6 

16.6 

16.8 
19.0 

24.3 
24.3 

23.6 

0.4 
0.8 

1.0 
1.  2 

1.3 

17.5 

18.7 

25.0 
24.2 

24.0 

21.5 

24.0 

31.0 

30.  2 

32.0 

26.5 
31.0 

40.0 
40.0 

42.0 

32.0 
39.0 

50.0 
51.0 

57.5 

Shattered  

do  

374 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BBHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

I 
1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

'>fO 

II 

0  S3 

S  is  j 

•ssg 

C^3   3 
C,        " 

a 

Direction  of  <;rnin. 

COEFFIC1KNT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rapture. 

1 

Fii  st  defiVc- 
tion. 

V 

3 

O  o 

r 

71 
71 
387 
387 
440 
814 
814 
854 
854 

703 
703 

468 

459 
459 

324 
324 
920 
929 

30' 
134 
134 
369 
429 

19 
19 
281 
958 
958 
1036 
1036 
1049 
1049 

116' 
116s 
116s 
116" 
314 
314 
428 

133 
380 
533 
533 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 
do              .     ... 

Low,  rich  
do    

0.  5286 
0.  4569 
0.4546 
0.  4818 
0.  4824 
0.  0849 
0.  5828 
0.  4829 
0.  5034 

0.  6813 
0.  6755 

0.  9304 

0.  9391 
0.  9218 

0.  6706 
0.  7348 
0.  8375 
0.8682 

0.  5875 
0.  7200 
0.  6933 
0.  6767 
0.6821 

0.  6920 
0.7080 
0.6477 
0.  6596 
0.  6168 
0.  7370 
0.  7359 
0.7660 
0.  7159 

0.8562 
0.  6245 
0.  6839 
0.  7461 
0.7677 
0.  7466 
0.7442 

0.  8768 
0.6615 
0.  8243 
0.7883 

567 
574 
443 
610 
Col 
567 
488 
348 
325 

1085 
888 

976 

842 
751 

751 
814 
626 
519 

976 
888 
1017 
814 
814 

976 
921 
718 
751 
729 
4UO 
542 
828 
814 

1136 
814 
1136 
996 
1220 
1163 
651 

452 
574 
610 
697 

561 
6S« 
465 
C51 
673 
542 
501 
337 
315 

1149 
986 

1039 

872 
800 

781 
888 

610 
531 

976 
930 
1062 
939 

857 

976 
939 
718 
800 
835 
391 
514 
849 
857 

1190 
921 
1221 
1073 
1302 
1268 
697 

479 
568 
651 
687 

886 
708 
361 
703 
658 
600 
673 
368 
464 

937 
675 

797 

591 

825 

809 
733 
787 
762 

783 
937 
937 
973 
712 

989 
1050 
794 
813 
895 
574 
649 
1010 
923 

1361 
886 
1055 
1094 
1165 
1036 
869 

745 
703 
820 
900 

Saesafrat. 

....do  

do 

...  <lo  
do 

....do  

do 

Alluvial  
do 

Rich 

West  Virginia  
do 

Grafton  
do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Massachusetts  
do    

.    do  

.  do      . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Mountain  Laurel.  Calif  orni^.  Lau- 
rel. Spice  Tree.  Cagiput.  Califor- 
nia Olive.    California  Bay  Tree. 

EUPHORBIACE^:. 

do 

do 

Florida 

Upper    Motacombe 
Key. 

....do  ;.. 

....do  
Dallas 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

....do  
....do  

J.  Reverchon  
.do         .... 

Coral 

Ouiana  Plum.     White  Wood. 
219.  Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia  

URTICACE.2E. 

...  do  
...  do  

Texas 

....do  
...do  

Cedar  Elm. 
223    TTlinus  fulva 

.   .  do  

do       

do    

...  do  
...  do  

Austin  
....do  

Mercer  connty  

C.Mohr  
....do  

W.  M.  Linney  
G.  W.  Letterman.. 
do              ... 

....do  
....do  

Limestone  
Rich,  alluvial  .... 
do 

Ked  Elm.    Slippery  Elm.     Moose 
Elm. 

224.  TTlmns  Americana  

do 

do            

Vermont  

Charlotte  
Nashville  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
do                 

C.  G.  Pringle  
A.  Gattinger  

C.  S.  Sargent  

• 

do  

Gravelly  
Clay  

Drift  
do            

Massachusetts  — 
do         

White   Elm.       American   Elm. 
Water  Elm. 

Minouri  

G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 
C.  Mohr  
do 

Alluvial  
Alluvial  
do    

Colorado  river  
do              .... 

do          ..     .. 

Massachusetts  
...  do  
....do  
do 

Danvers  
....do  

North  Reading  

J.Robinson  
....do  
.  do 

Gravelly  
....do  
do     

do    

do 

do 

Michigan  
.  do  

Dansville  
Big  Rapids  

"W.  J.  Beal  
.    do    

...  do  
do  

Bock  Elm.    Cork  Elm.    Hickory 
Elm.     White  Elm.    Cliff  Elm. 

...do  

....do  
Hudson  
Hersey  
...do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

A.  Gattinger  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  
....do  

Low,  gravelly  
Alluvial  
Rich  loam  
....do  
....do  

....do  

.    do  

....do  

Tennessee  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
Tennessee  

Bonneau'e  Depot  .  .  . 
Davidson  county  .  .  . 
Kemper's  Mill  
....do  

Wahoo.     Winged  Elm. 

Alluvial 

....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


375 


DKFI.F.CTIOK,  IX  MII.I.IilETKRB,  L'KDEB  A  I'KKH-l'RE,  IS  KILOGRAMB,  OF  — 

Ultimate  strength  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

OiBce  number. 

M 

100 

1.10 

2OO 

O 

(set.) 

2OO 

350 

3OO 

350 

400 

45O 

500 

550 

8.6 
8.5 
11.0 

8.0 
7.5 
8.6 
10.0 
14.0 
15.  0 

4.5 
5.5 

5.0 

5.8 
6.5 

6.5 
6.0 
7.8 
9.4 

5.0 
5.5 
4.8 
6.0 
6.0 

5.0 
5.3 
6.8 
6.8 
6.5 
6.7 
12.2 
9.0 
5.9 
6.0 

4.3 
6.0 
4.3 
4.9 
4.0 
4.2 
7.5 

10.8 
8.5 
8.0 
7.0 

17.4 
15.6 
21.0 
15.0 
14.  5 
18.0 
19.5 
29.0 
31.0 

8.0 

!>.9 

9.4 

11.2 
12.2 

12.5 
11.0 
16.0 
18.2 

10.0 
10.5 
9.2 
10.4 
11.4 

10.0 
10.4 
13.6 
13.0 
12.2 
11.7 
25.0 
19.0 
11.5 
11.4 

8.2 
10.6 
8.0 
9.1 
7.5 
7.7 
14.0 

20.4 
17.2 
15.0 
14.2 

28.0 
23.4 
35.5 
23.2 
22.0 
29.6 
30.0 
47.0 
52.0 

12.5 

15.7 

14.6 

17.3 
19.6 

20.0 
16.8 
27.5 
31.0 

15.  2 
16.0 
140 
15.5 
17.0 

15.0 
14.7 
21.2 
21.0 
19.5 
17.0 
41.5 
31.0 
17.5 
17.5 

12.0 
16.1 
12.2 
13.7 
11.0 
11.7 
22.4 

32.0 
28.8 
23.7 
23.0 

40.7 
33.8 

4.5 

2.7 

44.0 

35.5 

66.0 

47.5 

378 
302 

154 

SCO 

71 
71 
3S7 
387 
440 
814 
814 
854 
854 

703 
703 

468 

459 
459 

324 
324 
929 
929 

3fli 
134 
134 
369 
429 

19 
19 
281 
281 
958 
958 
1036 
1036 
1049 
1049 

116' 
116' 
1163 
116s 
314 
314 
428 

133 
380 
533 
533 

80.0 

Shattered                                                 

34.0 
32.5 
45.0 
42.0 

3.1 
2.0 
6.2 
4.9 

36.0 
34.0 
46.0 
45.7 

do                                                                         

47.0 
74.0 
63.0 

281 
256 
287 

Shattered                                                        . 

do                                           

157 
198 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  largo  flake  on  compression  side., 
do                                      

17.0 
21.0 

20.0 

24.5 

27.2 

29.0 
23.5 
40.5 
44.0 

23.3 
22.8 
20.0 
20.3 
24.2 

20.8 
20.4 
31.0 
30.0 
28.0 
25.0 
69.2 
46.2 
25.5 
24.0 

16.7 

22.0 
16.  5 
18.2 
14.9 
15.8 
33.2 

45.6 
43.5 
34.0 
32.3 

0.6 
1.1 

1.5 

1.6 
2.0 

2.2 
1.3 
6.0 
6.5 

1.7 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.2 

I.  0 
0.5 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 
2.2 
14.4 
6.2 
2.0 
1.9 

0.5 
0.6 
0.4 
0.7 
0.5 
0.5 
3.5 

5.5 
7.2 
3.3 

2.4 

18.0 
21.5 

20.6 

25.0 

27.5 

30.0 
24.5 
42.0 
47.0 

23.6 
23.5 
20.8 
20.3 
25.2 

21.3 
21.0 
31.0 
31.0 
29.0 
25.6 
73.0 
49.2 
26.2 
24.0 

17.0 
23.0 
16.7 
18.4 
15.0 
16.0 
35.0 

47.0 
45.5 
35.3 
33.5 

22.5 
27.5 

26.0 

32.5 
36.5 

42.0 
31.0 
57.0 
65.0 

30.5 
31.5 
27.0 
26.9 
32.6 

26.5 
27.0 
41.0 
41.8 
40.0 
34.5 

29.5 

37.0 

400 
288 

do  

33.6 

340 

252 
852 

345 
313 
336 
325 

Shattered  

46.5 

50.0 
39.2 

84.0 
97.0 

47.0 
43.0 
36.0 
35.0 
50.0 

35.0 
34.7 
60.0 
61.5 
56.6 
47.7 

61.0 

do  

334 
400 

Crashed  at  center  bearing  ;  bent  and  splintered  without  breaking.  . 
do       ...                                                

59.2 
61.2 
47.6 

112.0 
86.0 
60.0 

400 

do                                                                         .... 

415 
304 

422 
448 

45.8 
45.7 

64.0 
60.0 

do 

339 
344 

do 

347 

382 
245 
277 
431 
394 

581 
378 
450 
467 

69.5 

71.3 
33.2 
31.5 

22.0 
29.0 
21.0 
23.0 
19.0 
20.3 
45.0 

64.5 
59.3 
48.0 
44.5 

45.6 
44.0 

26.5 

38.5 
26.5 
30.0 
24.0 
26.0 
64.0 

94.0 
85.5 
64.0 
640 

63.0 
60.0 

34.0 
53.5 
34.0 
38.0 
29.4 
32.0 
91.5 

98.2 

do    

40.8 

49.0 

64.0 

85.0 

46.0 
48.5 
38.7 
44.0 

65.0 
67.0 
52.0 

do  

497 

do  

442 

.  .       do 

371 

do    

318 
300 
350 
384 

96.0 
97.0 

376 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

I 
5 
1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
tho  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

a 
I 

O 

1 

£ 
5 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  ruptnre. 

First  dcfl™- 
tion. 

Second  do- 
Section. 

758 
758 
918 

75 
75 
306 
306 
306 
873 
873 
1111 
1111 

652 

Florida  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  
C.Mohr  

G.  W.  Letteiman  . 
do 

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  
....do  

Low,  rich  
Alluvial  

0.  5761 
0.  5926 
0.  5113 

0.  5887 
0.  6023 
0.  7239 
0.  75f>8 
0.  7706 
0.  7727 
0.  7020 
0.7613 
0.7154 

0.  7920 
0.7882 

0.  3215 
0.  3061 

0.  5085 

0.  6876 
0.6784 
0.  6516 
0.  6506 
0.  6312 
0.  6875 
0.  6646 

0.  8011 
0.7927 

0.  5724 
0.  6125 
0.  6295 

0.  5170 
0.  4812 

0.  5170 
0.  5369 

0.  4829 
0.  4579 
0.  4318 
0.  4375 
0.  4943 
0.  U864 
0.  3205 
0.  5284 

0.  5852 
0.  5?53 
0.  6031 

H 

m 
m 

509 
697 

407 

610 

787 
505 
478 
751 
542 
626 
787 
976 

669 
976 

317 

222 

407 

10S9 
814 
939 
718 
697 
751 
634 

857 
939 

407 
888 
1130 

626 
595 

407 
531 

634 
763 
814 
976 
1136 
097 
488 
814 

904 
904 
872 

488 
751 
415 

665 
849 
552 
528 
697 
564 
610 
763 
939 

651 
10S5 

257 

574 
820 
409 

712 
808 
738 
755 
846 
771 
702 
891 
820 

586 
1024 

278 
199 

230 

937 
848 
766 
738 
6% 
745 
698 

1111 
1150 

468 

792 
642 

586 
537 

468 
387 

368 
668 
687 
649 
696 
MO 
328 
818 

1029 
766 
726 

228.  Celtis  occidentalis  

...  do  
....do  

Missouri  
do  

....do  '.. 
....do  

Allt-nton  
...do  

Sugarberry.    ffackberry. 

Texas    .  . 

Dallas  

do 

J.  Reverchon  
do 

....do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
....do  ...  

Sail-in  
....do  
Saint  Louis  
.do    

J.  Robinson  
....do  

Henry  Eggert  
do 

....do  

...  do    

...do       .... 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

G.  EDgolmaimand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

do 

Drv  .- 

Hackberry.    Palo  Blanco. 

652 

486 
486 

508 

....do  

Florida 

....do  

Coral  
....do  

do 

..do  
do 

....do  
Boca  Chica  Key 

Wild  F  'iy.    India-rubber  Tree. 

.  132 
132 
1244 
1245 
1246 
1255 
1253 

253 

253 

21 
126 
126 

686 

680 

648 
648 

16 
16 
76 
76 
76* 
123 
393 
1057 

112 
117 
149 

G.  "W.  Lettermau. 
....do  

1062 
904 
888 
814 
723 
697 
678 

930 
957 

454 
976 
1190 

622 
626 

425 
488 

651 
787 

gM 

1017 
1221 

424 
814 

1030 
976 
976 

Red  Mulberry. 

....do  

do  .. 

....do  

do 

....do  

....do  

....do  

do    

do 

...do  

.do    

do 

do 

....do  

...  do  

....do  
...  do  

....do  
...  do 

Rich  

do 

Texas 

Dallas  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum 

A  Urn  tor,  

do 

J.  Reverchon  
...  do  

C  S  Sargent 

Bottom  . 

Osage  Orange.    Bois  d'Arc. 
PLATANACE^:. 

..  do  
Massachusetts  

....do  
Drift 

Sycamore.    Button  Wood.    But- 
ton-ball Tree.     Water  Beech. 

G.  "W.  Letterman.  . 
do            

Rich,  alluvial  
do       ... 

..do    

California  

Carmel  river  
do 

G.K-Vasey  
do 

Clay  

do 

Sycamore.    Button  Wood. 
237.  Platanus  Wrightii  

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
do  

Arnold  A  rboretum  .  . 
...  do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
G.W.  Letterman.. 
....do  
....do  
W.  J.  Beal  
do  
J.  Robinson  

G.W.  Letterman.. 
W.  J.  Beal  
Robert  Douglas.  .'. 

Rich,  gravelly  
....do  

Drift  
....do  

Moist,  alluvial  
....do  

Rich,    moist    up- 
land. 
Gravelly  clay  

Gravelly  loam  
Drift      

Sycamore. 
JUGLANDACE^!. 

...  do  

Massachusetts  
....do  

Missouri 

Butternut.    White  Walnut. 

....do  
....do  
Michigan  
Michigan  
Massachusetts  

....do  
....do  
Dansville  
Lansing  
Topsfleld  

Alluvial  

tilack  Walnut. 

Michigan  

Dansville  

Loam  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


377 


UNITED  STATKS   CNDEll  TKAXSVEKSE  STKAIX—  -Continued. 


l».l  l.Ki'lln1. 

IS  .MM.UMKTICra,   1  SD                            :   1:1  .  IX   KlUMiliA.MS,  OF  — 

I'ltimnte  stronnth: 
transversp  i<i 

Kcmarks. 

Office  number. 

.>>) 

too 

150 

aoo 

o 

(Sit) 

Ii.  0 

1.7 

2OO 

90O 

300 

:s.-»o 

400 

450 

500 

550 

8.  i. 

7.0 

8.0 

6.2 

1 
8.8 

10.2 

D.O 

7.X 

7.3 
5.0 

15.4 

22.0 

•Jil.  ii 
13.0 

•it.  r, 

11.7 
11.3 

17.7 
18.6 

M.li 
17.:: 
18.0 
12.8 
10.4 

15.0 

O.d 

38.0 

:i:;.  :, 
19.8 

23.0 

17.  :, 
•-'7.  5 
29.  5 
21.5 
29.  ;i 

20.0 
1C.  0 

25.  0 
14.3 

4S.  5 

27.  a 

19.6 
29.  B 

245 
350 
200 

304 
345 
315 

tsa 

MO 

329 
32.3 
380 
350 

250 
437 

119 

85 

758 
758 
918 

75 
75 
306 
306 
306 
873 
873 
1111 
1111 

652 
652 

486 
486 

508 

132 
132 
1244 
1245 
1246 
1255 
1255 

253 
253 

21 
126 
126 

686 
686 

648 

648 

16 
16 
76 
76 
76» 
123 
393 
1057 

112 
117 
149 

B7.2     61.0 

33.0 
25.  3 

('.'.  ~ 

:,~.  (i 

21.7 

37.0 
20.0 

::.  i) 
1.9 
I.  :. 
5.  .'I 

•J.  5 
•  '  7 

4.8 

2.  :; 
1.1 

r>.  ;: 
i.f, 

34.  4 
L'5.  I) 

41.3 

1  1.  :. 
32.0 

44.0 
39.0 
2!l.  0 

2-j.  :; 

38.0 
20.2 

':,  :, 
i;o.  o 

I'J.  0 

5.1.  (1 
37.3 
30.0 

78.0 
48.0 

C2.  0 
87.0 
57.  5 
91.6 
82.5 
51.0 
38.2 

87.0 



Tlmkf  with  lui'^c  scale  

74.0 

20.5 

35.4 

50.0 

70.5 

do  

12.0 

4.7 
8.0 

5.2 

0.8 
7.0 
6.5 
7.7 

5.7 
5.2 

12.0 
5.5 
4.3 

7.8 
8.2 

12.0 
9.1 

7.7 
0.4 
0.0 
5.0 
4.:j 
7.0 
10.0 
6.0 

5.4 

5.4 

5.6 

».2 
10.8 
11.0 
12.0 
13.8 
14.0 
14.4 

10.5 

10.2 

23.0 
10.0 
8.2 

in.  7 

15.  6 
23.0 

'-'(I.  1) 

15.0 
1L>.  4 
11.0 
8.6 
8.0 
14.0 

2:1.0 

]•_'.(! 

0.4 
10.0 
10.0 

14.0 
10.  4 
15.8 
18.5 
20.0 
21.4 
2J.  2 

15.2 

is.  a 

38.0 
14.5 
12.3 

24.4 
24.6 

38.7 
84.2 

23.0 
19.0 
16.8 
14.5 
12.4 
18.5 

17.7 

14.0 
14.8 
15.  4 

20.5 
23.0 
22.6 
•Jli.  (i 
29.0 
92.  : 
to.  :, 

20.2 
20.4 

55.7 
19.6 
17.0 

36.8 
39.0 

98 

400 
362 

1.3 
1.0 
2.0 
2.3 
2.  (i 
2.6 
8.0 

0.7 
0.4 

9.2 
1.0 
0.6 

3.5 
4.9 

20.7 
23.5 
23.5 
27.0 
30,1 
32.2 

20.6 
21.0 

28.0 
31.0 
32.3 
38.2 
42.0 
43.2 
44.3 

27.0 
26.4 

40.0 
43.0 
46.0 
67.0 

55.0 
01.0 

do  

327 
315 
297 
318 
298 

70.0 



do  

31.5 

32.0 

38.5 
38.5 

47.0 
47.8 

56.4 

58.0 

474 
491 

do                                                               * 

200 
338 
274 

20.8 
17.5 

38.3 

41.0 

25.0 
22.6 

63.0 

33.0 

do  

250 
229 

200 
16;-> 

157 
285 
293 

27.5 
22.  8 
20.3 
17.0 
27.0 

2.0 
0.9 
0.0 
0.9 
2.1) 

28.0 
24.0 

21.0 
18.0 
29.0 

38.2 
31.7 
28.4 
24.3 

do                                                                                

277 
297 
239 
140 

do  

24.0 

10.0 

21).  4 
21.6 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 
1.3 

24.0 

19.2 
20.5 
21.8 

31.0 

24.0 
25.5 
29.7 

40.0 

29.5 

:;i>.  :; 
42.0 

35.6 

44.0 

349 

489 

327 

do                                                                              .          

310 

;78 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

<M       I 

I 

li 

^ 

•jn's  ~ 

•z  -  ~ 
s_~s 

32 

! 

=4-1 

O 

1 

I 

G 

m 
i 

ID 
IB 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

318 

325 
407 
430 
766 

7011 
951 
951 

415 
415 
672 
672 

322 
322 
326 
326 

3 
3 
29" 

Michigan  
Texas  

Lansing  
Dallas  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
Nashville  

Aspalajiii    
.do       

W.  J.  Beal  
J.  Reverchon  
S.  II.  Pook 

0.6619 
0.6455 
0.  5981 
0.  5724 
0.  6933 
0.  6949 
0.  7483 
0.  7386 

0.  6125 
0.  7297 
0.  5977 
0.  6063 

0.7444 
0.  7489 
0.  7181 
0.  6250 

0.8295 
0.  7955 
0.  9716 
0.  8085 
0.  8035 
0.  8217 
0.  8108 
0.  8041 
0.  8163 
0.8835 
0.  8829 
0.8746 
0.9148 
0.  7698 
0.7569 
0.  7947 
0.  8644 
0.  8439 
0.  8261 
0.  7522 

0.  7130 
0.  6603 
0.  9376 
0.  9333 
0.9421 
0.  8886 
0.8648 
0.  9000 
0.8834 
0.  7927 
0.8481 
0.7762 

B78 

976 
976 
857 
1221 
1C27 
1221 
939 

697 
660 

77:. 
020 

642 
904 
470 
542 

1395 
1320 
1163 
1358 
1575 
1627 
1221 
1085 
1221 
1320 
1356 
1526 
1285 
1479 
1526 
1628 
800 
888 
1385 
1221 

976 
729 
751 
660 
939 
872 
939 
740 
660 
1221 
1356 
1221 

976 
930 
1136 
921 
1221 
1627 
1191 
1017 

688 
679 
842 
697 

651 
976 
496 
542 

1356 
1356 
1220 
1395 
1550 
1627 
1191 
1163 
1320 
1479 
1395 
1601 
1526 
1575 
1627 
1628 
976 
921 
1502 
1356 

1062 
781 
842 
729 
1085 
957 
1007 
849 
835 
1191 
1526 
1395 

586 
668 
923 
898 
820 
1137 
923 
937 

462 
949 
468 
520 

457 
675 
581 
600 

1245 
1249 
1266 
1057 
1036 
1132 
1144 
1160 
1242 
1289 
1288 
1444 
1242 
1237 
1041 
1216 
1137 
1073 
1331 
1172 

1022 
755 
1223 
1055 
1160 
1172 
1116 
1087 
1083 
1144 
1352 
1287 

Alluvial  

Tennessee  
Florida  

A.  Gattinger  
A.  H.  Curtias  
...do. 

Limestone  
Clay  

do 

.  do 

Texas 

New  Brannfeis  
....do  

Finos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
.    do   

C.  Mohr  
...  do  

E.  L.  Greene  
do 

Moist,  calcareous  . 
...do  

Alluvial 

....do  

New  Mexico  
do 

Walnut. 
241.  Carya  olivffiformis 

do 

California 

Contra  Costa  cotmty 
do  

G  R  Vasey 

do 

do  

...do  

.do 

Greenville  
.   .  do  

C.Mohr  
do    

....do  

do 

Pecan.    Illinois  Nut. 
242.  Carya  alba  

do 

Texas 

Dallas  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
....do  
Danville  
Hudson.  .-  

J.  Reverchon  
....do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
W.  M.  Linney  
W.J.Beal  
..do  

....do  
....do  

Drift  
....do  
Shale 

...do  

Massachusetts.  .  -  . 
...  do  
Kentucky  

Shell-bark  Hickory.      Shag-bark 
Hickory. 

243.  Carya  Bulcata  

118s 
118  « 
152 
249 
249 
249 
531 
531 
531 
539 
539 
816 
816 
1056 
1056 
1097 
1097 

91 
9P 
383 
383 
383 
391 
391 
1082 
1082 
1164 
1164 
1164 

Clay  

do 

...  do  

G.  W.  Lctterman  . 
H.Shriver  
...do  

Eich  upland  
Clay  

...  do 

Virginia  

Wytheville  
.  do  

do 

....do  

Mississippi    

....do  
Kemper's  mill  
.  .  do  

....do  
C.  Mohr  
do    

....do  
Alluvial  
do 

..  do    ... 

....do  ..'.  
do 

....do  
do 

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

do 

do  

..do    

do 

West  Virginia  
do  

Grafton 

C.  G.  Pringle 

do 

...do  

do  

...  do    

Massachusetts  
....do  

Topsfield  

....do  

....do  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
do    .     . 

....do  

Alluvial 

do 

do            

do      ... 

Mercer  county  
do 

W  M.  Linney 

do 

Sig  Shell-bark.     Bottom  Shell- 
bark. 

X 

do 

do 

.  do         

G  W  Letterman 

do 

.  do      .. 

do      

...do  

....do  

do    .. 

do      

.do       

...do  

do 

do 

do 

.  do    

...  do  
...do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
do  

....do  
....do  
...  do  
...  do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
..do  
....do  
....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Coutimu-il. 


379 


HEFLKCTIOK,  IN  MII.U.MKTItllK,  UKDEB  A  PRESSURE,    IX   KILOGUAMS,  OF  — 

Ultimate  strength  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

i 

50 

100 

150 

•JOO 

0 

(set.) 

200 

250 

300 

350 

4OO 

45O 

5OO 

550 

5.0 
5.0 
5.0 

.-.7 
4.0 
3.  0 
4.0 
5.2 

7.0 
7.4 
6.3 

7.8 

7.0 
5.4 
10.4 
9.0 

3.5 
3.7 
4.2 
3.6 
3.1 
3.0 
4.0 
4.5 
4.0 
3.7 
3.6 
3.2 
3.8 
3.X 
3.2 
3.0 
6.1 
5.5 
3.5 
•l.ii 

5.0 
6.7 
6.5 
7.4 
5.2 
5.C 
5.2 
6.6 
7.4 
4.0 
3.6 
4.0 

10.  0 
10.5 
>.  li 
111.  (i 
8.0 
6.0 
8.2 
9.6 

14.2 
14.4 
11.6 
14,0 

15.0 

10.0 
19.7 
18.0 

7.2 
7.2 
8.0 
7.0 
(i.3 
6.0 

8.4 
7.4 
6.6 
7.0 
6.1 
6.4 
6.2 
6.0 
6.0 
10.0 
10.6 
6.5 
-.'2 

9.2 
12.5 
11.6 
13.4 

9.0 
10.2 
9.7 
11.5 
11.7 
8.2 
6.4 
7.0 

15.0 
16.0 
13.0 
16.0 
12.6 
9.8 
12.7 
15.0 

23.0 
21.5 
17.2 

n.6 

23.0 
15.7 

32.0 

2ft  a 

11.4 
10.8 

is.  a 

10.5 
9.0 
.9.2 
13.0 
12.7 
11.2 
10.0 
10.2 
9.0 
9.6 
9.2 
9.0 
8.6 
14.6 
16.0 

ft.  a 

10.5 
140 

i  a  .-. 

17.6 
21.5 
13.2 
15.0 
14.7 
16.1 

it;,  o 

12.0 
9.5 
10.2 

21.6 
21.9 
17.5 
22.0 
18.0 
13.2 
17.5 
21.  0 

0.6 
1.0 
0.2 
0.7 
1.2 
0.2 
1.0 
1.5 

21.7 
21.7 
17.7 
23.0 
18.7 
13.  5 
18.0 
21.2 

250 
88B 

394 
383 
350 
485 

318 
325 
407 
430 
766 
766 
951 
951 

415 
415 
672 
672 

322 
322 
326 
326 

3 
3 
293 
118" 
118» 
152 
249 
249 
249 
531 
531 
531 
539 
539 
816 
816 
1056 
1056 
1097 
1097 

91 
91' 
383 
383 
383 
391 
391 
1082 
1082 
1164 
1161 
1164 

28.0 
22.7 
28.2 
24.0 
17.0 
23.0 
28.0 

28.5 
37.0 
32.0 
21.0 
29.5 
36.0 

38.0 
49.5 
41.6 
26.0 
39.2 
49!  5 

32.0 

40  0 

do  !  

394 
400 

197 
405 
200 
222 

195 

288 
248 
256 

531 
533 
540 
451 
442 
483 
488 
495 
530 
550 
550 
616 
530 
528 
444 
519 

Shattered                                             

29.0 
24.0 
80.8 

2.0 
1.0 
1.6 

29.4 

38.5 

50.0 

68.5 

12.0 

31.2 

Cross-grained  j  broke  with  large  splinters  

Defective  specimen  ;  square  break  on  tension  side  

21.4 
EL  6 

4:;.  o 

IP.  II 

14.4 
17.0 
14.0 
12.1 
12.5 
18.2 
16.8 
15.3 
13.0 
13.2 
12.0 
12.5 
12.6 
12.0 
11.5 
20.0 
22.6 
12.5 
14.2 

18.5 
26.2 
25.0 
30.5 
18.3 
20.5 
20.0 
22.2 
21.3 
16.5 
12.8 
13.6 

0.9 
8.8 
5.3 

0.4 
0.4 
0.9 
0.6 
0.2 
0.2 
1.0 
0.6 
0.8 
0.2 
II.  3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2 
0.2 
0.3 
0.9 
1.9 
0.3 
0.5 

0.4 
1.4 
2.0 
3.2 
1.0 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 
0.6 
0.4 
0  4 

21.6 
54.4 
44.0 

16.2 
14.5 
17.6 

14.2 
12.4 
12.8 
19.0 
17.3 
15.4 
13.2 
13.5 
12.2 
13.0 
13.0 
12.5 
11.5 
20.4 
23.0 
13.0 
14.4 

19.0 
27.0 
26.1 
31.0 
19.1 
21.0 
20.6 
^•J.  6 
22.0 
16.6 
12.7 
14.0 

28.0 

Split    did  not  break  

Specimen  cross-grained  ;  square  break  on  tension  side  ;  split  in  axis  . 

61.0 

20.8 
18.2 
23.0 
17.6 
15.5 
16.0 
25.  0 
SLO 
19.2 
16.6 
17.0 
15.3 
15.8 
16.2 
16.0 
14.2 
26.2 
30.3 
16.0 
18.0 

24.2 
36.0 
33.6 
40.0 
25.0 
28.0 
26.5 
30.0 
27.5 
21.0 
16.0 
17.4 

27.3 
23.5 
29.5 
21.7 
10.  0 
19.5 
33.0 
28.  f. 
25.7 
21.0 
21.0 
19.0 
20.2 
20.0 
19.7 
18.2 
35.0 
40.2 
20.2 
22.5 

30.8 
50.0 
45.2 
53.0 
31.4 
36.0 
34.0 
40.0 
36.0 
27.5 
20.0 
22.0 

34.5 
30.0 
36.0 
26.5 
23.0 
24.0 
43.0 
36.6 
33.5 
25.5 
26.0 
23.5 
24.0 
25.0 
24.5 
22.5 
45.0 
54.0 
25.0 
28.9 

41.0 

43.0 
37.0 
44.0 
32.0 
29.5 
29.0 
66.0 
46.0 
45.0 
33.0 
33.0 
28.4 
29.5 
31.5 
30.5 
28.5 
58.0 
74.5 
30.7 
37.0 

55.6 

58.0 
50.7 
60.4 
46.0 

87.0 
75.0 
82.0 



do                

37.0 
76.0 
64.0 
57.0 
41.0 
40.6 
35.0 
39.0 
40.0 

84.0 
55.0 
55.0 
44.5 
54.0 
59.5 

00.0 
59.0 

do                              ;                                                   

do                                                                 

do                                                     .          

Deflection  of  88  millimeters  under  pressure  of  600  kilograms  ;  some 
crushing  at  center  bearing. 

36.0 
81.0 
105.0 
38.0 
48.0 

49.5 

do                                                                  

485 
458 
568 

500 

436 
322 
479 
450 
495 
500 
476 
464 
462 
488 
577 
549 

49.5 
70.0 

71.2 

do                                                       

60.0 
78.5 
41.4 
46.0 
43.0 
54.0 
47.0 
35.0 
24.5 
27.4 

85.0 
102.5 
54.5 
59.0 
61.5 
77.0 
63.0 
45.0 
30.3 
33.2 

132.0 
194.0 
75.0 
91.0 
84.0 
130.0 
95.0 
66.5 
37.0 
42.6 

185.0 

46.0 
56.0 

65.0 

do                                              

do                              

do            

380 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

ct-™ 

O  <J 

e 
£& 

£"§ 
Kg  ' 

"  6 
S«tj 

0  0  g 

K-SS 
m 

H 
1 

<M 

O 

1 

a 

s 
5 

m 

IP 

COEFFICIKNT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rapture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

i 

:§ 

•w  r^ 

§8 
8« 

m 

1165 
1166 
1170 

72 
72 
254 
348 

6 
6 
88 
88 
121' 
288 
442 
538 
538 
538 
1051 
1051 
1098 
1098 
1168 
1168 

153 
838 
838 
838 

237 
237 

129 

Massachusetts  
do 

North  Heading  
...do.. 

Drift 

0.  7181 
0.  8881 
0.  7636 

0.  7587 
0.  8058 
0.  8693 
0.  8659 

0.  8161 
0.  7S18 
0.  9658 
0.  9369 
0.  6659 
0.8473 
0.8452 
0.  8183 
0.  6932 
0.  7463 
0.  8030 
0.  8750 
0.  8614 
0.8113 
0.  8580 
0.  8500 

0.  8153 
0.  7864 
0.  8040 
0.  8080 

0.  8636 
0.  8336 

0.  7386 
0.7546 
0.  7727 
0.  7813 
0.  8198 
0.  8470 
0.  8199 
0.  6415 

0.  6227 

0.  6511 
0.  6625 

0.  7432 
0.  8358 
0.  8006 
0.  7068 
0.  6534 

1221 
939 
1221 

904 
976 
1479 

814 

888 
976 
1252 
1039 
1085 
976 
751 
1062 
1062 
1085 
525 
996 
888 
718 
660 
800 

1039 
763 
957 
1085 

1221 

1479 

1062 
651 
976 
976 
976 
1221 
1085 
729 

814 

904 
970 

679 
763 
1136 
814 
904 

1221 
1007 
1395 

948 
1085 
1628 
939 

976 
1062 
1395 
1149 
1221 
1085 
814 
1221 
1097 
1221 
734 
1097 
814 
751 
713 
880 

1085 
814 
1085 
1136 

1302 
1628 

1163 

697 
948 
976 
1085 
1375 
1028 
848 

888 

976 
1«07 

723 

888 
1136 
930 
948 

780 
1085 
1020 

919 
1041 
1411 
1146 

1054 
1054 
1354 
1171 
876 
1146 
806 
1092 
928 
1110 
1164 
1108 
963 
935 
911 
1054 

1132 
935 

1122 
1214 

1296 
1492 

1064 
921 
937 
1099 
787 
1235 
468 
562 

955 

1056 
1017 

782 
918 
1028 
911 

818 

do 

do 

do  .do  

do  

do    

Kentucky  Perryville  
do  i  do  

"W.  M.  Linney  
do  

TJtica  shale  
.-    do 

Mocker    JVui.      Black     Hickory. 
Bull  Nut.      Big-bud   Hickory. 
White-heart     Hickory.      King 
Nut. 

Missouri  
Alabama  

Massachusetts  

Allenton  
Citronelle  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
....do  

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
C.  Mohr  

C.  S.  Sargent  
do      "... 

Richtnpland  
Sandy 

Drift  

do 

PigNut.   Brown  Hickory.    Black 
Hickory.    Switch-bud  Hickory. 

246.  Carvaamara  
Bitter  Nut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

Missouri  
....do  

Michigan  

Alleutoii  
....do  
Dausville  

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
....do  
W.J.Beal  
G.  W.  Letterman  . 
A.  Gattinger  
C.  Mohr  
do 

Kicli  loam  
....do  

Gravelly  clay  

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Kempcr's  mill  
.    do      

Upland  
Alluvial  
do 

do 

....do  

...do  

do  

do    .  . 

Massachusetts  
do 

North  Heading  

Drift 

do    

do 

G.  W.  Letterman. 
.      do 

do    .... 

do  

do 

do 

do      ... 

do 

do 

do  

....do  

do  

do 

....do  
Massachusetts  
....do  
...  do  

South  Carolina  
....do  

do 

...  do  
Danvers  ,  
...do  
....do  

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
....do  

...do    .  . 

....do  
J.  Robinson  ...... 
....do  
...  do  

H.  W.  Eavenel  .  .  . 
....do  

do 

Rich  loam  
....do  
do  

Rich,  swampy  .  .  . 
....do  

Nutmeg  Hickory. 

Water  Hickory.  Swamp  Hickory. 
Bitter  Pecan. 

MTRICACE^. 

362 
362 
362 
740 
740 
740 
917 

586 

665 
665 

8 
8 
32 
32* 
32» 

Vicksburg  
do  

C.  Mohr  
do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Bainbridge  
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  
do 

do 

...do  

Florida  .... 

....do  
Chattahoochee  

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

...do  
C.  Mohr  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  ...'.  

C.  S.  Sargent  

••"*•  

W.-M.  Linney  

...do  
do  

....do  
....do  

Sandy  loam  

...do  

Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 
250.  Myrica  Califoraica  

CUPtTLIFER-ffil. 

....do  

Massachusetts  
...  do  

...do  

Arnold  Arboretum.  . 
...do  
Mercer  county  
Boyle  county  
do  

....do  
Drift         

White  Oak. 

...do  
Limestone  
Shale 

....do  
do  

Slate  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


391 


[OK,    IN   illLl.lMKTEKS.    IXHM:   A    PHI                           l.iI.nnHAMs,   OK— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

50 

100 

15O 

2OO 

O      2OO 

(set.) 

250 

3OO 

350 

4OO   45O 

500 

550 

4.0 
5.2 
4.0 

5.4 
5.0 
3.3 
6.0 

3.9 
4.7 
4.  .1 
5.0 

•1.0 
4.6 
4.  5 
9.3 
4.11 
5.5 

a  8 

7.4 
8,1 

4.7 
6.4 
5.1 
4.8 

4.0 
3.3 

4.6 
7.5 
5.  0 
5.0 
5.0 
4.0 
4.5 
6.7 

6.0 

5.4 
5.0 

7.2 

6.4 
4.3 
6.0 
5.4 

8.0 
9.7 

7.0 

10.3 
9.0 
6.0 

10.4 

10.  0 
9.2 
7.0 
8.5 
S.  II 
!>  (1 
12.0 
8.0 

13.3 
8.9 
12.0 

!::.  7 
11.1 

9.0 
12.0 

9.  0 

7.  :> 
6.0 

8.4 
14.0 
10.3 
10.0 
9.0 
7,1 
9.5 
11.8 

11.0 

10.0 
9.7 

13.5 
11.0 
8.6 
10.5 
10.3 

11.5 

la.  0 
10.5 

15.3 
13.8 
9.0 
15.6 

14.5 
14.2 
10.9 
12.  5 
12.  0 
13.7 
19.0 
11.9 
12.7 

18.0 
IS.  4 
18.8 
19.3 

21.  0 
10.1 

13.8 

18.5 
14.0 
13.7 

11.2 

a.o 

12.  0 
21.0 
15.2 
14.7 
13.5 
10.8 
16.5 
17.0 

17.4 

14.4 
14,7 

21.2 
16.7 
13.0 
15.0 
16.5 

15.0 
20.8 

19.6 
12.2 

21.4 

•JO.  4 

14.2 
17.5 
16.2 
18.0 

16.0 
17.1 

]  .-.  7 
22.1; 

23.0 
19.0 

19.0 
IS.  4 

14.6 
11.6 

16.5 
30.5 

21.5 
20.2 

18.0 
14.4 
26.5 
23.  (1 

24.0 

19.9 
20.0 

30.7 

2:;.  5 
17.6 
20.7 
21.  5 

0.  .I 

1.1 

1.4 
1.1 
0.3 
1.1 

1.0 
1.1 
0.5 
1.1 
0.6 
0.9 
2.0 
0.6 
ll.li 
0.9 
6.0 
1.3 
3.0 
2.  i; 

5.0 

•J.  2 

1.0 
12 
1.1 
0.6 

0.3 
0.1 

1.0 
3.0 
1.2 
1.1 
0.7 
0.4 
4.0 
0.9 

1.3 

1.0 
1.0 

3.1 
1.5 

0.4 
1.0 
0.7 

Hi.  ll 
M.li 

20.  0 
12.2 

2d.  r. 

20.7 

1.-..0 

16.6 
19.0 

2S.  II 
16.0 
17.0 
16.4 
:  ::.  :: 
19.0 

28.8 

24.  2 

18.4 
27.5 
19.0 
18.7 

15.0 
12.0 

Hi.  5 
31.2 
22.0 
21.0 
18.2 
15.0 

20.0 
28.0 
18.0 

•J'.l.  (1 
2ftfl 
15.  0 
28.  u 

27.  II 

i&  a 

22.  5 
21.8 

23.0 
36.0 
21.0 
•JII.  0 
21.2 
28.4 
24.5 
37.6 

41.4 

si:e 

24.0 
37.0 
24.7 
24.0 

19.0 
14.7 

22.0 
41.2 
30.0 
27.5 
23.5 
18.0 

25.  II 

87.  - 

L'4.  II 

19.1 
87.1 

34.0 

30.3 

28.  0 

47.0 
27.0 

30.  II 

36.0 
31.0 
52.5 

51.6 

.-.7.  'i 
41.0 

50.5 
32.  5 
30.6 

2.'!.  7 
18.1 

29.0 
57.2 
42.0 
36.5 
30.2 
22.2 

333 
463 
435 

392 
444 

(!02 
489 

450 
450 

1105 
1166 
1170 

72 
72 
254 
348 

6 
6 
88 
88 
121' 
288 
442 
538 
538 
538 
1051 
1051 
1098 
1098 
1168 
1168 

153 

838 
838 
838 

237 
237 

129 
362 
362 
362 
740 
740 
740 
917 

586 

665 
665 

8 
8 
32 
32' 
32' 

94.0 

44.0 

47.0 

44.0 
44.2 
81.0 

38.2 
40.0 

187.0 

1.2.  0 
27.4 
131.0 

57.5 
CO.  0 

49.0 

;:s.o 

89.0 
78.7 

40.0 

50.  0 

do 

46.0 
66.0 

(ill.  2 

76.0 

578 
500 

do 

374 

do 

52.0 

65.0 

489 
344 
466 
396 

35.0 
39.5 
36.4 

•Hi.  r. 
42.5 
70.0 
73.0 
85.0 
55.0 

41.5 
70.5 
42.5 
39.0 

30.0 

22.0 

37.5 
86.0 
56.5 
49.0 

44.0 

60.0 

49.0 
61.0 
56.0 
110.0 

68.0 
84.0 
75.5 

474 
497 
473 

do 

411 
399 

do 

389 

450 

73.0 
56.4 

105.0 
84.0 

do 

483 
399 
479 

56.7 
51.0 

30.0 
26.0 

52.5 

74.5 
68.5 

45.0 
31.2 

72.0 

do                                      ...                 

103.0 

58.5 
38.5 

518 

553 
637 

454 
393 

400 
469 
336 
527 
200 
240 

348 

450 
434 

77.0 
48.0 

Deflectioo  63  millimeters  with  a  pressure  of  600  kilograms  ;  broke 
with  fine  splinters. 

Shattered 

82.0 
68.0 

109.0 

27.0 

33.0 

40.0 

47.2 

23.6 
24.0 

20.0 
20.4 

32.0 
24.0 
18.0 
21.  5 
21.6 

31.5 

25.2 
26.0 

42.0 
31.0 
23.0 

28.2 
28.  C 

42.0 

32.0 
33.0 

59.0 
40.0 
30.5 
37.0 
37.0 

Shattered 

40.0 
42.4 

50.0 
60.0 

do       ..      .                                                                         

334 
392 

439 

52.0 
38.6 
47.5 

70.0 
48.5 

do    ....            

389 
349 

382 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

If 

Hi 

03 

Direction  of  grain.  | 

COKFFIC 
EI.AS1 

i 

^ 

E3 
•2 

IF.ST  OF 
ICITV. 

st; 

C  :, 

r 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

49 
49 
49> 
49' 
49* 
113 
1132 
113* 
1133 
238 
238 
250 
250 
251 
251 
259' 
2593 
403 
403 
443 
547 
547 
748 
748 
749 
749 
895 
895 
1050 
1050 
1257 
1257 

670 
670 

985 
985 
988 
988 
1027 
1027 
1029 
1029 

372 
151 
151 
256 
351 
351 

Allenton  
....do  

do                     .  . 

G.W.Lctterman.. 
....do  
do 

Rich  upland  
....do  
do 

0.  7927 
0.  7060 
0.7784 
0.  7501 
0.  7614 
0.  0001 
0.  7149 
0.  7060 
0.  7460 
0.  8085 
0.  7797 
0.7876 
0.  779C 
0.  7102 
0.  7170 
0.  8091 
0.  7631 
0.7364 
0.  7143 
0.6650 
0.  8475 
0.  8579 
0.  8075 
0.  8099 
0.8233 
0.  8655 
0.  7306 
0.  7818 
0.8001 
0.  8343 
0.8466 
0.  8773 

0.  7443 
0.  7557 

0.7864 
0.7556 
0.  7142 
0.7548 
0.  7745 
0.7535 
0.  7420 
0.6753 

0.  8795 
0.  8085 
0.  8913 
0.8943 
0.  7614 
0.  7088 

Wi 

m 

976 
740 
872 
814 
872 
679 
814 
857 
976 
1356 
1221 
1163 
1061 
814 
1163 
976 
872 
976 
842 
567 
996 
976 
1221 
1320 
751 
814 
740 
697 
1110 
787 
1252 
1061 

679 
763 

904 
814 
751 
814 
697 
610 
888 
697 

763 
763 
970 
763 
610 
751 

1028 
751 
930 
814 
913 
697 
896 
775 
976 
1356 
1221 
1221 
1191 
842 
1221 
976 
921 
976 
849 
592 
1017 
1177 
1252 
1302 
775 
781 
842 
723 
1191 
751 
1268 
1085 

665 
769 

888 
842 
787 
857 
814 
673 
930 
697 

751 
849 
1017 
781 
630 
888 

1024 
817 
937 
813 
921 
684 
686 
585 
977 
1055 
1055 
1047 
928 
784 
1059 
1043 
844 
722 
653 
487 
1031 
1282 
1125 
1153 
1043 
750 
703 
703 
1158 
1040 
1005 
919 

876 
851 

1048 
945 
919 
1022 
820 
703 
921 
659 

1055 
1005 
1048 
912 
677 
893 

252.  Quercus  lobata  

...do  
.  do    

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do  
Michigan  
...  do  
...do  
...  do  
South  Carolina  
do 

..  do  
Big  Rapids  
Dansvillo  
...  do  

....do  
W.J.Beal  
....do  
....do  

do 

....do  
Gravelly  

....do  

Bomu-au's  Ui'pnt    .. 
do 

H.  W.  Raveuel  Rich,  damp  loam.  . 

•\Vyth,  villo  
...  do  
.   .  do       

H,  Shriver  Clay  
do  do  

do 

....do  
...  do  

do  

do                   

...do  
....do  

..  do  
....do  

...  do  

do 

Gravelly  
do 

Charlestown  Navy. 
yard, 
do 

S  H  Pook 

.    do    

Tennessee  

Rich  bottom  
Alluvial  
....do  

Clay 

Kemper's  mill  
...  do  
Chattahoochee  
....do  
do 

C.Mohr  
....do  
A.H.Curtiss  
....do  
do 

....do  
Florida  

....do  

do              .     .. 

....do  :  
do 

...do  

do  

do 

do 

M  C  Beedle 

...  do  

do  

....do  
...  do  

North  Reading  
...  do  

. 

do 

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
do  

S.H.Pook  

....do  ...,  

G.K.  Vasey  
do 

Gravelly  loam  
do 

White  Oak.     Weeping  Oak. 
253.  Quercus  Garry  ana  

do    

do 

Weidler's  saw-mill.. 
...  do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
.do    .. 

White  Oak. 
254.  Quercus  obtusiloba  

...do  .  .. 

....do  

Portland  

da 

Rich  loam  
do    

do  

do  

...do  

...do  
....do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
do  

do 

do 

...do        

do    . 

.1,, 

do              ...     . 

Harrodsburg  
Bouneau's  Depot  
....do  

W.  M.  Linney  
H.  W.  Ravenel  
....do  
G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 

<•'    •Unlii- 

Shale 

Poet  Oak.    Iron  Oak. 

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
....do  

Rich  upland  
....do  
Olay  

do 

...  do  

do  do  .  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UXDEE  TKANSVEUSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


383 


DEFLECTION",    IX    MlI.I.IMKTElii",    I'XDEH  A  1'KKSSV'llE,   IX   KlI.OOliAMS,   OF— 

Ultimate  strength  : 
transverse  pressure. 

f 

Remarks. 

Office  nnmber. 

SO 

1OO 

I.1» 

2OO 

O 

,  let) 

200 

25O 

UG.  L- 
41.0 
33.5 
37.0 
31.0 
49.0 
32.5 

3OO 

350 

4OO 

».»<> 

.too 

550 

5.0 
6.6 
5.0 
6.0 
5.0 
7.2 
6.0 
:..7 
5.0 
3.0 
4.0 
4.2 
4  6 
0  0 
4.2 
5.0 
5.0 
5.0 
5.8 
8.6 
4.9 
5.0 
4.0 
3.7 

«.  .-> 

6.0 
0.0 
7.0 
4.4 
6.2 
3.9 
4.6 

7.  '2 
6.4 
5.4 
6.0 
6.5 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
5.5 
7.0 

6.4 
6.4 
5.0 
6.4 
8.0 
6.5 

9.5 
13.0 
10.5 
12.0 
10.7 
14.0 
10.0 
12.6 
10.0 

8.0 
8.0 
8.2 
11.6 
8.0 
10.0 
10.6 
10.0 
11.5 
16.5 
9.6 
8.3 
7.8 
7.5 
12.6 
12.5 
11.8 
13.5 
8.2 
13.0 
7.7 
9.0 

14.7 
12.7 
11.0 
11.6 
12.4 
11.4 
12.0 
14.5 
10.5 
14.0 

13.0 
11.5 
9.6 
12.5 
15.5 
11.0 

14.4 
20.4 
17.0 
19.0 
10.5 
23.0 
1C.  2 
20.0 
10.5 
11.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.7 
18.0 
12.0 
16.0 
16.3 
15.3 
17.8 
26.0 
14.5 
12.2 
11.6 
11.0 
18.8 
20.0 
17.5 
20.6 
12.7 
19.5 
11.7 
13.3 

23.5 
18.7 
15.5 
18.0 
19.0 
10.7 
18.0 
23.0 
10.0 
22.0 

19.0 
17.5 
14.  5 
19.6 
23.0 
17.7 

2'.'.  I) 
30.0 
24.0 
28.0 

:;:?.  -J 

22.7 
30.8 
24.2 
16.8 
16.0 
16.3 
17.5 
26.0 
16.0 
22.8 
23.2 
21.8 
25.3 
41.6 
20.7 
16.0 
16.0 
15.0 
25.5 
29.0 
24.7 
29.0 
17.1 
28.0 
10.0 
18.6 

33.0 
27.3 
21.5 
25.0 
27.0 

2:1.  o 

25.5 
32.3 
22.3 
31.0 

27.5 
24.0 
19.5 
28.2 
32.5 
24.7 

1.0 

:;.  _• 

:;.  :; 
l.R 
4.0 
1.  5 
3.0 
2.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.0 
0.7 
2.2 
0.3 
1.8 
1.5 
1.5 
2.2 
5.6 
1.3 
0.6 
0.5 
0.5 
2.2 
3.0 
1.0 
2.0 
0.7 
2.4 
0.4 
0.9 

4.0 
2.5 
1.1 
1.7 
2.0 
1.2 
1.5 
2.5 
1.0 
2.2 

2.0 
1.1 
1.0 
3.0 

2.7 
1.7 

20.0 
30.5 
25.4 
28.7 
24.0 
34.5 
2.1.  3 
31.5 
25.0 
15.4 
16.3 
16.6 
17.7 
26.5 
10.1 
24.0 
24.0 
22.2 
27.0 
43.5 
21.3 
16.2 
16.3 
15.5 
27.5 
30.0 
25.0 
29.6 
17.5 
28.5 
16.5 
18.7 

31.0 

28.4 
21.5 
26.0 
27.3 
23.5 
25.6 
33.5 
22.3 
31.0 

28.0 
24.6 
19.9 
29.2 
33.7 
25.0 

34.0 

57.5 
45.0 
48.  C 
42.5 

43.  .-i      57.  5 

437 
349 

400 

49 
49 
491 
49' 
49 
113 
113' 
1132 
1133 
238 
238 
250 
250 
251 
251 
259' 
259" 
403 
403 
443 
547 
547 
748 
748 
749 
749 
895 
895 
1050 
1050 
1257 
1257 

670 
670 
985 
985 
988 
988 
1027 
1027 
1029 
1029 

37» 
151 
151 
256 
351 
351 

59.5 

89.0 

do  

347 

55.0 

393 

do 

293 

do                                ...                                       .               . 

294 
250 
417 

32.0 
20.5 
21.0 
21.2 
22.5 
36.3 
21.0 
30.5 
32.0 
29.5 
36.5 

42.0 
20.  r. 
27.5 
28.5 
30.0 
55.0 
27.0 
39.5 
42.2 
40.8 

58.0 
33.  0 
35.0 
36.0 
36.5 

85.0 
45.5 
46.5 
49.2 

do  

450 

do  

63.0 

450 

do  

447 

do 

396 
326 
452 
445 
300 
308 
279 
208 
440 
547 

33.5 
53.5 
59.5 

44.5 
70.0 

61.5 

\ 

1 

28.5 
20.7 
20.5 
19.6 
34.5 
42.0 
33.5 
39.0 
22.3 
36.0 
21.0 
24.0 

45.6 
37.0 
28.5 
33.0 
34.7 
30.0 
33.5 
43.5 
29.0 
40.7 

36.0 
32.0 

26.0 
38.0 
43.5 
32.0 

37.5 
26.0 
27.0 
25.0 
45.5 
73.0 

49.5 
32.5 
33.5 
32.0 
65.0 

69.0 
40.7 
43.0 
41.5 
92.0 

48.7 
56.0 
51.2 

07.5 

do  

480 

do  

492 

do  

445 

do  

320 
300 
300 
494 

28.5 
50.0 
20.5 
32.0 

62.0 
EO.  5 
37.0 
44.0 
45.6 
40.0 
44.0 
59.5 
36.5 

37.0 
68.5 
33.5 
38.0 

90.0 
75.0 
47.0 
57.5 
62.0 
52.5 

47.0 
100.0 
40.5 

00.0 

...     .do 

444 

do 

429 
392 

do  

374 
363 
447 
403 
392 
436 

60.5 

75.5 

70.0 

do  

350 

do 

300 

do  

49.0 

393 
281 

.    do   

46.7 
40.0 
33.5 
50.8 

62.0 
50.6 
43.0 
64.0 

76.5 
67.5 
60.0 

105.0 

450 
429 

Square  break  on  tension  side  splitting  in  axis  

do 

447 
389 
289 

do  

43.0 

56.0 

381 

do  

384 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOB  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Oflicc  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  ;tiiMliied  speci- 
men. 

Uireetion  of  11:1:11.  | 

cnr.J-KlrlKXT  OF 

,  jfiTr. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflcc- 
ti.,11. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

254.  Qnercns  obtusiloba  —  continued  

255.  Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii  -  . 
Scrub  Oak, 

771 
771 

417 
417 
525 
525 

79 
7S2 
137 
143 
310 
310 
432 
831 
033 
933 
1071 
1072 
1073 

545 
545 
545 
762 

762 

54 
54 
54' 
543 
846 
1-46 

240 
240 
524 
524 

755 
755 

31 
31' 
35 

434 
925 
925 

34 
34* 
273 

2*7 

Aspalii^u  

.    do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Gravelly  barrens  . 
do 

0.  9172 

0.  8958 

0.  8489 
0.  8092 
0.  7996 
0.  8073 

0.  7636 
0.  7358 
0.  9418 
0.  8368 
0.  8580 
0.8466 
0.  7507 
0.  7455 
0.7804 
0.  8313 
0.  8523 
0.  8153 
0.  8153 

0.7784 
0.  7972 
0.  7898 
0.  7955 
0.  7955 

0.  9102 
0.  7182 
0.  7443 
0.  7580 

o.  6752 

0.8689 

0.  8432 
0.  8687 
0.  7898 
0.  7710 

o.  MM 

0.  9289 

0.  7313 
0.  7528 
0.  8352 
0.  6552 
0.  8267 
0.  7523 

0.7988 

0.  .-949 
0.  9S<!4 
0.9125 

m 

! 

n 

^_~j 
fJ5 

m 

m 

[M 

m 
. 

• 
.  • 

1J 

888 

an 

CIO 
751 
443 
514 

12m 
1088 
872 

679 
1017 
939 
976 
1039 
C97 
729 
814 
904 
763 

1059 
1221 
1285 
1C27 
1744 

763 
976 
976 
1062 
543 
051 

1085 
957 
970 
1110 
SK 
8S8 

1221 

1039 
1628 

581 
1628 
1221 

070 
1476 

on 

iai'1 

930 
814 

610 
718 
430 
528 

1221 

1103 
948 
079 

1028 
967 
9:iO 
1149 
723 
712 
835 
913 
814 

1073 
1221 
1302 
1550 
1626 

BM 

1085 

1  1  -r, 
1149 

sag 

603 

lose 
tsa 

:::o 
1112 
840 

857 

1252 

1149 
1884 
595 
1828 

1221 

970 

last 

1221 

809 

820 
098 
323 

579 

1055 
1C92 
1226 
C96 
968 
919 
926 
1055 
914 
SOS 
1052 
1029 
1034 

1140 
1041 
1020 

1055 

1100 
998 
937 

1036 
581 
792 

1064 

1099 
1116 
1144 
1153 
1127 

1219 
930 

546 

li::i) 
1050 

1  !-,.-> 
1»1 

1277 

.     <lo  

New  Mexico  
do  

Vinos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
do 

do 

Engelmaun's  canon 
.     do    

Robert  Douglas.  .  . 
do  

Eocky  

do 

....do  

Kentucky  
....do  

Mercer  county  
.  do      . 

W.1I.  Liuney  

do 

Alluvial  
do 

Burr  Oak.  Mossy-cup  Oak,    Over- 
cup  Oak. 

Missouri  
Illinois  

Allenton  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
Robert  Douglas..  . 
J.  Eeverchon  
do  

Moist  upland  
Rich  

Texas 

Dallas  
do  

Eich,  moist  
do  

....do  :.... 

Tennessee  
Illinois  

Nashville.  
Winnebago  couuty  . 
Austin  
...do  

Alluvial 

M.  S.  Bebb 

Texas  
....do  
Vermont  

C.Mohr  
...do  

C.  G.  Prin^le  ..     . 

Alluvial  
...  do  

....do  

do 

do 

.      do  ...   . 

do 

do 

Mississippi  
....do  

Kemper's  mill  
...  do    '.  

C.Mohr  
do    

Alluvial  
..    do    

Over-cup  Oak.    Swamp  Post  Oak. 
Water  White  Oak. 

...  do  

do 

do 

do 

Florida    . 

Chattahoochee  
....do  

Allenton  
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

G-W.  Letterman.. 
do 

....do  
....do  

Alluvial 

...  do  

Missouri  
...  do                ..  .. 

Swamp  White  Oak. 
259.  Qiiercua  Hichauxii  

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do  

.      do 

do 

do         

Massachusetts  
..  do  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
...do    

West  Newbury  
Arnold  Arboretum.  . 

Bonneau's  Depot  .  .  . 
do 

J.  Robinson  
C.S.Sargent  

H.  \V.  Kavenel  
do     - 

Low,  swampy  — 
Drift  

Alluvial  
do       

Basket  Oak.     Cow  Oak. 

Alabama  
do 

Kempor's  mill  
do 

C.Mohr  
do 

....do  
do 

Florida             

A.  H.  Curtiss 

do     

do 

do 

do 

do 

W.  M.  Linney  .  .  . 
...  do  
do 

Slrile 

Chestnut    Oak.     Bock  Chestnut 
Oak. 

...do  

do 

...  do  ....I  
do 

....do  

Tennessee  

A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  
do 

Rocky  u  pland  
Dry,  rocky  
do 

Cullman  
do 

do 

Kentucky  
...  do  

Mercer  county  

\V.  M.  Linney 
do    

Limestone  
YfiiviTly  shale  

Yellow  Oak.  Chestnut  Oak.  Chin- 
quapin Oak. 

G.  W.  Letterman 
....do  

...  do  

....do  

Flinty  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


385 


UNITED  STATES  TINDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


INFLECTION,    IN  MILLIMETERS,    USI'EK  A   I'llESSUliE,   IX  KILOGUAMS,   OF— 

riliinate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

HO 

6.6 

c.o 

8.0 

0.5 
11.0 
9.5 

4.0 
4.5 
5.C 
7.2 
4.8 
5.2 
5.0 
4.7 
7.0 
C.7 
6.0 
5.4 
6.4 

4.  7 
4.0 
3.8 
3.0 
2.8 

0.4 
5.0 
5.0 
4.0 
9.0 
7.5 

4.5 

5.1 
5.0 
4.4 
5.9 
5.5 

4.0 
4.7 
3.0 
8.4 

:.o 

4.0 

5.0 
3.3 
5.0 
4.0 

1OO 

150 

200 

0 

(sot,) 

2OO 

\ 
25O 

28.0 

48.0 

41.5 

3OO 

350 

400 

i.-.o 

5OO 

5.10 

10.  5 

12.0 

16.0 
13.  0 
22.7 
18.5 

8.0 
8.4 
10.3 
14.4 
9.5 
10.1 
10.5 
8.  5 
13.5 
13.7 
11.7 
10.7 
12.0 

9.1 
8.0 
7.5 
6.3 
6.4 

11.7 
9.0 
9.0 
8.5 
10.5 
14.1 

9.0 
10.4 
10.5 
8.7 
11.5 
11.4 

7.8 
8.5 
5.8 
10.4 
C.O 
8.0 

10.0 
6.4 
9.3 
8.0 

15.7 
18.7 

25.3 

21.7 

21.0 
20.4 

30.0 
31.0 

1.5 

•2.  :. 

4.0 

2.7 

21.7 
27.  fl 

37.0 
31.9 

80.0 

OB.  0 
58.0 

345 
248 

350 
420 
138 
247 

450 
466 

523 
297 
413 
392 
395 
450 
390 

771 
771 

417 
417 
525 
525 

79 
79* 
137 
14:: 
310 
310 
432 
831 
933 
933 
1071 







84.0 

145.0 





30.3 

13.0 
12.0 
15.4 
22.4 
14.0 
15.3 
15.5 
13.4 
20.6 
21.3 
18.6 
17.0 
18.2 

13.4 
12.0 
11.7 
9.5 
9.4 

18.2 
14.0 
13.7 
12.7 
24.5 
22.0 

13.5 
15.4 
15.6 
14.0 
17.5 
17.2 

11.4 
13.0 
8.5 
26.2 
9.0 
12.0 

14.6 
10.0 
14.0 
12.0 

43.5 

17.0 
17.2 
21.5 
32.0 
10.0 
21.6 
21.4 
17.6 
29.0 
31.4 
25.5 
23.4 
26.1 

18.0 
16.0 
10.0 
12.5 
12.5 

25.7 
19.0 
19.2 
17.0 
35.0 
31.6 

18.5 
21.0 
21.5 
18.7 
24.5 
24.0 

14.7 
17.3 
11.0 

37.5 
12.6 
16.0 

20.4 
13.0 
19.0 
10.3 

3.2 

9.3 
0.5 
1.5 
3.4 
1.0 
J.6 
1.4 
0.6 
3.3 
3.3 
2.5 
2.0 
2.5 

0.8 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 

1.4 
1.0 
1.0 
0.0 
3.7 
3.3 

0.9 
1.0 
1.1 
1.0 
1.8 
2.0 

0.3 
0.5 
0.3 
4.0 
0.6 
0.6 

1.4 
0.3 
1.0 
0.6 

45.  0 

17.0 
17.  j 
•_>-J.  0 
33.0 
20.0 
21.0 
21.2 
17.9 
29.7 
33.0 
26.8 
23.6 
20.3 

19.2 
10.1 
10.0 
12.9 
12.5 

20.0 
19.5 
19.0 
17.2 
36.0 
32.1 

19.1 
21.6 
22.3 
19.0 
25.5 
24.5 

15.0 
17.7 
11.6 
39.0 
12.7 
16.6 

20.8 
13.3 
19.3 
16.4 

22.0 
22.5 
28.0 
44.0 
25.7 
28.2 
29.0 
23.0 
40.2 
45.0 
34.0 
30.8 
34.4 

24.0 
20.4 
20.5 
16.0 
10.0 

33.5 
26.0 
25.  3 
22.5 

29.0 
2?.  7 

:u;.  r, 

37.0 
38.0 
46.0 

47.0 
48.5 
60.0 

04.0 
64.0 
79.0 

110.0 

33  5 
38.0 
39.5 
30.5 
56.0 
01.0 
46.0 
40.5 
47.0 

31.0 
27.0 
26.0 
21.0 
20.0 

45.0 
34.5 
33.0 
29.5 

41.5 
49.6 
54.3 
40.0 
73.2 

54.3 

54.5 

73.0 

do                        

343 

449 
439 
441 

309 
489 
444 
435 
450 

472 
426 
400 
442 
248 
338 

451 
469 

62.0 
54.6 
02.5 

41.0 
33.0 
34.0 
26.2 
25.0 

58.0 
45.0 
42.5 
33.5 

79.0 
73.5 
88.5 

1073 

545 
545 
545 
762 
762 

54 
54 

54' 
54' 
846 
846 

240 
240 
524 

524 
755 
755 

31 
31' 
35 
434 
925 
925 

34 
34' 
273 
287 

43.0 
44.5 
32.7 
31.4 

78.0 
62.0 
57.5 
47.5 

50.0 

39.0 
109.5 

41.5 

24.2 
27.6 
28.0 
24.0 
32.3 
32.0 

19.0 
21.5 

14.0 

59.0 

31.6 
37.0 
37.0 
31.5 
43.7 
42.5 

24.4 
30.0 
17.5 

40.0 
49.5 
48.5 
42.5 
54.0 
58.0 

30.0 

30.7 
21.5 

52.2 
64.5 
65.0 
56.0 
70.0 
76.0 

37.5 

73.0 
90.0 
87.0 
75.5 
99.0 
135.0 

47.5 

do  

476 

do    

488 

do    

492 
481 

520 
397 
557 
233 
482 
448 

489 
621 
551 
545 

61.5 

26.2 

31.6 

40.0 

55.5 

16.0 
20.7 

26.8 
16.5 

25.0 
21.5 

22.0 
26.0 

85.0 
20.6 
32.5 
27.5 

27.5 
33.3 

46.3 
25.0 
42.0 
35.0 

34.5 
41.0 

58.0 
30.0 
51.5 
43.0 

44.0 

78.5 
36.2 
66.5 
55.5 

45.0 
92.5 
79.0 

54.0 
135.0 

Deflection  with  a  pressure  of  600  kilograms,  68  millimeters;  broke 
with  tine  splinters. 

25  FOR 


386 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  III.—  BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the,  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupluro. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  dc- 
llection. 

261.  Qnercns  prinoides—  continued  

323 
323 
514 
514 

688 
688 

655 
655 

698 

1103 

1103 

404 
799 
799 
919 
919 
954 
954 

649 
649 
653 
653 

654 

663 
663 

685 
685 

7 
7 
7 
7 
45' 
45* 

92 
140 
141 

146 
215 
215 
217 
218 
218 
920 
920 

Texas 

Dallas  . 

J.  Reverchon  
do  

0.  9205 
0.  9966 
0.  9059 
0.  8755 

1.  0023 
1.0284 

1.  1408 
1.  0474 

0.  9821 

1.  0023 
1.  0420 

1.0469 
0.  9127 

0.  9307 

m 

rmrj 

ID 

m 

976 
970 
1085 
976 

888 
610 

697 
1017 

718 

888 
800 

1436 
1285 
1221 
1221 
1103 
697 
751 

976 
1039 

1221 
1285 

642 

1061 
976 

904 
857 

1953 
1285 
1136 
1356 
976 
976 
857 
814 
1221 
703 
1221 
1350 
976 
888 
1221 
1221 
857 
976 

1007 
1007 
1149 
1062 

921 
622 

697 

1017 

740 

888 
787 

1502 
1395 
1252 

1191 
1123 
740 
751 

1085 
1149 
1221 
1338 

633 

957 
948 

849 
872 

1627 
1356 
1149 
1320 
996 
1007 
1302 
814 
1252 
769 
1221 
1356 
1028 
888 
1302 
1268 
8U 
921 

1280 

1090 
1289 

1048 
937 

968 
469 

937 

996 

987 

1055 
1322 
1212 
1010 
1054 
816 
649 

1308 
1268 
1284 
1212 

703 

937 
930 

759 

877 

1282 
1171 
1048 
1057 
855 
902 
787 
787 
919 
780 
895 
1057 
877 
1071 
1242 
1172 
680 
762 

do  do  

do    

Tennessee  :  Nashville  

A.  Gattinger  
do 

Alluvial  
do 

California  

ContraCosta  county. 
do  

G.  R.  Vasey  

Clay  

do 

Mountain  Wiite  Oak.    Slue  Oak. 

263.  Qnercus  oblongifolia  —  
White  Oak. 

....do    

....do  
....do  

San  Diego  county.  .  . 
.....lo  

....do  
do  

Dry,  gravelly  
..  do  . 

Santa  Eita  mount- 
ains. 

Austin  
....do  

G.  Engelmannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

S.  B.Buckley  
do  

White  Oak. 

Texas  
....do  

Damp,  calcareous, 
do 

Florida  
....do  
....do  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
Saint  John's  river  .  . 

....do  

S.  H.  Pook  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

Live  Oak. 

Alabama  
....do  
Texas  . 

Mobile  county  
....do  
Matagorda  bay  
....do  

C.Mohr  
...do  
C.Mohr  
do    

Rich,  sandy  
....do  

0.9114 
0.  8972 
1.  0114 
1.  0193 

0.  8835 
0.  8989 
0.  9386 
0.  9204 

1.  0264 

0.8602 
0.  8508 

0.  8076 
0.  8653 

0.7011 
0.  6872 
0.6364 
0.  6500 
0.  5528 
0.  6159 
0.5432 
0.  0261 
0.  6787 
0.  5987 
0.7464 
0.  7233 
0.  6703 
0.  7316 
0.  7254 
0.  0955 
0.5841 
0.  5852 

....do  

do 

California  

San  Bernardino  
do    

W.  G.  "Wright  

Live  Oak.    Maul  Oak.    Valpa- 
raiso Oak. 

.  .do    

do     .     .. 

....do  
....do  

Marin  county  
....do  

Santa  Rita   mount- 
ains. 

Marin  county  
....do  

G.R.Vasey  
....do  

G-.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

G.R.Vasey  
do  

....do  

Slack  Oak. 

California  
....do  

Loam  .  .  
.    do    

Enceno.   Ooatt  Live  Oak. 

....do  
....do    

Auburn  
do  

Live  Oak. 

do 

Massachusetts  
....do  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum.  . 
....do  
....do  

C.S.Sargent  
....do  
do      ... 

Drift  
....do  

do 

Red  Oak.    Slack  Oak. 

...do  

....do  
Mercer  county  
....do  
....do  

....do  
W.  M.  Linney  
....do  
do  

W.  M.  Linney  
W.  J.Beal  
do 

....do  

Shale 

....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
Alluvial  
Sandy 

Dansville  
....do    

do    

do 

Illinois 

Robert  Douglas... 
C  G  Pringle 

Gravelly  
do 

Charlotte 

...do    

...do  

do         

do    

....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
Enterprise  
....do  

do  
....do  
....do  
C.Mobr  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
Alluvial  
....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


387 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


I'Krl.KrTlON,  1\   MII.UMK'IKK*.  INM.K  A  l'i:J->Si:]tE,  IX  KILOGRAMS,  OF  — 

Ultimate  Mrengtli: 
transverse-  ]ir. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

30 

5.0 
5.0 

4.:: 

5.0 

5.5 
8.0 

7.0 
4.8 

6.8 

5.5 
6.1 

3.4 
3.8 
4.0 
4.0 
4.2 
7.0 
6.5 

5.0 
4.7 
4.0 
3.8 

7.6 

4.6 
5.0 

5.4 
5.7 

2.5 

3  8 
4.3 

:i.  c, 

5.0 
E.O 
5.7 
6.0 
4.0 
6.4 
4.0 
3.6 
5.0 
5.5 
4.0 
4.0 
B.7 
5.0 

1OO 

!>.  7 
(1.7 
x.  r. 
9.2 

10.6 
15.7 

14.0 
9.6 

13.2 

11.0 
12.4 

0.5 
7.0 
7.8 
8.2 
8.7 
13.2 
13.0 

9.0 
8.5 
8.0 
7.3 

ir>.  :i 

10.  L' 
10.3 

lit 

11.2 

0.0 
7.2 
8.5 

1.4 
9.8 

!>.  7 

11.:, 
12.  g 

7.8 
12.  7 
8.0 
7.2 
9.5 
11.0 
T.B 
7.7 
12.0 
HI.  0 

150 

200 

0 

(«etO 

200 

230 

300 

35O 

4OO 

45O 

500 

91.0 

.".,><> 

15.4 
15.3 
12.7 
14.0 

1C.  0 

23.  '2 
•Ji.o 

14.5 

•JO.  7 

!«.:•> 
19.3 

10.0 
10.7 
11.5 
12.3 
12.5 
20.6 
20.0 

13.5 
12.2 
12.0 

11.2 

23.7 

15.6 
15.0 

17.5 
16.8 

9.0 
10.7 
12.3 
11.3 
14.7 

l.-..;! 

17.0 
18.0 

ii.r, 

111.  2 
12.5 
11.0 
14.  f. 
17.0 
11.0 
11.2 
lf.0 
16.0 

•jo.  o 

21.0 
17.3 
19.0 

22.  0 
32.3 

30.  0 
2(1.  5 

29.0 

23.0 

27.0 

14.0 
14.0 
15.  5 
16.3 
17.1 
29.5 
29.2 

18.2 
16.6 
16.4 
14.7 

33.2 

21.8 
21.3 

25.4 
23.3 

12.0 
14.4 
10.  6 
15.2 
20.5 
21.7 
23.7 
24.  ;-, 
15.  4 
20.4 
10.8 
H.  5 
20.0 
24.0 
14.6 
15.4 
27.0 
21.0 

l.i 
1.8 

1.1 
1.0 

1.0 
2.3 

1.2 
2.5 

1.5 
2.0 

0.2 
0.4 
0.9 
0.5 
0.2 
3.0 
3.1 

0.5 
0.5 
0.0 
0.6 

3.5 

1.0 

1.5 

1.7 
1.3 

0.1 
0.2 
0.3 
0.4 
0.7 
0.  ', 

1.2 
1.8 

o.  :i 
.  1.3 
0.8 
0.3 
0.  C 
2.0 
0.2 
0.3 
2.3 
2.0 

20.  r. 
21.  5 
17.5 
19.2 

a.  (i 

33.0 

81.0 

21.6 

29.8 

23.4 
27.3 

14.0 
14.5 
15.  7 
16.2 
17.0 
30.0 
30.0 

18.2 
16.6 
16.5 
15.0 

34.7 

22.7 
21.9 

25.8 
24.0 

12.2 
14.7 
16.8 
15.3 
20.7 
20.7 
24.7 
24.0 
15.7 
26.7 
17.0 
14.0 
20.0 
24.  5 
14.7 
15.  5 
27.7 
?4.  :, 

20.5 
28.0 
22.3 

25.0 

28.0 
42.5 

40.0 

38.0 

29.0 

:;•-'.  o 

:io.  (i 
r..-..  :i 

52.5 

43.0 
45.5 
36.0 
41.0 

40.0 
7°  0 

54.  0 
59.5 
45.0 
51.5 

50.0 

68.0 

03.0 
56.0 
64.0 

TiL'5 

323 

323 
514 
514 

688 
688. 

655 

655 

698 

1103 
1103 

404 
799 
799 
919 
919 
954 
954 

649 
649 
653 
653 

654 

683 
6«3 

685 

685 

7 
7 
7 
7 
45" 
45» 
45* 
92 
140 
141 
146 
215 
215 
217 
218 
218 
920 
920 

do  

71.  C, 

478 
447 

4i:; 

400 

426 

421 

70.0 

90.5 

39.0 

29.  5 
35.0 

17.0 
18.0 
20.0 
20.6 
22.0 
39.0 
40.7 

23.0 
20.0 
21.0 
19.0 

45.5 

29.  C 
29.0 

35.0 
33.0 

15.3 

18.0 
21.5 
19.5 
27.0 
27.0 
32.5 
32.0 
20.0 
:::..  ii 
22.  1 
IK  7 
•-().  2 

31.0 

IS.  5 
19.7 
39.5 
33.0 

51.0 

:w.  :; 

46.0 

21.4 
22.7 
25.7 
26.5 
28.4 
51.7 

65.  :. 
48.  5 

ei.  s 

26.5 
28.0 
32.0 
33.0 

35.0 
69.2 

• 

63.0 
80.0 

38.0 
34.0 
40.5 
55.0 
43.0 

do  

48.0 
43.5 
50.2 

450 
564 
517 

55.5 
66.7 

73.  u 

do           

431 
450 

....    do     

348 

elo    

277 

558 
541 
548 
517 

300 

400 
397 

324 

374 

547 
500 
447 
451 

28.0 
25.5 
27.0 
24.5 

G2.  4 

39.2 
38.0 

47.0 
39.5 

19.0 
22.5 
27.5 
25.3 
37.6 
35.0 
47.5 
42.5 
26.0 
47.0 
28.3 
23.5 
34.5 
41.0 
23.0 
25.0 

35.5 
32.0 
33.0 
30.5 

43.0 
38.0 
40.0 
36.5 

54.2 
4fi.5 
49.0 
45.0 

73.0 
59.0 
66.0 
59.0 

120.0 

52.0 
51.0 

75.0 

51.5 

23.2 
28.0 
35.0 
32.0 
53.5 
46.0 

Specimen  cross-grained  ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in 
axis. 

28.2 
35.0 
46.0 
43.0 

34.2 
45.2 

45.2 
.67.0 



do                                                  

59.0 

. 

do                  

365 
'385 
336 
336 
392 
333 
382 
451 

33.0 

35.5 
29.0 
4G.  0 
52.5 
28.5 
30.7 

36.0 

43.5 

do 

374 
457 
530 
500 
290 
325 

68.0 
34.3 
88.  0 

92.0 

43.0 
46.0 

54.0 
60.0 



49.0 

1 

388 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specilic.  gravity  (if 
Un<  iiir-di  icd  Kjieci- 
men. 

= 
'3 
tc 

o 
a 
c 

5 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

MmluliiH  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  ilc- 
ilection. 

1643 
1043 

931 
031 

752 

17 
17 
SO1 
36* 
36s 
74 
74 
86 
244 
244 
247 
247 
437 

628 
628 
9C3 
963 

268 

131 
131 
245 
245 
265» 
265s 
548 
548 

342 
342 
770 
770 

47 
282 
282 

264' 
264' 
2643 
349 
349 
511 
511 

Massachusetts  
do 

North  Reading  
do 

J.  Robinson  
do            

Drift  

do 

0.  7380 
0.  7426 

0.8580 
0.  8926 

0.  7054 

0.  7102 
0.  6847 
0.  7284 
0.  7019 
0.7982 
0.  8495 
0.8408 
0.  7519 
0.5432 
0.  5026 
0.  7102 
0.7046 
0.  6949 

0.  COJ2 
0.  6841 
0.  C960 
0.  6S75 

0.  7688 

0.  7521 
0.  7421 
0.  6307 
0.  6767 
0.  7837 
0.  6933 
0.  7875 
0.  7614 

0.6875 
0.  7193 

0.  8395 
0.  8442 

0.7148 
0.  7671 
0.7534 

0.  6523 
0.  0170 
0.  6158 
0.  7142 
0.7313 
0.7560 
0.  7411 

H 

_.-•- 

n 
n 

m 
n 

1221 
1221 

976 
1017 

976 

1221 

1085 
1)76 
1221 
697 
921 
814 
888 
842 
561 
1479 
1395 
1136 

814 

S72 
060 
626 

97C 

1395 
1320 
1221 
1320 
1526 
1221 
1526 
1628 

888 
1017 
976 
1101! 

1526 

957 
904 

1085 
1136 
11C3 
1163 
1221 
976 
1221 

1320 
1302 

1039 
1028 

1085 

1221 
1149 
1028 
1221 
723 
930 
814 
930 
820 
538 
1479 
1436 
1136 

849 
921 
051 
8S8 

976 

1302 
1394 
1221 
1S94 
1502 
1221 
1601 
1575 

948 
1062 

1007 
1122 

1479 
976 
913 

1122 
1191 
1149 
1285 
1885 
1028 
1338 

1282 
1172 

1252 
794 

1055 

1151 
1054 
1043 
1270 
B54 
1181 
MO 
1120 
794 
551 
1284 
1201 
937 

880 

844 
003 
698 

1043 

1172 
1071 
1041 
1172 
1334 
1172 
1266 
1317 

990 
1027 
1113 
1055 

1233 
1055 
982 

989 
1052 
932 
1155 
1120 
919 
1170 

Austin  
do    

C.Mohr  
....do  

Red  Oak. 

...do  

Florida  

Massachusetts  
do            

Aspalaga  

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
do     

A.H.Curtiss  

C.  S.  Sargent  
..  do  

Clay  
Drift  

Scarlet  Oak. 

Slack  Oak.     Yellow-bark  Oak. 
Quercitron  Oak.     Yellow  Oak. 

...do  

Kentucky  
do 

Danville  Junction  .  . 
do 

W.  M.  Linuey  
do    

Shak'  
do          

....do  
Missouri  
do 

....do  
Allentou  

do 

....to  

G.  TV.  Lettci  man  .  . 
do           

Slate  
Rich  upland  
do       

....do  

...do  
ATythcville  
do                     

..  do  
H.  Shriver  
do    

...do  
Clay  
do       

do 

do    

do  

...do  

...do    

do 

do             

..do  

..  do  

Tennessee  

Nashville  

Saw-mill,  A  shland  . 
do  

do 

G.  Engclmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

Black  Oak. 

do          

do 

G  H  Collier 

do 

do                   ... 

do    

Missouri  

South  Carolina  
do        

Allentou  

Bonreau's  Depot  
.do    

G.  \V.  Lctterman.. 

n.  W.  Raveuel  
...do  

Clay  

Rich  loam  
...do  

Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 
277.  Quercus  falcate  

Spanish  Oak.    lied  Oak. 

m 

m 

m 

m 

Wytheville  
..do  

H.  Shriver  
....do  
do       

Clay              

..  do  
....do  
...  do  

....do    
do  

....do  
Kemper's  mill  
do 

....do  
C.Mohr  
do           

....do  

do 

...do  

Alabama  
do 

Cottage  Hill  
do 

* 

....do  

do 

Barren,  sandy  
do     

Turkey  Oak.  Scrub  Oak.  Forked- 
leaf  Black  Jack.    Black  Jack. 

Florida 

A  H  Curtiss 

do            

do 

do 

do          

..do  

Missouri  
....do  

do 

Alleutou  
....do  

do 

G.  W.  Let  term  an. 
....do  
do  

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  
...  do  

Pin  Oak.     Swamp  Spanish  Oak. 
Water  Oak. 

Vir"iuia    

Carroll  county  
do 

H.  Shriver  
do 

Water  Oak.   fluck  Oak.  Possum 
Oak.    Punk  Oak. 

do 

do 

do      

Cottage  Hill  
...  do  
Tullahoma  
....do  

C.Mohr  
....do  
A.  Gattinger  
....do  

Sandy  loam  
....do    
....do  

....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


389 


DEFLECTION,   IX  MILLIMETER,    UXI1EU  A   rRF.SBUUE,   IX  KILOGRAMS,  OF— 

Ultimate  stieiiL'tli  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

SO 

100 

150 

2OO 

0 

(set.) 

20O 

25O 

3OO 

350 

400 

430 

50O 

55O 

4.0 

4.0 

5.0 

4.8 

5.0 

4.0 
4.5 
5.0 
4.0 
7.0 
5.3 
6.0 
5.5 
5.8 
8.7 
3.3 
3.5 
4.3 

6.0 
5.6 
7.4 
0.3 

.'..0 

3.5 
3.7 
4.0 
3.7 
3.2 
4.0 
3.2 
3.0 

5.5 

4.8 
5.0 
4.2 

3.  L 
5.1 
5.4 

4.5 
4.3 
4.2 
4.2 
4.0 
5.0 
4.0 

7.4 
7.5 

9.4 
9.5 

9.0 

8.0 
8.5 
9.5 
8.0 
13.0 
10.  5 
12.0 
10.5 
11.9 
17.5 
6.  6 
6.8 
8.6 

11.5 
10.6 
15.0 
17.5 

10.0 

7.5 
7.0 
8.0 
7.0 
6.5 
8.0 
6.1 
6.2 

10.3 
9.2 
9.7 

8.7 

6.6 
10.0 
10.7 

8.7 
8.2 
8.5 
7.6 
7.0 
9.5 
7.3 

11.0 
11.4 

14.0 
14.7 

14.0 

12.  0 
12.2 
14.5 
12.0 
21.4 
15.8 
18.5 
15.7 
18.0 
28.5 
10.0 
10.0 
12.8 

17.  3 
10.0 
26.0 

27.  5 

15.0 

10.5 
10.2 
12.0 
10.0 
9.5 
12.0 
9.0 
9.3 

'l5.4 
J4.ll 
14.6 
13.0 

10.2 
15.0 
17.0 

13.0 
11.8 
13.0 
11.5 
11.5 
14.6 
10.9 

14.6 
15.4 

19.0 
20.4 

20.1 

16.1 
16.5 
2U.  2 
16.5 
31.0 
22.6 
25.8 
21.7 
26.0 
43.4 
14.0 
13.4 
18.0 

23.5 
22.0 
54.3 
41.5 

21.0 

14.0 
13.7 
16.0 
13.7 
12.7 
16.0 
12.1 
12.0 

20.6 
19.0 
20.2 
18.5 

13.7 
21.0 
24.0 

17.7 
16.0 
18.0 
15.5 
15.8 
20.4 
14.3 

0.3 
0.3 

0.5 
1.2 

1.4 

0.3 
0.4 
1.0 
0.6 
3.5 
1.8 
1.8 
1.5 
1.5 
5.0 
0.6 
0.4 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 
10.5 
4.8 

1.2 

0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.3 
0.2 

0.9 

1.0 
1.1 
1.0 

0.3 
1.8 

2.1 

0.7 
0.2 
0.9 
0.5 
0.6 
1.2 
0.5 

15.0 
15.6 

10.2 
21.0 

£0.5 

16.4 
16.5 
20.4 
16.4 
31.5 
23.6 
26.3 
22.1 
26.5 
44.0 
14.0 
13.4 
18.2 

23.9 
22.1 
57.0 
43.5 

21.4 

14.0 
14.0 
16.0 
13.7 
13.0 
16.0 
12.4 
12.0 

21.1 
19.0 
20.0 
18.9 

14.2 
22.0 
24.4 

18.0 
16.5 
18.3 
15.6 
16.0 
20.7 
15.0 

19.0 

20.  0 

25.0 
27.2 

27.0 

21.0 
21.1 
27.2 
20.7 
42.0 
30.6 
34.0 
28.2 
37.0 

24.0 
26.0 

32.0 

3K.  0 

36.0 

27.0 
27.0 
35.0 
27.0 
58.0 
40.0 
46.2 
36.7 
55.0 

30.3 
31.7 

40.0 

37.0 
40.0 

50.7 

46.0 
51.  5 

63.0 

63.5 

547 
500 

534 
339 

400 

491 
400 
445 
042 

407 
504 
397 
478 
339 
235 

Broke  with  fine  splinters  and  scale 

104« 
1043 

931 
931 

752 

17 
17 
38" 
36» 
36« 
74 
74 
86 
244 
244 
247 
247 
437 

628 
628 

963 
963 

268 

131 
131 
245 
245 
265> 
265« 
548 
548 

342 
342 

779 
776 

47 
282 
282 

2641 
2C4» 
26i» 
34* 
34D 
511 
511 

86.5 



47.0 

34.0 
34.5 
4,-..  5 
32.5 
80.0 
51.5 
60.5 
47.0 

>;j.  g 

42.0 
44.0 
58.2 
41.  5 
135.0 
64.0 

90.0 

56.5 
55.0 

51.7 

68.0 

88.5 

140.0 



Broke  with  fine  splinters  

57.7 

75.0 

do 

17.7 
16.7 
24.5 

31.0 

28.5 
88.0 
61.5 

28.0 

17.5 
17.4 
20.2 
17.0 
16.2 
20.0 
15.4 
15.0 

27.0 
25.0 
26.0 
24.2 

IT.  ;> 

29.0 
S2.5 

24.0 
21.0 
24.2 
20.0 
20.4 
26.5 
19.0 

22.1 
20.5 
33.0 

40.3 
36.0 

27.0 
25.6 
44.0 

51.5 
46.7 

33.0 
31.7 
55.0 

40.5 
40.5 

50.6 
51.5 

048 
538 

do  

400 

371 
360 
283 
298 

445 
500 

do 

36.0 

22.0 
21.6 
25.7 
21.2 
20.7 
25.2 
19.0 
18.5 

34.5 
31.3 
33.0 
31.2 

22.5 
38.5 
44.0 

32.0 
26.7 
32.  5 
24.7 
26.5 
34.3 
24.0 

45.0 

27.5 
26.5 
33.0 
26.3 
25.5 
31.5 
23.0 
23.0 

44.0 
39.0 
41.6 
39.0 

28.0 
49.5 
60.0 

44.0 
34.0 
44.2 
31.0 
34.0 
44.0 
30.0 

60.0 

33.0 
32.5 
42.0 
33.0 
30.5 
40.0 
28.0 
28.2 

55.5 
50.2 
51.  5 
50.0 

35.5 
66.0 
91.0 

58.5 
44.6 

40.5 
41.0 

540 
55.0 

do  

407 
444 
500 
569 
500 
040 
562 

423 
438 
475 
450 

526 
450 
419 

422 
449 

398 
493 

478 

43.5 
88.5 
48.3 
34.2 
35.5 

60.0 
48.0 

65.5 

do  

40.0 
46.0 

63.2 

66.2 

44.0 
105.0 

63.0 

37.0 

44.5 

47.0 
58.5 

do  

392 
499 

38.5 

47.0 

390 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

o  °^ 
*5  o  S 

.3 

o 
| 

5 

:  -"—; 
'-^Ll:i 

m 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

1'irst  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
tli'rtion. 

742 

711' 

756 
756 
801 
801 

1171 

1171 
1171 

352 

674 
674 

40' 
50 

512 
512 

687 
687 

729 
720 

573 
678 

18 

18 
18 
256* 
258s 
516 

9 
9 
442 

44' 
119 
119 
765 
765 
853 
853 
8S3 

11 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
...do  

Alluvial  .  . 

0.  7415 
1 
0.  8006 

0.8034 
0.  7980 
0.  8105 
0.8204 

0.  7023 
0.  6818 
0.0898 

0.  7159 

0.  8716 
0.8325 

0.  7440 
0.  7477 

0.  7693 
0.  7557 

0.  6910 
0.  7203 

0.  5739 
0.  5909 

0.  C017 
0.5960 

0.  4123 
0.  5330 
0.  4568 
0.5050 
0.5053 
0.  4939 

0.  7333 
0.  7146 
0.  6352 
0.6416 
6.  7571 
0.  6945 
0.  0892 
0.  6770 
0.7000 
0.  7324 
0.  7250 

0.7784 
0.  7614 
0.8460 
0.  8591 
0.8068 
0.8182 

1221 
1356 

1221 
1320 
1356 
1221 

1395 

1110 
1221 

697 

904 
93!) 

1136 
1252 

751 
703 

872 
970 

990 
1017 

1285 
1062 

498 
888 
679 
1221 
1085 
872 

1221 
1221 
1085 
1039 
1221 
1221 
976 
1163 
1221 
1285 
1395 

1628 
1395 
1395 
1320 
1110 
1136 

1285 

1356  j 

1177 
1221 
1320 

J320 

1338 
1085 
1252 

751 

967 
921 

1085 
1302 

781 
787 

842 
1085 

1007 
1017 

1221 
10C2 

525 
872 
651 
11G3 
1039 
888 

1302 
*     1221 
1050 
1122 
1302 
1302 
1007 
1136 
1221 
1252 
1395 

1628 
1479 
1395 
1395 
1163 
1177 

806 
1334 

1055 
1111 
1289 
1266 

1165 
947 
1111 

994 

1120 
1106 

1153 

1284 

923 
1055 

846 
1048 

846 

635 

1034 
949 

415 
703 
619 
898 
867 
675 

1312 

1235 
1026 
937 
1284 
1180 
1024 
1048 
1106 
1221 
1256 

1446 
1289 
820 
984 
1209 
1057 

281  .  Quercus  laurifolia  
Laurel  Oak. 

282.  Quercns  hetcrophylla  

Bartram'x  Oak. 

...do  

Florida  

do 

Saint  John's  river  .  . 

iln 

....do  
do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Nr\v  Jersey  
do 

Mount  Holly  

S.  P.  Sharpies  
..  do  

Clay  
....do  

do                                 'In 

do    

...do  

Alabama  

Citronelle,  

Santa  liita   mount- 
ains. 

C.  Mohr  

G.  Engolinaunand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
.  do  

Pine-barren  
Dry,  rocky  

Upland  Willow  Oak.    Blue  Jack. 
Sand  Jack. 

do 

..do  

Kentucky  Harrodslmrg  

W.  M.  Linney  
G.  W.  Letterman.. 

A.Gattingcr  
do 

Utiea  shale  

Shingle  Oak.    Laurel  Oak. 

286.  Quercus  Phellos  
Willow  Oak:    Peach  Oak. 

Rich,  moist  

Tennessee  Tullahoma  

Moist,  siliceous  .  .  . 
.  .  .do  .  . 

California  ,  Marin  county  

G.  R.Vasey  Gravelly  

Tanlark    Oak.       Chestnut    Oak. 
Peach  Oak. 

288.  Czstnnoppia  clnysopliylla  
Chinquapin. 

289.  Castanea  pmnila  
Chinquapin. 

290.  Caatanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana. 
Chestnut. 

California  

ilendocino  county  .  . 
do             

A.  Kellogg  
do     



Arkansas  
do 

G.  TV.  Letterman  . 
do 

do  

Massachusetts  

A  rr.oM  Arboretum.  . 

Jo 

C.S.Sargent  
do 

Drift  
...do  

do         

H  Shriver        

Moist  

do 

do 

do 

.  do    

Tennessee  

Massachusetts  — 
do 

Nashville  

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
do 

C.S.Sargent  
do                   .  . 

Drift  
....do  

Seech. 

Mercer  county  

W.  M.  Linney  
do           

Hudson  Kivershale 
....do  

do 

do 

Dansville  

do            .     ... 

W.J.Beal  
do    

Gravelly  
....do  

do 

do    

do 

do 

do          

....do  

Massachusetts  — 
....do  
do 

Hamilton  
....do  

do 

J.  Robinson  
....do  
do       

....do  
....do  
....do  

do 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
....do  
Danvers  
....do  
North  Reading  
do                     .  .. 

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  

Drift  

Hop    Hornbeam.      Iron    Wood. 
Lever  Wood. 

11 
877 
877 
1047 
1047 

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

do 

....do  

....do  
....do  
do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


391 


DEFLECTION",   IK  MILLIMETRES,   UNDER  A  PUESSUKE,  IS  KILOGRAMS,  OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

SO 

100 

15O 

2OO 

16.8 
13.7 

17.0 
10.0 
14.5 
15.0 

14.7 
16.5 

14.7 

26.5 

20.8 
22.7 

18.5 
15.3 

28.0 
27.0 

24.5 
18.2 

20.0 
L>0.2 

16.2 
19.0 

O 

(set.) 

1.0 

0.4 

0.8 
0.5 
0.5 
0.6 

0.5 
0.5 
0.5 

1.5 

1.0 
1.2 

0.5 

0.5 

2.1 
1.9 

1.0 

0.5 

0.4 
0.5 

0.5 
1.2 

200 

•J.io 

21.8 
17.5 

22.5 
20.6 
18.7 
19.0 

19.2 
20.9 
19.0 

35.  0 

27.0 
30.0 

24.4 
19.8 

39.0 
36.0 

31.0 
23.5 

25.5 
26.0 

20.5 
24.6 

3OO 

29.0 
21.3 

28.7 
27.0 
23.5 
24.5 

23.7 
26.0 
24.0 

46.0 

35.5 
37.0 

31.5 
25.0 

52.5 
47.0 

40.5 
29.5 

32.0 

3.10 

400 

450 

.-)«•<» 

550 

4.0 
3.6 

4.0 
3.7 
3.0 
4.0 

3.5 
4.4 
4.0 

7.0 

5.4 

5.2 

4.3 
3.9 

6.5 
6.4 

5.0 
5.0 

4.9 

4.8 

3.8 
4.6 

9.8 
5.5 
7.2 
4.0 
4.5 
5.6 

4.0 
4.0 
4.5 
4.7 
4.0 
4.0 
5.0 
4.2 
4.0 
3.8 
3.5 

3.0 
3.5 
3.5 
3.7 
4.4 
4.3 

7.6 
7.2 

8.3 
8.0 
7.4 
7.4 

7.3 
9.0 

7.8 

13.0 

10.1 
10.6 

9.0 
7.5 

12.5 
12.4 

11.6 
9.0 

9.7 
9.6 

8.0 
9.2 

18.6 
11.2 
15.0 
8.4 
9.4 
11.0 

7.5 
8.0 
9.3 
8.7 
7.5 
7.5 
9.7 
8.6 
8.0 
7.8 
7.0 

6.0 
6.6 
7.0 
_  7.  0 
8.4 
8.3 

12.0 
10.3 

12.2 
11.6 
11.0 
11.0 

11.0 
12.0 
11.0 

19.5 

15.0 
16.0 

13.5 
11.2 

19.4 
19.2 

17.5 
13.6 

14.8 
14.6 

12.0 
14.0 

30.4 
17.0 
23.5 
13.0 
14.4 
17.0 

11.6 

12.2 
14.0 
13.6 
11.0 
11.2 
14.2 
13.2 
11.5 
11.6 
10.0 

8.6 
10.0 
10.4 
11.0 
13.  o' 
12.6 

17.0 
14.0 

17.0 
16.0 
15.0 
15.5 

15.0 
17.0 
15.3 

27.0 

21.0 
22.7 

18.  0 
16.0 

29.0 
27.5 

24.4 
18.4 

20.2 
20.3 

16.2 
19.2 

344 
569 

450 
474 
550 
540 

742 
742 

756 
756 
801 
801 

1171 
1171 
1171 

352 

674 
674 

40' 
50 

512 
512 

687 
687 

729 
729 

573 
573 

18 
18 
18 
258» 
258» 
516 

9 
9 

44» 
44» 
119 
119 

765 
765 
853 
853 
853 

11 
11 
877 
877 
1047 
1047 

26.0 

36.0 
33.2 
29.5 
30.5 

29.5 
33.0 

30.5 

59.0 

44.3 
47.0 

40.0 
31.5 

69.0 
63.0 

55.0 
37.0 

40.5 

31.0 

46.3 
42.5 
36.5 
37.5 

37.0 
42.0 

38.7 

76.0 

55.7 
58.0 

49.5 
40.0 

37.0 

60.0 
58.5 
46.0 
46.7 

48.0 

40.5 

58.0 

58.5 
58.5 

80.0 

do  

497 
404 
474 

424 

478 
472 

49.0 

Cross-grained  ;  broke  with  coarse  splinters  

72.5 
73.0 

60.7 
50.0 

do  

492 
548 

394 
450 

361 
447 

361 
271 

441 

405 

177 
300 

0.5  sap-wood;  broke  witb  large  splinters  .... 

62.0 

81.5 

110.  0 

46.0 

25.7 
31.5 

32.2 

41.0 

40.7 
62.0 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  scales  on  tension  side...  

Shattered  ...  

23.6 
33.0 
17.5 
19.5 
23.2 

15.7 
16.2 
19.0 
IS.  0 
14.7 
14.7 
19.4 
18.0 
16.0 
15.4 
13.6 

11.5 
13.5 
14.0 
14.5 
17.5 
17.5 

0.7 
1.7 
0.1 
0.4 
0.6 

0.5 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 
0.  :. 
0.7 
0.6 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 

0.3 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 
1.0 
1.0 

24.0 
33.2 

17.6 
19.6 
24.0 

15.6 
16.3 
19.0 
18.2 
If..  0 
15.0 
19.5 
18.5 
10.5 
15.5 
14.0 

12.0 
13.7 
14.0 

14.5 

iao 

18.0 

30.  7 
45.0 
22.0 
25.0 
31.5 

20.0 
21.0 
25.0 
23.7 
19.0 
19.0 
25.0 
23.6 
19.7 
20.0 
17.5 

15.0 
17.0 
18.0 
18.5 
23.7 
23.5 

40.5 

do     ..                                  ...                   

264 
383 
370 
288 

560 

29.0 
33.0 

38.0 
41.0 

26.0 
26.7 
31.5 
30.5 
24.0 
24.5 
32.0 
30.0 
25.0 
25.5 
21.7 

18.5 
22.0 
22.3 
23.4 
30.5 
31.0 

30.7 
32.5 
41.0 

38.5 
30.5 
30.0 
40.0 
39.0 
31.0 
31.0 
27.0 

22.0 
28.0 
28.0 
30.0 
40.0 
40.0 

36.5 
42.0 
52.5 
52.0 
37.0 
37.5 
53.0 
51.5 
40.0 
40.0 
32.5 

27.0 
34.0 

45.0 
54.0 

55.5 
75.0 

do                                                            

527 
438 
400 
548 
504 
437 
447 
472 
521 
536 

617 
550 
350 
420 
516 
451 

47.0 
46.7 

65.5 
70.0 



49.5 
50.0 
42.0 

33.5 
43.0 

76.5 
56.5 

40.0 
60.0 

52.0 

75.0 

Sap-wood;  broke  with  fine  splinters;  deflection  with  600  kilograms 
pressure,  64  millimeters. 

37.5 
51.5 
52.0 

67.5 
73.5 

102.0 



392 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OP  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

•Si 

w 

II 

"•3 

f!< 

£.3  a 
£.53  B 

tn 

«M 

0 

3 
S 

(S 

..... 
ffl 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

i 
ll 

.                   .ana 

46 
73 
73' 
73' 
73' 
1038 

10 
10 

84S 

722 
722 
836 
900 
990 
1065 
1065 
1065 
1066 
1066 
1067 
1067 

528 
620 

843 
843 
1068 
1068 
1069 
1069 
1070 
1070 

136 
136 
841 
841 
842 
842 

4 

G.  "W.  Lettennan.. 
"W.  M.  Linney  

An 

Damp,  alluvial  
Trenton  limestone 
do 

0.  7798 
0.  770? 
0.  7852 
0.  7641 
0.  7983 
0.  7307 

0.  6121 
0.  6163 
0.  5949 

0.  6244 
0.5948 
0.  7034 
0.  613G 
0.  6239 
0.  6921 
0.  6653 
0.  6614 
0.  6136 
0.  6136 
0.6409 
0.  6028 

0.  5998 
0.  5905 

0.  7147 
0.  7215 
0.  6579 
0.  6647 
0.  6573 
0.6647 
0.  6710 
0.  6056 

0.  5835 
0.  5815 
0.6335 
0.  6273 
0.6346 
0.  6149 

0.  7393 
0.  7454 
0.  7002 
0.  8579 
0.  8215 

0.  5000 
0.  5017 
0.  5199 
0.5244 

921 
1221 
1395 
888 
1285 
857 

814 
465 

872 

1110 
1221 
1221 
1039 
1221 
1526 
1628 
1395 
1085 
1320 
1356 
1285 

888 
076 

1628 
1575 
1575 
1628 
1479 
1628 
]479 
1953 

1039 
1221 
1039 
1221 
921 
1039 

1395 
1479 
1356 
1395 
1575 

976 

1017 
842 
842 

957 
1285 
1395 
939 
1395 
921 

814 

503 
872 

1149 
1149 
1320 
1085 
1191 
1502 
J575 
1526 
1191 
1338 
1356 
1285 

872 
976 

1550 
1526 
loOl 
1028 
1628 
1684 
1550 
1775 

1085 
1221 
1085 
1356 
904 
1028 

1436 

1002 
1302 
1415 
1502 

1028 

10]  7 
888 
807 

1134 
1355 
1172 
1055 
1406 
773 

909 
586 
837 

1083 
1008 
1181 
816 
994 
1165 
1099 
1228 
1069 
1017 
1134 
982 

738 
874 

1202 
1289 
1216 
1219 
13?0 
1212 
1245 
1282 

1041 
975 
954 
1005 
937 
026 

1289 
1282 
1294 
105? 
1165 

701 
703 
830 
820 

Hornbeam.    Blue  Beech.     Water 
Seech.    Iron  Wood. 

BETULACE.S:. 

294.  Betnla  albn,  rar.  populifolia  
White  Birch.      Old-field,  Birch. 
Gray  Birch. 

Mercer  county  

iln 

do 

do  

do 

do 

do 

Massachusetts  

....do  
.   .  do  

Danveis  

Arnold  Arhorotum  . 
.  do    

J.  Robinson  

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Gravelly  

Drift  
do  

do 

Gravelly 

Sereno  "Watson  .  . 
do 

Wet       .  . 

Canoe  Birch.     White  Birch.    Pa- 
per Birch. 

do 

"assai-hi]  setts  Townsend  
Alaska                       Chilcoot  iulet 

Paul  Schultze 

do  

Vermont  
do 

Cbarlotto  

C.  G.  Pringlo  
do 



do 

.  .  do  .  . 

do              

do 

do 

do' 

do 

do  

do  

...do 

.   .  do 

do 

Engelmatm's  cnfiou. 
Strawberry  v;i!lev  . 

Robert  Douglas.. 

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

J.  Robinson  
do 

"Wet  sandy  

Black  Birch. 
297   Betula  lutea 

California  

"Wet  peaty 

Gravelly  
do  

Yellow  Birch.    Gray  Birch. 

do 

.  An 

Vermont  Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pi  ingle  
.    do 

...do  
do  

do 

do    

do  do  

....do  

do    . 

....do  
do  

do  do  

....do  

G.  W.  Lettenuan.  . 
....do  
J.  Robins'on  
do 

....do  
Moist  loam  

Red  Birch.    River  Birch. 
299   Betula  lenta 

do  

Massachusetts  

....do  
North  Andover  
do 

....do  
Alluvial  
.  do  

do 

do 

do 

do            ..     .  . 

do 

do 

do 

do  

do 

Arnold  Arboretum.  . 
do 

C  S  Sargent    ... 

Drift  

Cherry    Birch.      Black    Birch. 
Sweet  Birch.    Mahogany  Birch. 

4 

221 

844 
844 

967 
967 
991 
991 

do 

do 

do  

Charlotte    .... 

C.  G.  Pringle  
J.  Robinson  
....do  

Paul  Schnltze  

Gravelly  
....do  
....do  

Massachusetts  
...  do  

Alaska 

Dam-ers  
...do  

Sitka 

Alder. 

do 

do 

do               .  ... 

Washington  terri- 
tory, 
do 

Pnyallup  
do     

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  



THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


393 


IIEFLECTIOX,  IX  MILLIMETERS,  VSM'I:  A  rUKSHUBK,  IX  KILOGRAMS,  OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Be  marks. 

Oflicc  number. 

50 

1OO 

1  5O   ••!<><>      O 
<a*t) 

2OO 

*50 

:;<)<> 

:n;.  i 
24.0 

37.0 

n.7 

45.0 
48.5 

330 

48.0 

2!'.  7 
29.0 
50.  5 

27.  '-' 

4OO 

430 

300 

.130 

5.3 
4.0 
B.5 

3.8 
5.7 

6.0 
10.5 
5.0 

4.4 
4.0 
4.0 
4.7 
4.0 
3.2 
3.0 
3.5 
4.5 
3.7 
3.C 
3.8 

5.5 

5.0 

3.0 
3.1 
3.1 
8.0 
3.3 
3.0 
3.3 
2.5 

4.7 
4.0 
4.7 
4.0 
5.3 
4.7 

3.5 
3.3 
3.6 
3.5 
3.1 

5.0 
4.8 
5.8 
.5.8 

10.2 
7.6 
7.0 
10.4 
7.0 
10.  (i 

12.0 
19.4 

it  a 

8.5 
8.5 
7.4 
9.0 
8.2 
6.5 
6.2 
6.4 
8.2 
7.3 
7.2 
7.6 

11.  2 
10.0 

6.3 
6.4 
6.  1 
6.0 
6.0 
5.8 
6.3 
5.5 

9.0 

S.  II 

9.0 
7.2 
10.8 
9.5 

6.8 
6.5 
7.5 
6.9 
6.5 

9.5 
9.6 
11.0 
12.1 

15.2 
11.0 

10.  r. 
15.7 
10.0 
17.0 

18.0 
30.6 
17.  C 

111.0 
1:1.4 
11.0 
14.0 
12.4 
10.0 
9.5 
10.0 
12.6 
11.2 
10.7 
12.0 

18.0 
15.5 

9.3 
9.2 
9.4 

9.0 
8.7 
8.8 
9.4 
8.3 

13.3 
12.0 
14.0 
H.O 
17.0 
14.0 

10.0 
10.0 
10.4 

10.0 
10.0 

14.4 
14.6 

16.7 

19.0 

1 

•jl.O 
15.0 
14.0 
21.7 
13.7 
24.0 

25.4 
46.0 

->5.  r, 

17.2 
19.0 
15.0 
19.5 

17.0 
13.  0 
13.3 
|  13.4 
17.0 
15.0 
14.3 
lo.r, 

27.0 
21.4 

12.7 
12.5 
12.4 
11.5 
11.6 
11.6 
12.4 
11.3 

18.2 
1ft,  8 

19.0 
14.7 
23.0 
19.2 

13.5 
13.0 
13.3 
13.6 
13.7 

19.0 
19.8 
22.5 
27.0 

i.a 

0.4 
0.6 
1.:, 
0.4 
2.2 

0.4 
6.5 
2.5 

0.5 
1.0 
0.5 
1.0 
0.5 
0.5 
0.7 
0.6 
0.4 
0.4 
0.3 
0.5 

2.9 
0.9 

0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 

0.5 
0.7 
0.9 
0.6 
1.5 
0.5 

0.4 
0.3 

0.2 
0.4 
0.4 

0.5 
0.5 
0.7 
1.9 

81.8 

15.0 
14.4 
22.  4 
14.0 
24.8 

26.0 
47.8 
26.8 

17.5 
19.2 
15.0 
20.0 
17.0 
13.4 
13.3 
13.7 
17.3 
15.5 
14.3 
16.5 

27.4 
21.6 

12.7 
12.6 
12.2 
11.5 
11.5 
11.7 
12.4 
11.4 

18.6 
16.3 
19.4 
14.7 
24.0 
19.4 

13.5 
13.5 
13.6 
13.5 
14.0 

19.5 
20.0 
22.7 
27.5 

2S.  II 

in.  o 

IP.  B 
29.0 

17.7 
33.0 

34.2 

i;n.  .-, 
35.5 
:;(.:; 
64.0 
88.  0 

80.0 
45.0 

41..  1 

93.  r> 

;is.  :, 

484 
578 
500 
450 
600 
330 

3KH 
250 
187 

462 
480 

504 
348 
424 
497 
469 
524 
456 
434 
484 
419 

315 

373 

313 
550 
519 
52H 
563 

in 

531 
547 

444 
416 
407 
429 
400 
395 

550 
547 
552 
448 
497 

299 
300 

46 
7:; 
73' 
1» 
73' 
1038 

10 

10 
848 

736 
722 
836 

990 
990 
1065 
1065 
1065 
1066 
106ft 
1067 
1(167 

taa 

829 

843 

843 
1  111:8 
1068 
1069 
1069 
1070 
1070 

138 
136- 
841 
841 
842 
842 

4 
4 

221 

844 
844 

967 
967 
991 
991 

56.0 

68.0 

48.0 

59.0 

Deflection  with  600  kilograms  pressure,  82  millimeters;  broke  with 
line  splinter*. 

r,7.  ii 

:;ti.  2 

22.6 
25.  0 
19.0 
26.3 
22.0 
17.0 
17.0 
17.0 
21.7 
19.7 
18.0 
21.5 

37.5 
29.2 

16.2 
15.7 
15.4 
14.5 
14.0 
14.5 
111  6 
14.5 

23.5 
21.0 
25.0 
19.0 
32.0 
2:..  0 

17.5 
16.7 

16.5 
17.2 
18.0 

25.5 
26.0 
30.0 
37.0 

.in.  (i 

28.4 
33.0 
24.0 
:i.i.  o 
28.0 
21.0 
21.5 
22.0 

27.  s 

25.0 
23.0 

28.0 

54.0 
40.5 

20.0 
19.5 
19.2 
18.0 
17.0 
17.7 
19.5 

iao 

30.0 
27.0 
32.5 
24.0 
45.0 
33.0 

21.6 
20.8 
19.7 
22.0 
22.6 

62.0 

35.7 
44.0 
30.0 

46.0 
58.5 

37.5 

65.0 

49.0 

68.7 

36.0 

.'(1.  .1 
26.5 
27.0 
35.0 
32.0 
28.0 
36.0 

50.0 
33.0 
33.0 
33.0 
44.0 
41.0 
35.5 
52.0 

43.0 
43.0 
39.0 

Crushed  :it  center  bearing;  broke  with  large  splinter  on  corner  

51.5 

43.0 

60.0 

24.5 
24.5 
23.2 
21.7 
20.7 
21.7 
24.0 
22.0 

39.0 
35.5 
45.0 
31.0 
61.5 
45.0 

27.0 
26.0 
24.0 
27.0 
28.0 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 
in  axis. 

30.5 
30.0 
29.0 
27.0 

25.  0 
2<i.  5 
30.5 
27.0 

64.5 
51.  0 

36.5 
36.0 
37.5 
34.5 
31.0 
33.0 
38.0 
33.7 

50.0 
47.5 
57.0 
49.5 
40.0 
45.5 

60.0 

Sap-wood  ;  crusher!  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  coarse  splinter  on 
comer. 
Sap-wood  ;  crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  broke  with  coarse  scales.  -  . 

55.0 

0.5  sap-wood  ;  crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  broke  with  fine  splinters.  . 
0.7f>  s;i]i.wood;  crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  fine  splinters. 

Sap-wood;  crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  bioke  with  iiue  splinters  on 
corner. 
Heart-wood  ;  crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  fine  splinters  .  . 

45.5 

. 

Sap-wood  :  crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  coarse  splinters 
at  corners. 

66.0 
41.0 
100  0 

Sap-  wood  ;  crushed  at  center  beai  ing  ;  broke  with  fine  splinters  on 
tension  side. 
Sap-wood;  crushed  at  center  bearing;  shattered  on  corner  

34.0 
32.0 
28.5 
34.0 
35.5 

40.7 
40.0 
34.5 

51.5 
51.0 
43.7 

72.0 

Sap-wood  ;  crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  square  break  on  tension 
side,  splitting  in  axis. 

60.0 

45.5 

do  

37.5 
50.0 

50.0 
72.0 

354 

do  

350 

do  

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOlt  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  -xrain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

l'irstdclli'0- 
tiou. 

i 

~3 

O 

si 
s| 
1* 

1025 
1025 

635 

717 
717 
979 
979 

094 
694 

b02 

855 

908 
908 
911 

690 
690 

640 
981 
981 

889 
721 

972 
972 

669 

272' 
2705 

1035 
1035 

847 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
do    

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do    

0.  4739 
0.  5084 

0.  4857 
0.4545 
0.  4886 
0.  4465 
0.  4375 

0.  4170 
0.  4049 

o.  r.oor, 

0.  5330 

0.  4675 
0.  4676 
0.  4670 

0.  5341 
0.  5284 

0.  4703 
0.  4375 
0.  4014 

0.4198 
0.  5057 

0.  5719 
0.5278 

0.  5760 

0.  3955 
0.  3S85 
0.  4580 
0.  4828 

0.  4443 
0.  4386 

0.  4155 

0.  4080 
0.  4034 

0.  4085 
0.  4506 

0.4488 

0.  3750 
0.  3898 
0.  4108 
0.  4108 

m 

m 

m 

m 
w\ 

*^''- 

1320 
1221 

904 
679 
729 
904 

888 

787 
787 

1163 

407 

610 
488 
554 

479 
509 

542 
1163 
970 

330 
1221 

1285 
1221 

921 

740 
651 
976 
888 

976 
904 

740 

857 
888 

740 
751 

488 

10C2 
1085 
1221 
1163 

1285 
1338 

948 
669 
751 
948 
913 

751 

787 

1085 

391 

514 
476 
514 

488 
488 

525 

1085 
1028 

305 
1085 

1375 
1149 

888 

781 
651 
913 
913 

996 
930 

723 

842 
872 

607 
763 

458 

1050 
1062 
1221 
1136 

900 
905 

738 
567 
701 
698 
703 

696 
677 

820 

424 

511 
530 
609 

734 
553 

584 

701 
743 

469 

809 

928 

888 

813 

562 
541 
720 
881 

696 
748 

642 

574 
527 

626 
593 

401 

6S2 
637 
694 
645 

302.  Alnns  rhombifolia  
Alder. 

do  

....do  

Ashland  

....do  

Sereno  "Watson  .  .  . 
....do  
C.  S.  Sargent  
do    

Wet  
....do  

....do  
Oregon  
..  do  

....do  
Drain  
..  do  

do 

California  

W.  G.  Wright  

Alder. 

do              .... 

do 

<lo 

Massachusetts  
...  do  

kpeckled  Alder.     Hoary  Alder. 
Black  Alder. 

SALICACEJS. 
306.  Sr»lix  ni^''a 

Topsfleld 

do 

Alluvial  . 

Black  Willow. 
.307.  Salix  amyrdaloides  

Canon  City 

K.  "Westan    . 

Willow. 

308   Salix  Ijcvi^ata 

....do  

do  do  

do 

do 

do 

California 

G.Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

Wdlow.  ° 
309.  Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  

309.  Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Feudlcriana  .. 

...do    

..do            

....do  

Strawberry  Talley  .  . 
Portland 

....do  .......  . 
F.Skinner  
do  

M.  E.  Jones  
Sereno  "Watson  .  .  . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  
1 

do       

Moist,  rich  
Alluvial  
....do  

Gravelly  
Rich,  moist  

....do  
Utah  

....do  
City  Creek  canon  .  .  . 

Pattep/scafion,  Mis- 
soul  a. 

Seattle 

313.  Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana  .  . 
Slack  Willow. 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 
....do  

..  do  

....do  

Willow. 

Colorado  

Alpine  
do                .... 

T.  S.  Brandegee  .  . 
do            

Aspen.     Quaking  Asp. 

do      

Massachusetts  
do 

Dan  vers  
...  do    

J.  Robinson  
..do    :  

Gravelly  
....do  

do        .... 

.  .  do  

.  do  

do  

Poplar.                           ,    ' 

847 

522 

961 
961 

1054 
.1054 

552 

1012 
1012 
1028 
1028 

...do  

• 
Tennessee  

Alaska 

....do  
Nashville  
Chilcoot  inlet  

....do  

A  Gattinger 

....do  

River  Cottonwood.     Swamp  Cot- 
tonwood. 

Paul  Schnltze  

...  do  

Balsam.     Tacamahac.    Balm  of 
Gilead. 

321.  Populus  balsaiuifera,Dor.  candicans 
322.  Populus  angustifolia 

....do  

Massachusetts  
do  

....do  

Topsfield  
....do  

Manitou  Springs  

Saint  John's  Barrel 
Factory,  Portland. 

....do  

J.  Robinson  
.  .  .  .do  

Eobort  Douglas  .  . 
F.  Skinner  

....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

Sandy  loam  

Black  Cottonwood. 

Black  Gottonwood.    Balsam  Got- 
tonwood. 

do 

do  

....do  

do 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.S.  Sargent. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


395 


I'EFLBCTIOX,  IX   M1I.LJMETEHS,  I'XDER  A  I'ltESSUKE,    X   KII.OGKAMS,  OF  — 

ntinmtc"  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Oflice  number. 

50 

1OO 

l.-.o 

30O 

O 

(set.) 

200    250 

.•too 

350 

4OO    .150 

5OO    .1.1O 

3.7 
4.0 

5.4 
7.2 
6.7 
5.4 
5.5 

6.2 
6.2 

4.2 

12.0 

8.0 
10.0 
8.8 

10.2 
ft.  fi 

9.0 
4.2 
5.0 

14.8 
4.0 

3.8 
4.0 

5.3 

6.6 

7.5 
5.0 
5.5 

5.0 
5.4 

(i.  0 

5.7 
5.5 

6.6 
6.5 

10.0 

4.6 
4.5 
4.0 

4.2 

j 

7.6 
7.3 

10.3 
14.  (i 
13.0 
10.3 
10.7 

13.0 
1,4 

9.0 

25.0 

19.0 
20.5 
19.0 

20.0 
20.0 

18.6 
9.0 
9.5 

32.0 
9.0 

7.  1 
8.5 

11.0 

12.5 
15.0 
10.7 
10.7 

9.8 
10.5 

13.5 

11.6 
11.2 

14.0 
12.8 

21.3 

9.3 
9.2 
8.0 
8.6 

11.5 
11.0 

15.5 
'2'.;.  II 
20.4 
15.7 
16.5 

19.6 

19.0 

14.0 

44.0 

36.0 
30.0 
32.5 

31.  2 
32.0 

31.0 
14.2 
14.3 

57.  0 
14.0 

10.  5 
12.5 

16.6 

19.3 
23.2 

17.0 
17.0 

15.  0 
15.  f, 

21.4 

17.4 
17.0 

22.4 
21.0 

35.2 

14.0 
14.0 
12.0 
12.0 

15.0 
14.7 

20.6 
34.0 
30.0 
21.8 
22.  2 

28.3 
27.3 

19.6 

(i.l 
0.0 

0.5 
3.5 
3.0 
0.9 
1.0 

1.3 
1.5 

0.8 

15.7 
14.8 

21.2 
85.  o 
31.0 

22.  0 
23.0 

29.0 

28.0 

19.6 

20.0 
18.5 

27.0 

25.  2 
23.  5 

35.  7 

33.0 
30.0 

3S4 
386 

815 

°42 
•_'«!) 
298 
BOO 

297 
289 

350 

181 
218 

1                       b              b    lie  with  fines  linters 

1025 
1025 

635 
717 
717 
979 
979 

694 
694 

862 

855 

908 
908 
911 

690 
690 

640 
981 
981 

889 
721 

972 
972 

669 

272' 
272' 
1035 
1035 

847 
847 

522 

961 
961 

1054 
1054 

552 

1012 
1012 
1028 
1028 

44.0 

30.2 
30.6 

39.0 

38.7 

26.0 

50.0 

Spi-riiiu-n  cross-grained  ;  square  break  on  tension  aido,  splitting  in 

;i\is. 

Crushed  at  renter  hearing;  s^unn-  l»ro;ik  on  tension  side,  splitting 
in  axis. 

35.0 

64.5 
58.0 
55.0 

46.0 
46.0 

46.0 
21.0 
19.5 

125.0 
19.0 

14.2 
16.8 

24.5 

27.7 
33.0 
24.0 
25.0 

21.4 
21.7 

:;n.  7 

25.0 
25.5 

342 
34.8 

10.2 

11.0 
11.5 

5.0 

4.8 

5.0 
1.2 

0.5 

32.  5 
1.1 

0.5 
0.3 

1.5 

2.4 
3.8 
1.5 
2.9 

1.5 

1.0 

3.3 

1.3 
1.7 

4.1 
5.9 

73.0 
63.0 
57.0 

47.5 
48.5 

48.0 
21.5 
20.0 

do                                                                       

91.0 
64.0 

260 

313 
236 

249 
299 
317 

200 
345 

396 
379 

347 

240 
231 
309 
376 

297 
319 

274 

110.0 

id 

29.5 
26.0 

45.0 
36.0 

50.0 

14.7 
17.2 

25.0 

28.7 
37.2 
24.5 
28.0 

22.0 
22.0 

32.0 

26.2 
26.2 

35.8 
36.0 

26.5 

18.3 
22.0 

33.0 

36.5 

24.0 
28.0 

46.0 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  splintered;  square  break  on  tension 
side,  splitting  in  axis. 

31.5 

35.0 

B 

i 

32.0 
35.0 

30.0 

28.7 

47.0 

50.0 
48.0 

71.5 

41.0 

do              

245 
225 

do                             ..          

52.0 
62.0 

267 
253 

do                                  ...            

171 

291 
272 

20.8 
19.6 
18.0 
17.6 

1.0 
0.9 
1.1 
0.5 

... 

20.8 
20.0 
17.6 
17.6 

28.4 
27.5 
24.0 
25.0 

""I  

do                                              

296 

do                                

275 

do    

| 

396 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

r       State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture.  Ij 

!i 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

Second  de- 
flection. 

324.  Populus  monilifera  

Cottonwood.      Necklace    Poplar. 
Carolina  Poplar.    Big  Cotton- 
wood. 

325.  Popnlns  Fremontii  

255 
304 
304 
309 
309 
754 
754 
754 

659 
659 

646 
646 
909 
909 
909 
909 

634 

634 
662 
662 
662 

379 
379 
782 
783 
783 
790 
790 
792 
792 
792 
874 
874 
1099 
1099 

1017 
1017 
1021 
1021 

350 
350 
850 
850 
851 
851 
852 

Missouri  
....do  
....do  
Texas  

Allenton  
...do  
....do  
Dallas  
....do  

G.W.  Letterman.. 
....do  
....do  

J.  Reverchon  
do     . 

Alluvial  
....do  
...  do  
....do....,  
do 

0.  3552 
0.  3824 
0.  3477 
0.  5136 
0.  4858 
0.  5001 
0.  4909 
0.  4925 

0.  4977 
0.  5000 

0.  5079 
0.  5023 
0.  4867 
0.4451 
0.  4499 
0.  5107 

0.  3748 
0.  3979 
0.  4818 
0.  4989 
0.  4869 

0.  3025 
0.  2902 
0.  3580 
0.  3439 
0.  3413 
0.  3210 
0.  3336 
0.  2714 
0.  2612" 
0.  2805 
0.3835 
0.  3902 
0.  3560 
6.  4121 

0.  4312 
0.  4256 
0.  3623 
0.  3783 

0.  3626 
0.  3153 
0.  3625 
0.  3602 
0.  3523 
0.  3407 
0.  3324 

H 

669 
888 
751 
1136 
842 
1221 
1221 
1221 

1017 
1085 

651 
6CD 
904 
976 
872 
763 

697 
814 
872 

872 
828 

488 
444 
519 
Col 
626 
588 
610 
331 
279 
269 
763 
669 
542 
514 

1221 
976 
872 
1017 

271 
341 
498 
425 
444 
519 
388 

669 
857 
723 
1149 
842 
1302 
1221 
1191 

1017 
1085 

665 
679 
1149 
939 
835 
794 

751 
814 
896 

888 
888 

514 
452 
542 
610 
651 
610 
581 
337 
294 
260 
781 
729 
558 
542 

1149 
1028 
930 
1028 

257 
334 
488 
415 
444 
514 
376 

548 
661 
603 
893 
759 
902 
937 
851 

584 
813 

743 
687 
795 
703 
579 
642 

619 
703 
783 
654 
654 

455 
441 
544 
527 
448 
584 
580 
394 
352 
354 
586 
666 
586 
654 

818 
820 
635 
722 

328 
380 
483 
551 
460 
509 
4(J9 

....do  

Florida  
....do  

Chattahoochfce  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do  

...do  

do 

....do  

do  

do 

do 

California  

Sacramento  valley  .  . 
....do  

San  Bernardino  
...do  

G.  R.  Vasey 

do 

Cottonwood. 

325.  Populus  Fremontii,  rar.  Wislizeni  . 
Cottonwood.     White  Cottonwood. 

CONIFERS. 

....do  

...do  
....do  

....do  

W.G.Wright.  ... 
...do    

....do  

....do  

do 

Colorado  
...do  

Canon  City  
...do  .  .. 

E.  Weston 

do 

...do  

...do  

..do     . 

...  do  

...do  

do 

Saw-mill.       Straw- 
berry valley. 
.  .  do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do 

White  Cedar.     Bastard  Cedar. 
Post  Cedar.    Incense  Cedar. 

327.  Thuya  occidentalis  
White  Cedar.    Arbor-vitce. 

328.  Thuya  gigantea  

...do  

...do  
...do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
nardino mountains. 
...do  

W.G.Wright  

...do  

...do  

..do  

..  do 

Vermont  
...do  
!N"ew  Brunswick  .  . 
...do  
...do  

C.G.Pringle  
...do  

Intercolonial  rail- 
wav. 
Ed.  Sinclair  

do 

Cold,  peaty  
...do  

...do  

Bridgeton  
...do  

Province  of  Quebec 
...do  

Amqui  

...do  

do 

...do    
...do  

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 



...do  

do 

Maine  

Mattawamkeag  
..  do  

...do  

.    do  

Wisconsin  
...do  

Oregon  

Eau  Claire  
...do  

"Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland. 
...do  

H.  C.  Putnam  
...do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  

Drift  
...do  

Red  Cedar.     Canoe  Cedar. 
329.  Cbamzecvparis  sphseroidea 

...do  

...do  
...do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
...do  

...do    

do 

Cottage  Hill  
do 

C.Mohr  

do 

White  'Cedar. 

...do  

do 

Massachusetts  
...do  
...d«  
...do  
...do  

Beverly  
....do  
...do  
...do  
...do  

...do  
...do  
...do  
...do  

...do  
....do  
....do  
do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I  NJTED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


397 


DEFLECTION,    IN  MII.L11IETEB8,  U.NDEU  A  1'liESSUltE,    IX  KILOCUA.MS,   OF— 

ritiinuli'  stri-nfrth: 
trausvcm>  ]>r. 

Remarks. 

| 

3 

3 
1 

SO 

100 

130 

200 

0 

(set.) 

soo 

230   300 

330 

400 

430 

5OO 

33O 

7..: 
:..  r> 
n.  :> 
4.;: 
.-,.  s 
1.0 
•l.i' 
4.0 

4.  s 

4.:, 

7.:, 

7.:: 
:..4 

:..  c 

G.4 

7.H 
C.  0 
B,  (1 

r,.  i: 
.-•.  '.i 

10.0 
11.0 

9.4 

7.  A 
7.8 
8.3 
8.0 
14.7 
17.5 
IS.  2 
0.4 
7.:: 
9.0 
9.5 

4.0 
5.0 

:,.  (i 
4.8 

18.0 

14.  3 

i).  S 

n.r, 
11.0 
9.4 
12.0 

14.  C 
11.4 

13.  f> 
8.6 

11.6 

7.5 
8.0 

S.  •_' 

a  o 

,     9.0 

14.7 
14.4 
8.5 
10.4 
11.7 
12.1 

13.  0 
12.0 

10.9 
11.0 
11.0 

19.0 

•Jl.O 
18.0 
16.0 
15.0 
16.0 
10.8 
29.0 
33.2 
37.  f> 
1L>.  r, 
13.4 
17.5 
18.0 

8.5 
9.3 
10.5 
9.5 

38.0 
29.2 
20.0 
23.5 
22.0 
19.0 

20.0 

23.0 
17.2 

L'l.O 
13.3 
18.0 
12.0 
12.  :. 
12.8 

14.8 
14.0 

22.0 

13.4 
16.4 
18.4 
20.0 

20.7 
18.0 
10.5 
16.5 
16.6 

30.0 
::4.  6 
28.0 
24.0 
21.  2 
24.5 
26.0 
50.5 

24.  2 
30.0 
18.8 
25.6 
16.0 
16.8 
17.2 

21.4 
19.4 

32.4 
32.6 
19.0 
23.0 
26.7 
31.0 

28.0 
25.0 
22.5 
22.0 
22.0 

234 

282 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 
in  axis. 

255 
304 
304 
309 
309 
704 
754 
754 

659 
659 

640 
646 
909 
909 
909 
909 

634 
634 
662 
602 
662 

379 
379 
782 
783 
783 
790 
790 
792 
792 
792 
874 
874 
1099 
1099 

1017 

1017 
1021 

1021 

350 
350 
850 
850 
851 
851 
852 

1.4 
2.6 
1.1 
3.0 

0.4 
0.3 
0.6 

1.7 
0.9 

2.4 
9  5 

25.3 
30.7 
19.1 
26.5 
10.0 
17.0 
17.5 

21.8 
19.4 

33.0 
34  0 

33.2 
41.5 
26.0 
36.0 
20.7 
21.5 
22.4 

do                           .'  

35.2 
48.5 
25.8 
27.5 
29.0 

51.5 

824 
888 

400 
363 

33.0 
35.5 
39.0 

Shattered 

! 

do  

249 
347 

317 
293 
339 

25.3 

43.0 
47  0 

33.3 

62.5 

Crushed  at  center  hearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 
in  axis. 
do  

1.8 

1.5 
2.1 
5.5 

1.2 
O.C 
0.5 
0.7 
0.4 

19.5 
23.2 
27.2 
30.4 

29.0 
25.5 
23.0 
22.0 
22.5 

25.5 
31.0 

34.6 
42.5 

300 
247 
274 

264 
300 
334 
979 

Shattered     

43.5 

41.5 
32.5 

29.0 
29.0 
28.5 

45.0 

35.5 

do  

do    

279 

do  

194 
188 

do                                                     

38.7 
33.5 

2.  0     40.  7 
1.  2     34.  6 

232 
225 

do 

191 
249 
250 
168 
150 
151 
250 
284 

35.5 
36.2 

2.  0     37.  0 
1.  6      37.  2 

~_ 

03.  0 

19.  r, 
20.8 

27.0 
£8.5 

13.0 
14.0 
15.5 
14.5 

27.  5 

•_v.  :. 

38.0 
39.0 

17.8 
19.0 
21.7 
20.0 

1.6 
1.4 
2.4 

2.1 

0.4 
0.5 
0.8 
0.8 

28.7 
29.0 
40.5 
40.8 

18.0 
19.0 
22.2 
20.0 

.  do         .  

39.0 

..  do    

250 

.    do    

55.0 

23.0 
24.0 
31.0 
26.7 

279 

349 
350 

271 
308 

140 

30.0 
31.0 

Shattered                               ...                       ...     . 

Shattered                     

37.0 

do 

50.5 
32.5 
30.0 
33.2 
29.6 
38.0 

162 
206 
235 
200 
217 
200 

47.5 
54.0 

5.2 
5.6 

50.2 
55.0 

40.0 
63.0 

5.2 

8.2 

49.5 









FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

o  '3 
.ti  '  * 

y  S- 

lit 

cc 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture.  ! 

First  di-nVc- 
tion. 

Seeond  de- 
flection. 

969 
969 
983 
983 
994 
994 
994 
1000 
1000 

701 
707 
707 

675 
675 

691 

Sitka    

Paul  Schultze  

B 

0.  5097 
0.  4229 
0.  5267 
0.  5114 
0.  5074 
0.  4913 
0.  5267 
0.  5078 
0.  5159 

0.  5239 
0.  4682 
0.5335 

0.  6307 
0.  6512 

0.  5580 
0.5563 
0.  4834 
0.  5078 

0.5630 
0.  5419 

0.7347 

0.  5316 
0.  5302 
0.  5357 
0.  5239 
0.  5723 
0.  5354 
0.5558 
0.  5385 
0.  4997 
0.  7373 
0.6029 
0.  5671 
0.  6398 
0.6670 
0.  5307 

0.4907 
0.  4923 
0.  4167 
0.  4334 

0.  3426 
0.3506 
0.2687 

0.4103 
0.4211 

m 

o 

;-.__-.j 

m 

814 
888 
1221 
1110 
1163 
1085 
1320 
814 
703 

904 
1221 
1628 

976 
1085 

452 
514 
610 
457 

910 

595 

751 

509 
514 
595 

610 
787 
814 
787 
904 
888 
588 
444 
488 
718 
581 
561 

1163 
1110 

904 
939 

595 
425 
359 

574 
787 

814 
070 
1221 
1191 
1149 
1122 
1221 
842 
721! 

930 
1221 
1502 

1062 

1085 

456 
542 
592 
407 

630 

595 

734 

501 
514 
CIO 
C30 
787 
849 
781 
888 
888 
688 
474 
542 
697 
595 
603 

1122 
1163 

904 
9119 

595 
444 
315 

558 
751 

851 
696 
1020 
930 
872 
937 
930 
698 
281 

820 
818' 
1029 

1041 
1052 

520 
659 
635 
342 

783 

738 

469 

701 
743 
851 
562 
1052 
1031 
755 
806 
888 
750 
394 
469 
869 
520 
703 

675 
666 
687 
698 

511 
469 
401 

637 
703 

Yellow  Cypress.    Sitka  Cypress. 

do 

do 

do 

British  Columbia  . 
do     . 

Saw-mill,  Victoria  .  . 
.  do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargunt. 
do        

Peril  strait 

Paul  Schultze 

do    

....do  

.  ..do  

do            

do  

do    

...  do  
do    

"Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland. 
do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

Oregon  
do    

Uean  &  Co.'s  saw- 
mill, Marshfield. 
do  

....do  
do    

Port  Orford  Cedar.     Oregon  Ce- 
dar.    White  Cedar.    Lawsorfs 
Cypress.    Ginger  Pine. 

do 

do    

do 

do         .  . 

Gravelly  loam  
do 

Monterey  Cypress. 

do 

do 

do 

do  

G.R.  Vasey  

691 

1100 
1100 

692 
692 

1102 

14 
14 
327 
327 
734 
734 
800 
800 
024 
1249 
1250 
1251 
1252 
1253 
1254 

535 
536 
741 
741 

657 
657 
666 

673 
673 

....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
Calistoga  
....do  

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

....do  
"W.F.Fisher  
....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

S.  B.  Buckley  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
J.  Reverchon  
do 

....do  
....do  
....do  

Juniper. 

338.  Jnniperas  occidentalis,  var.  con- 
jugens. 
Juniper. 

....do  

....do  

Massachusetts  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 
....do  

Dallas 

Drift  

Red  Cedar.    Savin. 

i 

....do  

do 

..do  

...dn  ._ 

Floiida 

Chattahoochee  
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  do  

.  do    

....do  
....do  

do         

....do  

do  

....do  

....do  

Chattahoochee  
"Wilson  county  
do            ... 

C.  Mohr  
A.E.Baird  
do 

Alluvial  

do 

.  .do 

....do  

do    

do 

do      

do 

...do    

..  do  

...  do  

do 

.  do  

do    

Stockton  
....do  

Chattahoochee  
do 

C.Mohr  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  

Bald  Cypress.      Black  Cypress. 
Jfed  Gyprest,.      White  Cypress. 
Deciduous  Cypress. 

....do  
Florida  

....do  

do 

California  .. 

Tulare  county  
....do    
do               

G.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

do    

Granite  

Itig  Tree. 

342.  Seqnoia  sempervirens  

Itedwood. 

...do  

do 

....do  
....do  

....do  
do 

Russian  river  
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
do  



THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN—  Continued. 


399 


DEFLECTION,    IS   M1LLISIKTEH8,   UNUEK    A   1-UE8SUKK,    IX  KILOGRAMS,   OF— 

T'llinuito  Mtteugth  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Oilice  number. 

50 

too 

150 

200 

° 

(set.) 

200 

250 

3OO 

:i3o 

100 

450 

500 

550 

6.0 
5.5 
4.0 
4.4 
4.2 
4.5 
3.7 
0.0 
6.4 

5.4 
4.0 
3.0 

•>.  o 

4.5 

10.8 
9.5 
8.0 
10.7 

8.0 
8.2 

6.5 

9.0 
9.5 
8.2 
8.0 
6.2 
6.0 
6.2 
5.4 
5.5 
8.3 
11.0 
10.0 
6.8 
8.4 
8.7 

4.2 
4.4 
5.4 

5.2 

8.2 
11.5 
13.6 

8.5 

6.2 

12.0 
10.0 
8.0 
S.2 
8.5 
8.7 
8.0 
11.6 
13.5 

10.5 
8.0 
6.5 

9.2 
9.0 

21.4 
18.0 
10.5 
24.0 

15.5 
16.4 

13.3 

19.5 
19.0 
16.0 
15.5 
12.4 
11.5 
12.5 
11.0 
11.0 
14.2 
20.6 
18.0 
14.0 
16.4 
16.2 

8.7 
8.4 
10.8 
10.4 

16,4 
22.0 
31.0 

17.5 
13.0 

18.0 
15.0 
12.0 
12.5 
12.5 
13.5 
11.5 
17.5 

24.7 
21.0 

17.0 
17.2 
17.6 
15.4 
24.  L' 

1.0 
1.0 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 
0.2 
0.0 
1.0 

24.5 
21.  2 
16.0 
17.5 
17.0 
18.0 
15.0 
24.4 

31.5 

29.5 
20.0 
21.5 
•».  0 
22.5 
19.0 
31.5 

•ll.n 

60.7 

363 
297 
435 

397 

909 
969 
983 
983 
994 
994 
994 
1000 
1000 

701 
70T 
707- 

075 
675. 

091 
691' 
HOC- 

noa 

«92 

692 

1102 

14 
14 
327 
327 
734 
734 
800. 
800 
924 
1249 
1250 
1251 
1252 
1253 
1254 

53& 
535 
741 
741 

657 
657 
666 

673- 
673. 

25.5 
28.0 
28.5 
29.0 
24.0 

31.7 
86.  0 

39.5 
37.0 
31.5 

42.0 

do 

372 

do 

••::.  o 



400 
397 

do  

298 
120 

350 
349 
439 

..  do        ...                

15.0 
12.0 
9.6 

13.5 
13.5 

35.0 

27.8 
25.5 

•-'1.  U 
16.4 
12.7 

18.0 
17.6 

49.0 
40.0 
35.0 

0.6 
0.4 
0.2 

1.0 
0.3 

5.0 
3.4 
1.5 

22.4 
16.  0 
13.0 

18.0 
18.0 

49.0 

41.7 
35.7 

29.0 
21.0 
16.0 

22.5 
22.5 

37.0 
28.0 
20.0 

28.0 
27.5 

Crushed  at  center  bearing  ;  square  break  on  tension  aide,  splitting 
in  axis. 
do  

25.4 

33.0 
34.0 

32.0 

40.0 

42.0 

444 
449 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  aiis  ;  shattered  from  end 
to  end. 
.  .do                                                          .                

222 
281 

Shattered 

58.0 
40.4 

do        .        .               

271 
140 

334 
315 

24.0 
23.0 

20  5 

32.5 
34.0 

°8  0 

1.0 
1.1 

1.6 

32.4 
34.0 

42.5 
44.0 

55.0 
58.5 

do  

200 

299 
317 

29.0 
29.0 
25.0 
24.0 
18.2 
17.0 
19.2 
16.5 
16.1 
21.4 
31.0 
26.0 
21.5 
25.6 
20.0 

12.9 
13.0 
16.7 
16.0 

25.0 
34.0 
54.0 

27.0 
19.0 

40.  C 
40.0 
33.2 
31.0 
24.5 
23.0 
26.5 
21.7 
21.5 
28.0 

1.9 
2.0 
1.2 
0.8 
0.7 
0.4 
1.1 
0.3- 
0.2 
0.8 

40.0 
40.5 
33.5 
32.0 
24.5 
23.0 
26.7 
22.0 
21.8 
29.0 

52.0 
53.0 
43.0 

Shattered  

70.0 
56.0 

do  

73.5 

363 

do  

240 

do  

31.7 
29.0 
35.0 
28.2 
27.7 
34.7 

38.5 
35.7 
43.5 
35.0 
34.5 
48.5 

47.2 
45.5 

59.5 
545 

449 
440 
322 
344 
379 
320 
168 
200 
381 
222 
300 

288 
284 
293 
298 

218 
200 
171 

272 
300 

0.25  sap-wood  ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  

43.5 

34.0 
28.7 
37.0 
30.0 

17.5 
17.9 
23.5 

22.8 

34.0 
49.0 

1.5 
1.3 
4.1 
2.4 

0.5 
0.6 
1.0 
1.1 

1.2 
3.6 

30.0 
39.0 
37.0 

18.2 
18.2 
24.5 
23.0 

35.0 

36.5 

45.2 

58.0 

Specimen  not  seasoned  ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in 

axis. 

48.0 

24.5 
24.0 
33.0 
30.8 

66.0 

- 

38.0 
26.2 

2.0 
0.5 

38.5 
26.5 

52.5 
34.5 

do    

FOKK8T  TKKKS  OK  XOKT11   AMKKU'A. 


TABLK  111.— T.K11AY1OU  OF  T11K  rmNril'Al.  -WOODS  OK  THK 


Species. 

tar. 

- 

.'ity. 

.  !<>r. 

• 

l)l«-:.,: 
•ML 

BLAffl 

Mo'lulni  of  miitiiro. 

•aon 

710 
711 

713 

714 

97* 

6M 
•51 

1 
1 

•:._• 

777 
777 

7" 
7r> 
789 

m 
m 

7W 
1444 
1M4 

9T5 
987 
187 

OS 

M 
M 

in 

73* 

819 
819 

m 

913 

992 
993 

I'  I'-V-Hi  I 

Turner.  Kennedv 
.»w. 

,i,> 

a  44  43 

0.  441S> 
i  KM 
t.8M 

0.3S41 

o.  K.^;; 

0.5533 

0.7110 

,  •'..  • 

a  |M 

O..MW 

1  4  \  • 
•  i  1 

0.  6»4 

i  mi 

o.ssej 

C  i  n 

t  ^  H 
I  MM 

.  -:: 

1  4  M 

..,...•- 
a  3710 

a  4319 
1X4323 

-  Ha 

0.3899 
a  4301 

I  ma 

a.  Mm 

0.3363 

0.3307 

0.4602 
0.4642 
0.4733 
0.4604 

M  •(•-• 
0.4587 

697 

W2 
6JI 

- 

m 

751 
651 

S14 

M 

m 

407 

444 

7M 
921 

651 

loss 
los:. 

1039 

773 
876 
842 

m 
~- 

1163 

751 
957 

-~ 
740 
814 
763 
740 

751 
6S1 
787 
381 

37* 
679 

an 

BH 

an 

£49 
708 
7M 
666 
610 

M 

673 

651 
931 
913 

430 
444 

930 
M 
f.  - 
1039 
1062 
1039 
7M 
751 
976 
849 
697 
M 

1191 
740 
921 

M 
740 
£14 

740 

697 
835 
381 

348 
673 

1V.I 

M 

m 
tat 
in 
at) 

TM 
RM 

W 

ins 

1010 

M6 

844 

an 

Ma 

698 

an 

804 

4-:« 
an 

930 

621 
390 

M 

BM 

an 

616 

an 

577 

an 
in 

;,  « 

an 
w 

776 

an 

464 

7ol 

i 

343.  Tains  brevifblia  .. 

do      

do 

-: 

z 

..  do 

do 

do 

....do  

Mejidocino  county  .. 

.1.  Keutneld  \  Co 

>lo 

...  ,to  

do 



do 

•l.> 

do 

i 
do                                        do 

....do    

....do  

do 

.  .  .do  .  . 

....do  

Oregon  

Portland  

on  and 

C.  S   S;:r;oat. 
do  

-   Sarjent  
A   H.Curt." 
<li> 

Tnr. 
345.  Terreva  taxifolia 

....do  
Florid* 

....do  

Chatrahoochce  
....do  
.    do   . 

do  

Alluvial 

*tiiiti*f  Crtar.    Sfri». 
346.  Torreva  California  ... 

....do  
do  

do 

California  

G    K  Vasev 

Stony 

CWOform*     Xvlmtj.      Sti*ti»9 
CW«r. 

XT.  Pinna  Strobua... 

....do  

....do  

.    do 

do    

Massachusetts.... 
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum  . 

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Diift    

Fato  Piiw.     WVymottt*  Pin*. 
348.  Finns  monticola... 

do 

Vermont  

Charlotte 

C.  G.  Pringle  
Intercolonial  rail- 

7»T 

\\Y:.  swampy  

Xew  Brunswick  .  . 



..  do    

do 

Bridgvton 

-  aclair 

...do  

...do    

do 

Province  of  Quebec 
....do  

A  Grant 

....do  

...do  . 

do 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
wav. 
do 

..  do 

Massachusetts.... 
....do  

British  Columbia 

Reading     . 

J.  Robinson 

Drift  

....do  

Hastings'  saw.  mill. 
Burrard  inlet. 
Cascade  mountains  . 

.  do 

....do  

G.  Ensrlmaimand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
C.a  Sargeit  

do 

....do  

mutfiiu. 

349.  Pinna  Lambertiaaa 

Moist  loam 

...  do  

.  do     . 

California 

Saw.mill,        Straw, 
berry  valley. 

G.  Enselmannand 
S  Sargent 
G  E.  Vasev 

SMjarPiiw. 

350.  Finns  flexilis  

..  do   . 

....do  

...do   .    . 

...do  
.  do 

Sierra       Lumber 
Company. 
do  

...do    . 

Colorado  .                 Forest  Citv 

T.S.Brandegee... 
....do    
do 

H>i«  Pint. 
*51.  Finns  albicanlis  

....do  do  
....do  do 

....do  

..  do 

Nevada             .  ..    Danville 

A.  Triple                        An 

British  Colombia  .  Silver  Monntain  val- 
lev,  Fraser  river. 
....do..  do  

G.  Engelniann  and 
C  SC  Sargent, 
do 

1 

TIIK   WOODS  OF  THK    IJNITKI)  STATES. 

rMTKI)  STATICS   I'NDKH  TKA  NSVKKSK  STUA  IN— Oonf  imu-<I. 


i.pnKCTiox,  rx  MII.I.IMI  n                    A  I-JCPM.I  1:1-.,  IK  y.u 

MllSdvUlK  dlKIUIII  1 

Bourk*. 

i 

SO 

100 

l.-.o 

•-400 

0 

U.I    , 

~ 

•M 

39.0 
33.5 

». 

,,„ 

100 

430 

.100   .'.-,0 

7.0 
9.0 

• 

7.1 

6.0 

7.0 

5.2 

12.0 
11.0 

If 

4.7 

i;  4 
'i.  :i 
5.0 

7.1 

4.2 

5.1 
5.5 

0.0 
6.4 
6.0 

6.5 

7.5 
0.2 
12.8 

13.2 

7.2 
< 

14.0 
13.0 

11.5 

Kl.li 
14  7 
1C.  II 

1  1  .  r, 
14.5 

15.0 
10.  « 

10.7 

22.  7 
22.  0 

11.5 
10.5 
16.5 
1  :,  :; 
0.4 
0.2 
9.4 
13.0 

10.0 

14.0 
11.0 

U.1 

11.0 

12.4 

12.4 
14  0- 
1L7 

28.0 
14.5 

21.2 
I'l  1 

26.0 

22.4 

20.0 
22.0 

29.5 

30.3 

LI 

1.7 

26.4 
37.0 

MI 

2.'2 

HI 

m 

270 
Ml 

490 

4:1 

710 
711 
711 

712 
713 
713 
714 
714 
715 

:/7> 

02 
277 
277 

M 

l 
l 

'222 
777 
777 

7M 
789 
789 
797 
TOT 
1044 
1044 

97} 
987 
987 

M 

r,.. 

73* 
730 

819 
819 
«19 
913 

9K 
992 

i"  union  aide 

:;i  n 
•.•::.  :, 
27.7 
•.•>;,  i; 

LI 

ii  7 
1.0 
n  <; 
0.9 

24  ii 
2*.  4 
27.0 

H  o 
::>.  ii 

.Vi.  i, 

grain  ;  nrjnare  break  on  teuton  aide,  afUOtef 
S*jnai<-  '                      -ion  xt'lc  Hjilittfni;  in  axl«'  unattered 

21.  r. 

22.5 

11.5 
1«,0 

17.2 
10.4 

2:..  o 

22.fi 
14.0 
14.2 
14.8 
20.7 
20.  0 
15.4 
17.1 

2.'   ! 
17.0 

2«.  2 
M.2 

17.0 

IS.9 

18.7 
20.6 

18.* 
21.  C 
17.5 
41..'. 

46.0 
22.5 

24.  Ii 

31.0 
22.8 
22.0 

50.5 

40.  r, 

23.8 
22.8 

0.9 

17 

14 

I-  ) 
0.5 

24.0 

31.0 
22.5 
22.2 

.','».   '.< 

41.0 

n.7 

28.5 

:A.  o 

4!l.  0 
'2.  0 

47.0 
61.  « 

60.5 

47.0 
4«.2 

59.3 
84.0 

92.5 

75.0 

do  

403 
360 
372 

• 
Stitttend  .. 

S^pjan:  bt^&k  on  t«o«ion  aUlA  •plfttfog  in  aiU'  RkAitered 

do  

200 

2*8 

2« 

291 

343 
181 
271 
279 
293 

Broke  at  trndl  knot  it  point  of  eumpreMioo 

3.1 

1.2 
0.5 

4'j.  :, 

68.0 

H.I 

46.5 

• 

Bqoan  bn«k  on  toMim  *ld«,  qdittiae  iD  *xb;  »!*>  broke  «t  k«rt 

MM  t|,.  ,  ,.,] 

ffqnim  break  with  ncak  on  tnuioo  Mo 

Bqoare  break  on  teoafon  ulrte  uplifting  in  axin  •  ahattared 

62.0 

S.jiimr*-  break  ;  ahattered 

Croaa^rained  .          * 

20.0 
IB.  8 
20.5 
30.0 
32.3 
SLI 

1.0 
0.0 
0.3 

3.6 
LO 
1.3 

20.4 

21.0 
21.0 
3LO 

25.2 

29.0 
29.0 
28.0 

Started  at  knot    .  . 

do  

243 

225 

Square  br<-ak                                    .» 

do  

30.0 

36.0 

397 

2M 

249 

292 
225 
283 

Square  break  •  aplit  to  one  end 

24.0 
17.1 

a  i 

23.0 

M  o 
H.I 

24.0 

Li 

LI 

1.2 
1.0 
"2.4 

2.0 

- 

24.6 

17.  S 

34.2 

24.0 

23.0 
29.0 

26.  * 
29.5 

27.0 
31.4 
24.  2 

24.0 

Croabed  at  center  bearing  *  broke  with  floe  apllntera 

35.* 
M.2 

M  1 

..    .  do 

293 

246 
280 
231 
226 

293 
271 

Square  break  on  tm«lfn  aide  apUiiing  In  axia 

8>nare  break 

... 

35.0 
46.2 
32.0 

Square  break  •  •nattered 

do  

43.0 

331 
101 

198 
299 

.-.- 
S*jo»re  break  at  knot 

ftqoare  break  -  altattered 

31.0 

1.2     32.0     42.0    

.      Ai. 

:.'<;  i  OK 


402 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

• 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
tboair-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

S 

o 
^  'S 
go 

661 
661 

656 
656 

397 

883 
915 

631 
631 

821 
821 
821 
914 

315 
315 
785 

785 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1076 

996 
996 

1154 
1154 
1155 
1155 
1156 

619 
626 
630 
630 
632 
636 
689 
718 
718 
731 
7111 
907 
910 

633 
633 
667 
667 

Santa  Rita  monnt- 
ams. 
do         

G.  Engelmanu  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
.  .  .  .do  

0.  5261 
0.  5392 

0.  6862 
0.  6342 

0.  6704 

0.  5694 
0.  6579 

0.  5623 
0.  5714 

0.  5113 
0.  4987 
0.4811 
0.6240 

0.5482 
0.  5511 
0.  4951 
0.  4191 
0.  4886 
0.  4789 
0.  5221 
0.5164 

0.5471 
0.  5800 

0.  6570 
0.  7913 
0.  4749 
0.  4696 
0.4250' 

0.  5034 
0.  4788 
0.  4814 
0.  4748 
0.  5502 
0.  4429 
0.5079 
0.  4502 
0.  4750 
0.  4795 
0.  4863 
0.  5206 
0.  5277 

0.  5678 
0.  5758 
0.  5948 
0.6329 

M 

m 

m 
m 

814 
939 

390 
444 

429 

421 
519 

542 
651 

568 
888 
842 
651 

1356 
1320 
1039 
888 
1221 
976 
1039 

•    lie;] 

634 
542 

763 
814 
814 
872 
729 

1321 
1356 
191 
266 
1221 
814 
1285 
1085 
1103 
1221 
11C3 
313 
271 

498 
417 
1221 
1627 

849 
976 

349 
407 

421 

415 
454 

528 
'  660 

574 
888 
763 
634 

1395 
1375 
1039 
849 
1110 
1007 
1062 

mi 

630 
454 

740 
835 
857 
888 
794 

1285 
1252 
190 
364 
1221 
814 
1302 
.     1110 
1163 
1221 
1163 
305 
247 

506 
394 
1320 
1479 

689 
851 

347 
504 

448 

281 
295 

291 

558 

469 
771 
680 
694 

895 
735 
806 
670 
773 
703 
813 
799 

809 
703 

703 
553 
593 
769. 
647 

881 
930 
443 
382 
905 
780 
1041 
766 
818 
783 
795 
liOl 
438 

585 
310 
902 
1171 

White  Pine. 

do 

California 

Son  Diego  county... 
do 

G.  R.  Vasey  

Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

do 

..  do  

Colorado  

Utah  
Nevada  

California  
do 

CaBonCity  

Lewiston  
Danville  

Scott  mountains  
do 

E.  Weston  

M.  E.  Jones  
A.  Triple  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

Gravelly  
Rocky  

Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Gravelly  

357.  Pinua  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata  
Foxtail  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

..  do  

T.  S.  Brandegee 

do                 > 

do 

..  do  

do 

do 

do      

Nevada  

Prospect  mountain.  . 

Hersey  

do 

A.  Triple  

W.J.Beal  
....do  

Rocky  

Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

do 

New  Brunswick  .  . 
do 

Bridgeton  
do 

Ed.  Sinclair  
do            ... 

Vermont  
do 

Charlotte  
do 

C.  G.Pringle  
..do     



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

..  do  



San  Diego  county  .  .  . 
...do  

Santa  Rita  mount, 
ains. 
do                      .   . 

G.  Engelmann  
....do  

C.  G.  Pringle 

Sandy  

...do  

....do  

Yellow  Pine. 

do 

do  

...do  ... 

do 

do 

.    do          

....do  
....do  

Dakota 

....do  
...do  

....do  
....do  

Robert  Douglas.  .  . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

....do  
.do    

do  
....do  

Gravelly  

fellow  Pine.    Sntt  Pine. 

\ 
362.  Pinus  Jeffrey! 

Saw-mill,  Ashlajid  .  . 
Strawberry  valley  .  . 
....do  

Saw-mill,        Straw- 
berry valley. 

California  

Low,  wet,  swamp} 
....do  

....do  
do 

do 

do 

....do  

Saw-mill,  San   Ber- 
nardino. 
Saw-mill,  Missoula.  . 

do 

W  G  Wright 

do 

do 

do 

do                   .     . 

pany. 
do          

do 

do 

do 

California  
....do  
....do  
..do 

Scott  mountains  .  .  . 
....do  

Saw-mill,   San  Ber- 
nardino. 
do             

G.  Eugclmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

W  G  Wright 

Dry,  gravelly  
....do  

Butt  Pine.    Slack  Pine. 

do    

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


403 


DEFLECTION,    IX   MILLJMETKU8,    t'XDKU  A   1'lil.SSUIIE,    IN    KILOGKAMS,   OF  — 

Tltiinate  strength; 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

50 

100 

150 

.too 

O 

(Mt) 

JOO 

250 

.'{00 

35O 

too 

45O 

5OO 

550 

6.0 
5.2 

12.5 
11.0 

11.4 

11.  fl 
9.4 

9.0 
7.5 

8.6 
5.5 
5.8 
7.5 

3.6 
3.7 
4.7 
5.5 
4.0 
5.0 
4.7 
4.2 

7.7 
9.0 

6.4 
6.0 
6.0 
5.6 
6.7 

4.0 
3.6 
25.6 
18.1 
4.0 
6.0 
3.8 
4.5 

„ 

4.0 
4.2 
15.6 
18.0 

9.8 
11.7 
4.0 
3.0  j 

11.8 

In.  ii 

L'8.  0 
24.0 

23.2 

23.5 

21.5 

18.5 
14.8 

17.0 
11.0 
12.8 
15.4 

7.0 

7.1 
9.4 
11.5 
8.8 
9.7 
9.2 
8.0 

15.5 
21.5 

13.1 

n.7 

11.4 
11.0 
12.3 

7.6 
7.8 
51.5 
37.0 
8.0 
12.0 
7.5 
8.8 
8.4 
8.0 
8.4 
32.0 
39.5 

19.3  j 
24.8 
7.4 
6.6 

17.:. 
15.0 

•J.|.  J 
20.  (I 

1.0 

0.8 

25.0 

•JO.  1! 

32.0 
25.6 

294 
363 

061 
061 

638 
656 

397 

882 
915 

631 
631 

821 
821 
821 
914 

315 
315 
785 
785 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1076 

990 
99« 

115* 
115t 
1155 
1153 
1150 

619 
626 
630 
630 
032 
636 
689 
718 
718 
731 
731 
907 
910 

633 
633 
667 
fl«7 

S3.  0 

43.0 

do       

148 
215 

37.2 
39.2 

55.0 

7.0 

5!).  2 

do  

191 

120 
126 

..do                                .        . 

124 

do  

£1.  •> 

25.7 
17.3 
19.0 
24.0 

10.7 
10.5 
14.0 
16.8 
13.0 
15.0 
14.0 
12.3 

22.4 
34.6 

20.0 
17.9 
16.6 
16.6 
19.0 

11.5 
11.6 

80.0 
57.0 
12.0 
18.0 
11.2 
13.3 
12.7 
12.5 
12.4 
54.0 
71.0 

30.0 

32.5 

36.0 
23.5 
26.3 
34.2 

14.5 
14.0 
19.2 

•j;i.  :, 
17.6 
20.0 
19.5 
16.6 

30.8 
50.2 

27.5 
25.0 
23.2 
22.1 
26.5 

15.5 
15.5 

3.2 

2.5 
0.0 
1.1 
3.0 

0.3 
0.4 
0.8 
0.8 
0.3 
0.6 
0.7 
0.5 

1.9 
7.5 

1.0 
1.5 
1.1 
0.8 
1.1 

0.3 
0.2 

34.5 

238 
200 

..do                                                                       .          

23.5 
27.0 
35.7 

14.6 
14.0 
19.5 
24.0 
17.6 
20.3 
19.5 
17.0 

31.5 
51.  7 

28.2 
25.3 
24.0 
22.1 
27.0 

15.3 
15.5 

31.0 
36.0 
46.2 

18.8 
17.8 
25.7 
32.0 
23.0 
26.0 
25.0 
21.5 

41.5 
73.0 

36.0 

40.0 

329 
290 
296 

382 
399 
344 
286 
330 
300 
347 
341 

345 
300 

Shattered                                                                .              ... 

24.0 
22.5 
35.0 

31.0 
28.5 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 

in  axis. 

30.0 
40.2 
33.0 
28.4 

55.5 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis;  crushed  at  center 

hairing. 

Shattered 

do 

48.0 

300 
230 
253 
328 
276 

376 
397 
189 
163 
386 
333 
444 
327 

31.0 
29.0 
35.0 

19.5 
20.0 

39.0 

25.0 
24.2 

31.5 
30.5 

0.75  sap-wood;  crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension 
side,  splitting  in  axis. 

16.0 
248 
14.7 

iao 

17.0 
16.8 
17.0 

0.4 
1.0 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 
0.5 
0.6 

16.2 
25.3 
15.0 
18.0 
17.0 
16.7 
17.5 

20.0 
33.5 
18.5 
23.0 
22.4 
21.5 
21.5 

25.0 
44.0 
23.0 
30.7 
28.0 
28.5 
27.5 

31.6 

28.0 

35.0 

do 

349 
334 
339 
167 
187 

250 
135 
385 
500 

c                                ^ 

40.0 

3.8 

41.8 

55.5 

,  p      g 

11.0 
9.6 

15.0 
13.0 

0.5 
0.4 

15.0 
13.2 

19.0 
16.0 

24.0 
20.0 

32.5 
24.5 

30.0 

404 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 
1 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

•si 
frl 

11 
l| 

o.:2 

S  "  a 
o  e  3 

SLSa 

CO 

= 
1 

— 

O 

a 

o 

5 

m 

T 
m 

0 

First  deflec-  w  § 
tion. 

.  S3 

1  1.  NT  OK 
CITY. 

£ 
ts  ^ 

5  tS 

o  £ 

I* 

CO 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

664 
664 

997 
997 

293 
293 
563 
625 
625 

644 
644 

1157 
1157 

676 

Arizona  

Santa  Eita  mount- 
ains. 
...do  

Vancouver's  island  . 
.  do    

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  

....do  
..  do  

Dry,  gravelly  
....do  

....do  
do  

0.  5801 
0.598.' 

0.6456 
0.  6198 

0.  4551 
C.  4265 
0.4540 
0.  4600 
0.4618 

0.  54CO 
0.542,6 

0.  4443 
0.  4322 

0.  4835 
0.5095 

0.  4071 
0.  3901 

0.  6068 
0.  6147 
0.  5914 
0.5846 
0.  5600 
0.4U06 
0.  4075 
0.  4937 

0.  5670 
0.  5943 
0.  4371 
0.  5140 

0.  7592 
0.  7518 

0.  5402 
0.  5537 
0.  5610 
0.  5703 
0.  59iO 
0.  7088 

0.5341 
0.  3218 

0.  5160 

0.5300 

i 

0.5573 
0.  5883 

•026 

an 

1808 
1395 

542 
525 
970 
857 
970 

514 
651 

1221 
1062 

888 
1136 

354 
519 

1627 
1744 
688 
888 
1395 
888 
921 
1136 

697 
775 
542 
376 

1130 
1221 

405 
697 
751 
542 
452 

:i73 

542 

595 

679 
976 

1039 
1221 

051 
800 

177,-> 
1395 

501 
514 
970 
888 
970 

528 
042 

1231 

1002 

872 
1085 

562 
496 

1027 
1684 
638 
864 
1302 
888 
939 
1085 

651 
709 
537 
368 

1163 
1177 

465 

697 
781 
528 
428 
358 

528 
558 

630 
976 

1085 
1302 

905 
759 

1048 
937 

286 

347 
743 
675 
769 

738 
820 

818 
703 

670 
809 

293 
525 

998 
1462 
790 
666 
1012 
562 
773 
795 

797 
851 
647 

CU3 

1158 
1172 

682 
562 
855 
490 
722 
637 

429 
574 

771 
680 

1005 
1059 

...do  

British  Colombia 
do 

Scrub  Pine. 

Forest  City  
do         

T.  S.  Brandegee... 
do      

Moist,  sandy  loam, 
do 

Tamarack.    Slack  Pine.    Lodge- 
pole  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

366.  Pinos  Sabiniana  
Digger  Pine.    Suit  Pine. 

867.  Pinus  Coulteri  

do 

....do  

..do  

Scott  mountains  
..do  

Contra  Costa  county 
do         

C.S.Sargent  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 
...do  

G.  R.  Vasey  
do    

....do  
....do  
....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

...do  

....do  
do 

...do  

do 

San  Bernard  iuo  
do 

W.G.Wright  
do 

Dry,  gravelly  .  
do    

do    

G.E.  Vasey  

Gravelly  loam  
do  

Monterey  Pine. 

67« 
576 

do        

do     

...  do  

....do  

Mount  Shasta  

G.  EngelmaDD  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do       

Gravelly  

Knob-cone  Pine. 

576 

82 
82 
355 
355 
388 
388 
389 
389 

13 
13 
1046 
1046 

83 
83 

621 
622 
1169 
1169 
1172 
1172 

279 
279 

S21 
321 

671 

671 

....do  
Florida  

....do  

...do  

Moist,  sandy  
do  

Loblolly   Pine.      Old-field   Pine. 
Rosemary  Pine. 

do 

do 

Cottage  Hill  
....do  

C.Mohr  
....do  
E  Kidder 

Low,  rich  
....do  

....do.......'  
North  Carolina  ... 
do 

do 

do         

do  

do 

do 

do 

.  do    

do 

do     

do    

...do  

Massachusetts  
..do  
....do  
....do  

Florida  
do 

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
....do  
North  Heading  
..do  

Da  val  county  
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  

Drift  
....do  
.do      

Pitch  Pine. 

....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do              

...do  

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
...do  

Pond  Pine. 

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
do 

Aiken  
do 

H.  W.  Eavenel  .  .  . 
do 

Dry,  sandy  

Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

do    

do 

do 

do       

New  Jersey  
do 

S.P.  Sharpies  
do 

Clay  
do  

do 

Florida  

Apalachicola  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

H.  Shriver  •.  
....do  

G.  E.  Vasey  
....do  

Dry,  sandy  barren. 
...  do  

Clay  
|....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

Sand  Pine.    Scrub  Pine.    Spruce 
Pine. 

..  do  
Virginia  

...do  
Wytheville  

Table-mountain  Pine.      Hickory 
Pine. 

....do  
California  

...  do  
Marin  county  

Obiipo  Pine.    JlMoji's  Pine. 

....do  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


:  15 


I'KFLECTIOH,  IN  MILI.IMF.TF.H8,  UXDER  A  PRESSURE,  IX  KILOGRAMS,   OF— 

|f 

!»• 
jj 

I? 
.2  '• 

pi 

386 
324 

447 
400 

122 
148 
317 
288 
328 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

50 

100    150 

300 

0 

(nt) 

300 

250 

300 

350 

400 

450 

500 

550 

7.8 
5.0 

2.7 

:i.  5 

9.0 
9.3 
5.0 
5.7 
5.0 

9.5 
7.5 

4.0 
4.6 

5.5 
4.3 

13.8 
9.4 

3.0 
2.8 
7.1 
5.5 
3.5 
5.5 
5.3 
4.3 

7.0 
6.3 
9.0 
13.0 

4.3 

4.0 

10.5 
7.0 
6.5 
9.0 
10.8 
13.1 

9.0 
8.1 

7.2 

f>.  0 

4.7 

4.0 

15.0 

12.  2 

5.5 
7.0 

19.  5 
19.0 
10.0 
11.0 
10.0 

18.5 
15.2 

8.0 
9.2 

11.2 
9.0 

27.0 
19.7 

6.0 
5.8 
15.3 
11.3 
7.5 
11.0 
10.4 
9.0 

15.0 
12.7 
18.2 
26.5 

8.4 
8.3 

21.0 
14,0 
12.5 
18.5 
22.8 
27.3 

18.5 
17.5 

15.5 
10.0 

9.0 
7.6 

23.0 
18.2 

8.2 
10.2 

31.5 

25.  7 

11.5 

14.0 

LI; 
1.3 

0.2 
0.3 

82.0 

2.rJ.  H 

11.6 
14.0 

42.0 
32.4 

14.4 

18.0 

55.0 
43.7 

18.0 
21.3 

71.0 

tide  .  littl 

664 
664 

997 

997 

293 

293 
563 
625 
625 

644 
644 

1157 
1157 

676 
676 

576 
576 

82 
82 
355 
355 
388 
388 
389 
389 

13 
13 
1046 
1046 

83 
83 

621 
622 
1189 
1169 
1172 
1172 

279 
279 

321 
321 

671 
671 

21.6 
27.0 

26.0 

15.0 
16.8 

15.0 

29.0 

22.5 

12.  2* 
14.6 

17.0 
14.3 

20.7 
23.7 
20.2 

43.0 
32.0 

16.2 
20.0 

23.5 
19.6 

0.5 
1.0 
0.5 

4.6 
2.0 

0.2 
0.5 

1.0 
0.4 

21.0 
23.5 

20.  (i 

44.5 
33.0 

16.6 

20.0 

23.7 
19.8 

27.0 
32.0 
27.5 

61.0 
44.0 

21.3 

27.0 

31.0 
26.0 

37.5 

35.5 

95.0 
62.5 

27.5 

do 

315 
350 

do    .            ..  . 

349 

.     .do 

300 

286 
345 

33.4 

do 

125 
ISA 

30.6 

9.0 
8.7 
23.3 
17.6 
11.0 
17.0 
16.0 
13.0 

23.6 
20.0 
27.5 
40.0 

12.3 

12.6 

32.3 
22.0 
19.5 
29.5 
36.0 
41.0 

32.0 

28.0 

24.0 
16.5 

13.2 
11.8 

45.0 

12.0 
11.7 
33.0 
24.0 
15.0 
24.0 
22.4 
18.0 

33.  5 
28.5 
41.6 
60.0 

17.0 
17.0 

49.0 
31.0 
27.0 
43.0 
50.0 
60.0 

4.8 

0.4 
0.2 
2.5 
1.5 
0.3 
1.1 
1.0 
0.5 

3.0 
2.4 
4.0 

8.0 

0.6 
0.5 

6.0 
0.5 
1.6 
5.3 
0.0 
6.3 

48.0 

12.3 
11.8 
33.0 
24.5 
15.0 
24.0 
22.5 
18.0 

34.0 
29.2 
42.7 
63.0 

17.0 
17.4 

51.0 
33.0 
27.5 
45.0 
52.5 
63.5 

do 

15.6 
14.5 
44.0 
32.6 
18.6 

19.0 
17.6 
57.5 

23.0 
21.3 

29.0 
25.7 

426 
624 

Crashed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 
in  axis. 

30.2 

37.2 

337 
284 
432 
240 
330 

23.5 

29.2 

38.0 

29.4 
23.0 

45.8 
37.5 
60.0 
68.0 

21.5 
22.2 

71.0 

38.5 
30.2 

63.5 
50.0 

do 

339 

do 

340 
363 

68.0 

do                                                                            

276 
283 

494 

500 

Shattered 

27.0 
27.5 

33.0 
34.5 

39.0 
42.5 

4as 

52.6 

do                                                                             

291 
240 
365 
213 
308 
272 

35.8 

47.6 

63.5 

Shattered 

71.0 
88.0 

114.0 

do     

183 
245 

329 

40.0 

35.0 

23.2 

18.5 
15.0 

3.5 

3.5 
1.2 

0.3 

0.0 

41.2 

35.  5 
23.2 

18.0 
15.2 

Shattered      .... 

47.0 
30.8 

23.2 
19.0 

64.0 

do 

290 

429 
452 

29.0 
24.0 

36.0 
28.5 

47.0 
35.0 

44.0 

do 

406 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

•si 

"""•  ^~ 
'>*& 

N 

&•§ 

o.i  , 

'3  g  § 

S.£s 

EC 

a 

E 
&t 

SM 

§ 
| 

_s_ 

m 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

1                 *i 

!i    -gi 

«-**                O   V 

£           g« 
h           & 

377    Pinus  mitis 

278 
278 
319 

142 
142 
544 
544 
544 
764 
764 

394 
394 

780 
780 
879 
879 

81 
81 
81 
81 
85 
85 
85 
85 
243 
243 
357 
357 
358 
358 
359 
359 
360 
360 
361 
361 
384 
384 
385 
390 
390 
1096 
1096 

84 
84 
84 
356 
356 

Florida  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
fta 

Clay  

do 

0.  6524 
0.  649(1 
0.  6516 

0.  4G30 
0.  4035 

o.  yyja 

0.  3500 
0.  4268 
0.  5089 
0.  4713 

0.  4912 
0.  4917 
0.  5191 
0.  4297 
0.  4339 
0.  5129 

0.  9375 
0.  8125 
0.6350 
0.  9822 
0.  6164 
0.  6632 
0.  7568 
0.  8800 
0.  7087 
0.  7066 
0.6643 
0.  8410 
0.  8906 
0.8706 
0.  7988 
0.  8728 
0.7654 
0.  7242 
0.  7585 
0.  7480 
0.6005 
0.  6438 
0.  7038 
0.  6739 
0.  6293 
0.6375 
0.  6852 

0.  6934 
0.  6640 
0.  8314 
0.  7716 
0.  7710 

1221 
1395 
1479 

634. 
642 
220 
244 
244 
561 
595 

574 
814 

1320 

• 

872 
976 
1039 

1628 
1526 
976 
1628 
814 
1628 
1039 
C42 
1953 
2123 
1628 
1628 
1436 
1628 
1628 
1628 
1684 
1221 
2035 
2035 
957 
1628 
1221 
1808 
1628 
1085 
1479 

1479 
1163 

1479 
1878 
1953 

1252 
1415 
1458 

600 
600 
208 
238 
233 
542 
592 

574 
769 
1356 
939 
930 
1085 

1628 
'1575 
1062 
1628 
888 
1KB 
1085 
030 
1775 
1713 
1550 
1713 
1395 
1775 
1684 
1628 
1776 
1302 
1953 
2035 
967 
1655 
1221 
1776 
1550 
1163 
1459 

1302 
1191 
1479 
1953 
1953 

874 
1055 
1188 

469 
570 
262 
340 
431 
766 
633 

5'74 
649 
947 
570 

448 
722 

1160 
1266 
820 
1240 
820 
1036 
937 
935 
1266 
1289 
1172 
1472 
1289 
1392 
1233 
1397 
1380 
1170 
1287 
1322 
642 
1064 
1045 
1137 
1062 
1165 
1095 

1170 
1048 
1181 
1270 
1465 

Yellow  Pine,    Short-leaved  Pine. 
Spruce  Pine.     Bull  Pine. 

.  do      . 

do 

Louisiana  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
do 

Amitr  C.  Mohr  
Bonm.-au's  Depot  ...    H.  W.  Eavenel  

Sandy  loam  

Rich  upland  
do 

Cedar  Pine.   Spruce  Pint.   White 
Pine. 

do    - 

do 

do 

do 

Florida  

A.  H.  Curtiss  .... 
do 

Low,  wet  
do 

do 

do 

Michigan  
do 

Baldwin  
do 

W.  J.  Beal  
do 

Low,  sandy  
do 

Gray  Pine.  Scrub  Pine.  Prince's 
Pine. 

380.  Finns  palustris 

...do  

way. 
do  

....do  

do  

...  do  

..do 

Florida  
...  do    ...  . 

IJnval  county  
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Sandy  loam  
do 

Long-leaved  Pine.   Southern  Pine. 
Georgia    Pine,     fellow   Pine. 
Hard  Pine. 

. 
\ 

i 

381.  Pinus  Cubeusis  
Slash  Pine.    Swamp  Pine.     Bas- 
tard Pine.    Meadow  Pine, 

do  
do    

...do  
do 

.  .  do  
do    ... 

....do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do  
..  do  

...  do  

do 

....do  

do  . 

....do  "... 
do 

..do  
...  do    

...do  

Saw-mill,           Saint 
John's  liver, 
do 

...  do  

do 

....do  

do 

do 

Cottage  Hill 

C  Mohr 

Sandy  loam  
do 

do    

do       

.  do      ..  .. 

...  do  
do 

Citrouelle  
.  do  .. 

....do  
..  do  

....do  

do 

do 

do 

....do  

-*»  
do  . 

...  do  
...do  
do 

...do  
...  do  
do 

....do  
....do  
do 

....do  
....do  

..do  
...do     

...do  
do            

....do  

Florida 

Saw-mill,         Cedar 
Keys. 
.  .   do  ... 

A  H  Curtiss 

do 

do    

do              

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
...  do  

Wilmington  
do  

E.  Kidder  
...  do    

Mobile  
do 

C.  Mohr  
do 



do    

Florida  
...do  
do 

Duvnl  county  
...  do  
do 

A.  II.  Cnrtiss  
...do  
do 

Moist,  sandy  
....do  

do 

Alabama  
....do  

Cottage  Hill  
....do  

C.Mohr  
do  

....do  
....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


407 


DEFLECTION,    IN    MI1.I.1MKTF.UN,    UNDER  A   PRESSURE,    IN   KILOGRAMS,   OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

50     100 

150 

11.2 
10.8 
10.0 

23.2 
22.5 

•Mill 

0 
(set.) 

400 

.50 

3OO 

350 

Kill 

450 

500 

55O 

4.0 
3.5 
3.3 

7.7 
7.6 
22.2 
20.0 
20.0 
8.7 

ta 

* 

8.5 
6.0 
3.7 
5.6 
5.0 
4.7 

3.0 

8.2 

5.0 
3.0 
6.0 
3.0 
4.7 
7.6 
2.5 
2.3 
3.0 
3.0 
3.4 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.9 
4.0 
2.4 
2.4 
5.1 
3.0 
4.0 
2.7 
3.0 
4.5 
3.3 

3.3 
4.2 
3.3 
2.6 
2.5 

7.8 
6.9 
6.7 

14.8 
14.8 
47.0 
41.0 
42.0 
18.0 
16.5 

17.0 
12.7 
7.2 
10.4 
10.5 
9.0 

6.0 
6.2 
9.2 
6.0 
11.0 
6.2 
9.0 
15.5 
5.5 
5.7 
6.3 
5.7 
7.0 
5.5 
5.8 
6.0 
5.5 
7.5 
5.0 
4.8 
10.1 
5.9 
8.0 
5.5 
6.3 
8,4 
6.7 

7.5 
8.2 
6.6 

:>.  o 

5.0 

15.1 
14.2 
13.1 

32.0 
32.0 

0.2 

0.3 
0.0 

3.0 
2.4 

15.2 
14.2 
13.2 

33.2 
32.2 

19.0 

18.0 
16.5 

24.0 
22.0 
20.2 

29.2 
27.0 
25.0 

373 
450 
507 

278 
278 
319 

142 
142 
544 
544 
544 
764 
764 

394 

394 
780 
780 
879 
879 

81 
81 
81 
81 
85 
85 
85 
85 
243 
243 
357 
357 
358 
358 
359 
359 
360 
360 
361 
361 
384 
384 
385 
390 
390 
1096 
1096 

84 
84 
84 
356 
356 

32.0 
29.5 

45.0 
34.0 

43.5 

do                                                            

200 
243 
112 
145 
184 
327 
270 

do    

70.5 
29.0 
26.0 

27.0 
19.6 
10.8 
10.4 
17.0 
13.7 

9.0 
9.3 
14.0 
9.0 
17.0 
9.2 
13.7 
23.5 
8.0 
8.2 
9.2 
8.5 
10.0 
8.6 
9.0 
9.5 
8.4. 
11.0 
7.2 
7.3 
15.2 
8.5 
11.4 
8.5 
9.2 
12.6 
9.5 

11.2 
12.4 
10.  u 
7.8 
7.3 

42.0 
37.0 

39.0 

27.5 
14.3 
20.5 

5.2 
3.8 

5.0 
1.4 
0.3 
1.0 

43.0 
38.0 

40.2 
27.6 
14.3 
21.0 

60.0 
51.0 

89.0 

Shattered 

do                                                                     ..... 

245 
277 
404 
243 
191 
308 

495 
540 
350 
529 
350 
442 
400 
399 
540 
550 
500 
628 
550 
594 
526 
596 
589 
499 
549 
564 
274 
454 
446 
485 

38.0 
18.2 

23.0 

28.6 

38.0 

18.4 

12.4 
12.4 
18.2 
12.6 
23.2 
12.3 
18.8 
32.5 
10.7 
11.0 
12.3 
11.3 
13.4 
11.4 
11.6 
12.6 
11.4 
14.6 
10.0 
9.8 
20.3 
11.5 
15.5 
11.0 
12.4 
16.8 
13.0 

15.3 
16.  5 
13.0 
10.3 
10.0 

0.4 

0.2 
0.3 
0.4 
0.3 
1.5 
0.3 
1.0 
1.8 
0.0 
0.0 
0.3 
0.3 
0.4 
0.2 
0.3 
0.2 
0.0 
0.4 
().  () 
0.3 
0.6 
0.2 
0.4 
0.0 
0.2 
0.6 
0.3 

1).  1' 
0.4 
0.2 
0.2 
0.3 

18.4 

12.5 
12.7 

12.3 
24.0 
12.3 
18.8 
33.0 
10.9 
11.0 
12.5 
11.4 
13.7 
11.5 
12.0 
12.6 
11.4 
14.6 
10.0 
10.0 
20.5 
11.6 
15.4 
11.2 
12.8 
lli.  8 
13.2 

15.5 
16.4 
13.2 
10.2 
10.0 

30.0 

15.6 
15.5 
23.0 
15.6 
31.5 
15.5 
24.0 
42.3 
13.9 
13.6 
15.5 
14.0 
16.8 
14.0 
14.5 
15.6 
14.0 
18.4 
12.5 
12.0 
26.7 
14.2 
19.6 
14.2 
15.5 
21.5 
16.5 

19.5 
20.8 
16.2 
13.0 
12.0 

37.0 

19.0 
19.0 
28.0 
19.0 
41.5 
19.0 
31.0 
55.0 
16.6 
16.6 
19.0 
17.0 
20.6 
17.0 
17.5 
19.0 
17.0 
22.5 
15.0 
15.0 

22.6 
23.0 

27.0 
27.2 

32.5 
31.7 

37.5 

22.0 
55.7 
23.6 
37.2 
70.0 
19.2 
20.0 
23.0 
20.6 
25.5 
23.0 
21.0 
23.0 
20.0 
28.0 
17.8 
17.0 

26.2 

31.0 

39.0 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  with  large  splinters  .  . 

28.2 

23.0 
23.0 
27.0 
23.5 
30.3 
27.0 
25.0 
27.0 
23.0 
33.0 
20.7 
20.2 

26.7 
27.5 
31.0 
28.3 
36.0 
32.0 
29.0 
31.5 
27.0 
40.0 
24.0 
23.6 

32.3 
32.5 
37.5 
33.0 
45.0 
38.0 
34.0 
37.0 
31.5 

39.6 

38.5 

45  millimeters  deflection  with  600  kilograms  ;  broke  with  flakes  on 
back. 
Square  break,    (a)  Boxed  1852;  chipped  ten  years;  abandoned  1861 

Shattered,     (a)  Boxed  1852  •  chipped  ten  years  ;  abandoned  1861  

Square  break  with  large  flakes  on  corners,     (a)  Boxed  1876  ;  chipped 
four  years  ;  specimen  taken  along  chip. 
Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis,     (a)  Boxed  1876; 
chipped  four  years;  specimen  taken  along  chip. 
Broke  with  thin  flakes  on  back,     (a)  Boxed  1876;   chipped  four 
years;  specimen  taken  above  chip. 
Square  break,  somewhat  shattered,     (a)  Boxed  1876;  chipped  four 
years  ;  specimen  taken  above  chip. 
Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis,     (a)  Boxed  1878; 
chipped  two  years. 
Broke  with  many  splinters,     (o)  Boxed  1878;  chipped  two  years  

46.8 

44.0 

37.0 

28.0 
28.0 

34.0 

17.5 
24.0 
17.0 
19.2 
26.5 
20.5 

24.5 
25.3 
20.0 
15.5 
15.0 

20.8 
29.2 
21.0 
23.7. 
32.5 
24.5 

30.0 
31.0 
24.0 
18.2 
17.5 

24.5 
35.0 
25.0 
28.5 
39.0 
29.0 

35.7 
36.5 
28.5 
21.3 
21.0 

29.0 

36.5 

30.5 
38.0 
48.0 
35.4 

44.0 

do 

Ata 

do 

497 
467 

499 
447 
504 
542 
625 
ure  of 

Broke  with  large  flake,    (a)  Tree  boxed  eighteen  or  twenty  years  ago 

33.0 
25.0 
24.0 
a  In  t 

39.0    
.30.0    
28.  0     31.  5 
he  manufact 

Slightly  splintered     

39.  2  millimeters  deflection  with  600  kilograms  ;  broke  with  large 
flat  splinters  on  corners, 
turpentine. 

408 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

•s 

1 
s 

I 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

*|j 

«1 

a  o 

11 

CO 

381.  Pious  Cubensis  —  continued  

493 
493 

231 
231 
•  373 
77B 
778 
794 
794 
880 
880 

613 

513 
773. 
773 
784 
784 
791 
791 

292 
292 
575 
822 

269 

Florida 

A  H  Curtiss 

0.8406 
0.  8942 

0.  5604 
0.5429 
0.  4587 
0.  4698 
0.  4919 
0.4296 
0.  4153 
0.  4425 
0.  4785 

0.  4455 
0.  4983 
0.  4579 
0.4596 
0.4411 
0.  4530 
0.  4319 
0.  4163 

0.  4325 
0.3642 
0.3411 
0.3805 

0.  3939 
0.  403C 
0.  3810 

0.  4676 
0.  4568 
0.  4038 
0.  3882 
0.  4398 
0.  3517 
0.3688 
0.3891 
0.  3810 

0.  4210 
0.  3989 
0.  4716 
0.  4699 
0.5124 
0.  5129 
0.  4922 
0.  4458 
0.  3496 
0.  3675 
0.  4811 
0.  4805 

1479 
1744 

1526 
1221 
904 
1062 
1221 
•  996 
1221 
976 
939 

787 
679 
1285 
1163 
939 
976 
1221 
1136 

976 
554 
751 

888 

542 
444 
610 

921 
1062 
1085 
1039 
1221 
996 
1110 
642 
610 

763 
787 
1085 
1017 
1136 
1136 
488 
432 
679 
669 
976 
1085 

1479 
1684 

1479 
1221 
921 
1062 
1221 
1062 
1085 
888 
872 

769 
688 
1252 
1136 
976 
976 
1236 
1149 

1028 
588 
751 
864 

574 
444 
642 

957 
1085 
1149 
1062 
1302 
976 
1085 
651 
642 

814 
781 
1062 
1007 
1136 
1177 
479 
432 
688 
665 
976 
1085 

1064 
998 

930 
902 
698 
504 
834 
717 
701 
687 
•741 

736 
703 
813 
792 
689 
731 
811 
703 

757 
420 
548 
577 

441 
387 
539 

734 
741 
682 
635 
776 
614 
673 
553 
431 

574 
586 
738 
797 
900 
1031 
677 
635 
541 
530 
745 
790 

'....do  

Vermont  
..  do  .... 
do  

..do  

Charlotte  
..do  
Huutington  
Bay  of  Fundy  
do 

....do  

C.  G.  Pringle  
....do  
do  

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

....do  

Bloc*  Spruce. 
383.  Piceaalba  

....do  
Gravelly  

-New  Brunswick  .  . 
do 

Province  of  Que- 
bec, 
do      .     . 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 

do 

New  Brunswick  .  . 
....do     

Bi  idjretou  
do       

Ed.  Sinclair  
do 



New  Hampshire  -  . 
do 

Stratford  
do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

Gravelly  
do 

White  Spruce. 
384.  Picea  Engelmanni 

New  Brunswick  -  . 
..  do  

Bay  of  Fundy  
do 

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

<ln° 

...do  

do 

Bridgeton  Ed.  Sinclair  



Province  of  Que- 
bec. 
..  do    

do 

Forest  City 

T.  S.  Brandegee.. 
do     

• 

White  Spruce. 

....do  

do  

do    

...do  
....do  

.  do 

....do  
....do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
T.  S.  Brandegee  .  . 

do 

Peaty 

....do  

White  Spruce.    Blue  Spruce. 

• 

386.  Picea  Sitchengis 

270' 
270* 

970 
970 
977 
977 
1015 
1019 
1019 
1020 
1026 

5 
5 
219 
219 
772 
772 
775 
775 
778 
778 
787 
787 

....do  

..  do  

do    

do         

do  

.do 

do                .  . 

do 

Alaska  
.  do  . 

Sitka  

do 

Paul  Schultze 

Tide  land  Spruce. 

' 
» 
387.  Tsnga  Canadenais  . 

do 

British  Columbia  . 
do  

Saw-mill,     Burrard 
inlet. 
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  ST  Sargent. 

Oregon  
....do  
do 

Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland 
Saw-mill,  Astoria... 

An 

....do  
...do  

do 

do  Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

do 

.  do              

Massachusetts  
...do    

Arnold  Arboretum  .  . 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Drift  
do  

Hemlock. 

Charlotte  

do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
do 

do 

do 

Intercolonial  rail- 
way, 
do 

do 

...do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do  . 

...  do    

do 

do 

do 

Bridgeton  

<ln 

Ed.  Sinclair  

iln 



do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STA.TE8. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


409 


I1EFLECTIOX,  IX  MILLIJIF.TKUB,  I'MIEli  A  PKEK8i:ilK.  IX    KI1.OOBAHS,  OF— 

ritinmtc'  xtrellgth: 
tnumrerae  pressure. 

Remarks. 

• 

Office  number. 

50 

100 

ISO 

200 

O 

(»<-t.) 

2OO 

230 

30O 

330 

400 

430 

300 

350 

3.3 

2.8 

3.2 
4.0 
5.4 
4.6 
4.0 
4.9 
4.0 
5.0 
5.2- 

e.  2 

7.2 
3.8 
4.2 
5.2 
5.0 
4.0 
4.3 

5.0 
8.8 
6.5 
5.5 

0.0 
11.0 
8.0 

5.3 
4.6 
4.5 
4.7 
4.0 
4.9 
4.4 
7.6 
8.0 

6.4 

6.2 
4.5 
4.8 
4.3 
4..-! 
10.0 
11.3 
7.2 
7.3 
5.0 
4.5 

6.6 

5.8 

6.6 
8.0 
10.6 
9  2 
8.0 
9.2 
9.0 
10.0 
11.2 

12.7 
14.2 
7.8 
8.6 
10.0 
10.0 
7.9 
8.5 

9.5 
16.6 
13.0 
11.3 

17.0 
22.0 
15.2 

10.2 
9.0 
8.5 
9.2 
7.5 
10.0 
9.0 
15.0 
15.2 

12.0 
12.5 
9.2 
9.7 
8.6 
8.3 
20.4 
22.6 
14.2 
14..7 
10.0 
9.0 

10.0 
8.9 

10.0 
12.5 
16.4 
14.5 
12.0 
13.8 
13.5 
15.0 
17.4 

19.2 

22.4- 
12.0 
13.0 
15.5 
15.3 
12.0 
13.0 

14.0 
26.4 
19.0 
17.4 

28.0 
35.2 
24.7 

15.2 
13.4 
13.2 
14.3 
11.4 
14.8 
13.6 
244 
24.7 

17.8 
19.  2 
14.0 
14.3 
12.8 
12.5 
34.0 
35.5 
21.8 
22.  7 
15.0 
13.5 

13.6 
12.  5 

13,3 
16.5 
22.7 
21.0 
16.4 
19.0 
19.0 
21.  2 
23.6 

27.0 
32.7 
16.0 
17.  8 
21.3 
21.3 
17.0 
17.5' 

19.0 

1.0 
0.5 

0.3 
0.4 
1.0 
1.2 
0.5 
0.6 
0.5 
0.9 
1.0 

1.6 
4.0 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
0.6 
0.7 
0.4 

0.0 

14.1 
12.6 

13.8 
17.0 
23.0 
21.5 
16.5 
19.1 
19.5 
21.5 
24.4 

27.4 
33.5 
16.2 
18.0 
21.8 
21.5 
17.0 
18.0 

19.0 

18.2 
16.0 

17.0 
22.  0 
30.0 

22.0 
20.6 

21.2 
28.7 

26.5 
25.0 

28.0 

39.  5 

31.5 
29.2 

87.  0 

454 

426 

397 
385 
298 
215 
356 
306 
299 
293 

493 
493 

231 
231 
373 
776 
776 
794 
794 
880 
880 

513 
513 
773 
773 
T84 
784 
7»1 
791 

292 
292 
575 
822 

269 
270' 
270« 

979 
970 
977 
977 
1015 
1019 
1019 
1026 
1026 

5 
5 
219 
219 

772 
772 
775 
775 
778 
778 
787 
787 



22.0 
26.0 
27.0 
30.0 
31.5 

37.5 
45.7 
21.0 
23.0 
29.6 
29.5 
22.5 
24.0 

25.0 

29.0 
41.0 

45.  0 

do    '    

47.0 
55.5 

316 

314 
300 
347 
338 
294 

29.2 
31.5 

43.2 
29.5 

312 

do 

346 

300 

323 
179 
234 
246 

188 
165 

Crashed  at  center  bearing  ;  failed  from  thin  scale  on  tension  side.  .  . 

36.0 

28.0 
26.0 

2.4 

2.2 

29.6 
27.2 

• 

do 

39.5 

22.0 
18.2 
19.0 
21.0 
15.4 
22.0 
19.7 
36.4 

5.5 

1.6 
0.7 
1.0 
1.5 
0.4 
1.5 
1.0 
4.3 

41.2 

22.5 
18.7 
19.0 
21.8 
15.8 
22.6 
20.0 
38.0 

230 

313 
316 

31.0 
25.0 
27.0 
32.5 
21.0 
35.3 
28.0 

46.0 
34.0 

do 

291 
271 
331 
262 
287 
236 
184 

245 
250 
315 
340 
384 
440 

28.5 

L'5.  0 
27.0 
10.0 
19.5 
17.0 
17.0 
49.0 
53.2 
32.8 
34.5 
20.  » 
18.5 

1.0 
2.0 
0.6 
\1 
0.3 
0.4 
7.2 
7.8 
4.0 
3.0 
0.8 
0.6 

25.4 
27.9 
19.0 
19.8 
17.3 
17.2 
51.0 
54.0 
33.0 
36.0 
21.0 
16.7 

24.8 
25.0 
22.0 
22.0 
69.5 
72.  0 

34.5 
33.0 
28.5 
27.0 

36.4 
36.0 

do 

289 
271 
231 
226 
318 
337 

Shattered 

27.5 
24.0 

35.7 
32.5 

410 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  air-dried  speci- 
men. 

Direction  of  grain. 

COEFFK 
ELA6T 

i 

1  a 
w  o 

•  '•3 

IEXT  OF 
ICITT. 

it 

a"o 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

387.  Tsnga  Canadensis—  continued  
388.  Tsnga  Caroliniana  * 

793 
793 
817 
817 
1040 
1040 
1042 
1042 

623 

971 
995 
995 

980 
980 

271» 
2712 
271s 
627 
627 
702 
704 
706 
706 
708 
708 
709 
709 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
881 
973 
973 
974 
086 
989 
1008 
1008 
1011 
1011 
1016 
1010 
1018 
1018 
1020 
1020 

Province  of  Quebec 
....do  

Danville     .   . 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
do  

0.  5264 
0.  5248 
0.4041 
0.  3748 
0.5096 
0.  5114 
0.  4248 
0.  4244 

0.  5335 

0.  5318 
0.5902 
0.  5472 

0.  4590 
0.  4715 

0.  4852 
0.  4786 
0.4874 
0.  5785 
0.5382 
0.4373 
0.  6590 
0.  5795 
0.5477 
0.6687 
0.6892 
0.  4375 
0.  4448 
0.5345 
0.5448 
0.  5227 
0.5090 
0.5601 
0.  5705 
0.  5005 
0.  4909 
0.  5300 
0.  4596 
0.  6016 
0.  4879 
0.5501* 
0.  5386 

M 

m 
m 

1136 

1221 
957 
814 
763 
751 
1062 
921 

697 

1017 
1628 
1526 

751 
775 

814 
857 
1110 
1744 
1221 
888 
1526 
1136 
1395 
1575 
1808 
1085 
1163 
1062 
1221 
1221 
1163 
996 
1163 
1221 
1163 
1356 
1085 
1221 
1252 
1628 
1221 
1191 
1628 
1628 
1628 
1808 
1110 
976 

1177 
1285 
986 
814 
746 
763 
1028 
8% 

713 

1017 
1628 
1479 

763 

787 

842 
888 
1149 
1628 
1356 
930 
1628 
1221 
1395 
1628 
1808 
1085 
1085 
1062 
1221 
1252 
1163 
976 
1110 
1221 
1149 
1436 
1122 
1191 
1338 
1628 
1356 
1191 
1713 
1628 
1628 
1744 
1085 
076 

839 
1024 
640 
558 
848 
858 
703 
703 

462 

570 
1104 
1055 

720 
720 

776 
666 
848 
1050 
937 
572 
1181 
933 
.  937 
1249 
1317 
766 
802 
703 
921 
820 
703 
M 
975 
771 
820 
902 
787 
1008 
764 
898 
900 
696 
900 
696 
947 
998 
1048 
1055 

....do  

West  Virginia  ... 
.      do      

Grafton     

C.  G.  Pringle 

do                 

do    . 

Massachusetts  
do  

Danvers  
do  

J.  Robinson  
do  

do 

....do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

North  Carolina  

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 
Alaska  

Hendersonville  
Wilkeson  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

G.  Engelmnnn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Paul  Schultze 

Dry,  rocky  
Rich  loam 

Hemlock. 

Hemlock. 
390.  Tsuga  Pattoniana 

Sitka    

do    

do 

do       .     . 

British  Columbia  . 
....do  

Colorado  

Silver    peak,    near 
Eraser  river. 
....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
—  do  —  

T.  S.  Brandegee  .  .  . 
....do          

Gravelly  loam  
...do  ... 

Moist... 

Sed  Fir.     Yellow  Fir.     Oregon 
Pine.    Douglas  Fir. 

..    do  

do 

do 

do  

....do  

do  

Saw-mill,        Straw- 
berry valley. 
do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

....do  

Saw-mill,  Marshfleld  . 
.do              

do 

.  .  do    

do    

....do  
....do  

E.  B.  Dean's    saw- 
mill, Marsbfleld. 
do  

....do..."  
do  



..    do    

do          .               . 

.do  

do 

do 

do 

do  

..  do          

do    

do  

do 

do       

Saw-mill,  Missoula.  . 
do 

S  Watson 

do 

do 

California  
do  

Lassen'speak  
do       

Sierra       Lumber 
Company. 
..do    

Utah    . 

Salt  Lake 

M  E  Jones 

Rocky 

do 

do 

do 

British  Columbia  . 
.      do 

Saw-mill,     Bnrrard 
inlet, 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent     . 

do 

...do  

...do       

do    

....do  

Saw-mill,  Victoria  .  . 
Saw-mill  Portland 

G.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

I 

British  Columbia  . 
....do  

Saw-mill,     Burrard 
inlet, 
do 

do 

do 

Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation  Co. 
do    

do 

....do  

0.5325 
0.  5960 
0.  6085 
0.  6129 
0.  6135 
0.  4632 
0.  4485 

....do  

Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland. 
do 

do  

do 

do 

....do  
....do  

Saw-mill,  Astoria  .  .  . 

....do  
.  do  



do  

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

rin 

do    

do 

do         

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


411 


DEFLECTION,  IX  MILI.IMET1CKH,  UNDKII  A   I'HKSSL  RK,  I.I  KILOGKAM8,  OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

j 

5O 

4.3 
4.0 
5.1 
6.0 
6.4 
6.5 
4.6 
5.3 

7.0 

4.8 
3.0 
3.2 

6.5 
6.3 

8.0 

5.7 
4.4 
2.8 
4.0 
5.5 
3.2 
4.3 
3.5 
3.1 
2.7 
4.5 
4.2 
4.6 
4.0 
4.0 
4.2 
4.9 
4.2 
4.0 
4.2 
3.6 
4.5 
4.0 
3.9 
3.0 
4.0 
4.1 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.7 
4.4 
5.0 

1OO 

150 

4OO 

17.5 
15.3 
22.0 
27.0 
28.0 
25.8 
20.3 
23.2 

O 

(set;) 

aOO 

230 

:«><» 

•I.-40 

4OO 

!.-•«• 

500 

550 

8.3 

7.0 
!>.  '.1 
12.0 
13.1 

1-'.  8 

».  5 

10.9 
13.7 

9.6 
6.0 
6.6 

12.8 
12.4 

11.6 
11.0 

8.5 
0.0 
7.2 
10.5 
6.0 
S.O 
7.0 
6.0 
5.4 
9.0 
9.0 
9.2 
8.0 
7.8 
8.4 
10.0 
8.8 
8.0 
8.5 
6.8 
8.7 
8.2 
7.3 
6.0 
7.2 
8.2 
5.7 
6.0 
6.0 
5.0 
!>.  (I 
10.0 

13.0 
11.5 
15.4 
18.2 
20.4 
18.7 
14.4 
16.4 

21.2 

14.4 
9.3 
9.6 

19.5 
18.9 

17.0 
16.5 
13.0 
9.2 
11.0 
17.0 
9.0 
11.6 
10.4 
0.0 
8.2 
13.6 
13.3 
14.0 
12.0 
11.7 
13.0 
15.  C 
13.4 
12.2 
12.7 
10.1 
13.2 
12.5 
11.0 
9.0 
11.0 
12.3 
8.8 
9.0 
8.8 
-   8.6 
13.3 
15.2 

II.  5 
0.2 
0.8 
1.5 
2.0 
1.3 
0.7 
1.1! 

18.0 
15.6 
22.2 
28.0 
28.0 
26.0 
20.5 
23.7 

23.0 
19.5 
30.5 

29,5 
24.3 

39.0 
30.0 

358 
437 
273 
238 

Crushed  at  center  bearing  with  thin  Hake  on  tension  side  

793 
793 
817 
817 
1040 
1040 
1042 
1042 

623 

971 
995 
995 

980 
980 

271" 
271» 
2713 
627 
627 
702 
704 
705 
706 
708 
708 
709 
709 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
881 
973 
973 
974 
986 
989 
1008 
1008 
1011 
1011 
1016 
1016 
1018 
1018 
1020 
1020 

42.4 

do  

36.0 
33.5 
27.5 
32.0 

47.0 
43.0 

64.0 
61.0 

362 
366 
300 
300 

197 

243 
471 
450 

307 
307 

21.0 
12.6 
13.2 

27.0 
26.4 

23.  3 
24.0 
17.5 
12.6 
14.5 
22.5 
lil 

15.8 
13.0 
12.3 
11.0 
18.7 
17.8 
19.6 
16.2 
16.0 
17.8 
•22.  0 
18.  C 
17.0 
17.0 
13.5 
18.0 
17.0 
14.7 
12.5 
14.5 
10.8 
12.0 
11.6 
11.8 
11.6 
18.0 
21.2 

1.4 
0.4 
0.2 

1.1 
1.4 

0.9 
1.0 
0.6 
0.0 
0.2 
1.5 
0.3 
0.5 
0.3 
0.2 
0.0 
0.4 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
0.4 
0.6 
1.0 
0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.6 
0.4 
0.3 
0.0 
0.5 
0.4 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
.0.2 
0.5 
0.7 

21.5 
12.9 
13.2 

27.9 

26.7 

23.7 
24.0 
18.0 
12.6 
14.6 
23.0 
12.2 
16.0 
14.0 
12.5 
11.2 
19.0 
18.0 
20.4 
16.8 
16.0 
18.0 
22.0 
18.5 
17.5 
17.5 
13.6 
18.0 
17.2 
15.0 
12.2 
14.8 
16.9 
12.3 
12.0 
11.8 
12.0 
18.0 
21.5 

16.0 
16.5 

36.0 
35.5 

32.0 
33.0 
23.0 
16.0 

IB.  2 

19.7 
20  5 

55.5 
48.2 

44.0 

24.5 
25.0 

30.5 
34.0 

39.0 

do    

331 
284 
362 
448 
400 

29.5 
19.5 
23.0 

41.2 
24.0 
29.6 

30.5 

do                              

244 
504 
398 
400 
533 
562 
327 
342 
300 
393 

15.0 
20.3 
17.0 
15.0 
14.0 
24.7 
23.5 
26.5 
21.0 
20.8 
23.4 
29.0 
24.6 
22.0 
22.5 
17.5 
24.2 

21.  r, 

19.0 

i&g 

18.7 
22.2 
15.0 
14.8 
14.6 
14.5 
24.0 
28.5 

18.5 
25.5 
22.0 
18.6 
17.0 
32.2 
30.0 
35.8 
27.5 
26.5 
3t>.5 
36.0 
30.6 
29.2 
28.7 
22.2 
31.0 
27.6 
25.5 
19.5 
24.0 

23.0 
31.5 

27.8 
22.7 
20.0 

27.0 

33.0 

38.5 

39.5 
27.5 
24.5 

34.0 
29.0 

45.6 
34.5 

44.5 

do  '..  ;  

' 

34.  2 
36.0 

do                                                                                     

350 
300 
398 
416 
329 
350 

45.7 
38.5 

51.5 

do                                   

28.0 

385 
336 
430 
326 
383 
384 
297 
384 
297 
404 
426 
447 

35.0 

45.0 

26.6 
31.5 

19.0 

ia4 
iao 

18.5 
34.0 

24.0 
23.4 
22.0 
23.0 

32.0 
32.5 
28.0 
31.0 

do  

450 

do  

412 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINOIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 

0 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity  of 
the  nir-dried  speci- 
men. 

d 
1 

<M 

O 

rt 
o 

1 

'5 

m 

u 

r~-%n 

1 
1 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

*d 

i! 
i« 

CO 

391  .  Pseudotsuga  Donglasii  —  cont'd  

391.  Pseudotsnga  Douglasii.  var.  ma- 
crocarpa. 
Semlock. 

1022 
1022 

642 
642 

523 
523 
523 

377 
377 

449 
449 
449 
449 
820 
820 
820 
820 

1009 
1010 
1010 

529 
529 
639 
639 
733 
733 

1004 
1004 

965 
965 

647 
647 
647 

2262 
226» 
774 
774 
781 
781 
786 
786 
795 
795 
840 
840 

Oregon  
....do  

Portland  Furniture 
Comi«any. 
do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
.  .  .  do    .  . 

0.  4899 
0.  4735 

0.  5357 
0.  5397 

0.  3602 
0.  3523 
0.  3636 

0.  4455 
0.4419 

0.  3941 
0.  3750 
0.3682 
0.  3807 
0.  3358 
-0.3350 
0.  3673 
0.  3622 

0.  4002 
0.  3597 
0.  3641 

0.  3602 
0.  3801 
0.  4019 
0.4744 
0.  4969 
0.4504 

0.  4754 
0.  5168 

0.5074 
0.  4932 

0.4608 
0.  5134 
0.  4965 

0.  7381 
0.  7295 
0.  6147 
0.  6336 
0.  5973 
0.  5742 
0.5964 
0.  6204 
0.  6170 
0.  6030 
0.  5988 
0.  6272 

1221 
1163 

1062 

1085 

976 
976 
976 

740 
651 

775 
775 
872 
679 
688 
751 
787 
976 

763 
976 
976 

660 
775 
688 
651 
1285 
1252 

1221 

1221 

1221 
1221 

542 
976 
542 

2325 
1526 
1221 
1395 
697 
688 
1436 
1285 
1479 
1526 
842 
814 

1221 
1136 

1050 
1050 

1017 
976 
921 

734 
638 

787 
723 
849 
642 
679 
740 
787 
8F8 

751 
1085 
1039 

697 
787 
655 
673 
1320 
1320 

1252 
1268 

1285 
1268 

514 

939 
534 

1953 

1628 
1356 
1479 
734 
688 
1395 
1356 
1436 
1395 
'    872 
842 

769 

698 

783 
909 

654 
621 
642 

445 

584 

548 
370 
586 
347 
518 
462 
492 
469  | 

333 
527 
621 

555 
499 
703 
764 
904 
796 

769 
816 

905 

820 

586 
816 
703 

1169 
1055 
937 
790 
703 
717 
923 
1066 
937 
870 
820 
823 

California  
...  do  

Saw-mill,  San    Ber- 
nardino. 
do    

W.  G.  Wright 

do 

North  Carolina  .  . 
...  do  
...  do  

Roan  mountain  .... 
....do  
....do  

WalcottGibbs... 
...  do  
do  

Balsam.     She  Balsam. 
393.  Abies  balsamea 

...do  
do 

Monkton  
....do  

Forest  City  
....do  

do 

C.G.Pringle  
....do  

T.  S.  Brandegee  .  . 
....do  
do 

Peaty  
....do  

Moist,  sandy  loam 
....do  
do 

Balsam  Fir.   Balm  of  Oilead  Fir. 

....do  

Colorado  
...  do  

.  .  do  .  . 

Balsam. 
395.  Abies  erand  is  

....do  

do       

do 

do 

do  

do 

do 

do 

....do  

....do  

do 

do 

....do  

.  -   .do 

do 

do 

..do  ..".  
Oregon  

....do  

Portlfl.Tiil 

....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

...do  

Rich,  alluvial  
do 

Vthite  Fir. 

....do    

do 

...do  

...do    .. 

do 

do 

Engelmann's  canon 
do 

Robert  Douglas  ... 
do 

White  Fir.    Baltam  Fir. 
398.  Abies  amabilis  

...  do  

do 

California  

Strawberry  valley  . 
....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

Sierra       Lumber 
Company. 

...do  ;  
....do  
...  do  

....do  

do    

British  Columbia 
...do  

Oregon  

Silver    peak,    near 
Fraser  river. 
....do  

Cascade  mountains  . 
...do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
—  do  

do 

Rich,  sandy  loam.  . 
....do  

Rich     * 

399.  Abies  nobilis  .  .  . 

Ked  Fir. 
400.  Abies  magnifica  

....do  

do 

do 

California  

C.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Gravelly  loam  — 
do 

Ked  Fir. 
401.  Larix  Americana 

....do  

do  

...do  

do 

do 

do 

C.G.Pringle  
do 

Cold,  swampy  
do 

Larch.   Black  Larch.   Tamarack. 
Hackmatack. 

..  do  

..  do    

New  Brunswick  .  . 
...do  

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

do 

..  do  

...do  

do 

...do  

.    do 

do 

...do  
...do  

Bridgeton  
do 

Ed.  Sinclair  
do 



...do  
...do  

Danville  
...do 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 

Massachusetts  
...do  I 

...do  

...do  

...do  

THE  WOODS  OF  TliK   I'NITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TEANSVEKSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


3 


IIKFLKUTION.   IS   MILI.IMKTE118,    USIlElt  A   I'KKSSUBK,    IX   KILOG1IAMS,   l>K  — 

ntimati-  stn-rmtli: 
transverse  pressure,  I 

Kern  ark  9. 

j. 

50 

100 

130 

2OO 

o 

(set.) 

200 

«50 

3OO 

350 

400 

450 

5OO 

550 

4.0 
4.2 

4.6 
4.5 

5.0 
5.0 
5.0 

6.6 

5.8 

6.3 
6.3 
5.6 
7.2 
7.1 
6.5 
6.2 
5.0 

8.4 
5.  0 
5.0 

7.4 
6.3 
7.1 
7.5 
3.8 
3.9 

4.0 
4.0 

4.0 
4.0 

9.0 
5.0 
9.0 

2.1 
3.2 
40 
3.5 
7.0 
7.1 
3.4 
3.8 
3.3 
3.2 
5.8 
6.0 

8.0 
8.0 

9.3 
9.3 

9.0 
10.0 
10.6 

13.3 
10.8 

12.4 
13.5 
11.5 
15.2 
14.4 
1H.  2 
12.4 
11.0 

13.0 
9.0 
9.4 

14.0 
12.4 
14.9 
14.5 
7.4 
7.4 

7.8 
7.7 

7.0 
7.7 

19.0 
10.4 
18.3 

5.0 
6.0 
7.2 
6.6 
13.3 
14.2 
7.0 
7.2 
6.8 
7.0 
11.2 
11.6 

12.0 
12.5 

14.0 
14.3 

15.0 
15.0 
15.5 

21.0 
16.8 

19.5 
21.5 
16.7 

16.4 
17.0 

19.0 
19.4 

21.0 
22.0 
22.0 

0.4 
0.4 

0.4 
0.4 

1.0 
1.5 
1.1 

16.5 
17.1 

19.3 
19.7 

21.5 
22.2 
23.7 

22.0 
22.0 

25.2 

25.7 

31.0 
33.5 
34.0 

31.0 
29.0 

3"  0 

328 
298 

334 
388 

1022 
1022 

642 
642 

523 
523 
523 

377 
377 

449* 
449' 
449» 
449» 
820 
820 
820 
820 

1009 
1010 
1010 

529 
529 
639 
639 
733 
733 

1004 
1004 

965 
965 

647 
647 
647 

226> 
226« 

774 
774 
781 
781 
786 
786 
795 
795 
840 
810 

33.0 

42.8 

do                                                                  

279 
-.65 



do                                

274 

190 
249 

234 

158 
250 
148 
221 
197 
210 
200 

142 
.  225 
265 

237 
213 
300 
326 
386 
340 

328 
348 

386 
350 

250 
348 
300 

499 
450 
400 
337 
300 
306 
394 
455 
400 
371 
350 
351 

do                                 

•JL'.  5 
29.0 

0.5 
2.5 

22.  5 
28.3 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 

i  .1  ;ixi.s. 

24.5 

1.5 

25.6 

39.2 

Specimen  cross-grained  ;  broke  at  knot  

22.0 
21.0 
20.  5 
17.0 

32.0 

2.4 

35.5 

do                               

32.5 

4.4 

35.0 

14.0 
14.5 

•-'1.5 
20.0 
23.0 
•2-2.4 
11.0 
11.3 

12.0 
11.9 

11.4 
11.7 

30.7 
15.7 
29.5 

7.4 
9.2 
10.8 
10.0 
21.0 
22.4 
11.0 
10.8 
10.0 
10.3 
18.2 
17.8 

20.5 
21.0 

32.0 
29.0 
32.2 
31.5- 
14.9 
15.0 

16.4 
16.2 

15.4 
16.0 

40.0 
22.0 
40.8 

10.0 
12.0 
14.5 
13.2 
29.7 
32.0 
14.5 
14.5 
13.2 
14.0 
26.3 
25.7 

1.0 
1.6 

2.5 
2.0 
1.  n 

0    0 

0.4 
0.2 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 
0.4 

5.5 
1.0 

4.0 

0.1 
0.2 
0.8 
0.4 
2.8 
2.9 
0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
0.4 
3.0 
2.0 

20.7 
22.0 

34.5 
30.0 
33.4 
32.5 
13.0 
16.0 

16.8 
16.8 

16.0 
16.2 

49.4 
22.5 
43.5 

10.2 
12.0 
14.6 
13.5 
30.5 
32.8 
14.6 
14.7 
l:i.  5 
14.5 
27.0 
26.5 

32.0 

Shattered                              

44.7 
43.7 
18.5 
21.0 

22.0 

22.0 

21.0 
21.8 

94.0 
30.0 
62.0 

12.7 
15.0 
18.0 
16.5 

40.4 
44.0 
18.2. 

18.5 
17.0 
18.8 
35.0 

::;>.  r, 

64.0 
63.5 
23.4 
28.0 

32.5 
30.0 

27.0 
29.0 

29.5 



38.0 
47.0 

41.0 

16.0 

18.5 
23.5 
25.0 
55.5 
63.5 
23.7 
23.4 
21.5 
24.2 
49.0 
47.0 

19.0 
23.0 
30.0 

24.0 
29.0 
46.0 

29.0 
38.0 

i 

30.0 
29.0 
28.5 
32.5 

36.0 
40.0 

46.0 



75.0 

414 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  TEE 


Species. 

• 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

°i 

£•§• 

6  "2 
S'C 

*! 

<5    rt    a 

& 

"o 

3 

COEFFICIF.XT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

.  Second  de- 
flection. 

71!) 
719 
984 
984 
1006 
100C 

1159 
1159 

S.  Watson     .   . 

0.  0966 
0.  8136 
0.  83C4 
0.  8426 
0.  8376 

0.  6012 
0.6307 

1221 

1628 
1878 
1953 

460 
697 

1395 
1713 
1713 
1953 

403 
723 

914 

1106 
1289 
1481 
1287 
1287 

271 
586 

Tamarack. 
PALMACE.E. 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Washington  terri- 
tory. 
do  

do  

Fulda  
....do  
...do  

W.  Siksdorf  
....do  
..  do    ... 

...do  
do 

do 

do 

do 

Agua  Caliente  
do     .. 

W.G.  "Wright  
do 

Dry,  gravelly  

Fan-leaf  Palm. 

..    do    

TABLE  IV.— BEHAVIOR  OF  SOME  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


I                i 

I 

COEFFCIENT  OF 

i« 

,. 

£ 

ELASTICITY. 

S 

^ 

*^ 

— 

§• 

Species. 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

I 

*« 

•§  a 

£ 

E 

a 
S 

0            .-.' 

•al 

~   tQ 

o 
If 

1 

"3 
"9 

o 

5 

01       'Q 

to10 

m 

7, 

MAGNOLIACE.8:. 

1.  Magnolia  grandiflora 

346 

Alabama 

Cottage  Hill  

C.  Mohr  

R'  h  1 

0.7347 

H 

1191 

1097 

974 

Big  Laurel.    Bull  Bay. 

2.  Magnolia  glauca  

354 

..   .do    

do 

0.  5262 

n 

1135 

1028 

816 

Sweet  Bay.     White  Bay.    Beaver 

Tree.     White  Laurel.     Swamp 

Laurel. 

SAPINDACE.&;. 

54.  Sapindus  tnarginatus            

307 

Texas 

Dallas  

J.  Reverchon  

Rich,  damp  

0.  7836 

1109 

1062 

851 

Wild  China.    Soapberry. 

LEGUMINOS.3S. 

1248 

New  York  

Long  Island  

M  C  Beedle 

0.8476 

1221  ' 

1221 

1169 

Locust.     Black  Locust.     Yellow 

Locust. 

HAMAMELACE-ffiL 

139.  Liquidaiubar  Styraciflua  

546 

Alabama       .  ... 

Kemper's  mill  

C.Mohr  

Rich,  alluvial  

0.6537 

n 

939 

921 

933 

tiweet  (him.     Star-leaved  Gum. 

Liquidamber.   Ked  Qum.   Bil- 

ttea. 

OLEACE^:. 

192.  J''i';i\  inus  A  iiKjricuna  var,  Texensis 

364 

Texas 

Dallas 

J.  Reverchon 

Drv      1 

0.  8198 

dim 

1221 

1191 

1172 

BIGXONIACE^. 

207.  Catalpiv  speciosa. 

38 

Missouri 

Charleston 

C.  S.  Sargent  

Wet  clay 

0.  4783 

EOT 

957 

940 

698 

Western  Catalpa. 

="» 

38 

do  

do  

do 

do             

0.  4757 

':'  '  '< 

939 

888 

703 

URTICACE^:. 

224.  Uhnus  Americana 

19 

Massachusetts.  .  .  . 

Arnold  Arboretum 

do  

Drift  

0.  7534 

dim 

1085 

1050 

1118 

White   Elm.       A  merican   Elm. 

UUll 

Water  Elm. 

£°8.  Celtis  occidentals 

306 

Texas 

Dallas  

J.  Reverchon 

Alluvial  

0.  7491 

I  , 

888 

800 

916 

Sugarberry.    Hackberry. 

UM1J 

JUGLANDACE^. 

I 

239    Jnglans  nigra                                            951 

do 

New  Braunfcls 

C.  Mohr  

Moist  calcareous.1  0.7108 

rTTy 

976 

996 

936 

Black  Walnvt. 

«• 

248    Carya  acjuatica 

362 

Mississippi 

Vicksburg 

do 

0.  7739 

ffi 

976 

957 

958 

Water  Hickory.   Swamp  Hickory. 

Bitter  Pecan. 

CTTPULIFER^:. 

251    Quercns  alba                                                 8 

Massachusetts. 

Arnold  Arboretum  -    C.  S.  Sargent.  .  .  .  .  >  Thrift. 

0.  C958 

dim 

708 

787 

892 

White  Oak. 

imu 

s 

do 

,i,, 

do 

AJI 

0.  6820 

i  j 

7K.1 

660 

658 

i 

BI      - 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TBANSVKRSE  STRAIN— Coiitiuued. 


415 


30 

1KFLK( 

100 

llov 

130 

IN   Mil 

400 

14.0 
11.0 
11.0 
10.4 
10.0 

I.1MI  T 
0 

(cet.1 

400 

MiKK 
4.10 

V    I'KF.fSL'UK,   IS   KI1.0CKAUB,   OF— 

Ultimate  strength  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

3OO 

330 

400 

450 

.100 

.'..-.(> 

4.0 
3.6 
3.0 
8.0 

2.6 

2.  a 

10.6 
7.0 

s.o 

7.0 
5.7 
5.7 
5.0 
5.0 

24.2 
13.5 

12.0 
10.5 
8.4 
8.S 
7.8 
7.5 

(1.  5 
0.4 
11.:: 
0.2 
0,2 
0.2 

16.5 
14.0 
11.4 
11.0 

10.4 
10.0 

21.0 
18.0 
14.0 
13.6 
13.0 
12.6 

•J7.  5 
22.5 
17.  5 
16.5 
16.0 
15.5 

36.0 
28.0 
20.6 
19.5 
19.0 
18.5 

390 

472 

719 
719 
984 
034 
1006 
1006 

1159 
1159 

34.0 

24.7 
23.0 
22.7 
22.0 

45.0 
28.5 
26.8 
27.2 
26.5 

35.7 
32.0 
34.0 

47.6 
36.5 

550 
632 
549 
549 

116 
250 

do  

Deflection  with  600  kilograms  =  45.5  millimeters;  broke  with  fine 
splinters. 
Crushed  at  center  bearing;  flaked  

20.0 

29.4 

1.8 

33.5 

UNDEE  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN:  SPECIMENS  EIGHT  CENTIMETERS  SQUARE. 


DEFLECTION,    IX   MII.UMF.'IF.KS,   UNDER  A  PKE86UBE,   IN  KILOGRAMB,   OF— 

Ultimate  strength  : 
transverse  pressure. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

4OO 

800 

14OO 

1COO 

O 

(set.) 

1600    4000 

4400 

4800 

34OO 

36OO 

2.0 
2.2 

2.0 
2.9 

Z.S 

2.5 

2.8 

2.3 
2.9 

2.6 
2.5 

2.5 
3.1 

4,1 

4.3 

4.4 
4.0 

5.2 

4.0 

5.1 

5.2 

4.5 
5.5 

5.0 
5.0 

C.  9 
6.4 

6.4 
6.9 

6.6 
6.1 

7.7 

6.0 

7.8 
7.9 

6.8 
8.6 

7.5 

7.4 

9.8 
10.0 

8.9 
9.5 

9.2 
8.0 

10.6 

8.2 

11.0 
11.0 

9.3 
12.2 

9.8 
10.2 

12.4 
14.8 

0.2 
0.3 

0.4 

«. 

0.0 

0.7 

0.3 

0.3 
0.4 

0.2 
0.8 

0.4 
0.5 

9.0 
9.5 

9.2 
8.1 

10.7 

8.2 

11.0 
11.0 

9.4 
12.3 

10.0 
10.3 

11.2 
12.4 

12.2 
10.2 

14.2 

10.2 

15.5 
15.7 

12.0 
17.0 

12.5 
13.6 

15.6 
21.0 

15.1 
16.2 

16.0 
12.6 

19.3 
13.0 

19.5 

26.0 

3325 
2785 

2903 
3902 

3184 

» 
4000 

2361 
2400 

3815 
3125 

3193 
3270 

3043 
2245 

346 
354 

307 
1248 

546 

364 

38 
38 

19 

306 

951 
362 

8 
8 

15.2 
26.0 

16.5 

18.2 

25.0 

Broke  with  large  splinters  on  back                        

Ttmk*>  with  n>any  fine  splinters    .  

29:  6 

26.5 

29.6 

15.2 
23.2 

15.5 
18.2 

19.2 

18.5 
33.0 

19.5 
24.4 

27.3 

25.0 

35.0 

• 

36.0 

i 

1.2 

15.0 

do 

416 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
TABLE  IV.— BEHAVIOE  OF  SOME  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Specific  gravity. 

a. 

°   C 
f* 

S  X 

.2 
I 

3 

COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rupture. 

Second  (It'- 
ll oction. 

Fourth  de- 
flection. 

524 
524 

925 
903 
349 

991 

350 

82 
82 

83 

Kemper's  mill  
do 

C.Mohr  
do 

0.  8107 
0.  8348 

0.  8158 
0.  7625 
0.  7253 

0.5381 

0.  3719 

0.  5802 
0.  7614 

0.  7614 
0.  8271 

0.  8609 
0.  7213 
0.  6788 
0.  6193 

0.  7633 

775 
800 

1085 
626 
1368 

729 

364 

1061 

1285 

939 

787 

1436 

1085 
1221 
1163 

1163 

(597 
745 

1028 
564 
1320 

610 

884 
984 

SS2 
736 

1144 

524 

376 

792 

820 

933 
904 

1057 
940 
820 
949 

1029 

Basket  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 

do 

do 

....do  

Cullman  
Eugene  City  
Cottage  Hill  

..do  
G.  H.  Collier  
C.  Mohr  

G.  Engelmannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

C.  Mohr  

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
do 

Dry,  rocky  

ChestnutOak.  RockChestnut  Oak. 

Black  Oak. 

Water  Oak.    Duck  Oak.   Possum 
Oak.    Punk  Oak. 

BETULACE.S:. 

301.  Aluus  rubra 

"Washington    ter- 
ritory. 

Alder. 
CONIFERS. 

Cottage  Hill  

Sandy,  wet  

White  'Cedar. 
370    Finns  Tjeda 

Florida 

1017 
1302 

921 
751 

1550 
1007 
1252 

1221 

1221 

Aobloll;/  Pine.      Old-field    Pine. 
Rosemary  Pine. 

do 

do 

do 

do    

.  do 

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
....do  

Pond  Pine. 

83 

81 

...do  
do 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

Long-leaved  Pine.   Southern  Pine. 
Georgia     Pine.      Yellow    Pine. 
Bard  line. 

381.  Finns  Cubensis  
Slash  Pine.    Swamp  Pine.    Bat- 
tard  Pine.    Meadow  Pine. 

85 
243 
243 

84 

....do  
....do    
do 

....do  

Saw-mill,         Saint 
John's  river, 
do 

....do  
do  .            ... 

Moist,  sandy  

do 

...do  

Duval  county  

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
,  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN:   SPECIMENS  EIGHT  CENTIMETEKS  SQUARE— Continued. 


417 


DEFLECTION,   IH   MILI.IMKTKIU),    UNDEIl  A   1'HKShUKE,    IN   KILOGRAMS,  OF— 

Ultimate  strength: 
transverse  pressnre. 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

100 

800 

1200    1600 

0 

(set.) 

1600 

2000 

2400 

2800 

3200 

3600 

3.2 
3.2 

2.5 
4.0 
2.0 

3.2 

6.8 

2.3 
2.0 

2.7 
3.0 

1.0 

2.1 
2.0 
2.2 

2.3 

6.3 
6.1 

4.5 
7.8 
,1.5 

li.  7 

13.4 

4.6 

3.8 

5.2 
0.2 

3.4 
4.5 
4.0 
4.2 

4.2 

10.0 
9.3 

7.0 
12.0 
5.5 

10.7 

21.0 

7.1 
5.6 

8.0 
9.5 

5.1 
7.0 
5.9 
6.0 

6.0 

14.0 
13.1 

9.5 
17.3 
7.4 

16.0 

1.5 
1.3 

0.6 
1.4 
0.2 

2.0 

14.5 
13.3 

9.5 
17.5 
7.3 

16.7 

19.5 
18.0 

13.3 
24.0 
9.3 

26.5 
24.2 

39.0 
33.0 

3016 
3393 

1987. 
2513 
3905 

1789 

1284 

2703 
2800 

3184 
3085 

3606 
3207 
2799 
3239 

3513 

A  liirjio  season  crack  at  one  corner;  splintered  on  oppo- 
site corner. 

524 

524 

925 
963 
349 

991 

350 

82 
82 

83 
83 

81 
85 
243 
243 

84 

49.0 

40.6 
11.8 

ners. 

14.6 

19.0 

25.5 

Cnislinl  at  (enic  r  bearing;  broke  with  fine  splinters..  . 

9.6 
7.5 

10.6 
13.0 

6.3 
9.7 
7.8 
8.0 

8.0 

e.2 

0.2 

0.4 
0.9 

0.0 
0.3 
0.0 
0.4 

0.4 

9.7 
7.6 

11.0 
13.4 

7.0 
9.9 
7.9 
8.0 

8.0 

12.6 
10.0 

13.6 

18.0 

8.7 
12.6 
10.0 
9.8 

10.2 

1710 
12.0 

17.3 
23.0 

10.5 
16.4 
12.2 
12.0 

12.6 

Shattered 

21.5 

22.0 
30.0 

12.5 
20.5 

do 

14.6 
27.5 

17.5 

Broke  with  large  splinter  on  corner;  somewhat  shat- 
tered. 

16.0 
15.5 

23.5 
19.5 

27  FOE 


418 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS 


Species 

5 
1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
Strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

MAGXOLIACE.2E. 

346 
346 

354 

354 

?46 
246 
261s 
261s 
534 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

2661 
266* 

260 
260 

395 
818 
818 
1231 
1231 
1232 
1232 
1236 
1236 

211 
211 

479 
479 

1131 
1131 

236 
236 

414 
414 

2 
2 
124 

Cottage  Hill  
do 

C.Mohr  

7353 
8056 

7212 
6369 

6795 
6582 
5126 
5570 
7389 
8333 

6577 
6527 

7357 
8301 

5647 
6073 

5806 
7575 

4663 
G311 
6636 
6514 
6169 
6305 

Crushed  fibers  at  10  millimeters 
knot  28  millimeters  from  end. 

Biff  Laurel.     Jtull  Bay. 

2.  Magnolia  glauca  

Sweet  Bay     White  Bay.  Bea- 
ver   Tree.       White  Laurel. 
Swamp  Laurel.' 

do 

do 

....do  

do 

do  

do 

....do  

do 

Swampy  
do 

Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  middle  

Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 
from  end. 

Virginia 

Wvtheville 

H.  Shriver 

Clay  limestone  
....do  

Cucumber  Tree.      Mountain 
Magnolia. 

.do           ... 

do  

....do  

do 

do  

Rich,  light  

Crushed   iu  vicinity  of  knots  at 
middle. 
Crushed  fibers  at  63  millimeters 
from  end. 
Crushed  fibers  at  76  millimeters 
from  end. 
Crushed  fibers  at  102  millimeters 
from  end  and  on  opposite  side  at 
end. 
Crushed  fillers  at  38  millimeters 
from  middle. 
Crushed  fibers  in  vicinity  of  knots 
63  millimeters  from  end. 

Opened    longitudinal    crack   be- 
tween rings. 
Crushed  fibers  at  63  millimeters 
from  end. 

Crushed  fibers  at  128  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple  flexure;   developed  inter- 
secting  ''Cooper  lines  ". 

Failed  at  6  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed   at   M  and  at  128 
millimeters  from  end. 

do 

do 

do    . 

do  

Selvers1  mill  
...  do    

C.Mohr  
...  do  

....do  
....do  

do 

Alabama  
do 

Winston  count  y 
do 

....do  

do 

Cucumber  Tree. 

...do    

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

..do 

...do  

....do  

....do  

Wytheville 

H.  Shriver  . 

Umbrella  Tree.    Elk  Wood. 

7.  Magnolia  Fraseri  

Long-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

..    do 

do  

....do  

....do  
....do  

Fancy  Gap  
....do  

Lansing  

do  
....do  

W.J.Beal  
C  G  Pringle 

....do  

ndtv  Tree.     Yellow  Poplar. 
White  Wood. 

ANONACE.E. 

West  Virginia  
do  . 

Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 
from  end  ;  angle  of  crushing,  55°. 
Fibers  crushed  at  128  millimeters 
from  end  ;  angle  of  crushing,  60°. 
Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 
from  end;  angle  ofciushing,  75°. 

do  

...do  

Pennsylvania  
do 

Chester  county  ... 
do 

P  P  Sharpies 

do  

do  ... 

...  do    

....do  

do  

do 

do       .  . 

do  

5874 
5489 
5606 

Fibers  crushed  in  vicinity  of  knot 
51  millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  63  millimeters 
from  end. 
do          

Saw-mill  at  Nash- 
ville, 
do 

A.  E.  Baird    ...     . 

do 

do 

Meramec      river, 
Jefferson  county. 
do  

Bay  Biscayne  
.do    

G.  W.  Lettennan  . 
....do  

A.H.  Curtiss  
...  do  

Alluvial  

3402 
3388 

4690 
4967 

12746 

12292 

5842 
B7M 

6790 
6396 

4287 

Fibars  crushed  at  114  millimeters 
from  end. 
Crushed  at  knot  63  millimeters 
from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  63  millimeters 
from  end  ;  angle  of  crushing,  65°. 
Fibers  crnshed    on    one  side   at 
middle. 

Fibers  crushed  at  middle  and  split 
along  grain. 
Fibers  crnshed  near  middle;  de- 
flected from  heart. 

Fibers  crushed  at  knots  near  end 

Fibers  crushed  at  63  and  at  127 
millimeters  from  end  at  knots 
10  millimeters  in  diameter. 
Fibers  crushed  at  0;!  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibcis  crushed  at  10  millimeters 
knot  near  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  19  and   at  102 
millimeters  from  end. 

Papaw.     Custard  Apple. 

....do  

Florida 

....do  
Swampy  

Pond  Apple. 

CANELLACE.S:. 

12.  Canella  alba  
White      Wood.        Cinnamon 
Bark.     Wild  Cinnamon. 

TERN-STRIEMIACEJE. 

do 

....do  

....do  
do  

Sonth  Carolina  
do 

Elliott's  Kev 

do    . 

....do  

Bonnean's  Depot  . 
do 

....do  
H.  W.  Eavenel  ... 

....do  

Wet  pine-barren  .  . 
do  

Loblolly  Bay.    Tan  Say. 
TILIACEM. 

....do  

do 

Aiken  
do  

...do  
..  do  

Swampy  
....do  

Massachusetts  
do 

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Drift  

Lime     Tree.      Basi     Wood. 
American    Linden.      Lin. 
See  Tree. 

BigKapids  

W.J.Beal  

Gravel  

4944     Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters 
from  end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


419 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION. 


Dircc'lidii  of  grain. 

! 
PUKbBUUK,  IN  K1I.OGKAM8,  KKCJU1KEU  TO  I'BODLCK  A.N  I.MIK.NTATIOX,  l.N  MIL1.1METEKS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  n  umber. 

O.25  O.51 

0.76   1.02 

1.27 

1.53   I.7.S  2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.S1 

5.08 

H 

•2041 
1724 

1152 
1080 

975 
1016 
1080 
1157 
1016 
1125 

884 
1111 

1325 
1384 

616 
953 

1080 
1018 

907 
1025 
749 
630 
1052 
794 
885 
916 
885 

667 
662 

943 
1034 

3674 
3311 

635 

535 

1089 
1134 

934 
703 
717 

3221 
2550 

1433 
1433 

1429 
1535 
1420 
1465 
1583 
1769 

1170 
1402 

1882 
1765 

1098 
1388 

1665 
1787 

1125 
1388 
1170 
925 
1397 
1152 
1084 
1229 
1166 

957 
1052 

1610 
1882 

7621 
8523 

1243 
1116 

1642 
1665 

1297 
925 
894 

3447 
2676 

1547 
1533 

15IM 
1051 
1506 
1579 
16CO 
1833 

1238 
1470 

2005 
1887 

1111 

1470 

1810 

1914 

1143 

1470 
1229 
980 
1433 
1216 
1120 
1293 
1202 

1016 
1111 

1805 
2019 

8346 
9458 

1343 
1211 

1746 
1760 

1335 
1007 
957 

3497 

2805 

1651 
1603 

1588 
1737 
1583 
1665 
1751 
1932 

1315 
1538 

2123 
2065 

1143 
1542 

1901 
2032 

1175 
1533 
1311 
1043 
1533 
1257 
1186 
1361 
1261 

•1039 
1157 

1941 
2132 

8573 
9753 

1388 
1293 

1807 
1846 

1393 
1048 
1034 

36,70 

2921 

1733 

1667 

1642 
1805 
1660 
1715 
1860 
2019 

1343 
1606 

2223 
2078 

1210 
1619 

1996 

2082 

1202 
1606 
1370 
1125 
1601 
1302 
1234 
1429 
1306 

1076 
1198 

2068 
2227 

8822 
10206 

1452 

1347 

1932 

1923 

1442 
1111 
1043 

3847 
3010 

1805 
1742 

1696 
1889 
1674 
1774 
1910 
2105 

1406 
1660 

2318 
2191 

1247 
1678 

2082 
2146 

1234 
1674 
1415 
1152 
1656 
1343 
1270 
1479 
1352 

1111 
1229 

2159 
2341 

8936 
10614 

1533 
1433 

2005 
1991 

1497 
1157 
1071 

3978 
3112 

1846 
1760 

1733 
1941 
1758 
1824 
1982 
2245 

1483 

1719 

2418 
2263 

1297 
1742 

2173 
2195 

1252 
1737 
1474 
1193 
1706 
1379 
1335 
1520 
1397 

1116 
1261 

2254 
2386 

8981 
10886 

1579 
1488 

2068 
2059 

1542 
1189 
1093 

4078 
3189 

1900 
1706 

1753 
2037 
1787 
1864 
2068 
2304 

15S4 

1740 

2486 
2336 

1329 

1787 

2245 
2223 

1297 
1792 
1524 
1220 
1746 
1384 
1352 
1565 
1456 

1129 
1288 

2304 
2477 

9344 

10090 

1642 
1538 

2146 
2123 

1578 
1225 
1120 

4S09 
3291 

1973 
1673 

1792 
2111 
1833 
1901 
2114 
2359 

1538 
1819 

2635 
2404 

1343 

1855 

2318 

2295 

1315 
1846 
1565 
1266 
1801 
1442 
1388 
1601 
1515 

1152 
1297 

2336 
2563 

9571 
11227 

1701 
1597 

2218 
2177 

1619 

346 
340 

354 
354 

246 
246 
261 
261J 
534 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

266> 
266» 

260 
280 

395 
818 
818 
1231 
1231 
1232 
1232 
1236 
1236 

211 
211 

479 
479 

1131 
1131 

236 
236 

414 
414 

2 
2 
124 

1360 

1334 
1329 

1343 
1420 
1315 
1379 
1442 
1610 

1098 
1325 

1742 
1647 

975 
1270 

1524 
1615 

1066 
1297 
1025 
844 
1288 
1080 
1012 
1157 
1116 

894 
943 

1429 
1660 

6577 
6668 

1125 
1021 

1519 
1533  | 

1157 
880 
852 

. 





Slight  shearing  of  libers  

do 

do    

....do  

do        

do             

Slight  shearing;  short  specimen,  120  millimeters 
long;  split  at  both  ends. 

do                       ... 

do 

do 

do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

do 

Sheared  fibers  and  opened  grain  at  middleand  at  end. 
Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

do  

do  

do 

1122 

do 

420 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

17.  Tilia  Americana—  continued  ... 

17.  Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubea- 
cene. 

124 
252 
252 
316 
316 
1039 
1039 

745 
745 

285' 
285" 
2853 
320 
320 

1113 
1113 

476 
1133 

735 

735 
1080 
1086 

1140 

1140 

487 
487 

462 
462 

Big  Eapids  

"W.J.Beal  
G.  W.  Letterman. 
...do  

Gravel  
Alluvial  

4944 
7167 
7235 
6314 

Fibers  crushed  at  114  millimeters 
finm  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  45  millimeters 
from  mil 
Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 
from  end. 

do 

..do  

...do  

Heraey  
do 

W.  J.  Beal  
do 

Rich  loam  
.  do    

do 

Moist  gravel  
..  do  

5080 
4527 

6305 
66G8 

4917 
0548 
5126 
7666 
8278 

6260 

Fillers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple  flexure    .                         ... 

...do  

...do  

...do  

A  H  Curtiss 

Fibers  crushed  at  38  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters 
from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  102  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  152  millimeters 
from  cnil. 
Fibers  crushed  at  middle  

do 

do 

do      . 

...do  

Cliffs     Kentucky 
river. 
Mercer  county  

...do  

Cumberlandriver. 
do    

W.  M.  Linney  
...do  
...do  
A.  Gattinger  
...do  

Limestone  
...do  
...do  
Alluvial  
..  do  

White  I3as>  Wood.     Wahoo. 
MALPIGHIACE-S!. 

...do  
...do  

do 

Fibers  crushed  at  114  millimeters 
t'loin  end. 

Fibers  crushed  near    middle    in 
vicinity  of  .small  knots. 

Florida  

No-Name  Key  .... 
do    

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do     ... 

Coral  
...do  

'Tallowlerry.     Glamberry. 
ZYGOPHYLLACE.S. 

do 

...do  
...do  

...  do  

do 

Upper  Metacombe 
Key. 
Elliott's  Kev  

do    

...do  

11930 
11648 

7372 
7698 
7707 
5978 

11158 
10751 

7303 
0328 

2350 
2595 

11975 

Longitudinal  split;  stick  warped 
before  lest. 
CriiNlied  tibers    and    split  along 
grain  near  end. 

Triple  tlexure;    developed  inter- 
sec'ing  "  Cooper  lines  ". 
Crushed  at  middle;  deflected  from 
heart 
Crushed  fibers  at  127  millimeters 
from  *  ml. 
Crushed  libers  at  knot  6millime- 
ters  in  diameter;  angle  of  crush- 
ing, 4(1°. 
Brittle;  crushing  of  fibers  ;  splin- 
tered along  grain. 
Fractured   suddenly;    shattered 
along  grain. 

Fibers  crushed  at  middle;  angle 
of  crushing,  »0°. 
Split  end  to  end  along  grain  

Fibers    crushed    in    vicinity    of 
knots. 
Fibers  crushed  at  38  millimeters 
from  end. 

Split  along  grain  

Liffnum-vittx. 

EUTACE2E. 

23.  Xanthoxvlnm  Clava-Herculia  .. 
Toothache  Tree.    Prickly  Ash. 
Sea   Ash.     Pepper    Wood. 
Wild  Orange. 

...  do  

...do  

Chattahoochee  
do 

....do  

do       

Dry,  sandy  
...  do  

Palestine  
.    do 

C.Mobr  
do  

Damp,  sandy  
...do  

do 

Bahia  Honda  Key. 
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Coral  

Satin  Wood. 

SIMAEUBEJE. 

28.  Simaruba  glanca  
Paradise  Tree. 

BUESEEACEJE. 

29.  Bnrsera  gummifera  
Own  Elemi.    Gumbo  lAtnbo. 
West  Indian  Birch. 

do 

....do  

....do  
do 

do    

....do  

do 

do 

....do  

• 

....do  
...  do  

do 

U  pper  Metacombe 
Key. 
do  

do 

....do  
...  do  

do           .  .      . 

....do  
....do  

do  

Torch  Wood. 

MELIACE.S:. 

475 

452 
452 

280 
280 

484 

484 

338 
338 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do  

....do  

do     .. 

....do  
..do    

....do  
....do  

11204 
10115 

7339 
6078 

5652 
5512 

6169 
5706 

Fibers  crashed  at  89  millimeters 
from  end  ;  threw  otf  splinters. 
Failed  at  13  millimeters  from  end; 
knot  76  millimeters  from  end. 

Triple  flexure  ;  knot  near  end  .... 

Failed    at   knot   63    millimeters 
from  end. 

Failed  in  vicinity  of  knots  76  mil- 
limeters from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  114  millimeters 
from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  end  and  at  64 
millimeters  from  end. 
Triple  flexure  ;  fibers  crushed  at 
127  millimeters  from  end  ;  grain 
wavy. 

Mahogany.    Madeira. 

ILICINE^;. 

do 

South  Carolina  .  . 
do 

Waverly  Mills... 
do 

W.  St.  J.  Mazyck 
do    

Sandy  loam  

American  Holly. 
34.  Ilex  Daljoon 

...do  

Bay  Biscayue  
....do  

Cottage  Hill  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

C.  Mohr  
do  

Low,  damp  
....do  

Wet  

Dahoon.    Uahoon  Molly. 
CYEILLACEffi. 

...do  

Alabama  
....do  

Titi.  Iron  Wood.   Buckwheat 
Tret. 

....do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  TINDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


421 


o 

1 

1 
5 

p 

0.25 

U88DBI 
0.51 

IN  KM.O 

o.r« 

.HAMS,  H 

1.O2 

KyUIHKI 

I.2T 

TO  PRODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETKK8,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

1.52 

1.T8 

2.O3 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.O8 

, 

472 
826 

544 
612 
062 
612 
C40 

012 
035 

481 
857 
798 

749 

176'J 
1610 

4854 
1769 

1293 
1111 
2041 
1179 

1905 
2717 

861 
866 

563 

485 

2767 
2926 

2087 
2531 

1179 
1551 

1243 

885 

1338 
1202 

694 
935 
794 
749 

812 
821 

789 
839 

694 
989 
857 
1093 
1039 

2926 
2404 

8663 
5*21 

1996 
1819 
3016 
1882 

4128 
4513 

1134 
1184 

720 
640 

5851 
5829 

3697 
4309 

1792 
2518 

1805 
1343 

1987 
1678 

753 
916 
835 
803 
857 
839 
MB 

8(50 
889 

707 
1057 
898 
1161 
1111 

3198 
2858 

11022 
8392 

2173 
2032 
3157 
2141 

.  5285 
5262 

1220 
1352 

753 
662 

7417 
7167 

4060 
4331 

2023 
2835 

1905 
1452 

2186 
1882 

767 
1098 
802 
857 
903 
894 
903 

8,-'9 
934 

817 
1071 
953 
1216 
1161 

3339 
3153 

12565 
10614 

2245 
2068 
3307 
2259 

5693 
5670 

1311 
1388 

803 
671 

8097 
8210 

4332 
5035 

'2182 
3075 

1973 
1533 

2390 
2014 

794 
1139 
912 
930 
948 
925 
944 

907 
993 

898 
1125 
98fl 
1261 
1207 

3475 
3257 

13562 
11817 

2259 
2164 
3429 

2341 

5987 
5942 

1315 
1452 

812 
685 

8699 
8890 

4559 
5343 

2363 
3289 

2032 
1583 

2576 
2136 

817 
1184 
953 
953 
1002 
948 
984 

948 
1043 

889 
1175 
1012 
1320 
1247 

3529 
3393 

14289 
12565 

2304 
2223 
3543 
2363 

6396 
6214 

1356 
1520 

843 
708 

9117 
9208 

4799 
5534 

2490 
3429 

2123 

1087 

2726 
2254 

852 
1247 
980 
998 
1034 
989 
1020 

980 
1066 

898 
1202 
1062 
1374 

1297 

3620 
3515 

14742 
13245 

2318 
2277 
3647 
2395 

6423 
6419 

1442 
1569 

862 
712 

9426 
9435 

4899 
5670 

2608 
3602 

871 
1302 
1025 
1039 
1066 
1021 
1043 

1010 
1120 

912 
1229 
1080 
1420 
1343 

3697 
3652 

14946 

13653 

2468 
2322 
3742 
2422 

6646 
6600 

1456 
1579 

885 
721 

9707 
9753 

5035 
5851 

2694 
3769 

2232 
1805 

2971 
2390 

918 
1338 
1061 
1080 
1107 
1052 
1080 

1039 
1166 

906 
1275 
1139 
1470 
1406 

3765 

3710 

14969 
14198 

2522 
2368 
3856 
2499 

6895 
6804 

1488 
1615 

903 
739 

966 
1365 
1095 
1111 
1148 
1071 
1107 

1075 

1220 

990 
1311 
1170 
1504 
1438 

3819 
3756 

15105 

14560 

2567 
2400 
3919 
2563 

6985 
6976 

1501 
1647 

934 
749 

124 

252 
252 
316 
316 
1039 
1039 

745 
745 

285' 
2S5> 
285> 
320 
320 

1113 
1113 

476 
1133 

735 

735 
1086 
1086 

1140 
1140 

487 
487 

462 
462 

475 
475 

452 
452 

280 
280 

484 
484 

338 
338 

do 

.do            ... 

do      .... 

do  

dr. 

dn  

do          

do        

do  .     

do  

do      

do  '              

do                .     

16103 
15581 

2880 
2790 
4626 
3016 

7892 
7802 

1746 
1951 

1111 
852 

16194 
15740 

3094 
2994 
4786 
2257 

7802 
8165 

1928 
2078 

1157 

903 

Sheared  fibers;  split  along  grain  ;  did  not  take  even 
bearing. 

Sheared  fibers         

do       

do          

do       

do          

do          

10024 

5193 
5974 

2790 
3910 

2313 
1846 

3085 
2586 

10433 

11431 

6110 

2980 
4073 

2395 
1878 

3166 
2717 

6985 

3629 
4831 

2744 
2200 

3900 
3193 

7349 

3878 
5171 

2948 
2449 

4287 
3674 

do     

do  

1774 

2840 
2350 

do  

do  

do  

422 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

"TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com-  I 
pression:  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos.  | 

Remarks. 

RHAMXACE^:. 

454 

Florida  

A.  H.  Curtiss 

Coral    . 

13426 

Red    Iron     Wood.      Darling 

454 

....do  

Key. 
do  

....do  

....do  

460 

do  _ 

do 

do 

do 

13290 

Jtlark  Iron  Wood. 

45.  Rbamnua  Caroliniana  
Indian  Cherry. 

4GO 

803 
803 

...  do  

..do  
...  do  

....do  

Saiut  John's  river. 
...  do    

...  do  

...  do    
.do    

....do  

Rich  hummock  .  .  . 
do 

12406 
7112 

along  grain. 
Fibers  crushed  at  knots  61  milli- 
meters from  end. 

Fibers  mi  shed  at-  140  millimeters 
from  end. 

993 

Portland  

Rich,  alluvial 

9934 

Bearberry.   Bear  Wood.    Shit- 
tim  TToorf. 

SAPIjqDACE^:. 

297 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

4531 

Ohio  Buckeye.     Fetid  Buckeye. 

297 

...  do            

do  . 

..  do  

..do    .. 

4985 

millimeters  from  end  ;  splitalong 
grain. 

386 
386 

684 

....do  
....do    

California  

...  do  
...  do  

Marin  county  

...do  
...  do  

G.  R.  Vasey  

Alluvial  
....do  

Rich  upland  

5344 
5207 

6328 

wavy. 

Filters  crashed  at  19  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  cmshed  at  127  millimeters 
from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 

California  Buckeye, 

G84 

do    

do 

...  do  

do    

5044 

from  end. 

944 

C.  Mohr  

6305 

ity  of  knot. 

Spanish  Buckeye. 

944 

do 

do 

..    do    . 

do 

from  end. 

305 

....do  

Dallas  

J.  Reverchon  .... 

Rich,  damp  

7802 

Fibers  crushed  near  middle  

WUd  China,    Soapberry. 

307 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8641 

928 

do 

C.  Mohr  

7212 

ing  "Cooper  lines"  at  middle. 
Triple  flexure-  deflected  about  10 

928 

do 

.  do 

do    . 

..  do 

6436 

millimeters  without  cniHhinir. 

463 

Florida 

A.  H.  Cnrtiss 

Coral 

10931 

do 

'Dik  Wood.    Iron  Wood. 

463 
464 

...do  
do 

Key. 
...  do  

..  do    

...  do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

10387 
6872 

Fibers  crushed  at  102  millimeters 
from  end;  angle  of  crushing,  60°. 

White  Iron  Wood. 

464 

do 

.  do  . 

.  .  .do  . 

do  

7167 

Triple  flexure       

382 

Portland  

G.  Engelmann  and 

Rich,  alluvial  

6541 

Fibers  crushed  at  knot  76  milli- 

Broad-leaved Maple. 

982 

do 

do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

....do  

6418 

meters  from  t-iid. 
Triple  tlexure  ;  knot  near  end  

1023 

do 

do 

5520 

1023 

.    do            

Company. 
...  do  

....do  

5919 

limeters  from  end. 
Fibers  cruahed  near  middle  and 

1013 

do 

Portland 

..    do  

Moist,  alluvial 

near  end. 

Vine  Maple. 

1014 

Wilkeson    . 

....do  

....do  

7349 

Fibers  crushed  at  knot  at  middle 

298 

ritory. 

G.  W.  Letterman.. 

Rich  upland  

10931 

Fibers  crushed  near  middle  and 

Sugar   Maple.     Sugar   Tree. 

298 

do 

do 

do 

do 

at  25  millimeters  from  end. 

ap   . 

299 

do 

do 

do                 .     . 

do  

1118C 

Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters 

376 

Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pringle  

Gravelly  

8392 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 

376 

do 

do 

do 

do  

from  end. 

409 

S  H  Pook 

9063 

1233 

yard. 
Charlotte 

F.  H.  Hereford 

11000 

from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  39  millimeters 

1233 

do 

do 

do 

9970 

from  end  at  G  millimeters  knot. 

1234 

do 

do 

do 

9957 

grained. 

1234 

do 

do 

do 

9707 

Fibers  crushed  at  25  millimeters 

1235 

do 

do 

do          

8890 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  70  millimeters 

from  end  ;  specimen  split  before 
testing. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


423 


Dinjrtion  of  grain. 

I'KI.SM  l:l:,  IX  KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  PBODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF  — 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.35 

0.51 

0.76 

1.02 

1.37 

1.53 

1.78 

2.03 

2.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.08 

: 

3016 
3062 

3447 
2994 

1338 

1247 

1656 

490 
975 

6260 
6396 

6033 
6260 

1837 
1860 

2404 

798 
1107 

7892 
8119 

7689 
8097 

2032 
1982 

2758 

885 
1216 

8890 
9617 

9004 
9480 

2073 
2073 

2930 

921 
1247 

9753 
10705 

10115 
10660 

2195 
2153 

3075 

971 
1293 

10524 
11885 

11113 
11794 

2218 
2214 

3202 

1021 
1347 

11158 
12383 

11612 
12837 

2304 
2277 

3280 

1071 
1397 

11658 
15109 

12474 
13789 

2390 
2309 

3339 

1116 
1429 

12112 
13789 

13245 
14765 

3468 
2350 

3352 

1157 
1515 

12610 

14470 

13903 
15603 

2518 
2386 

3470 

1179 
1547 

454 
454 

460 
460 

803 
803 

993 

297 

297 

17237 
175C9 

do  

do 

do  ..     .  ..      

B 

2880 
2858 

3785 

1429 

1778 

do 

3039 

Slightly  sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  ends  

Sheared  fibers  slightly 

1928 

. 

H 

680 
1066 

1061 
1225 

1769 
2073 
2109 
2064 

1179 
1433 

1592 
2132 

3153 
3103 
3692 
3366 

1452 
1569 

1801 
2495 

3289 
3348 
4513 
3955 

1579 
1651 

1896 
2676 

3520 
3520 
4944 
4404 

1701 
1742 

2078 
2699 

3742 
3701 
5307 
4649 

1733 
1810 

2109 
2785 

3874 
3874 
5398 
4872 

1801 
1892 

2195 

2867 

4037 
4037 
5579 
5062 

1846 
1973 

2259 
2939 

4155 
4241 
5974 
5216 

1928 
2068 

2327 
2978 

4264 
4355 
8105 
5425 

1987 
2127 

2431 
3075 

4468 
4518 
6214 
5566 

2331 
2540 

2744 

2658 
2835 

3166 

Sheared  fibers  ..   ..    

684 
684 

944 
944 

307 
307 
928 
928 

do   .        

do                      .      

5262 
5298 
7190 
6759 

5738 
6033 
7553 
7439 

Sheared  fibers  

...  .  do   

..do     

! 

2767 
1798 

1796 
1950 
1633 
1338 

1560 
1225 

2849 
2359 
2858 
2064 
2087 
1724 
2250 
2132 
2586 
2540 
2540 

4944 
3901 

2313 
2817 
2313 
1765 

2576 
2168 

4355 
3357 

5715 
4899 

2422 
2785 
2495 
1998 

2835 
2758 

4944 
3720 
4626 
3393 
3239 
2472 
3606 
3057 

4653 
3928 

6078 
5489 

2513 
2903 
2563 
2073 

3085 
3039 

5307 
4060 
4967 
3606 
3420 
2613 
3801 
3257 
4060 
4745 
4069 

8419 
5874 

2604 
3012 
2613 
2159 

3252 
3157 

5579 
4287 
5262 
3751 
3602 
2794 
3983 
3357 
4246 
4940 
4200 

6759 
6205 

2672 
3116 
2703 
2232 

3420 
3280 

5874 
4513 
5489 
3892 
3248 
2849 
4169 
3502 
4382 
5149 
4332 

6931 
6432 

2812 
3216 
2767 
2259 

3574 

7158 
6654 

2835 
3248 

2858 
2381 

3701 
3674 

6101 
4899 
5906 
4160 

3983 
3057 
4418 
3706 
4495 
5434 
4522 

7376 
8895 

2926 
3339 
2985 
2440 

3828 
3720 

6260 
4967 
8101 
4228 
4055 
3107 
4581 
3801 
4581 
5530 
4672 

7557 
7167 

2980 
3493 
3012 
2504 

8210 
8074 

3289 
3792 
2976 
2880 

4854 
4468 

7530 

8346 
8641 

3583 
4105 
3697 
3129 

5307 
5035 

8074 

484 
464 

982 
982 
1023 
1023 

1013 
1014 

298 
298 
299 
376 

376 
409 
1233 
1233 
1234 
1284 
1235 

do  

do                

do             

do               

.do  r  

3747 
8328 

6023 
4740 
5693 
4060 
3819 
2944 
4287 
3611 
4423 
5330 
4427 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

6328 
4364 
4164 
3202 
4708 
3969 
4699 
5625 
4831 

7485 
4899 
4763 
3647 
5443 
4430 
5648 
6280 
5579 

7802 
5239 
5194 
3901 
5987 
4899 
6169 
6736 
6078 

3157 
2926 
2313 
3302 
2767 
3583 
4128 
3652 

do                

do  

do               

do           

do        .     

do    

do  

do  

424 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  V.—  BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

64.  Acer  saccharinum  —  continued.. 

64.  Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nigrum. 
Black  Sugar  Maple. 

1235 

213 
213 

274* 
2742 
757 
757 
1107 
1107 

1052 

20 

Vermont  

....do  
do  

Charlotte  

....do  
...do  

F.H.  Horsford  

C.G.Pringle  
do  

Clay  

do 

9970 
8890 

Fibers  crushed  at  end  

Fibers  crashed  at  10  millimeters 
knot  51  millimeters  from  end. 

G.W.  Lettcnuan.. 
....do  

Low,  alluvial  

10070 

Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 
from  end. 

....do  

...do  

Florida 

Chattahoochoe  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
..  do  

Clay  

do 

8255 
6895 
9321 
9390 

7711 
7688 

Triple  flexure;  developed  inter- 
secting "Cooper  lines". 
Fibers  crushed  .it  knot  102  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  middle;  devel- 
oped "Cooper  lines". 
Triple  flexure:  "Cooper  lines".  .. 

Fibers  crashed  at  51  and  at  76 
millimeters  from  end;  knots. 

...do  

G.W.Letterman.. 
do 

Rich,  alluvial  
do  . 

...do 

Massachusetts.  .  .  . 
do  

Topsfielcl  

Arnold  Arhoretum 
do 

J.  Robinson  

C.S.Sargent  
...do  .. 

Low  meadow  

Drift  
do  

Soft    Maple.      White   Maple. 
Silver  Maple. 

Bed  Maple.    Swamp  Maple. 
Soft  Maple.     Water  Maple. 

20 
530 
530 
743 
743 
878 
878 

1048 
1048 

290 
290 
311 
311 

645 
645 

736 
736 

330 
330 

467 
467 

405 

....do  

Rich,  swampy  
...  do  

7303 
8437 
7235 
6759 
6963 
7380 

7485 
7371 

5080 
5298 
5148 
5080 

6613 
7530 

6033 
7666 

Fibers  crushed  at  89  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  25  millimeters 
from  end. 

....do  
Georgia  
....do  

Massachusetts  
...  do  

do  
Bainhridge  
...  do  
Dauvers  
do     

....do  
A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
....do  
J.  Robinson  

...  do  
....do  

do 

Fibers  crushed  at  middle  and  at 
end. 
Triple  flexure;  "Cooper  lines"  ... 

Triple  flexure;  "Cooper  lines"; 
middle    bend    115    millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  89  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  25  and  at  102 
millimeters  from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  near  middle  and 
split  longitudinally. 
Fibers  crushed  at  25  millimeters 
from  middle. 

....do  

do 

North  Beading  .  .  . 
do 

...  do  
do 

....do  
do 

Missouri  
....do  

Texas  

Alleuton  
....do  
Dallas  
....do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  .  . 
....do  
J.  Reverchon  
do  

Sox  Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 

....do  
....do  

....do  

California 

Contra          Costa 
county. 
do  

G.  ItVasey  
...  do    . 

Rich,  moist  
do 

Fibers  crushed  at  knot  near  mid- 
dle. 
Fibers  crushed  at  32  millimeters 
from  middle. 

. 

Fibers  crushed  at  knot  76  milli- 
meters from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  89  millimeters 
from  end  at  3  millimeters  from 
knot. 

Sox  Elder. 
ANACAEDIACE3I. 

...  do  

Florida  

Chattahoochee  
....do  

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
.....do  

Dry  clay  
do    . 

Dwarf  Sumach. 
71.  Rhns  copallina,  var.  lanceolata.. 

73.  Khne  Metopium  

....do  

Texas 

Dallas 

J.  Reverchon  
...  do  

Dry,  gravelly  
.do 

....do  

do  

Florida  

Upper  Metacombe 
Key. 
do  

Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
....do    

S  H  Pook 

Coral  
....do  

7847 
9199 

13426 
12996 
10229 

Fibers  crushed  at  knot  51  milli- 
meters from  middle. 
Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters 
from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  end  and  at  76 
millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  near  end  and  split 
along  grain. 
Fibers  crushed  at  10  millimeters 
from  knot  and  at  51  millimeters 
from  end. 

PoMonWood.    Coral  Sumach. 
Mountain          Manchineel. 
Hum   Wood.     Hog    Plum. 
Doctor  Gum. 

LEGUMINOS^;. 

....do  

Locust.  Black  Locust.   Yellow 
Locust. 

405 

441 

441 
815 
815 

1247 
1247 
1248 
1248 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

...  do  

West  Virginia  
....do  

C  G  Pringle 

12497 
8369 

Fibers  crashed  in  vicinity  of  knots 

do     

do    ..     . 

Long  Island  
do 

M  C.  Beedle 

9934 
11294 
10274 
11385 

Fibers  crushed  in  vicinity  of  email 
knot  at  end. 
Fibers  crushed  in  vicinity  of  small 
knot  102  millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  end  of  wpecimen 

do  

do    . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

•-<">  

....do  

....do  



THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


425 


UNITED  STATES  USDEll  COMPRESSION—  Coutiuuecl. 


Direction  of  grain. 

PliKKBLIiE,  IS  KILOCKAMS,  RIXJUIKED  TO  PIIODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  nnmber. 

0.25 

0.31 

0.76 

1.02 

1.37 

I..V.J 

1.78 

£.03 

•J.-> 

£.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1941 

2313 
1512 
2812 
1800 
2087 
2228 
3020 
1001 

1315 

1951 
2540 

DUT;) 

1533 
1179 
1361 
1796 
1469 

1805 
1361 

862 
984 
993 
1542 

1179 
1202 

1134 
1270 

1111 
1089 

1384 
1633 

2926 
2676 
2291 

2944 

771 
1814 
2132 
1905 
•J223 
2495 

2703 

3357 
2  99 
4219 
2744 
3379 
3243 
1978 
2840 

2250 

2518 

3837 
2970 
1890 
1633 
1792 
2649 
2032 

2259 
2168 

1071 
1447 
1352 
2250 

1479 
1520 

1397 
1610 

1438 
1669 

1928 
2858 

3856 
3878 
3343 

4264 
2019 
2341 
3257 
3243 
3302 
3529 

2071 

3747 
3392 
4559 
2948 
3G11 
;:I7;, 
4377 
3066 

2576 

2703 
4327 
8MB 

2041 
1715 
1860 
2803 
2268 

2386 
2404 

1166 
1610 
1479 
2449 

1574 
1619 

1479 
1678 

1637 
1928 

23»5 
3289 

4346 

4155 
3742 

4559 
2722 
2486 
3615 
3674 
3606 
4128 

3175 

3924 
3579 
4844 
3100 
3837 
3632 
4Dl'9 
3329 

2790 

2840 
4.-.CO 
3379 
2123 
1842 
1932 
3016 
2427 

2508 
2563 

1315 
1624 
1529 
2486 

1633 

1674 

1551 
1805 

1765 

2028 

2749 
3529 

4740 
4136 
4U64 

4808 
3016 
2622 
3783 
3878 
3792 
4219 

3379 

4110 

3751 
5080 
3334 
4046 
3792 
4744 
3479 

2899 

2935 
4622 
3479 
2254 
1887 
2028 
3121 
2449 

2613 
2703 

1332 
1710 
1574 
2490 

1683 
1756 

1637 
1851 

1878 
2164 

2930 
3765 

5126 
4763 
4296 

4967 
3103 
2703 
3978 
4060 
3983 
4332 

3534 

4332 
3007 
5262 
MW 
4173 
3007 
4962 
3629 

3035 

3085 
47.i! 
3606 
2427 
1946 
2141 
3257 
2580 

2758 
2794 

1433 
1774 
1660 
2531 

1801 
1860 

1665 
1969 

1946 
2168 

3193 

3901 

5353 
5058 
4522 

5103 
3207 
2835 
4069 
4237 
4160 
4513 

3656 

4473 
4028 
0401 
3615 
4377 
4019 
5080 
3797 

3157 

3252 
4872 
3743 
2449 
2028 
2214 
3384 
2703 

2794 

2858 

1483 
1855 
1683 
2658 

1896 
1951 

1733 
1991 

2059 
2177 

3293 
4060 

5706 
5416 
4699 

5307 
3343 
2894 
4264 
4377 
4346 
4626 

3788 

4017 
4164 
5543 
3801 
4527 
4069 
5239 
3933 

3293 

3384 
4985 
3833 
2472 
2037 
2254 
3479 
2776 

2939 

2971 

1556 
1860 
1733 
2672 

1982 
1996 

1801 
2046 

2150 
2218 

3434 
4095 

5920 
5615 

4844 

5421 
3438 
2026 
4386 
4482 
4427 
4831 

3933 

4781 
4336 
5670 
3892 
4581 
4300 
5339 
-  4033 

3397 

3538 
5203 
3928 
2567 
2141 
2350 
3665 
2890 

107 
3039 

1619 
1905 

1774 
2790 

2005 
2073 

1805 
2100 

2159 
2268 

3525 
4296 

6283 
5869 
4980 

5534 

3094 
4500 
4604 
4608 
4967 

4037 

4890 
4441 
5784 
4028 
4753 
4346 
5452 
3724 

3520 

3615 
5298 
4024 
2685 
2177 
2400 
.  3760 
2935 

3198 
3139 

1678 
1951 
1819 
2794 

2082 
2114 

1855 
2150 

2159 
2259 

3570 
4395 

6396 
6056 
5112 

5670 
3620 
3216 
4604 
4662 
4672 
5048 

4672 

5715 
5202 

MM 

4808 
5353 
4944 
6328 
4831 

4219 

4204 
6028 
4620 
3175 
2531 
2722 
4332 
3493 

3652 
3901 

1973 
2168 
2064 
3062 

2295 
2449 

2087 
2381 

1973 

5353 

6283 
5715 
C849 
5208 
5851 
5389 
0762 
4881 

4717 

4536 
6568 

4879 

Sheared  fibers  

1235 

213 
213 
2742 
274' 
757 
757 
1167 
1167 

1052 

20 
20 
630 
530 
743 
743 
878 
878 

1048 
1048 

290 
290 
311 
311 

645 
645 

736 
736 

330 

330 

467 
467 

405 
405 
441 

441 
815 
815 
1247 
1247 
1248 
1248 

do  

do  

do 

do 

n 

do 

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  . 

2722 
3039 
4808 
3742 

4037 
4332 

2177 
2308 
2223 
3311 

Sheared  fibers  .  . 

do  

do  ...         

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

do 

do 

do  ,  

do  

do  

Sheared  fibers  •  split  at  end 

2790 
2177 

Sheared  fibers 

do  

2449 

do  

Sheared  fibers;  crashed  obliquely  at  each  end  

3969 
4944 

7485 

4346 
5353 

8074 

5987 

do  .  .. 

4037 
3765 

do  

4037 

5307 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  ends  .  . 

426 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Speciea. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate  ' 
strength,  in  kilos.  ' 

Remarks. 

1031 

Trinidad 

W.  B  Strong 

10931 

Locust. 

1031 

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

from  end. 

80.  Olneva  Tesota  

650 

Lower     Colorado 

Dry,  gravelly   .  .  . 

Iron  Wood.    Arbol  de  Sierra. 

650 

....do    

valley. 
do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

do  

5851 

564 

Florida 

A   H  Curtiss 

9548 

Jamaica  Dogwood. 

564 

....do  

Key. 
do  

....do  

...do  

>ss  gran 

33s 

\V  M  Linney 

9934 

Yellow  Wood.      TeUow    Ash. 

33 

...  do  

...  do  

...do  

...    QO   

439 

Nashville  

Alluvial  

7167 

329 

Dallas 

7734 

meters  from  end. 

032 

do 

C   Mohr 

do 

10524 

296 

G.  W.  Letterman 

9208 

bend  near  middle. 

^Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.    Coffee 
Nut 

519 

Nashville 

6169 

meters  from  end. 

1241 

Missouri  

Allenton  

G.  W.Lcttennan-. 

Alluvial  

5874 

vicinity  of  knots. 

1242 

do     

....do  

do 

.  .  do 

5434 

1243 

do 

...do 

do 

5343 

meters  from  end. 

86.  Gleditschia  triacanthos  

53' 

...do  

....do  

....do  

Low,  rich  

8119 

...     do 

Honey  Locust.    Black  Locust. 

63* 

do 

do 

do 

do 

7711 

Locust.    Honey  Shucks. 

444 

Nashville  

8174 

end. 

760 

Florida 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

Alluvial 

9889 

Water  Locust. 

760 

do 

.  do    . 

do 

do 

8799 

end  at  10  millimeters  from  knot. 

678 

6078 

meters  in  diameter. 

Green-bark    Acacia.       Palo 
Verde 

678 

do 

river, 
do 

0.  S.  Sargent. 

do 

7980 

middle. 

436 

Nashville 

8119 

end. 

Sedbud.    Judat  Tree. 

1089 

G  W.  Letterman 

Rich 

8369 

1090 
1091 

...do  
..do    

....do  
...  do  

...  do  
do    

....do  

do  .   ... 

6704 
6849 

Crushed  at  knot  102  millimeters 
from  end. 

680 

Tucson  

C  S  Sargent  . 

9934 

middle. 

Meeguit.    Algarota.     Honey 

680 

do 

do 

do 

10841 

crushed  near  middle. 

927 

Texas  

C.Mohr  

7462 

658 

California  

Sandy     

10034 

cracks  along  grain  ;  split  before 

testing. 

Screw  Sean.    Screw-pod  Met- 

658 

do   

do 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

11431 

middle. 

OS.  Acacia  Grefr'ii 

697 

do 

11885 

Cat's  Claw. 

509 

Florida 

am  e.. 
Boca  Chica  Key 

A  H  Curtiss 

Coral       

7053 

Wild  Tamarind. 

1112 

do 

do 

do 

8337 

1112 

..    do  

do 

do  

....do  

102  millimeters  from  end. 

EOSACE^E. 

480 

do 

do            

Cocoa  Plum. 

68 

G  W.  Letterman  . 

8663 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 

Wild  Plum.    Canada  Plum. 
Horse  Plum, 

C8 
334 

...  do  
Texas      

...do  
Dallas    

....do  

...do  
Kich  

8799 
10796 

end  in  vicinity  of  small  knots. 
Crushed  at  19  and  at  89  millimeters 
from  end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 

435 

Nashville 

Kiver  bluff 

6441 

end  and  at  end. 

Chickaeaw  Plum.  Hog  Plum. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


427 


Direction  ot  grain. 

i 

PRESSURE,  IS  KILOr.UAMB,  REQUIRED  TO  PRODUCE  AS  LN  DENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

I 

0.25 

O.51 

0.76 

1  .00 

1.27 

1.52 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1 

1905 
2041 

I860 
4300 

2586 
'-'313 

1650 
2518 

3493 

3357 

3765 
8256 

4173 
3992 

2078 
2840 

3878 
3810 

5398 
10387 

4695 
4626 

2250 
3216 

4155 
4037 

6849 
11885 

5126 
5013 

2350 
3348 

4427 

4241 

7983 

12973 

5353 
5420 

2440 
3434 

4614 

4400 

9526 
14062 

5693 
5702 

2540 
3543 

4799 
4559 

10614 
14787 

5920 
6010 

2703 
3624 

5013 
4786 

11521 
15467 

6033 
6237 

2762 
3720 

5126 
4808 

12474 
16057 

6237 
6396 

2849 
3847 

5298 
4831 

13245 
16510 

6386 
6600 

2935 
3946 

5924 

5602 

6192 

Sheared  fibers  

1031 
1031 

650 
650 

564 
564 

33 
S3 

18008 

do       ...  ':       

7530 

3402 
4527 

3758 
4926 

do 

: 

2C7C 
2041 

2427 
3720 

4808 
4581 

5035 
5062 

5262 
5434 

5439 
5781 

5715 
5874 

5897 
6105 

6074 
6559 

6260 
6655 

7190 
7576 

7756 

7847 

329 
932 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end;  compressed  area  con- 
tained 3  millimeters  knot. 

in 

1610 
1656 

1429 
1352 

1700 
1179 
2041 

2132 

2019 

1452 
1833 

HIS 
1769 
1633 
1452 

2713 
2132 
8811 

1769 
2381 

2926 
2028 
1928 

1787 

2245 
1905 

2903 

3674 
3447 

2223 
2939 

1769 
2291 
2527 
2263 

4219 
^  3007 

5874 

4105 
3924 

3153 

3357 
2254 
2232 

1991 

2404 
2268 
3071 

4332 

4073 

2948 
3479 

2395 
2703 
3057 
2707 

4790 
4699 
6332 

4067 
5080 

• 

3529 
2322 

2309 
2082 

2495 
2404 
3193 

4577 
4264 

3620 
3620 

2663 
2880 
3252 
2875 

4931 
4990 
6532 

5239 
5294 

3697 
2472 
2427 
2168 

2654 
2495 
3379 

4763 

4468 

3298 

3701 

2844 
3026 
3352 
3071 

6216 
5103 
6804 

5421 
5825 

3847 
2540 
2522 
2245 

2S12 
2608 
3581 

5035 
465S 

3484 
3788 

3044 
3!84 
3538 
3153 

5513 
5330 
6967 

5738 
5851 

3933 
2608 
2622 
2318 

L'939 
2694 
3847 

5162 
4799 

3652 
3901 

3207 
3298 
3583 
3293 

5648 
5425 
7067 

5860 
5965 

4105 
2676 
2672 
2390 

3075 
2776 
3946 

5252 
5026 

3801 
4024 

3357 
3388 
3810 
3343 

5802 
5521 
7117 

6169 
6114 

4209 
2835 
2758 
2454 

3180 
2862 
4014 

5389 
5203 

3S96 
4082 

3538 
3520 
3882 
3425 

G028 
6702 
7244 

6214 
6314 

4695 
5289 

5162 
3652 

519 
1241 
1242 
1243 

53' 
53' 

444 

760 
760 

678 
678 

436 
1089 
1090 
1091 

680 
680 
927 

658 
658 

2114 
1928 

2313 

2168 
2903 

4219 
3850 

2099 
3266 

2132 
2522 
2794 
2676 

4518 
4468 
6214 

4604 
4536 

2880 

3720 
3357 

5512 

6350 
6350 

5080 
5035 

4527 
4699 

5934 
6078 

4527 
4717 

4173 
4291 
4536 
3765 

6849 
6486 
8210 

6940 
7349 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers  and  splintered  at  6  millimeters  knot.. 

Slight  shearing,  caused  by  uneven  loading;  season- 
ins  crack. 

4105 
7394 

8483 

7508 
79,83 

Sheared  fibers  .  .     

Sheared  fibers     

do       

do  '..  ..  . 

' 

1452 
1497 
1724 

1724 

1860 
1796 
2132 

1134 

1860 
2341 
2654 

1928 
2685 
2858 

3153 

2880 
2703 
3520 

1801 

2037 
2821 
2930 

3484 

3153 

2890 
3828 

1982 

2159 
2967 
3107 

3538 

3162 
3039 
4014 

2132 

2241 
3066 
3252 

3810 

3257 
3221 
4150 

2291 

2331 
3171 
3357 

t 

3892 

3343 
3356 
4332 

2859 

2368 
3248 
3456 

4150 

3484 
3443 
4527 

2413 

2445 
3339 
3608 

4241 

3579 
3620 
4662 

2540 

2486 
3438 
3652 

4355 

3697 
3683 
4795 

2608 

2880 
3937 
4196 

6058 

4241 
4219 
5670 

3130 

3130 
4241 
4491 

Sheared  fibers  .   -.  

509 
1112 
1112 

480 

68 
68 
334 

435 

do  

do  

2522 
2449 
3198 

1565 

4473 
4672 

Sheared  fibers                    

...  ,do    .                  

3538 

428 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Cojlector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: "Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

233 

Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pringle  

6532 

WUd  Eed  Cherry.   Pin  Cher- 

233 

do  

do  

do  

...do     . 

6486 

millimeters  from  end. 

606 

Georgia  

Clay  

7960 

end. 

Sloe.    Black  Sloe. 

%)6 

...  do    

...do          

do  

do 

968 

8051 

968 
15 

ritory. 
....do  

....do  

0.  8.  Sargent. 
do  

C.  S  Sargent 

....do  

6663 
10138 

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  25 
millimeters  from  end. 

Wild  Black  Cherry.     Sum 

15 

...do  

....do  

...  do  

...  do  

10256 

along  grain. 

115 

"W  J  Beal 

do 

7235 

115 

do 

do 

8732 

teiH  knot. 

127 

G  W  Letterman 

9979 

end. 

127 

do  

...  do  

.  do  

do 

8890 

middle. 

148 

Illinois 

K.  Douglas 

9199 

317 

Michigan  

Hersey  

W.  J.  Bcal  

Eich  

780S 

317 
368 

do  

....do  

Charlotte 

....do  

C.  G.  Pringle 

....do  

8324 
9095 

Crushed  at  127  millimeters  from 
end. 

406 

S  H  Pook 

6564 

763 

die  States. 

yard. 

A.  H.  Curtiss  .     . 

Clav 

8773 

along  jrraiu. 

763 
1053 
1053 

....do  
Massachusetts  
do  

....do  
Topsfield    
do    

....do  
J.  Robinson  
do  

....do  
Gravelly  
do 

9571 
8029 
8609 

ami  H|ilii.  obliquely  along  gram. 
Crushed  fibers  at  38  millimeters 
from  end. 
Crushed  fibers  near  middle  of  one 
side  of  specimen. 

189.  Prunus  Capuli  

4]  8 

8609 

Wild  Cherry. 

418 

do    . 

ains. 
do 

do 

do 

knotty. 

037 

California 

V 

8165 

Wild  Cherry. 

1032 

Florida 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
A  H  Curtiss 

7847 

knot. 

Wild  Orange.   Mock  Orange. 
Wild  Peach 

1062 

Victoria 

C  Mohr 

9503 

knots. 

1062 

..do    ... 

do 

do       .... 

do 

9617 

102  millimeters  from  end. 

113.  Prunus  ilicifolia 

1158 

California 

8709 

Inlay. 

1158 

...do  

do  

....do  

meters  in  diameter. 

883 

Utah 

10478 

Mountain  Mahogany. 

883 

do    

do 

do 

do     . 

808 

W.  M.  Canby 

Clav 

7485 

American  Crab.  Sweet-scented 
Crab. 

808 

....do  

do    

....do  

do  

7756 

Crashed  at  knot  6  millim  eters  in  di- 

1087 
1087 

Pennsylvania  
....do  

Nazareth  
.  do  

J.  Henry  
....do  

Moist  
....do  

5851 
6940 

ameter  127  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  knot  19  millimeters  in 
diameter  25  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  76  millimeters  from  end 

1088 

1088 

....do  
do  

....do  

do 

....do  
do  

....do  
....do  

5874 
6328 

in  vicinity  of  4  millimeters  kuot. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  ;  cross-grained. 
Crushed  at  two  6  millimeters  knots 

214 

C  G  Pringle 

6305 

76  millimeters  from  end. 

Mountain  Ash. 

365 

....do  
do 

Huntington  

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

5851 

6123 

limeters  in  diameter. 
Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  102 
millimeters  from  end. 

Mountain  Ash. 

363s 

Eich 

6672 

Crushed  at  16  millimeters  knots 

607 

A  H.  Curtiss 

S346 

38  and  76  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  nt  middle;  knot  3  milli- 

607 

...do  

....do  

....do  

...•do  

8890 

meters  in  diamjeter. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


429 


_g     pKEsauiir.,  ix  KILI.I.ISA.M*,  i;i;yrii:En  TO  momcE  AX  IXI>EXTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

"3 
| 

1 
P 

0.7C 

1.02   1.27 

1.52 

1.78 

2.03 

2.2S 

2.54 

4.81 

5.0S 

980 

HI  885 

111    97.1 
HI    012 

[Mi  3112 

:!!(  17 

1-J57 
1483 

4049 
3583 

1021 
1111 

5398 
5307 
2241 

1,"I7    1142 

1.1!I7     1724 

5280    5851 
4073    4527 

1CS4    1161 
1216    1252 

6237    0646 
5489    5920 
2468    2540 

1501 
1790 

0214 
4740 

1216 
1343 

6885 

02117 
2699 

1538 
1932 

0555 
5126 

1300 
14.12 

7063 
6408 
2749 

1628 
1982 

6759 
52S5 

1347 
1483 

7221 
6646 
2849 

1660 
2073 

6872 
5416 

1393 
1542 

7326 
6795 
2989 

1710 
2114 

7145 
5535 

1470 
1619 

7372 
0972 
3048 

1805 
2164 

5276 

2078 

233 
233- 

606 
606 

908 
968 

15 
15 
115' 

8029 

8483 

do                    

1483 
1687 

7376 
7112 
3094 

1715 
2019 

8165 
7530 
3620 

1951 
2078 

8618 
8210 
3878 

do                         

do 

1.-..-K 

26)9 
2177 

•J8PO    3075    3202  '   3334 
2341    2536    2667    2771 

3393 
2844 

3493 

3020 

3674 
3071 

3788 
3166 

4491 
3538 

4944 

127 
127 

1837 
1125 

pi   2041 
2041 

2177 

H|'   14.12 

iJTjTj   3153 
2948 

1678 
HUB'   2395 

H   1905 
2449 

1588 
^   1048 

2381 
1588 
1660 
274!) 
2078 
2123 
2495 
3538 

2708 
3311 

3221 

4060 
41C5 
3000 

4513 
2076 

5171 
5534 

2404 
3357 
2i?35 
3788 
3652 
2699 

1533 

-  1  53 
1656 
1837 
14S3 
2259 
2856 
2713 
3007 

4196 
3738 

3561 

4699 
4786 
3674 

5126 
3198 

6314 

6804 

2622 

1765 
1969 
1569 
2336 
2495 
2812" 
4173 

4445 
4200 

3792 

5210 
5307 
3969 

5625 
3611 

7122 
7462 

2858 

2880 
1860 
2078 
1615 
2390 
2581 
2971 
4432 

4241 
4445 

3937 

5534 
5557 
4191 

5874 
3901 

7372 
7983 

3030 

2880 
1941 
2164 
1660 

2.113 
2713 
3093 
4717 

4999 
4699 

4087 

5793 
5869 
4518 

6205 
4128 

7892 
8523 

3198 
4191 
3683 

5207 
4786 
4055 

1887 

2948 
2019 
2259 
1710 
2576 
2853 
3184 
4799 

5126 
4940 

4219 

6141 
6105 
4740 

6482 
4445 

8460 

3075 
2087 
2313 
1700 
2631 
2890 
3302 
4931 

5376 
5207 

4346 

6380 
6292 
4890 

6759 
4740 

8850 

3198 
2173 
2427 
1805 
2722 
2939 
3420 
5062 

3202 
2214 
2481 
1851 
2753 
3048 
3479 
5203 

3674 

3901 

317 
317 
368 
406 
763 
763 
1053 
1053 

418 

418 

637 

1032 
1062 
1062 

1158 
1158 

883 
883 

808 
80S 
1087 
1087 
1088 
1088 

214 

2939 
2159 
3107 

3153 
2268 
3334 

do                

Sheared  fibers        -  

do               

4173 
5978 

4581 
6341 

do            

Sheared  fibers         -  

5466 
4477 

6568 
6522 
4990 

7021 
4899 

9199 

5661 
4531 

7230 
6613 
5153 

7235 

5071 

9531 

6740 
5443 

7802 

do     .       

Slight  shearing  ;  split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  12 
centimeters  long. 

7892 
6033 

8392 
6305 

12247 

9934 

13598 

Sheared  fibers           -  

Split  at  end          

3289 

3357 

3561 
4536 
4173 
5661 
5298 
4481 

2223 

3674 
4649 
4237 
5719 
5325 
4563 

2268 

4241 
5434 
4990 
6396 
6169 
5080 

2676 

4753 
5987 

do                   .  ..'  

3171 
4513 
4128 
3106 

1656 

3379 

4831 
4400 
3470 

1751 

3583 
6017 
4572 
3792 

1869 

3856 
5334 
4890 
4173 

2019 

4028 
5507 
5080 
4318 

2096 

7076 
6532 
5693 

2812 

Sheared  fibers;  13  millimeters  knot  at  corner  of  com- 
pression area. 

UJJj]   cso 

in  19°5 

p=j!   1343 

1406 

1746 
2699 

1982 

1678 

2254 
3030 
2359 

1701 

2522 
3207 
2567 

1715 

2703 
3438 
2713 

1805 

2840 
3574 
2830 

1941 

3016 
3701 
2985 

2019 

3116 
3901 
3193 

2032 

3248 
4024 
3339 

2214 

3438 
3729 
3407 

2608 

4150 
4980 
4128 

2939 

4763 
5398 

Sheared  fibers  

410 

363» 
607 
607 

do             

do    

430 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.' 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOK  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

- 
Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

126.  Crata'gusrrns-palli  

328 

1063 
1<)!)3 

949 
1081 

426 
426 

826 
239 
767 

241 
849 

849 

546 
546 
1095 
1095 
1173 
1173 
1181 
1181 
1182 
1182 
1183 
1183 

485 
485 

489 
489 

507 
507 

1118 

Massachusetts  
....do  

Brookline  /.... 
....do  

0033 
5806 
7349 
8346 

8605 
8018 

7434 
6795 

7280 
7122 
8437 

11294 
10433 
10410 

6795 
648G 
7847 
7892 
6337 
6396 
6940 
7870 
8573 
8210 

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 

Cockvptii-  Thorn.     Newcastle 
Thorn. 

....do  

do 

Missouri  
...  do    

Allenton  
do 

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
do 

Low,  wet  

do 

Crushed  at  127  millimeters  from 
end  and  split  along  grain. 

Crushed  at    18  millimeters  from 
end  and  along  one  face. 
Crashed  at  middle  at  knot  3  milli- 
meters in  diameter. 

Crubhed  at  each  end  and  at  middle 

Crushed  at  middle  at  knot  3  mil- 
limeters in  diameter. 

Crashed  at   16  millimeters  knot 
10L*  millimeters  from  end. 

Crushed  at  middle  on  one  corner.. 

Crushed  along   one  corner;    de- 
flected from  crushed  side. 

Crushed  at  115  millimeters  from 
end. 
Sap-wood  ;  triple  flexure  .  .  . 

Texas  

Victoria  

C.  Mohr  

H  Eggert 

Alluvial  

Scarlet  Haw. 

129.  Craticgus  toruentosa  
Black  Thorn.    Pear  Haw. 

Tennessee  
...do  

Nashville  
...  do    

A.  Gattinger  
do    

do 

Webster  parish  .  .  - 
Bonneau's  Depot.  . 
Aspalaga  

Brumtield  Station  . 
Dauvers  
...do  

Kemper's  mill  
...do  
Little  Rock  
do 

C.Mohr  
II.  \V.  Ravenel  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

W.  M.  Linney  
J.Robinson  
....do  

C.  Mohr  
....do  

G.  W.  Letterman. 
do 

Clay  

Smalt-fruited  Haw. 
134.  Crattegus  a}stivalis  .        

South  Carolina  
Florida  

Kentucky  
Massachusetts  — 
....do  

May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 

135.  Cratjegusflava,  var.  pubescens 
Mummer  Haw.     }ied  Haw. 

Dry  clay  

"Waverly  shale  
Loam  
....do  

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  

'Jitneberry.  SltadBusJi.  Serv- 
ice Tree.    May  Cherry. 

HAMAMELACE.3:. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Crushed  near  middle;    angle  of 
crushing,  50°. 
Triple  flexure  

Sweet  Gum.  Star-leaved  Gum. 
Liquidamber.     Red   Gum. 
Misted. 

RHIZOPHORACE.S;. 

....do  
Arkansas  

Crashed  at  25  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Crushed  at  51   millimeters   from 
end. 
Crushed  at  64millimeters  from  end 
and  nt  middle  on  opposite  face. 
Crushed  and  split  at  eud  ;  cross- 
grained. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end;  0.75  san-worid. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 

...  do  

New  Jersey  

Mount  Holly 

S.  P.  Sharpies  .... 

Clay  

do 

....do  

do 

Yazoo  River  bot- 
tom. 
do       ..  . 

R.  Abbey  
do 

Alluvial  
do 

....do  

....do  

do 

do 

do 

....do  

....do  

..do 

do 

do 

....do  

do 

do 

do 

7938 
8256 

13517 
14016 

9571 
9614 

7212 
7167 

14198 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

...do  

do     . 

do 

do 

Florida  . 

Bay  Biscayne  
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Crushed  at  end  in  vicinity  of  knot. 
Crushed  at  middle  ;  cross-grained  . 

Crashed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end  ;  worm-eaten. 

Mangrove. 

COMBRETAOE.S:. 

141.  Conocarpuserecta...  
Button  Wood. 

142.  Laguncularia  racemosa  
White  Button  Wood.    White 
Mangrove. 

MYRTACE.S:. 

144.  Eugenia  buxifolia  

....do  

do 

....do  
do  

....do  

do 

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

....do  
...do  

Sugar-Loaf  Sound 
do  

....do  

do    .. 

....do  

do 

Crushed    near    middle;      cross- 
grained  and  worm-eaten. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end  ;  small  knots. 

Crashed  at  127  millimeters  from 
end. 

...do.     ... 

do 

Humus  and  coral  . 
do 

durgeon  Stopper.     Spaniih 
Stopper. 

146.  Eugenia  zuonticola  

Stopper.     White  Stopper. 

148.  Eugenia  procera  
lied  Stopper. 

CORKAGES. 

1118 
1135 
1135 
1127 
1127 

67 
67 
761 

...do  

do  

do     .     .   . 

...do  
...do  

Umbrella  Key  . 

do 

Coral 

8754 
8936 
10931 
0567 

9276 
9571 
7031 

Split  along  grain,  opening  season 
cracks;  split  in  seasoning  cracks. 

....do  

....do  

..  .do  

...do    
...do  

Missouri  
...do  

Florida 

Miami  —  
....do  

Allenton  
...do  
Cbattahoochee  

....do  
....do  , 

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
...do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  ! 

....do    
....do  

Triple  flexure;  developed  inter- 
secting ''Cooper  lines". 
do  

Triple  flexure  ;  opened  cracks  at 
end. 
do  

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end;  cross-grained. 

Flowering    Dogwood.     Box 
Wood. 

....do  
Calcareous  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


431 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


Direction  of  grain.  I 

rRKt>Ki:i!K,  l.N  KILOUHAM8,  KKQL'IKEl)  TO  PRODUCE  AX  IXIIEXTATIOX,  IK  MII.LIMETEK8,  OF— 

Remarks. 

1 

0.35  0.51 

0.70 

1.04 

t.-H 

1.54 

1.78 

3.03 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

3.08 

1315 

1314 
2041 
1701 

1315 
2449 

1787 
1293 

1315 
1433 
1905 

2041 
1860 
2449 

1424 
1588 
1334 
771 
1198 
2078 
1089 
952 
1384 
1043 
907 
1157 

1311 
2227 

2404 
2903 

817 
1270 

2336 

4091 
2586 

2313 

2155 
3153 
2076 

2495 
3674 

3257 
2359 

2617 
2699 
3720 

3221 
3221 
3515 

1914 

1>33 
1996 
1315 
1814 
2844 
1506 
1452 
1792 
1520 
1452 
1488 

4173 
4763 

4173 
4491 

1515 
1973 

3765 
5761 
4527 

2493 

2490 
3666 

3085 

3130 
4119 

3765 
2948 

3066 
3130 
4445 

3674 
3788 
3946 

2019 
2073 
2191 
1474 
1996 
3026 
1588 
1574 
2000 
1656 
1633 
1678 

5806 
5987 

4854 
5216 

1796 
2250 

4763 
5942 
5648 

2878 

2713 
3937 
3379 

3484 
4445 

4055 
3130 

3329 
3402 
4831 

3992 
4110 
4291 

2100 
2223 
2250 
1542 
2096 
3162 
1633 
1669 

2803 
2803 
4255 
3011 

3788 
402C 

4309 
3379 

3484 
3583 
5103 

4423 
4491 
4536 

2254 
2313 
2277 
1574 
2186 
3302 
1715 
1760 
2227 
1914 
2041 
1896 

7576 
7212 

5751 
6101 

2132 
2640 

5851 
6849 
6532 

2980 
2976 

4482 
3828 

3983 

una 

4482 
3638 

3074 
3742 
5398 

4436 
4708 
4863 

2381 
2395 
2377 
1874 
2859 
3438 
1760 
1851 
2300 
2019 
2(191 
1941 

8006 
7689 

6078 
6432 

2359 
2708 

6169 
7076 
6795 

3085 
3071 
4G95 
3992 

4219 
5013 

4658 
3742 

3910 
3856 
5625 

4877 
4922 
5098 

2477 
2518 
2413 
1719 
2472 
3561 
1928 
1887 
2350 
2091 
2168 
2073 

8464 
8052 

6396 
6759 

2436 
2844 

6613 
7303 
7258 

3207 
3171 
4859 
4119 

4391 

01(12 

4781 
3892 

4055 
4028 
5874 

4990 
5112 
5303 

2536 
2604 
2486 
1769 
2531 
3661 
1941 
1941 
2449 
2141 
2273 
2155 

8822 
8337 

6600 
7099 

2531 
2948 

6963 
7553 

7475 

3807 
3198 
5035 

4264 

4581 
5439 

4944 
4119 

4164 
4101 
6056 

5194 
5316 

5484 

2645 
2703 
2527 
1860 
2676 
3801 
1973 
2028 
2586 
2291 
2381 
2223 

9140 
8663 

6895 
7226 

2626 
3035 

7294 
7802 
7779 

3397 
3484 

5171 
4391 

4753 
5534 

5035 

4287 

4287 
4264 
6260 

5334 
5489 
5684 

2717 
2799 
2540 
1932 
2708 
3042 
2014 
2050 
2649 
2345 
2445 
2273 

9453 
8913 

7085 
7530 

2790 
3116 

7576 
8029 
7983 

3983 
4064 

4296 

4763 

Sheared  fibers 

328 
328 
1003 
1093 

949 

1081 

426 
426 

926 
239 

767 

241 
849 
849 

546 
546 
1095 
1095 
1173 
1173 
1181 
1181 
1182 
1182 
1183 
1183 

485 
48S 

489 
489 

507 
507 

1118 
1118 
1135 

do 

5353 

4806 
6759 

5851 
4035 

5262 
4990 
7394 

6350 
6646 
6782 

3166 
3289 
2926 

6033 

6350 
7212 

6486 
5025 

5761 
5579 
7983 

do 

do 

do  

7349 

3329 
3020 
3121 

Sheared  fibers  

do      .            .     

...'..do..  ..     

3289 
4445 
2313 
2404 
3075 
2708 
2722 

do              

4881 
2440 
2531 
3302 
2899 
2926 

do    .         

..  .  do               

do  

1814 
1923 
1837 

6940 
6713 

5398 
5761 

2050 
2472 

5398 
6373 
6033 

Sheared  fibers            

10637 

do  

8799 

.   do   

3674 

3901 

Sheared  fibers      

9526 
902R 

9753 
9753 

I 

3538 
2313 

2948 
1860 
2833 

5080 
4672 

4581 
3720 
3162 

5761 

5942 

5715 
4513 
3493 

6432 

6068 

6146 
4953 
3765 

6963 
7235 

6386 
5180 
4037 

7439 
7689 

6754 
5484 
4241 

7792 
8119 

7076 
5761 
4418 

8119 
8419 

7326 
5965 
4563 

8506 
8714 

7485 
6192 
4667 

8786 
8990 

7729 
6396 
4844 

10614 
10841 

8890 
7802 
5625 

1127 
1127 

67 
67 
761 

11930 

9798 
8702 
6169 

do                              

Sheared  fibers  ;  7  millimeters  knot  in  compression 
surface. 

do  

432 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOK  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

151.  Cornus  florida  —  continued  

812 
812 

West  Virginia   -.  . 
....do  

Grnfton  
....do  

C.G-.  Cringle  
....do  

Dry  
do  

8732 
7621 

Sap-wood;   triple  flexnro;  inter- 
secting "Cooper  lines";  split  at 
end. 
do  

1077 

Missouri  

Allenton  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 

9004 

1077 
1092 

....do    
do  

....do  
...  do  

...do  

do 

...  do  

Flinty 

8981 
8210 

Triple  llexure;  split  at  ends;  in- 
^tersecting  "Cooper  lines". 

152.  Conius  Nuttallii  '.. 

960 

Oregon  

Portland  

G.  Eugelmanu  and 

10387 

Flowering  J)ogwood. 

960 

....do  

....do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

10819 

605 

6895 

end. 

Ogecckce  Lime.      Sour    Tu- 

605 

....do  

...do  

...  do    

do 

end  ;  split  along  grain. 

154.  Kyssa  sylvytica  
Tupelo.     Soiir    6um.     Pep- 

$17 

750 

Teum-sseo  
Florida  

Cumbeiland  river 

A.  Gattinger  
A.  H  Curtiss 

Clay 

7349 
789'* 

Crushed  on  one  face  at  25  millime- 
ters from  middle. 

750 

....do  

...do  

....do    

do 

8119 

813 

West  Virginia  .. 

Grafton  

C.  G.  Pringle  

8414 

at  middle. 

813 

...  do  

do  

do 

one  corner. 

833 

Massachusetts  .  . 

Wubt  Newbury  .  .  . 

J.  Eobinson  

Kich  

7689 

end. 

....do  

....do  

do  

do 

6623 

834 
834 

...  do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
...  .do  

....do  
....do  

6577 
7394 

from  *>nd- 
Crushed  at  G  millimeters  knot  25 
millimeters  from  middle. 

835 

do    •  . 

do 

7022 

835 

....do  

do  

do 

7176 

Dally  ;  split  at  ends. 

128 

H.  W  Kaveuel 

6396 

tersecting  "  Cooper  Hues'1. 

'Larfje  Tupelo.    C'ot'on  Gum. 

128 

...  do  

....do  

do 

6328 

ters  from  end  on  opposite  .JUI-M. 

-  550 

Alabama  

Stockton  

C.Mohr  

5035 

550 
604 

....do  

...  do  

....do  

....do  

5715 
6193 

Triple  flexure  

604 

...do  

...  do  

do           

do 

5489 

from  end. 

CAPIUFOLIACE^E. 

681 

ESfcr. 

370 

county. 

knot. 

Hkeepberry.    JKannyberry. 

J59.  Viburnum  prunifolmm  
lllack  Haw.    Stag  Hush. 

1102 

no4 

Kentucky  

Mercer  county  .  .  . 

do 

W.M.Linney  
do 

Hudson        River 
shale. 

10160 
103°9 

Crushed  at  ends   in  vicinity   of 
knots;  split  along  groin. 

739 

Georgia  

Bainbridge  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Clay  

7938 

die. 
Crimhutl  'J(i  millimeters  from  mid- 

KUBIACE^E. 

466 

Florida    

do 

13381 

161.  Pinckneya  pubens  

466 

381 

....do.....'  
South  Carolina  

Key. 
....do  

Bluffton  

....do  
J.  H.  Mellichamp 

...do  

106GO 
4355 

Crushed  at  knot  at  middle  ;   split 
along  grain. 

Georgia  Hark. 
EKICACE^). 

343 

C.Mohr  

5874 

from  middle;    opened  between 
rings. 

f'arklcberry. 

343 

do 

do 

6895 

grained. 

1033 

Florida   .. 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

7802 

nally. 

166.  Arbutus  Menziusii 

643 

G.  K.  Vasey   

7303 

end;  crqss-  grained. 

6J3 
679 
679 

....do  
...  do  
do 

county. 
.  ...do  

ilarin  county  
do 

...  do  
....do  

...  do  
....do  
do 

7756 
7530 
9548 

do  

Shattered  and  crushed  at  ends  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


433 


Direction  of  grain. 

FBESSUKE,  IN  KILOOKAHS,  HEQUIBK1)  TO  PRODUCE  AS  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF  — 

Remarks. 

1 

0.25 

0.31 

O.T« 

1.02 

i.2r 

1.52 

1.T8 

2.O3 

2.28 

2.54  4.81 

5.08 

1 

2041 

1951 
863 
ItS) 

2223 

2068 

1814 

14116 
14.ri2 

1338 
1792 

inr>i 

1179 
1(S!3 
1724 
ISM 

1384 
1901 
1837 

2132 
S818 

1043 
1343 
14fl7 
1202 

1452 

3130 

3130 
2291 

3833 

29!I4 
3198 

2177 
1M4 

17% 
2767 
3130 
3749 
1352 
2676 
2495 
2531 
2215 
2699 
2740 

2622 
2948 
1529 
1905 
2313 
1610 

1928 

3493 

3606 
3606 
4491 
4509 

3556 
2386 

3761 

3892 
4418 
4944 
4944 

3615 

3742 

2522 
2150 

2064 

3983 

4069 
4944 
5243 
5158 

3S19 
3946 

2713 
2254 

2150 
3538 
3792 
3243 
2336 
3243 
3148 
3030 
2921 
3515 
3529 

3148 
3348 
1765 
2254 
3012 
1923 

2218 

4146 

4250 
5325 
5552 
5398 

4014 
4164 

2858 

4355 

4400 
5715 
5711 
5608 

4132 
4287 

2971 
2449 

2331 
3892 
4241 
3438 
2495 
3697 
3447 
3311 
3193 
3856 
3042 

3475 
3593 
1960 
2472 
3216 
2118 

2359 

4527 

4536 
5878 
5883 
B7W 

4323 
4491 

3085 
2608 

2400 
4073 
4423 
3497 
2531 
3919 
3556 
3420 
3311 
3983 
3946 

3574 
3742 
2014 
2586 
3348 
2195 

2436 

4077 

4717 
6146 
6114 
5929 

4436 
4572 

3143 
2622 

2499 
4219 
4536 
3588 
2567 
4055 
3683 
3502 
3484 
4105 
4064 

3715 
3042 
2059 
2664 
3425 
2232 

2486 

4831 

4899 
6419 
6373 
6123 

4604 
4708 

3289 
3039 

2622 
4400 
4726 
3670 
2617 
4137 
3810 
3615 
3579 
4241 
4264 

3828 
3946 
2132 
2708 
3493 
2308 

2536 

5761 

5987 
7599 
7394 
7212 

MSB 

5579 

3878 
3153 

3016 
5307 
5851 
4196 
3039 
6126 
4581 
4418 
41% 
5035 
5216 

4401 
4545 
2436 
3085 
4219 
2699 

6328 

6396 
8663 

Sheared  fibers         

812 

812 
1077 
1077 
1092 

960 
960 

605 
605 

517 
760 
750 
813 
813 
833 
833 
834 
834 
835 
835 

128 

128 
550 
550 

004 
604 

681 
370 

110< 
739 

466 
466 

381 

343 
343 

1033 

643 
643 
679 
679 

do 

do 

7938 

5829 
6169 

do 

do 

do  

>]» 

104! 
3130 
3329 
2921 
2019 
2948 
2744 
2713 
2513 
3130 
3130 

2875 
3130 
1588 
2041 
2654 
1.783 

2068 

2245 
3756 
3992 
3375 
2404 
3583 
3307 
3171 
3107 
3697 
3656 

3329 
3438 
1869 
2381 
3139 
1996 

2291 

5851 
6350 
4391 
2894 
5887 
5171 
5013 
4581 
5851 
5615 

4944 
4944 
2667 
3334 
4491 
3039 

3606 
3075 
2259 
3062 
2971 
2899 
2849 
3357 
3311 

3003 
3207 
1678 
2168 
2803 
1805 

2150 

do 

do  ...    

.  .  do  

do  

do  

do  

Sheared  fibers      

.   do       

do  .             

do        

i 

1996 
1882 
2449 

2948 
3447 

590 

1941 
1905 

1792 

1315 
2087 
1941 
1361 

2019 
3992 
3438 

5806 
5761 

1021 

3402 
3243 

2699 

2404 
2685 
2858 
2313 

4649 
4854 
3806 

6940 
6668 

1406 

3833 
3742 

3193 

2694 
2980 
3243 
2640 

4976 
5207 
4033 

7439 
7067 

1574 

4164 

4241 

3402 

8967 
3243 
3515 
2903 

5252 
5512 
4264 

7938 
7475 

1678 

4432 
4522 

3611 

3048 
3443 
3720 
3075 

5498 
6724 
4463 

8142 
7756 

1792 

4899 
4749 

3633 

3266 
3620 
3851 
3243 

571S 
5965 
4690 

8460 
7915 

1851 

5171 
4990 

4024 

3393 
3828 
3996 
3393 

5874 
6232 
4840 

8936 
8074 

1896 

5398 
5162 

4173 

3574 
3992 
4173 
3561 

6033 
6441 
4581 

8981 
8192 

1941 

5512 
5362 

4300 

3729 
4119 
4309 
3692 

6283 
6595 
5162 

9026 
8301 

1982 

6305 

5489 

4491 
3846 

6305 
9889 

10705 

Sheared  fibers  •  radial  split 

do                     

2214 

6918 
6577 

5216 
4468 

2422 

Sheared  fibers  ;  4  millimeters  knot  on  indented  area. 
Sheared  fibers  .        

7076 
5715 
5035 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

4418 

3810 

i 

5126 
4491 

5579 

do  

28  FOE 


434 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLK  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

OfBce  nttmber. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilns. 

Remarks. 

683 

7122 

683 

...do 

ains. 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  . 

5715 

millimeters  in  diameter. 

353 

Cottage  Hill 

C.  Mohr  

7430- 

end.  crushing  fibers  at  middle. 

Sorrel  Tree.     Sour  Wood. 

353 

...do 

do 

do 

do 

7847 

at  middle. 

515 

Tennessee  

Nashville  

A.  Gattinger  

Sandy  rock  

8799 

25  millimeters  from  middle. 

515 

....do  

...  do  

do  

do  

170.  Kalinin  latifolia    

262* 

Moist 

6931 

Laurel.   Calico  Hush.   Spoon 
Wood.    Ivy. 

171.  Rhododendron  maximum  
Great  Laurel.    Jiose  Say. 

2623 

263 
263 

....do   

....do  

.  .  .do 

....do  

....do  

.      do 

-•*>  

do  

do 

....do  

....do  

do 

6849 

7462 
6577 

knots  at  end. 
Crushed  at  knot  51   millimeters 
from  end. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

SAPOTACE2E. 
175.  Chryaopbyllnm  oliviforme   ... 

492 

Florida 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

Coral 

10433 

middle. 

492 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8709 

middle,  deflecting  diagonally. 

176.  SideroxylonMaatichodendron. 

Mastic. 

461 
461 

....do  
do  

Upper  Metauombe 
Key. 
do 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

10932 
9889 

obliquely. 

Split  along  grain  at  cud;  slight 
crushing. 

177.  Dipholis  salicifolia  -.  

488 

...  do    

do 

do 

11952 

Itustic.    Castada. 

488 

do 

do 

do 

do 

12565 

500 
500 

....do  
do  

Umbrella  Key  
do  ..  .  '. 

....do  
...do    

....do  

..    do    . 

11272 
10931 

Crashed  at  64  millimeters  from  end 
and  split  along  grain. 

746 

do 

7235 

end  in  vicinity  of  knots. 

179.  Buiuelia  lanuginosa  

930 

Texas  . 

C.  Mohr 

5489 

Gum  Elastic.    Shittim  Wood. 

930 
1083 

....do  

...do  

....do  

G-.  W.  Letterman 

....do  
...do   

5012 
6895 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  at  5  millimeters  knot. 

181.  Bnmelia  lycioides  

333 

Nashville  

7825 

Iron  Wood.     Southern  Buck- 
thorn. 
182.  Bnmelia  cuneata  

1124 

1'Iorida... 

7643 

ing  crack  at  middle. 

A  nt#'     Wood.       Downward 
Plum.    Saffron  Plum. 
183.  Mimusopa  Sieberi  

458 

.  .  do 

do  

..do     

8913 

knots. 

Wild  Dilly. 

458 

do 

Key. 
...  do  

do 

do 

5806 

from  end  to  end. 

EBENACE-S3. 

61 

Of.  "W.  Letterman 

7892 

ing  cracks. 

Persimmon. 

61 

do   

....do    

....do  

do  

7485 

Dally. 
,do            

425 

9095 

811 

"West  Virginia 

Grafton 

C.  G-.  Pringle 

7394 

811 

do    . 

do  

....do  

7892 

Triple    flexure     deflected  diago- 

1084 

G.  ~W.  Letterman 

8301 

nally. 

1084 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8029 

middle, 
do                                   

1162 

do    ... 

.  .  do      . 

.    do    

Rich  

8415 

Triple   flexure    deflected    diago- 

1162 

do 

do 

do 

do 

7901 

nally;     intersecting     "Cooper 
lines". 

STYRACACE.&. 

347 

Cottage  Hill 

C  Mohr 

6146 

Horse  Sugar.    Sweet  Leaf. 

347 

do 

do 

do 

do 

millimeters  from  end  and  at  3 
millimeters  knot  at  end. 

187.  Halesia  diptera  

738 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

6486 

Failed  at  6  millimeters  knot  127 

Snow-drop  Free.      Silver-bell 
Tree. 

738 

do 

do 

do 

7394 

millimeters  from  end  and  split 
along  grain. 

OLEACE.&. 
191.  Fraxinus  pistacisefolia  .  . 

660 

..do  

6441 

Crushed  at  middle  on  one  face  

Ash. 

680 

...do  

ains. 
....do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

....do  

5874 

Crushed  at  middle  ia  vicinity  of  3 
millimeters  knot. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


435 


Direction  of  grain. 

I'KKSSUIIE,  IN  K1LOGBAMB,  JtEyUIllEl)  TO  1'KOUUCK  AN  IMIEM'AIION,  IS  MILUMETKKB,  OF— 

lieumrks. 

Office  number. 

0.25 

<>.,-,! 

0.7«  1.03 

1.27 

1.53 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28  2.54 

4.S1 

5.08 

1 

IC8Q 

2359 

1051 
1211 
1497 
IMO 

2268 
2L-23 

2(141 
1951 

4219 

1860 

2313 
2767 

2087 
2177 
975 
!)07 

1474 

1384 
975 
1769 

880 
658 

2676 
2359 

1905 
2041 
1960 
2767 
1905 
1746 
2676 
2540 

1294 
1837 

1170 
1397 

2586 
3583 

3062 
2223 
2214 
2254 

3289 
3447 

2767 
2468 

5579 

3765 

4536 
4332 

3420 
3493 
2486 
2269 

2155 

1923 

1497 
2835 

2522 
2313 

4355 
3697 

3130 
3402 
^602 
4536 
3266 
3402 
4092 
4495 

3039 
2608 

1796 
2336 

2976 
3983 

3479 
1!G76 
2527 
2586 

3674 
3892 

2980 
2708 

6033 
4626 

5171 
4899 

4082 
3983 
3425 
3239 

2431 

2055 
1606 
3148 

2527 
3720 

5307 
4491 

3674 
4060 
4459 
5353 
3901 
4264 
4786 
5557 

4060 
2744 

IMO 

2753 

3221 
4250 

8751 

2971 
2694 
2707 

3969 
4173 

3107 
2830 

6464 
5126 

5586 
5307 

4436 
4327 
3810 
3833 

2712 

2168 
1692 
3425 

3289 
4281 

6023 

5058 

4001 
4436 
4908 
5738 
4341 
4699 
5194 
6065 

4695 
2871 

2064 
2998 

3411 

44S2 

3946 
3153 
2849 
2921 

4105 
4287 

3252 
2880 

6791 
5425 

5874 
5489 

4717 
4608 
4114 
4073 

2894 

2259 
1801 
3633 

3529 
4581 

6532 

5470 

4214 
4695 
5289 
6005 
4604 
5035 
5484 
6323 

5080 
2967 

2127 
3153 

8628 

4662 

4237 
3284 
3021 
3003 

4237 
4432 

3352 
2994 

7145 
5742 

6201 
5761 

5035 
4844 
4364 

4400 

3116 

2381 
1896 
3042 

3751 
4799 

6895 
5851 

4332 
4971 
5561 
6260 
4854 
5307 
5715 
6568 

5421 
3003 

2214 
3366 

3801 

4854 

4414 
3479 
3193 
3157 

4350 

4581 

3434 
3085 

7430 
6014 

6382 
5987 

5434 
4649 
4604 

4527 

3293 

2472 
1978 
4024 

3964 
4944 

7235 
6155 

4527 
5067 
5869 
6486 
5080 
5421 
5883 
6736 

5606 
3039 

2295 
3497 

3946 
4990 

4554 
3633 
3325 
3207 

4491 
4699 

3502 
3166 

7693 

6250 

6677 
6123 

5670 
5398 
4808 
4844 

3497 

2572 
2073 
4191 

4178 
5207 

7521 
6386 

4667 
5239 
6083 
6849 
5285 
5661 
6042 
6881 

5851 
3057 

2381 
3683 

4105 

.->H2 

4696 

37(>0 
3493 
3393 

4581 
4808 

3597 
32S2 

7974 
6532 

6940 
6296 

4219 
5207 

4831 
3856 
3611 
3438 

4690 
4890 

3674 
3302 

8219 
6736 

7117 
6464 

4U22 
6123 

5070 
4491 
4287 
3946 

5534 
5625 

4264 
3810 

9753 
8119 

5421 
6623 

6350 
5058 
4626 

Sheared  fibers          

683 
683 

353 
353 
515 
675 

262* 
263" 

2G3 
263 

492 
492 

461 
461 

488 
488 
500 
500 

746 

930 
930 
1083 

333 
1124 

45S 

458 

61 
61 

425 
811 
811 
1084 
1084 
1162 

1162 
347 

347 
738 

do              

do 

do 

do 

do  

6078 

4491 
4150 

do               ...   .     

do                     ..    

9026 

do 

7248 

7847 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  121  mil- 
limeters long. 

5479 

5648 
5103 
5207 

3882 

2703 
2268 
4518 

4536 
5666 

8029 
6940 

4890 
5534 
6477 
7235 
5613 
5965 
6319 
7221 

6246 
3162 

2504 
3919 

6441 

5013 
3710 

2635 

2177 
4350 

4364 
5479 

7811 
6713 

4786 
5362 
6310 
7049 
5434 
5811 
6187 
7049 

6069 
3085 

2445 
3810 

6123 
4854 

3121 
2703 
5398 

do 

5602 

3443 
3085 
5851 

do 

do 

Split  at  ends     

6577 

8936 
8279 

5625 
6486 
7666 
8256 
6668 
7031 
7258 
8170 

7417 
3720 

2903 
4491 

7462 

9163 
9026 

6146 
7076 
8392 
8799 
7530 
7711 
7756 
8663 

8301 
3856 

3239 
5171 

Sheared  fibers 

do  

do  

do.     

do  

do       

do      .      ....      

do       

do  

do    .   -.          ..     ..  . 

do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

Sheared  fibers  .          .  

do  

do  

t 

1892 
2132 

2227 
3039 

2522 
3425 

2767 
3529 

2948 
3787 

3080 
3901 

3212 
4150 

3343 
4332 

3561 

4509 

3674 
4604 

4355 
5443 

4763 
6078 

Sheared  fibers  

660 
660 

436 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: ITlti'nate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

A 

392 

G  "W  Letterman 

Low  . 

7530 

WJtite  Ash. 

1141 

W  J  Beal 

Clay 

5851 

do 

1141 

do 

do 

.  do 

do  

5579 

1143 

do 

do 

9520 

1144 

do 

do 

9934 

25  millimeters  from  middle. 

1146 
130 
130 
212 

....do  
South  Carolina  .  .  . 
...do  

Danavllle  

Bonneau'  s  Depot  .  . 
....do  

"Wytheville 

....do  
H.  W.  Ravenel  
....do  

H.  Shriver 

Clay  
Wet  
....do  

5761 
9208 
8709 
7983 

end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle;  "Cooper  lines." 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Cru-lie<l  at  114  millimeters  from 
end. 

212 

do    

.  do 

do  

7756 

Crushed  at  32  millimeters  from 

2271 
22T3 
227s 

Vermont  
....do  

do 

Charlotte  
....do  

do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
....do  
do 

Gravelly  
....do  

do 

7281 
7485 
7349 

middle. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
middle  ;  deflected  diagonally. 
Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  12 
millimeters  irom  middle. 

2G71 

Wytheville  

H.  Suriver  

6141 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 

2673 

do 

do    

0509 

middle. 

Directed  diagonally;  maximum 

. 

431 

8346 

beutl  38  millimeters  from  middle. 

551 

C   Mohr 

Alluvial  .... 

7439 

do  

551 

do       

do         ...    . 

do  

....do  

6736 

Deflected  and  fibers  crushed  at  76 

747 

A.H.Curtiss  

5057 

millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  at 

747 

do 

do 

do 

...  do    

5080 

middle. 

937 

Texas 

C.Mohr  

Rich,  calcareous  .  . 

7107 

Crushed  at  end  and  at  7(>  millime- 

1045 

8890 

ters  from  end  in  vicinity  ol'  knots. 
Triple   flexure;  middle   bend  19 

1045 

do 

do 

do 

8686 

millimeters  from  center. 
do  

Dallas 

9435 

ensis. 

364 

22Q2 

....do  

....do  

....do  

C.  G.  Pringle 

....do  
Clay  

7892 
8301 

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  102 
millimeters  from  end. 

Failed   at    knot   64    millimeters 

Bed  Ash. 

do 

do 

do 

do         

8005 

from  end  ;  cross-drained. 
Triple  flexure  

105D 

Massachusetts  

Topsfleld  

J.  Robinson  

River-bottom  

4513 
6486 

Triple    flexure,    deflected   diago- 
nally. 

Green  Ash. 

308 

Texas 

Dallas 

...do  

7349 

Crushed  at  middle  on  one  face  

do 

do 

do 

do              

5829 

Triple  flexure  

, 

438 

Tennessee  

Nashville  

A.  Gattinger  
C  Mohr 

Rich  upland  

8618 
8097 

Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end,  splitting  between  rings. 

048 

do         

do 

do  

....do  

9753 

Triple  flexure;    middle  bond  38 

957 

....do  
do 

Matagorda  bay  .  .  . 
do 

...do  

do 

....do  
do    

7892 
7666 

millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  C  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  end. 
Triple  flexure  

do 
ao  

4014 

Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 

Water  Ash. 
106.  Fraxinns  qnadrangulata  

8754 

end. 
Triple  flexure  

Blue  Ash. 

66 
125 

...  do  

—  do  

...do  
W.J.Beal  

....do  
Rich  loam  

9299 

6228 

Triple    flexure,   defledled    diago- 
nally. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

6327 

Triple  flexure;    developed  inter- 

286" 

28G3 

291 
518 

Kentucky  
...do  
Missouri  

Mercer  county  — 
....do  

Allenton  
Nashville 

W.  11.  Linney  
...do  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
A.  Gattinger  

Limestone  
....do  

Sandy  loam  
Rich  limestone  .  .  . 

8344 
8428 

6849 
8609 

secting  "Conper  lines". 
Dclleete;!  at  middle  and  at  3  milli- 
meters knot  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  end  and  near 
middle. 
Crushed  on  one  face  19  millime- 
ters from  middle. 
Crushed  at  knots  102  millimeters 

from  end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPKESSION-Continued. 


437 


Divert  ion  of  grain. 

PHEBBUKE.  IN  KII.OCKAMB.  KEQU1UKI)  TO  PRODUCE  AN  INUEKTAT1ON,  IS  HI1.L1HETEBS,  OF— 

Kemarks. 

Office  number. 

O.25 

o.5i  o.ro 

1.02   1.27 

1.53 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

i 

5.08 

m 

m 
1 

M 
M 

m 
n 

1334 
1134 
74!) 
UM 

ua 
au 

1529 
1588 
1588 
1588 
1882 
15GO 
1860 
2449 
1551 
1179 
1352 
1538 
143:! 
1905 
2023 
2041 

1325 
1837 

1533 
1384 
1860 

1579 
1633 

1588 
2041 
2041 
1860 
2109 
2177 

1179 

2880 
2359 
H52 
1179 
1542 

1225 

1973 
1656 

2078 
1338 
1302 
2948 
1882 
1812 
2109 
2654 
1769 
1741 
1973 
2985 
1619 
2481 
2948 
2159 
1642 
1579 
2576 

tan 

2468 
2622 

3357 

1996 
2944 

2518 
2427 
2867 

2767 
I860 
2245 
2708 
3198 
3402 
3026 
3202 

1760 

3901 
3620 
1633 
1506 

2400 
1488 
1334 
3121 
1982 
2041 
2395 
2976 
1987 
2023 
2218 
3388 
2708 
2744 
3221 
22M 
1801 
1746 
2976 
1982 
2694 
2885 
3878 

2291 
3384 

2799 
2753 
3148 

3243 
1951 
2409 
2894 
3638 
3992 
3293 
3611 

1932 

4264 
4191 
1656 

1574 
3701 

3334 

2894 
3819 

2436 
1597 
1542 
3208 
2068 
2164 
2622 
3148 
2273 
2186 
2277 
3611 
2903 
2890 
3379 
2463 
1932 
1887 
3157 
2014 
2948 
3198 
4082 

2608 
3615 

3021 
2948 
3334 

3357 
2109 
2488 
3175 
3969 
4281 
3470 
3842 

2096 

4418 
4513 
1705 
1619 
3974 

3720 

2939 
4164 

'  2527 
1610 
1619 
3488 
2205 
2279 
2717 
3284. 
2400 
2336 
2440 
3742 
2989 
3103 
3574 
2579 
2028 
1991 
3234 
2214 
3152 
3470 
,  4160 

2685 
3669 

3162 
3221 
3434 

3593 
2223 
2567 
3379 
4200 
4454 
3720 
4028 

2209 

4590 

4886 
1724 
1674 
4150 

3882 

3071 
4377 

2744 
1696 
1019 
3633 
2304 
2427 
2939 
3434 
2486 
2504 
2536 
3964 
3162 
3248 

2930 
1719 
1724 
3833 
3368 
2499 
3075 
3529 
2590 
2667 
2631 
4042 
3307 
3388 
3842 
2867 
2195 
2218 
3425 
2331 
3620 

4445 

3116 
4287 

3484 
3425 
3774 

3878 
2064 
2749 
3828 
4672 
4808 
3987 
4309 

2377 

4849 
5489 
1896 
1873 

2980 
1783 
1787 
3964 
2468 
2586 
3162 
3665 
2762 
2830 
2776 
4137 
3425 
3525 
3046 
2976 
2241 
2336 

3130 
1810 
1833 
4033 
2518 
2663 
3334 
3860 
2848 
2894 
2899 
4250 
3543 
3583 
4092 
3134 
2400 
2436 
3529 
2481 
3901 
4559 
4196 

3420 

4473 

3679 
3529 
3983 

4037 
2713 
2890 
4055 
5121 
5207 
4196 
4572 

2522 

5158 
5965 
2028 
1982 

3207 
1883 
1842 
4128 
2576 
2690 
3488 
3937 
2985 
3057 
3089 
4359 
3946 
3708 
4132 
3221 
2341 
2522 
3579 
2531 
3987 
4604 
4300 

3529 
4491 

3751 
3674 
4073 

3810 
2880 
2935 
4205 
5330 
5289 
4332 
4672 

2549 

5316 

6128 
2105 
2037 
4967 

4545 

3615 

5216 

j  

Split  at  ends  ;  short  specimen,  120  millimeters  long.  . 

39" 
114' 
114' 
114» 
114« 
114" 
130 
130 
212 
212 
227' 
227« 
227' 
267» 
267» 
431 
551 
551 
747 
747 
937 
1045 
1045 

364 
364 

229" 
2291 
1059 

57 
308 
308 
438 
948 
948 
957 
957 

536 

66 
66 
125 
125 
286' 

286' 

291 
518 

2155 
2205 
4944 
3039 
3130 
4219 
4491 
3742 
3810 
3882 
5171 

2413 
2472 
5579 
3130 
3357 

do          .  . 

4990 
4491 

4296 
4382 
5285 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

3856 
4899 
3924 
2926 
3062 
3901 
2976 
4990 
5489 
5434 

4559 
4763 

4377 
4196 
4626 

4717 
3583 
3348 
5035 
6237 
6078 
4035 
5421 

2912 

6373 
7485 

2427 
2381 
5942 

5149 

4128 
6123 

Split  at  end 

5443 
4300 
3130 
3429 
3901 
3089 
5489 
6010 
5851 

5353 

2708 
2132 
2123 
3334 
2313 
3334 
3751 
4305 

2866 
4033 

3343 
3311 
3620 

3710 
2155 
2676 
3647 
4482 
4717 
3856 
4164 

2313 

4722 
7180 
1842 
1778 
4332 

4082 

3202 
4527 

do 

2436 
3788 
4196 
4522 

3207 
4418 

3597 
3484 
3837 

3933 
2563 
2830 
3910 
4844 
5035 

do  

4699 
4423 
5035 

5035 
3992 
3465 
5625 
6940 
6595 
5262 
5987 

3157 

7031 
8029 
2586 
2567 
6509 

Sheared  fibers        .    

do      .      

do 

do   ..           

Sheared  fibers        .     .  ..  

4454 
2459 

5022 
5706 
1973 
1932 

do                  

do 

do  

Sheared  fibers  

do 

2713 

2740 
3171 

4173 

3357 
4744 

4296 

3420 
4835 

4427 

3479 
5103 

4445 
6849 

Indented  section  covers  unsound  knot  10  milli- 
meters in  diameter. 
Slight  shearing  of  fibers     

438 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 

a 

State. 

.  Locality. 

Collector 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

!«>4 

Portland 

9753 

Oregon  Ash. 

964 

1001 
1001 

....do  
....do  
do      

...  do  
"Weidler's  ssw-mill 
do       

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

....do  
..do    

.   ..do  

7938 
8799 
9063 

Crushed  25  millimeters  from  mid- 
dle on  one  face. 
Triple    flexure,   deflected   diago- 
nally. 

1024 

do 

do                .     .. 

0441 

1024 

do 

Company. 

do 

5557 

men  split  off. 

1030 

do     

.    .  do    

.  do      

9208 

ing,  70°. 

1030 

do 

do 

do 

9798 

ing,  53°. 

198.  Fraxinns  sambucifolia  
Black    Ash.       Hoop    Ash. 
Ground  Ash. 

122 
839 

Michigan  

Pansville  

W.J.Beal  

Wet,  peaty  

6237 
7621 

ters  from  end. 

Crushed  on'onefiice  25  millimeters 
from  middle. 

839 
737 

—  do  

...  do  

....do  
A..  H.  Cnrtiss    

...do  .:  

6441 
6418 

millimeters  eccentric. 
do  

Privet. 

737 

do  

....  do  ,  .  . 

283 

C  Mohr 

9058 

Devil  Wood. 

283 

do 

do 

do 

9063 

584 

Florida 

A  H  Curtiss 

8777 

from  end. 

584 

do 

do 

do 

8119 

end. 

BORRAGINACE.3S. 

1137 

do 

do 

Coral 

10614 

end. 

Strong  Bark. 

1137 

do    

do             

do 

.  do 

7779 

from  vnd. 

205    Ehretia  elliptica 

942 

C  Mohr 

6078 

along  ^rain. 

Knackaway.    Anaqua. 
BIGNONIACE.^. 

942 
540 

...  do  

...do  

...do  .. 
do 

....do  

6305 
6827 

die. 
Triple   flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 

Catalpa.      Catawba.     Sean 
Tree.    Cigar  Tree.    Indian 

744 

A.  H  Curtiss 

Clay 

5625 

Bean. 

744 

do 

do 

do 

do 

5012 

middle  on  one  face. 

38 

C  S  Sargent 

Wet  clay 

6668 

end. 

Western  Catalpa. 

38 

..  do  

.do  

do     

.  do     . 

6373 

meters  from  end. 

208.  Chilopsia  saligna 

682 

4755 

Desert  Willow. 
VERBEXACE^E. 

490 

Florida 

C.  S.  Sargent 
A.  H  Cnrtiss 

Coral 

11067 

knot. 

Piddle  Wood. 

490 

do 

do 

do 

do 

11000 

crushing,  55°. 

N  rCT  AGINACE^. 
212.  Plsonia  obtnsata 

474 

do 

do 

do 

5398 

Pigeon  Wood.     Beef  Wood. 
Cork  Wood.    Pork  Wood. 

474 

do       

Key. 

do          .... 

do   

4527 

end. 
Crushed  at  knots  102  millimeters 

POLYGONACE^I. 

213.  Coccoloba  Floridana  

Pigeon  Plum. 

473 
473 

...  do  
do           

...  do  

do 

....do  
do          

...  do  
do    

12292 
12383 

from  end. 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle  and  at  end. 

214.  Coccoloba  nvifera  

453 

do      

do 

do          

.  do  

4355 

Split    from    end   to  end  ;     badly 

Sea  Qrape. 
LAURACE^:. 
215.  Persea  Carolinensis  

453 

585 

....do  
do     .... 

....do  

....do  

do 

....do  

3900 
9548 

cracked  in  seasoning. 
do  

Crushed  at  5  millimeters  knot  near 

Red  Bay. 

585 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8799 

middle. 

215.  Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  pal- 

340 

C.Mohr  

Damp,  sandy  

5216 

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 

imtris. 
217.  Sassafras  officinale   .  .  . 

340 

71 

....do  

....do  

....do  

G-  "W  Letterman 

...  do  

6532 
6069 

end. 
do  

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 

Sassafras. 

71 

do 

do 

do 

do    .. 

6486 

middle  and  at  ends. 
Crashed  at  3  millimeters  knot  38 

millimeters  from  middle. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


439 


I 

fcO 

,      *H 

0 

1 

3 

iG 

PRESSURE,  IN   KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  PBOHUCX  AN  INDENTATION,   IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.35     0.51 

i 

0.76 

1.03 

1.37 

1.33 

1.78 

3.03 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

3.08 

1452 
1669 
1633 
1814 
1497 
1315 
1579 
1370 

1189 
2273 
213'J 

871 

1397 

2744 
2449 
2223 
2041 

2087 
2132 

1610 
1642 

930 
735 
717 

898 
703 

1270 

2676 
2948 

749 

880 

4128 
2404 

2200 
2359 
2436 

2223 
1842 

2504 
2576 
2595 
2313 
1960 
2064 
2472 
2386 

1746 
3801 
2849 

2205 
2749 

4990 
2903 
3021 
2703 

4482 
3837 

3339 
3066 

1334 

871 
1152 

1352 
1170 

2105 

3991 
4808 

1515 
1533 

6260 
4499 

2685 
2703 
2626 
2440 
2118 
2096 
2685 
2654 

1819 
3983 
3084 

2331 
2930 

5398 
3212 
3334 
3062 

4877 
4146 

3611 
3293 

1429 
925 
1207 

1428 
1229 

2205 

4264 
5153 

1669 
1669 

7031 
4980 

2849 
2835 
2803 
2622 
2214 
2141 
2880 
2880 

1842 
4119 
3357 

2368 
3066 

5648 
3465 
3506 
3212 

4967 
4436 

3878 
3447 

1488 
944 
1257 

1488 
1266 

2304 

4491 
5362 

1746 
1728 

7303 
5316 

2971 
2935 
2980 
2749 
2313 
2245 
3094 
3016 

1887 
4264 
3583 

2481 
3184 

5920 
3742 
3656 
3425 

5216 
4681 

4037 
3651 

1524 
980 
1302 

1551 
1320 

2468 

4704 
5561 

1778 
1765 

7485 
5625 

3075 
3089 
3021 
2894, 
2431 
2345 
3289 
3212 

1937 
4336 
3819 

2576 
3243 

6123 
3924 

3788 
3570 

5371 
4872 

4155 

3774 

1579 
1025 
1347 

1619 
1356 

2558 

4895 
5652 

1787 
1851 

7621 
5860 

3175 
3180 
3121 
3026 
2531 
2381 
3857 
3302 

1982 
4527 
3992 

2635 
3375 

6373 
4150 
4014 
3710 

5489 
1990 

4336 
3901 

1606 
1068 
1393 

1660 
1402 

2658 

5080 
5942 

1801 
1878 

8074 
6123 

3248 
3266 
3221 
3130 

2622 
2486 
3488 
3438 

2005 
4613 
4155 

2717 
3434 

6518 
4287 
4110 
3842 

5620 
5171 

4477 
4037 

1642 
1080 
1402 

1674 
1442 

2731 
5162 

3379 
3357 
3298 
3243 
2654 
2538 
3525 
3561 

2082 
4713 
4318 

2753 
3484 

6659 
4432 
4246 
3969 

5702 
5343 

4572 
4150 

1728 
1089 
1438 

1719 
1488 

2803 
5216 

3*78 
3878 
3629 
3856 
3148 
2903 
4128 
4150 

2295 
5376 
5285 

2912 
4078 

7756 
5489 
5058 
4763 

6577 
6237 

5239 
4926 

2028 
1302 
1701 

1960 
1724 

3375 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  •  split  at  end 

964 
964 
1001 
1001 
1024 
1024 
1030 
1030 

122 
839 
839 

737 
737 

283 
283 
584 
584 

1137 
1137 

942 
942 

540 
744 
744 

38 
38 

682 

490 
490 

474 
474 

473 
473 

do  

do  

4128 
3470 
3107 
4355 
4708 

2427 
5489 
5625 

3583 
4287 

8523 

do  

Sheared  fibers  

do    .. 

2223 

2277 

1674 
3348 
2699 

1837 
2381 

4355 
2640 

2867 
2486 

3756 
3334 

2790 
2808 

1216 

848 
1061 

1234 
1098 

1851 

3652 
4241 

1302 
1325 

5398 
3810 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  

Sheared  fibers  

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

do  

Sheared  fibers  

do  

.do 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  103 
millimeters  long. 
Sheared  fibers  

6625 
5262 

7076 
6713 

5851 
5443 

do  

do  

do  

do: 

do  

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end;  specimen  120  milli- 
meters long. 

1433 
1878 

do  

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

1941 
3593 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

1796 
1928 

8392 
6532 

If05 
2005 

86G3 
6759 

1978 
2177 

10115 

2064 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

do  

10796 

Sheared  fibers  

Slight  shearing  ;  split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  120 
millimeters  long. 

2019 
1792 

1951 
1551 

1810 
1111 

3039 
2608 

2880 
2295 

1805 
1792 

3230 
2762 

3157 
2481 

2019 
2014 

3339 
2803 

3339 
2558 

2037 
2068 

3429 
2926 

3515 
2631 

2127 

2118 

3465 
2994 

3534 
3075 

3624 
3125 

3878 
2858 

2218 
2322 

3724 
3212 

3937 
2980 

2295 
2381 

3788 
3252 

3987 
3066 

2318 
2400 

4309 
3856 

4491 
3538 

2694 
2787 

4522 
4196 

4854 
3878 

2835 
2808 

Sheared  fibers  

585 
585 

340 
340 

71 
71 

do  

do 

2717 

215S 
2184 

2794 

2168 
2214 

do  

do  

do  

440 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression  :  trltimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

217.  Sassafras  offioinale  —  continued. 

387 
387 
446 
814 
814 
854 
854 
1163 
1163 

703 
703 

468 

459 
459 

324 
324 
929 
929 

30' 
30« 
120 
134 
134 

19 
19 
281 
281 
958 
958 
1036 
1036 
1049 

116 
116» 
1163 

lie5 

314 
314 

428 

133 
133 
380 
533 
533 

G.  "W.  Lettennan.  . 
do 

Alluvial  
do 

5751 
6328 
0713 
6418 
6659 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  middle  and  at  64  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Crushed   at  32  and  at  89  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Triple    flexure,   deflected  diago- 
nally. 
do 

do 

do         

Tennessee  
West  Virginia  
....do  

Nashville  
Grafton  
...do  

A.  Gattinger  
C.  G.Pringle  
....do  

Rich  

Massachusetts  
....do  

Daiivers  
...  do  

J.  Robinson  
....do  

G.  W.  Lettennan.. 
do 

Rich  loam  
....do  

4559 
5851 
6341 
6033 

9435 

8754 

10410 

8256 
8392 

7847 
8414 
5951 
6781 

7847 
8573 
9889 
8437 
8392 

8641 
8573 
7598 
6895 
5851 
4990 
7022 
5579 
9049 

11385 
9571 
7847 
9571 
10387 
10206 
7349 

6895 
7847 
6260 
7008 
7892 

Triple  flexure  

do    

Triple  flexure;   developed  inter- 
secting "Cooper  lines". 

do 

do 

do 

Coos  bay  
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  in  vicinity  of  small  knots 

Split  suddenly  from  end  to  end  
Split  suddenly;  oblique  fracture.. 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  in  vicinity  of  small  knot* 
JOJ  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  end  ;  cross-grained  

Mountain  Laurel.  California 
,Laurd.    Spice  Tree.     Cagi 
put.  California-  Olive.  Cali- 
fornia Bay  Tree. 

EUPHOEBIACE^;. 

do 

Florida 

Tipper  Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

A  H  Curtiss 

Coral 

Guiana  Plum.     White  Wood. 
219.  Dry  petes  crocea,  var.  latifolia. 

UKTICACE.&. 

...  do  

do  

....do    .. 

....do  

....do  

Dallas  
do 

-...do  

J.  Reverchon  
do 

....do  

Cedar  Elm. 

4 

223.  TTlmuB  ftilva 

do    

do 

....do  

Kentucky  
do       

Austin  

Mercer  county  .  .  . 
do    

C.Mohr  
....do  

W.  M.  Linney  
do       

....do  
....do  

Deflected  and  crushed  at  end  and 
at  102  millimeters  from  end. 

Sed  Elm.      Slippery  Elm. 
Moose  Elm. 

224.  TJlmas  Americana  

do 

Dansville  

•W.J.Beal  
G.  "W.  Lettennan  .  . 
do              ... 

Gravelly 

Crashed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

Rich,  alluvial  
do 

do     

do 

Crushed  near  middle  in  vicinity 
of  knot. 

Deflected  ;  crushed  at  middle  and 
end. 

Massachusetts  
...do  
Missouri  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
....do  
Allenton  
...  do  

Drift 

White  Elm.    American  Elm. 
Water  Elm. 

....do  

G.  W.  Lettennan  .  . 
....do  

....do  
Alluvial 

Triple  flexure;  middle  bend  ec- 
centric. 
Crushed  at  middle  ;  deflected  di- 
agonally. 
Crushed  at  knot  102  millimeters 
fiom  end. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  knot 
near  middle. 
Triple   flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
do  

Triple  flexure  ;    developed   inter- 
secting "Cooper  lines". 

Triple  flexure  ;  middle  deflection 
25  millimeters  eccentric. 
do  

Crushed  fibers  at  32  millimeters 
fn-iu  curt. 

do  ,. 

Texas  
....do  

Massachusetts  
....do  
...  do    

Colorado  river  
....do  
Danverg  
....do  

North  Reading  , 

C.Mohr  
....do  
J.  Robinson  
....do  
do         

....do  
....do  
Gravelly  
....do  

do 

Michigan  
....do  
....do..  
do  

Dansville  
Big  Rapids  
....do  

•W.  J.  Beal  
...do  
....do  
do              

....do  
...do  

Low,  gravelly  
Alluvial 

Bock  Elm.   Cork  Elm.  Hick- 
on  Elm.  White  Elm.   Cliff 
Elm. 

226.  TJlmusalata  

...do  
..do  
Tennessee  

South  Carolina.... 
..  do  
Tennessee  

do 

Crushed  at  25  and  at  114  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Triple   flexure,   deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Crushed  at  small  knot  at  middle.. 

Crushed  at  13  millimeters  knot 
at  middle. 
Triple   flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters   knot 
64  millimeters  fiom  end. 

...do  
Nashville  

Bonneau's  Depot  . 
....do  
Davidson  county  . 
Kemper's  mill  
....do  

...  do  

....do  
do       

do 

Wahoo.     Winged  Elm. 

....do  

A.  Gattingei  
C.Mohr  

....do  

....do  

....do  

Triple  flexure,     deflected    diago- 
nally. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  U!NDEK  COMPRESSION—  Continued. 


441 


!  HE,  IK   KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  1'BODUCE  AN   IKDESTATION,  IN   MILLIMETERS,  OF— 


0.25   0.51 


0.50   1.02   1.27 


1.78 


2.38 


Remarks. 


4.81   5.08 


mi 

1071 
1452 


2019 
1978 


2177 


1078 
1093 
1585 
1379 
1551 

1592 
1338 
1610 
1293 
1610 
1824 
1656 
1796 


2291  j 

1338  I 

1179 

1111 

2291 

1990 

1C78 

j 

2586 
1474 
1078 
2381 
2386 


14C8 
1442 
188! 


1111  1882 

1542  1778 

1270  2068 

1778  1960 

1275  1833 

1665  2250 


2699 
2744 


3856 


1615 
1588 
1914 
2109 
1982 
L':»U 
2014 
2068 
2368 

2971 
2926 


4854 


.1652  S670  EI2K 

3130  4500  519K 

1315  187R  2250 

2676  3393  :;B20 

2076  3856  4296 

2109  3765  4196 


1042 
1978 

2i!ir. 

21111 
2468 
2078 
2164 
2440 

30G6 
3057 


5460 

6768 

5015 


1710 
1669 
2055 
2254 

2522 
2132 
2259 
2490 

3193 
3198 


7145 

5874 


1846 
1765 
2168 

2413 


1760  | 

1710 

2123 

2350 

2377         2531 

2558  '       2621  I 

2177  j       2250 

2413         2468 

2531         25711 

3329 
3334 


3357 


1814 

1479 
1932 
2277 
2073 

2350 
1905 
1960 
1769 
1669 
1669 
2449 
2835 


2096  .      2880 


3289 
1687 
1987 
2295 
2853 
2563 
2875 

3901 
2912 
2495 
3030 
3493 


1910 
1619 
2223 
2386 
2300 

2699 
2168 
2041 
1914 
1715 
1896 
2744 
3266 
3198 

3674 
2041 

2254 
2740 
3075 
3016 
3348 

4:177 
3606 
2617 
3257 
3955 


2477  2640 

3*37  4046 

4635  4890 

4482  4744 

2032  2223 

1765  1855 

2440  2576 
2527  j   2685 

2481  2658 


2875 
2877  | 
2186  j 
2064 
1787  j 
2014  I 
WH 
3515  i 
3434 

4037 
2104 


2971 
2504 
2336 
2196 
1882 
2109 
3139 
3697 
3697 

4241 

2268 


6092 

7439 
6110 

2803 
4237 
4699 
4953 

2322 
1969 
2667 
2799 
2958 

3121 
2645 
2372 
2313 
1982 
2214 
3261 
3810 
3828 

4527 
2381 


6373 

7756 
6396 

3030 
4359 
5353 
5163 

2427 
2064 
2758 
2976 


2468 


2613    2794 


2971    3184    3402 


3266 
3198 

3620 


3452 
3366 
3842 


3638 
3556 
4073 


4677  5013  i  5243 

4092  4404  4644 

2708  2869  2SI71 

3465  3620  3810 

4264  4522  4763 


3212 
2753 
2504 
2431 
2118 
2304 
3452 
3964 
4028 

4695 
2477 
2898 
3583 
3765 
3605 
4200 


1873 
180 1 
2209 
2472 
2672 
2658 
2336 
2531 
2622 

3561 
3561 


6577 

7983 
6509 

3166 
4531 
5516 
5380 

2522 
2164 
2866 
3112 
3089 

3348 
2844 
2567  j 
2549  j 
2214 
2409 
3556 
4046 

4182: 

I 

4886 
2576 
3035 
3738 
3919 

| 

3747  ! 
4400 


1937 
1801 
2259 
2490 
2776 
2699 
2427 
2595 
2667 

3674 
3628 


6804 

8155 
6749 


J982 

1887 

2304 

2513  2884 

2862  3561 

274*  3139 

2473  2858 

2f.::5  3198 

2690  2908 


2250  2440  Sheared  fibers 

21,".  Sheared  fibers  j  split  at  end  . 

20ii*  2758  Sheared  fibers 

3121    do  

3940    do 

3334    do 

3002    do 

3538     Slight  shearing  of  fibers 


3756 
3674 


6949 


8237 


4300 
4037 


8340 

9480 
8256 


3026 

4672 
4445 


Sheared  libers. 


.do. 
.do. 


8845  ! do 


10160 
8799 


3334 
4690 
•5797    5965 
5611    5797 


2667 
2277 
2935 
3207 
3207 

3438 
2971 
2663 
2608 
2331 
2459 
3697 
4109 
4281 

5035 
2658 
3125 


3946 
4581 


1 


5557  !  5697  •  5842 

4881  |  5116  5389 

3030  |  3202  j  3293 

3992  i  4150  4287 

4937  '  5194  5358 


2744 
2859 
2994 
3266 
3334 

3529 
3057 

2744 

I 
2726 

2354  ! 
2522  j 
3774 
4281 
4468  , 

5198 

2708 

3243  i 

4019  i 

4196 

4119 

4672 


4300  4808 

5851  6192 

7212  7983 

7031  8029 

2948 
2858 


3937 
4014 

4250 
3674 


3221 
2971 
2971 
4740 
4967 
5489 


3266 


4808 
4808 
4854 
5825 


7303 
5579  6895 
3348  3860 
4400  5353 
5557  6441 


3153 


4513 


3357 
3266 
5171 
5353 

5874 


.do 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


Sheared  fibers 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 
Sheared  fibers... 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 
..do... 


.do;. 
.do. 
.do. 


Sheared  fibers. 
...do... 


Split  at  ends ;    fibers  not  sheared ;    specimen  120 
millimeters  long. 

do 


Sheared  fibers 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 

do 

...do... 


Split  at  end :  fibers  did  not  shear 

Split  at  end  ;  slight  shearing  of  fibers. 
Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 
...do... 


.do. 
.do. 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 


6123 

7689 
7621 
4196 
5806  Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 


do 

do 

Sheared  fibers. 


7235 


.do. 


387 
387 
446 
814 
814 
854 
854 
1163 
1163 

703 
703 


468 

459 
459 

324 
324 
929 
929 

30» 
30* 
120 
134 
134 

19 
19 
281 
281 
958 
958 
1036 
1036 
1049 

116 
11  «« 


314 
314 

428 

133 
133 
380 
533 
533 


442 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


\ 

Species. 

\ 

g 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com-  • 
pression:  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

758 

Florida  

Chattahoochee... 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Rich,  alluvial  

6373 

Triple  flexure 

758 

918 

75 

...  do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
C.Mohr  

G.  "W.  Lettennan 

....do  
....do  

8328 
6214 

5679 

Triple   flexure,    deflected  diago- 
nally. 
Crushed  at  38  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Sugarberry.    ffackberry. 

75 
306 

....do  
Texas  

...do  
Dallas  

...do  

Alluvial  
do    . 

6895 
5579 

ters  from  middle. 
Crushed  at  knot  51  millimeters 
from  end. 

306 

...  do  

do 

...  do          

do 

6169 

agonally. 

875 

Tennessee  

Davidson  county.  . 

A.  Gattinger  

6895 

nally. 

375 

...do  

do  

...  do    

do 

7031 

873 

Massachusetts  

Salem  

J.  Robinson  

....do  

5489 

nally. 

873 

do 

do 

do 

do 

7303 

1111 

8278 

nally. 

1111 

do     

do 

do    . 

do 

8074 

652 

6985 

millimeters  from  end. 

lata. 
Hackberry.  Palo  Blanco. 

486 

Florida  

a  ins. 
Bay  Biscayne  

C.  iS.  Sargent. 
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Coral  

3198 

at  end  and  at  102  millimeters 
from  end. 

486 

...do  

do  

....do  

do 

1996 

508 

....do  

Boca  Chica  Key  .  . 

...  do  

do    .. 

4491 

meters  from  end. 

Wild  Fig.  India-rubber  Tree. 

132 

Missouri  

G.  W.  L«tterman.. 

8754 

Red,  Mulberry. 

132 

...do    

...  do  

....do  

do 

8483 

meters  from  end. 

433 

Nashville 

do 

6827 

fleeted  diagonally. 

1241 
1245 
1246 
1255 
1255 

Missouri  
....do  
....do."  
....do  
...do  

Allenton  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

G.  W.  Lettennan.. 
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

Upland  
....do  
....do  
Rich  
....do  

6056 
6169 
5987 
5829 
5661 

millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  from 
end  in  vieinity  of  small  knots. 
Triple  flexure  

Triple   flexure,    deflected  diago- 
nally. 
Triple  flexure  

253 

Texas 

Dallas 

14107 

Osage  Orange.    Sois  d'Arc. 

253 

...do  

....do  

...  do  

....do  

11771 

ing,  50°. 

PLATANACE.E. 

21 

C.  S.  Sargent  

Drift    ..           

6759 

Hycamore.     Button     Wood. 
Button-ball  Tree.      Water 

21 

..  do     

.      do 

...  do  .  .  . 

do 

5579 

meters  from  end. 

Seech. 

126 

126 

Missouri  
....do  

Allenton  
...do  

G.  W.Lett  erman.. 
do  

Rich,  alluvial  
do   . 

8233 
8256 

meters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

686 

California  

G.  R.  Vasey  . 

Clav 

4491 

meters  from  end. 

Sycamore.    Button  Wood. 

686 

.    do 

do 

.  do 

do 

5888 

from  end  and  split  along  grain. 

237.  Platanns  Wrightii    .  .     . 

648 

5398 

Xycamore. 

648 

...  do  

ains. 
do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

do  

5058 

nally. 

JUGLANDACE.3;. 

16 

C  S  Sargent 

Drift 

6169 

Butternut.    Whit*  Walnut. 

16 

....do  

do    

...  do    

..  do    

6396 

ters  from  end. 

76 

G.  "W.  Lettennan 

Moist  alluvial 

7621 

end. 

76 
76> 
123 
145 
393 

....do  
....do'  
Michigan  
Illinois  

...  do  
...  do  
Dansviile  
Waukegan  

....do  
...do  
W.  J.  Beal  
Eobert  Douglas... 
\V  J  Beal 

....do  

Rich,    moist    np- 
land. 
Gravelly  clay  

Alluvial  

7666 
6849 
6123 
5080 
4150 

end. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  ISmillimetersfrom  mid- 
dle and  at  38  millimeters  from  end. 

1057 

Drift 

6373 

end  and  at  end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


443 


^Direction  of  grain. 

PBKSSL'BK,  IK  KIUHMIAM8,  REQUIRED  TO  PRODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MTLLIMETKRS,  Of— 

Remarks. 

| 

9.98 

0.51  0.76 

1.02 

1.27 

1.53 

1.7$ 

2.03 

2.38 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1397 
1406 
1134 

1415 
1408 
2608 

mi 

1724 
1740 
1610 
1751 
1G06 
1573 

2223 

933 

040 

075 

1751 
1769 

11196 
11)41 
1633 

1860 
2041 
3493 
2404 
2699 
3039 
2703 
2749 
2812 
2903 

3493 

817 
907 

1080 

2440 
1876 

2254 
2141 
1769 

1987 
9340 

3819 
3003 
3107 
8883 
3016 
3026 
3243 
33:19 

3946 

862 
980 

1243 

2699 
2753 

2386 
2350 
1796 

2123 
2427 
4037 
3216 
3402 
3865 
3175 
3320 
2970 
3620 

4200 

880 
1030 

1329 

2840 
2880 

2549 
2481 
1973 

2232 
2576 
4327 
3488 
3583 
4073 
3393 
3565 
3574 
3910 

4373 

885 
1075 

1905 

2926 
2989 

2749 
2622 

2858 
2744 
2109 

2459 
2799 
4735 
3869 
3951 
4450 
8715 
3974 
3742 
4309 

4699 

894 
1161 

2064 

3102 
3266 

2994 
2830 
2182 

2563 
2F94 
4899 
4033 
4105 
4617 
3924 
4119 
3837 
4527 

4994 

894 
1175 

2123 

3266 
3334 

3107 
2971 
2245 

2640 
3016 
4980 
4209 
4264 
4817 
4064 
4314 
3887 
4626 

5071 

898 
1211 

2191 

3320 
3479 

3212 
3094 
2318 

2722 
4080 
5180 
4341 
4350 
4944 
4110 
4445 
3946 
4758 

5262 

903 
1229 

2313 

3393 
3543 

3924 
3810 
2699 

4355 

4273 
2903 

Sheared  fibers       

758 
758 
918 

75 
75 
306 
306 
375 
375 
873 
873 
1111 
1111 

652 

486 
486 

508 

132 
132 

Sheared  fibers        

2341 
2672 
4531 
3683 
3837 
4332 
3562 
3742 
3629 
4069 

4536 

885 
1116 

2019 

3062 
3116 

3652 
6237 
5421 
5216 
5851 
4877 
5126 
4649 
5670 

6078 

993 
1429 

2694 

3833 
4037 

6940 
6033 
5829 
6396 
5307 
5625 

do         ...             .  . 

do     

.  do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers   

6192 
6350 

1039 
1479 

2840 

4105 
4518 

do               ...  . 

do 

do 

do  

1 

1524 
1060 
1905 
1960 
1905 

2903 
2586 

1678 
1492 
1202 
1565 

1039 
753 

1134 
934 

998 
1089 
793 
1025 
839 
70S 
749 
408 
1021 

1!)73 
2640 
231:1 
2640 
2313 

5080 
4740 

2105 
1982 
2404 
2136 

1365 
1071 

1656 
1338 

1542 
1452 
1098 
1257 
1293 
998 
1179 
508 
1701 

2078 

2790 
.  2531 
2790 
2531 

5670 
5421 

2331 

2177 
2858 
2277 

ir.oi 

1157 

1855 
1433 

1588 
1506 

1134 
1301 
1361 
1102 
1315 
599 
1860 

2168 
2926 
2676 
2926 
2676 

5720 
5606 

2486 
2341 
3039 

2377 

1579 
1257 

19S7 
1520 

1669 
1542 
1202 

1474 
1433 
1134 
1406 
617 
1946 

2218 
3016 
2875 
3016 
2875 

5761 
5851 

2622 
2440 
3085 
2440 

1665 
1306 

2114 
1619 

1742 
1610 
1257 
1015 
1479 
1170 
1460 
635 
2023 

2286 
3184 
306S 
3184 
3066 

6010 
6069 

2703 
2581 
3134 
2549 

1746 
1393 

2191 
1683 

1801 
1678 
1306 
1656 
1592 
1211 
1492 
667 
2078 

2409 
3248 
3252 
3248 
3252 

6019 

6214 

2880 
2527 
3289 
2635 

1814 
1479 

2263 
1765 

1833 
1719 
1343 
1710 
1637 
1243 
1588 
690 
2127 

2481 
3379 
3515 
3379 
3515 

6192 
6396 

2985 
2885 
3348 
2708 

1846 
1533 

2359 
1842 

1905 
1769 
1356 
1751 
1710 
1266 
1628 
708 
2173 

2608 
3534 
3652 
3534 
3652 

6328 
6432 

3094 
2985 
3429 
2762 

1901 
1578 

2404 
1887 

1987 
1810 
1393 
1783 
1769 
1297 
1669 
717 
2223 

2681 
3674 
3715 
3674 
3715 

6423 
6577 

3166 
3066 
3488 
2826 

1978 
1628 

2495 
1932 

2037 
1860 
1461 
1846 
1833 
1302 
1715 
739 
2268 

3157 
4309 
4445 
4309 
4445 

7167 
6985 

3107 
3583 
3788 
3289 

2313 

2019 

2894 
2313 

2381 
2127 
1669 
2087 
2168 
1479 
1996 
866 
2481 

3820 
4786 
4944 
4786 
4944 

7608 
6895 

4423 
4082 
3946 

1244 
1245 
1246 
1255 
1255 

253 
253 

21 
21 
126 
126 

686 
686 

648 

648 

1« 
16 

76 
76 
76' 
123 
145 
393 
1057 

.do  

do  

do 

do   ..       ..            

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  along  grain  from  end  to  end  

2486 
2200 

3044 
2540 

2590 
2291 
1792 

2381 
1633 

934 
2626 

do     ...     

do  

do 

do           

do        

do   .        

do  

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  

do              

444 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Specie*. 

1 

a 

1 
O 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

112 

Allenton  

G.W.  Letterman.. 

Alluvial  

9020 

Crushed  at  middle  

Black  Walnut. 

117 
318 

Michigan  
..  do  

Dansville  

W.  J.  Beal  
....do  

Gravelly  

9957 

9095 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

325 

Texas 

Dallas  

Alluvial 

8346 

407 

S.  H.  Pook  

9934 

middle. 

766 

Florida 

yard. 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

Clav 

9979 

middle. 

766 

...do     . 

....do  

....do  

.  do              

9684 

tern  from  middle. 

951 

Texas 

C.  Mohr  

8301 

951 

do 

do 

do 

do 

9662 

end. 

415 

Alluvial 

5942 

end. 

Walnut. 

415 

.do 

ains. 
...  do  

do    . 

6532 

672 

G.  B.  Vasey  

do 

8256 

tion. 

241.  Carya  olivseformis  

672 
322 

....do  

county. 
...  do  

Greenville  

....do  
C.Mohr  

....do  
do    

7258 
6940 

end. 
Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 

Split  at  ends    

Pecan.    Illinois  Nut. 

322 

.    do    .. 

.  .  do  

do  

do 

8256 

326 

Texas 

Dallas  

do 

6033 

secting  "Cooper  lines". 

326 

do 

do 

do 

do 

6577 

242.  Carya  alba 

3 

C.  S.  Sargent  .  ... 

Drift 

9095 

ii  ally. 

Shell-bark  Hickory.     Shag- 
bark  Hickory. 

3 

do  

...  do  

do              .     . 

8301 

wood  ;  dt-flected  from  sap  side. 

292 

Danville  

W.  M.  Linney  

Shale 

8868 

118* 

W  3  Beal     

Clav 

11431 

near  middle;  sap-wood. 

118» 

....do  

....do  

do          .  . 

11567 

152 

G.  "W.  Letterman  . 

10160 

end. 

249 

Wytheville 

H  Shriver 

Clay 

10478 

middle. 

249 

..  do  

do    

do  

do 

9934 

do         '                    

531 

C.Mohr  

Alluvial 

10342 

531 

do    

....do  

....do  

do          .  . 

8890 

middle. 

539 

....do  

....do  

...  do  

...  do  

10660 

Crushed  at  38  and  at  70  millimeters 

539 
816 

....do    
"West  Virginia 

...do  
Grafton 

....do  
C  G  Pringle 

....do  
do 

10514 
11904 

from  end. 
Crushed  near  middle  

816 

do 

do 

do 

11022 

end. 

1056 

Topsfield 

9026 

middle. 

1056 

....do  

do  

...do  .. 

do     . 

8609 

nally  toward  heart;  80  per  cent, 
sap-wood. 
Triple    flexure,    deflected  diago- 

1097 

G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 

Alluvial 

10015 

nally  ;  90  per  cent,  sap-  wood 

243.  Carya  Bulrata  

91* 

W.  M.  Linuey  .  .  . 

do 

end  ;  45  per  cent,  sap-wood. 

Big  Shea-bark.  Bottom  Shell- 
bark. 

383 

G.  "W.  Letterman 

do 

8301 

383 

....do  

...'do  

do    

...  do 

7802 

cent,  sap-wood  on  concave  side. 
Triple  flexure  ;  80  per  cent,  sap- 

391 

do  

do     

.    do       

do 

9707 

wood  on  convex  side. 

391 

do  ..  .  . 

do 

do               

do 

9571 

wood  on  concave  side. 

1082 

....do  

do  

do  

..  do       

7983 

Triple  flexure  ;  50  per  cent,  sap- 

1082 

do  

do  

.  do   

do 

8369 

wood. 
Triple  flexure  •  5  per  cent,  sap- 

1164 

.  do 

do 

do 

do 

10592 

wood. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 

1165 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8845 

end. 
Crushed  at  95  millimeters  from 

244.  Carya  tomentosa  

1166 
1170 

72 

...do  
do  

....do  
....do  

...  do  
...  do  

...  do  
....do  

8981 
9231 

8603 

end  and  split  along  grain. 
Triple  flexure;   95  per  cent,  sap- 
"  wood. 
Crushed   at   6    millimeters   from 
end  ;  sap-wood. 

Hacker  Nut.     Blaok  Hickory. 
Bull  Nut.    Big-bud   Hick- 
ory.    White-Mart  Hickory. 
Kmg  Nut. 

72 

...do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

8981 

do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


445 


0.35   <>..>•   O.76   1.O3   I.3T   1.53 

I 

5 


1 452  2268 

ir.lid  2223 

1746  2076 

1769  2740 

1338  1851 

1470  1951 

•JS12  3701 

1W>:.  2903 
1769  :   2667 


2518  2672 

2395  2481  ' 

2MI4  3071 

U921  3221 

19C9  2073 

2449  2713 

39CD  4082 


2890 
2740 
3302 


2767 

2576 

3212 

3388  :   :i507 

2195  j   2250 

2890    3003 


3212 


3438 

3175 


•J019 
953 
10.!'; 
117(1 

1951 
I  Big 
794 
I7W 


3470 
1928 
1941 


3924    419B  : 

224.r.    2486 


2214 
2468  : 

2!«7  3289 
3221  3878 
1S82  2404 


3039 


3447 


2336 
2576 

3450 
4173 
2744 
3674 


4255 
3638 
3338 

4336 
2200 
2440 
2C58 


4377 
3797 
3502 

4500 
2830 
2545 
2749 


2200  3357  3847  ;  40tiO 
~— 

•J14S  410f,  4536  5035 

-!.')  .1(142  4581  ,  5080 

-.24.-.  2711!  :;2ii:i  B820 

221).",  :;2Ci  3615  3837 


3652  3765 

4423  4753 

2971  3103 

3810  4037 

4363  4559 

5239  5534 

5353  5652 

3819  3983 

4014  4150 


DUCK  AS  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETRES,  OF— 

Kemarka. 

1 

l.»8 

3.03 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.08 

2985 
2776 
3497 
3783 
2359 
3121 
4568 
3978 
3GD7 

4604 
2953 
2022 
2808 

3905 
4944 
3202 
41  «6 

4717 
5851 

3089 
2849 
3579 
3887 
2427 
3253 
4649 
4118 
3783 

4740 
3039 
2713 
2912 

4028 
5080 
3366 
4354 

4877 
6078 

3184 
2912 
3710 
3955 
2504 
3393 
4749 
4264 
3969 

MM 

3153 

27«2 
2976 

4119 
5398 

.8447 
4436 

5035 
6250 

3266 
2985 
38C9 
4042 
2545 
3456 
47119 
4432 
4128 

4931 
3289 
2894 
3035 

4228 
5557 
3538 
4672 

5180 
6419 

3561 
3447 
441)0 
4423 
2980 
41'JS 
54t9 
5216 
4899 

5625 
3882 
3289 
3438 

4990 
6192 
4105 

5285 

6078 
7303 

3924 
3615 
4740 

Sheared  fibers  

112 
117 
318 
325 
407 
766 
766 
951 
951 

415 
415 
672 
672 

322 
322 
326 
326 

3 
3 

..  .    do 

do 

3130 

4536 
5738 
5897 
5534 

6078 

Sheared  fibers 

do  

Sheared   fibers;   indented  section  includes  two  2 
millimeters  knots. 

3538 
3742 

do  

Sheared  fibers    

Sli.cbt  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  shaky  stick. 

4400 
5942 

6668 
7756 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  60  per  cent,  sap-wood  
do  

5851 
4150 
4346 


5978 

I 

4281 
4482 


6260 
4427 
4554 


6373 
4491 
4695 


7439 
5239 
5058 


7938  Indented  without  shearing  fibers ;  sap-wood 
5706  Sheared  fibers ;  splitatend 
5376  Sheared  fibers 


29  • 
118 
118 


1406 
2813 

2019 

1429 

2404 

1656 

1505  i 

1657 

J7W 

2994 
2631 

1837 
3062 


2699 
40(iO 
3130 
2005 
3302 
2576 
2613 
2590 
4014 

4264 
3992 

3311 
462C 


3207 
4300 
3783 
3171 
3652 
2926 
2939 
3016 
4513 

4649 
4626 

3765 
5171 


3529 
4559 
4173 
3620 
3851 
3103 
3103 
3198 
4917 

4985 
5071 

3924 
5579 


3797 
4717 
4495 
3933 
3978 
3293 
3243 
33C6 
5149 

5353 
5389 

4060 
5965 


3955 
4886 
4786 
4164 
4287 
3502 
3447 
3511 
5421 

5670 
5715 

4205 
6250 


4146 
5017 
4944 
4364 
4495 
3652 
3529 
3661 
5575 

5920 
5851 

4341 
6555 


4355 
5189 
5167 
4608 
4695 
3756 
3652 
3710 
5761 

6214 
6033 

4427 
6E49 


4463 
5294 
5394 
4744 
4808 
3978 
3765 
3797 
5987 

6477 
6123 

4617 
7212 


5452 
5534 
4844 
4940 
4105 
3882 
3887 
6114 

6704 
6396 

4726 
7439 


5398 
6486 


6804 


5715 
5579 
4854 
4536 
4527 
7417 

7825 
7439 

5489 

8437 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 
..  do... 


249 
249 


5398 
4944 
4877 
8142 

8754 
7825 

5693 
9163 


Fibers  did  not  shear ;  split  along  grain 531 

Fibers  did  not  shear;  splitatend 1    531 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

...do... 


539 
539 
816 
816 
Indented  without  shearing  fibers ;  sap-wood 1056 

1056 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  40  per  cent,  sap-wood 


Sheared  fibers ;  90  per  cent,  sap-wood  . 
Sheared  fibers ;  85  per  cent,  sap-wood. 


1097 
91' 


2132 
3334 
2245 
1497 
2200 


3837 
4355 
3697 
3003 
2790 


1769    2495 


2381 
2381 

3107 
2118 


3810 
3493 

4037 
3221 


4346 

4854 

I 
4241  ' 

3470  i 

4055 

2744 

4332 

3819 

4336 
3701 


4563 
5239 
4559 
3774 
4382 
2840 
4626 
4073 

4!>27 
3910 


4967 
5751 
4817 
3847 
4581 
3016 
4831 
4255 

4708  | 
4128  ! 


5243 
5707 
5013 
4209 
4872 
3085 
5080 
4509 

4976 
4291 


5516 
6159 
5162 
4495 
5058 
3289 
5271 
4690 

5162 

4482 


5670 
6341 
5398 
4649 
5203 
3425 
5421 
4877 

5294 
4626 


5756 
6532 
5525 
4863 
5298 
3479 
5579 
4985 

5475 
4790 


5987 
6704 
5756 
5058 
5280 
3529 
5806 
5116 

5652 
4908 


7031 
7825 
6895 
6101 
6441 
4037 
6940 
0033 

6068 
5761 


7576 
8618 
7530 
6691 
6713 
4491 
7576 
6782 

7145 
6509 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 
..  do... 


Fibers  did  not  shear 

Fibers  sheared ;  80  per  cent,  sap-wood 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  80  per  cent,  sap-wood 
Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  sap-wood 


Sheared  fibers  ;  sap-wood 
..do... 


391 
1082 
1082 
1164 
1165 
1166 
1170 

72 
72 


446 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 

1 

1 
O 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  rltiraate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

244.  Carya  tomentosa—  continued  .  . 

254 

289 
348 

0 
6 
88 
88 
121 
288 
442 
538 
1051 

1168 
1168 

153 
153 
838 
838 

237 
237 

129 
362 

362 
740 
740 
917 
917 

586 

665 
665 

8 
8 
32 
32> 
323 
49 
49 
49> 
49' 
493 
113 
113' 
113* 

G.  W.  Letterman  . 
do              ...     . 

11249 

9103 
9367 

81C5 
9095 
10934 
9889 
9117 
8754 

Triple  flexure  ;  middle  deflection 
.  ~>    millimeters    eccentric;    0.5 
aap*irood. 
Crushed  at  13  millimeters   knot 
102  millimeters  from  end. 
Ttiple    diagonal    flexure;      sap- 
wood. 

Failed  at  knot  at  middle;  80  per 
cent,  sap-wood. 
Crushed  at  32  millimeters  from 
end. 

do    

...do  

do    . 

Citronolle  

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

C.Mohr  

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Sandy 

Massachusetts  
do 

Drift 

Pig  Nut.     ISrown  Hickory. 
Black  Hickory.       Switch- 
bud  Hickory. 

*. 

do 

Missouri  
....do  

Michigan  
Missouri  
Tennessee  

Allentou  
....do  
Dansville  
Allcnton  
Nashville  
Kemper's  mill  
North  Heading  

Allenton  
....do  

G.  "W.  Letterman  . 
....do  
\V.  J.  Bcal  
G.  "W.  Letterman 
A.  Gattinger  —  . 
C.Mohr  
J.  Robinson  

G.  W.  Letterman. 
do    

Rich  loam  

....do  

Gravelly  clay  
Rich  loam  

Triple  flexure,  diagonal  direction; 
sap-wood. 
Triple  flexure;  middle  deflection 
20  millimeters  from  center. 

Upland  

8S45 
10424 
9526 

8392 
8392 

Triple  fle\ure  ... 

Alluvial         ..   . 

do  .   . 

Massachusetts  

Drift  

Flinty  
do    

Triple  flexure  ;  middle  deflection 
2f>  millimeters  from  center;  0.2 
sap-wood. 
Triple  flexure  ;  sap-wood  

do      

...do  

do 

do 

do 

8210 
9117 
7983 
8119 

9253 
11158 

8437 
7280 

7439 
9208 
7892 
6509 
7666 

7122 

7983 
9049 

5579 
5353 
91  C3 
8074 

Triple    flexure,   deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  25 
millimeters  from  middle. 
Triple  tlexure  

Bitter  Nut.  Swamp  Hickory. 

do 

.   .  do  

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
....do  

South  Carolina  
do 

Danvers  
...do  

Bonneau's  Depot  - 
do    

J.  Robinson  
...do  

H.  \V.  Ravenel  .  .  . 
do 

Rich  loam  
....do  

Rich,  swampy  
do 

do  

Crushed  at  knots  near  middle  

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
middle;  cross-grained. 

Triple    flexure,    diagonal   deflec- 
tion: 80  per  cent,  sap-wood  on 
convex  side. 
Triple    flexure,   deflected  diago- 
nally ;  middle  bend  25  millime- 
ters from  center  ;  sap-wood. 
Triple  flexure  ;  sap-wood  

Fibers  crushed  at  102  millimeters 
from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  6  millimeters 
knots  102  millimeters  from  end. 
Triple    flexure,  diagonal    deflec- 
tion. 
Fibers  crushed  at  64  millimeters 
from  end. 

Niltmeg  Hickory. 

248.  Carya  aqnatica  
Water    Hickory.       Swamp 
Hickory.    Bitter  Pecan. 

MYBICACE-a:. 

...do  

....do  
Vicksburg  
do 

....do  
C.Mohr  
do 

Swampy  

do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do 

Alluvial  
do 

do 

do 

Florida  

Chattahoochce  .... 
....do  

Saint  John's  river 

C.Mohr  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

G.  1  :  n  _  >  •!  maim  and 
C.  8."Sargent. 

....do  
....do  

....do  

....do  
California 

Bayberry.     Wax  myrtle. 
250.  Myrica  Californica           .    

Crashed  fibers  at  51  millimeters 
from  middle. 

CUPTJLIFER.a5. 

do 

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
...  do    

Arnold  Arboretum 
do  

Drift 

Deflected  and  split  along  grain  .  .  . 
Triple  flexure;  split  along  grain  .. 

White  Oak. 

...  do  

do  

Mercer  county  

W.M.  Linney  
do 

Limestone  
Shale       .     . 

do 

do   

....do  

..  do  

....do  
G.W.  Letterman.. 
...do    
....do  
....do  
....do  
TV.  J.  Beal  
....do  
....do  

Slate  
Rich  upland  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
Gravelly  
Sandy  
....do  

7779 
9163 
7702 
8437 
7825 
8301 
6781 
8437 
7303 

Triple  flexure  19  millimeters  from 

end. 

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
...do  
...do  
Big  Rapids  
Dansville  

..do  

i 

Triple    flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 

....do  
....do  

do  

Triple    flexure,    deflected  diago- 
nally. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UKDEll  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


447 


t 

«•- 

o 

g 

! 
p 

i 

PKKSBUI1E,  IX  KI1.OCKASIS,  ItKQl'lKKll  TO  1'KODUCK  AN  ISDEKTATIOK,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

1 

0.25 

O.51 

0.70 

1.02 

4481 

3756 
4445 

4854 
3810 
5370 
5307 
2132 

1.27 

1.52 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

I.M 

5.08 

MM 

2268 

•j;::.u 

L'54U 
I:  D5 
2048 
2!I71 
1170 

3788 

3243 
8742 

4119 
3198 

4400 
4413 
17CO 

4246 

3547 
4150 

4559 
3011 
4990 
4090 
1928 

4662 

3983 
4602 

sin 

4073 
5661 
5602 
2259 

4831 

4200 
4831 

5307 
4300 
5924 
5800 
2413 

5013 

4332 
5013 

5512 

4527 
0105 
6010 
2531 

5149 

4486 
5216 

5670 
4072 
6386 
6169 
2613 

5280 

4604 
5421 

5851 
4854 
6577 
0341 
2703 

5412 

4708 

5588 

5933 
4980 
6759 
6568 
2849 

6305 

6623 

254 

289 
348 

6 
6 
88 
88 
12J 
288 
442 
538 
1051 

1168 
1168 

153 

153 
838 

838 

237 

237 

129 
362 

362 

740 
740 
917 
917 

586 

665 
665 

8 
8 
32 
32* 
32« 
49 
49 
49' 
49" 
49* 
113 
113» 
US' 

Sheared  fibera;  split  at  end;  specimen  120  millime- 
ters long. 
Sheared  fibers  ;  sap-wood  

6509 
6782 

7167 

7167 
6159 
8523 
8483 
3583 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  40  per  cent,  sap-wood  
do... 

7802 
7756 
3348 

Fibers  did  nut  shear  ;  sap-wood  

.do.... 

m 

H 

2041 
3130 
2586 

2041 
2449 

1315 
2032 
2132 
1111 

1792 
2812 

1474 
2890 

2109 
2449 
2590 
1678 
1406 

1293 

1325 
1474 

1343 
2041 
2404 
1384 
1951 
1542 
1951 
1442 
2313 
2313 
»97  j 
1678  i 
1515 

3583 
4473 
4173 

3742 
4173 

2744 
3130 
2904 
2789 

3674 
4082 

2667 
4459 

3366 
4028 
4028 
2903 
2608 

1973 

2449 
2232 

1946 
3239 

3588 
2041 
2563 
2767 
3357 
2722 
3221 
3293 
1774 
2486 
2:M1 

4191 
5017 
4717 

4281 
4C95 

3379 
3484 
3811 
3397 

4486 
4409 

3089 
4990 

3633 
4740 
4572 
3221 
3026 

2132 

2707 
2518 

2059 
3388 
4042 
2291 
3035 
3130 
8484 
3057 
3456 
3556 
1932 
2694 
2513 

4527 
5294 
5035 

4527 
4926 

3697 
3751 
3475 
3797 

4899 
4667 

3420 
5285 

3910 
5225 
5013 
3465 
3216 

2223 

2976 
2713 

2218 
3488 
4445 
2440 
3266 
3329 
3751 
3311 
3583 
3P01 
2050 
2890 
2581 

4831 
5525 
5307 

4049 
5149 

3828 
4073 
3020 
3992 

5194 
4890 

3538 
5470 

4057 
5479 
5316 
3583 
3339 

2304 

3198 

2835 

2313 
3570 
4808 
2563 
3379 
3552 
3946 
3E06 
3738 
3909 
2109 
3012 
2654 

5058 
5738 
5557 

4899 
5262 

4032 
4350 
3751 
4296 

5421 
5198 

3720 
5851 

4196 
5690 
5625 
3738 
3475 

2486 

3348 
2926 

2354 
3633 
5080 
2699 
3447 
3774 
4114 
3701 
3865 
4173 
2168 
3207 
2713 

5285 
5969 
5779 

5067 
5579 

4146 

4427 
3910 

4527 

5634 
5389 

3915 
6023 

4386 
5946 
5887 
3819 
3593 

2545 

3479 
3057 

2499 
3742 
5330 
2867 
3583 
3837 
4332 
3937 
3978 
4309 
2263 
3298 
2776 

5516 
6149 
5933 

5248 
5770 

4314 
4672 
4037 
4681 

5738 
5525 

3974 
6101 

4522 
6214 
6023 
3910 
3620 

2649 

3615 
3130 

2581 
3842 
5539 
2980 
3692 
4119 
4495 
4105 
4110 
4495 
2400 
3397 
2890 

5702 
6314 
6159 

5512 
5878 

4445 
4804 
4150 
4904 

5996 
5715 

4223 
6310 
4672 

5883 
6382 
0373 

5606 
6069 

4545 
4895 
4219 
5035 

6164 
5851 

4296 
6423 

4877 
6509 
6419 
4119 
3738 

2758 

3797 
3379 

2722 
4046 
5906 
3139 
3819 
4409 
4872 
4482 
4296 
4826 
2427 
3588 
3075 

6849 
7521 
7485 

6509 
7031 

5376 
5738 
4980 

7303 
8047 
8097 

7054 
7648 

5851 
6292 
5489 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers..  . 

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  

do  

7303 
6895 

4831 
7190 

5693 
7553 
7553 
4672 
4219 

3311 

4400 
3847 

3166 
4445 
6713 

8006 
7394 

5479 
7756 

6169 
7892 
8210 
5035 
4513 

3706 

4740 

4173 

3529 

4672 
7212 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

Sheared  fibers 

6292 
3983 
3697 

2713 

3710 

3257 

2672 
3951 
5711 
3075 
3729 
4268 
4672 
4309 
4200 
4686 
2368 
3481 
3030 

do 

do 

do 

do..  . 

Sheared  fibers;  3  millimeters  knot  in  indented  sec- 
tion. 

do  

do  

do  

4219 
5080 
5851 
8282 
4922 
5670 
2740 
4219 
3434 

4653 

5987 
5579 
5353 
6056 
2953 
4513 
3810 

Sheared  fibers           .  . 

do  

do 

do 

do  

4-13 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

251.  Qnercna  alba—  continued  

238 
238 
250 
250 
251 
251 
259> 
259» 
403 
403 
443 
547 
647 
748 
749 
749 
895 

895 
1050 
1050 
1257 
1257 

670 
670 

985 
985 
988 
988 
1027 
1027 
1029 
1029 

371 
37» 
151 
151 
256 
351 
351 
771 
771 

417 
417 
525 
525 

79 
79s 

South  Carolina  
....do  

Bonneau's  Depot  - 
....do  

H.  W.  Eaveuel  .  .  . 
...do  

Kich,  damp  loam  .  . 
do  

10024 
9617 
10026 
9889 
7576 
6940 
9730 
8437 
8799 
9049 
6532 
8890 
9526 
8663 
8119 
7847 
7621 

6396 
7485 
7303 
9480 
8392 

7053 
6532 

7892 
8256 

262.  Qnercns  lobata  

C  rualicd  at  89  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  13  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  middle;  split  perpen- 
dicular to  i  ings. 
Crushed  on  one  face  at  25  milli- 
meters from  middle. 
Crushed  at  1C  millimeters   knot 
51  millimeters  from  cml. 

Virginia  .  .  . 

Wvtheville  

H.  Shriver     .  .. 

Clay. 

....do  

...  do  ... 

do    .. 

.    do 

....do  

.  do 

do 

....do  

do  

do  

....do  
...  .do  
Maryland  

....do  
t 
....do  

CharlestoTvn  Navy- 
yard. 
do 

..do  
....Uo  
S.  H.  Pook     .  .  . 

Gravelly  
....do  

do  

Fibers  crushed  in  oblique  lines 
at  middle  and  at  ends. 
Fibers  crushed  at  32  millimeters 
from  end. 
Deflected  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  ;  split  at  end. 
Triple    flexure;  middle   bend  25 
millimeters  from  center. 
do  

Crushed  fibers  at  32  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple    flexure,   deflected   diago- 
nally. 
Triple   flexure,   deflected    diago- 
nally: knot  at  middle. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end;  split  from  end  to  end  per- 
pendicular to  rings. 
Split  from  end  to  end,  opening 
sensou  cracks. 
Crushed  fibers  at  32  millimeters 
from  <  nd. 

....do  

...do 

Nashville  

A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  

Alabama  

Alluvial 

...do  
Florida 

...do  

Cbattahoochee  
...do  
do 

..  do  
A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
...do  
do 

....do  
Clay  
....do  
do 

...do  
....do  

Massachusetts  
....do. 

M.  C.Beedle  
do 

....do  
...do  ... 

North  Beading  .  .  . 
do    .. 

do 

Charlestown  Navy. 
yard. 
...  do    

S.  H.  Pook  

do 

do  

Crushed  fibers  at  32  millimeters 
from  end. 

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knots 
31  millimeters  from  <  ml. 
Crushed  at  end  in  vicinitj  of  knots  . 

Triple  flexure  ;  bearing  defective. 
do 

Redding 

G.E.  Vasey  
do 

Gravelly  loam  
do 

White  Oak.     Weeping  Oak. 
253.  Quercus  Garryanr.  

do     . 

do 

"Weidler's  saw-mill 
...  do    

G.  Engclmannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

White  Oak. 
254.  Quercus  obtusiloba  

..  do  

...  do  
....do  

Portland  
....do  

....do  
do  

Rick  loam  
do  

7847 
7430 
8483 
8483 
8754 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  toward 
heart. 
Triple    flexure,    deflected     from 
heart. 
Crushed  at  127  millimeters  from 
end  and  split  along  grain. 

....do  
do    

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 
do 

.    do 

do 

....do  

....do  

...do 

do 

....do  

...do 

do 

7530 

7462 
6541 
10002 
8799 
8437 
6078 
6305 
8618 
7870 

7439 

do 

Harrodsburg  
....do  
Bonneau's  Depot  .  . 
....do  
Allen  ton  
Citronelle  
do 

W.M.  Linney  
....do  
H.  W.  Eavenel  
....do  
G.  "W.  Letterman.. 
C.Mohr  
do 

Shale 

do 

Post  Oak.    Iron  Oak. 

255.  Quercus  uudulata,  car.  Gam- 
belli. 
Scrub  Oak. 

256.  Qnercus  macrocarpa  
Burr  Oak.  Mossy-cup  Oak. 
Over-cup  Oak. 

....do  

South  Carolina  ... 
....do  
Missouri  
Alabama  ...  . 

...do  
Rich  upland  
...do  
Clay  
...do  
do 

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 
Triple  flexure  

do  
do  
Triple  flexure  ;  split  along  grain.  . 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  and  split  along  grain. 
Cruslic'l    at  G    millimeters   knot 
102  millimeters  from  end. 

..  do    ... 

Florida 

A.  H.  Curtias  
...do  

Gravelly  barrens  . 
...do  

...  do  

....do  

Pinos  Altos  mount- 
ains, 
do 

do     

....do       

do 

7961 
CC91 
4581 

8392 
8119 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Triple  flexure;  split  along  urain.  . 

Crushed  at  knots  32  millimeters 
from  middle  (dry  rot). 

Engelmaun's  canon 
....do  

Mercer  county  
....do  

Robert  Douglas.  .  . 
...do  

W.  M.  Linney  
...do  

Rocky 

....do  

Kentucky  
....do  

....do  

Alluvial  
....do  

do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


4.49 


Direction  of  {train,  j 

PKEBBUKE,  IN  KILOOBAM6,  11EQUIKEU  TO  FKOUUCK  AX  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF  — 

lie-marks. 

Office  number. 

•.90 

0.51 

o.re 

1.O3 

Lit 

1.52 

l.rs  3.03 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.0S 

2744 
1633 
2008 
1633 
2313 
1438 
1860 
1882 
2189 
1483 
1996 
•J427 
1951 
989 
MM 
IMS 
2109 

1179 
2H13 
1941 
1438 
2223 

1384 
18*) 

2313 
2041 
4482 
189fi 
2214 
1588 
18% 
883 

2245 
I92S 

3357 
1619 
2123 
KSt 

1547 
2250 
240.-> 

1778 
I860 
2032 
2291 

2141 
2214 

29 

3574 
2341 

::447 

2200 
3085 
3815 
2767 
2495 
2449 
1087 
2980 
3130 
2812 
1969 
3579 
2604 
3311 

1951 

3639 
2699 
2985 
2858 

2233 
2459 

3352 
2998 
3493 
2C76 
3797 
2767 
3833 
2295 

3284 
3375 
4563 
2076 
3379 
3810 
2449 
3479 
3928 

2971 
2785 
3447 
3747 

2803 
3057 
FOR 

4014 
2617 
3760 
2504 
3311 

3016 
2829 

2753 
2208 

3071 
3402 
3134 
2631 
3974 
2967 
3311 

2186 
4001 
3039 
5212 
3289 

2581 
2685 

3615 
3289 
3742 
2794 
4119 
3302 
4110 
2812 

3515 
3983 
5017 
3316 
3842 
4237 
2WJ 
3887 
4400 

3257 
3112 
3833 
4146 

3021 
3334 

4250 
2880 
4019 
2703 
3447 
2567 
3357 
2849 
2948 
2023 
3162 
3633 
3429 
2976 
4341 
3248 
3389 

2336 
4300 
3284 
3447 
3470 

2799 
2862 

3837 
3434 
3882 
2980 
4291 
3567 
4827 
2912 

3742 
4309 
5234' 
3765 

4228 
4482 
2921 
4110 
4704 

3529 

3438 
4042 
4377 

3275 
3470 

4.  ->45 
3094 
1300 
2894 
3488 
27-U 
BBM 
3026 
3021 
2150 

am 

3978 
3683 
3239 
4672 
3502 
35C1 

2440 
4536 
3538 
3574 
3611 

3016 
3012 

4028 
3742 
4024 
3157 
4491 
3788 
4454 
3080 

3992 
4004 
5579 
4095 
4477 
4681 
3107 
4305 
4899 

3792 
3724 
4246 
4527 

3484 
3633 

4735 
3248 
4468 
3153 
3615 

van 

3162 
3166 
2803 
3343 
4223 
3901 
3497 
4881 
3097 
3656 

2527 
4763 
3720 
3701 
3751 

3230 
3180 

4182 
3905 
4246 
B2B7 
4605 
3946 
4613 
3125 

4264 
4886 
5823 
4454 
4740 
4872 
3316 
4527 
5080 

4037 
3933 
4436 
4644 

3647 
3747 

4976 
3434 
4658 
3320 
3738 
3048 
3933 
3334 
3293 
2967 
3429 
4445 
4119 
3692 
5076 
3842 
3751 

2645 
5035 
3905 
3842 
3892 

3388 
3307 

4346 
4155 
4305 
3425 
4831 
4110 
4753 
3201 

4436 
5062 
6110 
4763 
•4944 
5062 
3425 
4658 
5307 

4218 
OK 

4559 
4813 

3801 
3937 

5153 
3629 
4799 
3465 
3833 
3166 
4078 
3465 
3411 
3048 
3479 
4790 
4273 
3856 
5334 
3983 
'  3833 

2731 
5225 
4105 
4010 
3983 

3574 

3438 

4495 
4300 
4391 
3497 
4990 
4264 
4922 
3402 

4581 
5398 
6314 
5035 
5144 
5271 
3538 
4744 
5466 

4423 
4432 
4736 
4953 

3910 

4105 

:.:i2.-.    51H» 
3705    3891 
.•,017    5194 

ecu 

4500 
B214 

7031 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers     .     .      

238 
238 
250 
250 
251 
251 
259' 
259' 
403 
403 
443 
547 
547 
748 
749 
749 
895 

895 
1050 
1050 
1257 
1257 

670 
670 

985 
985 
988 
988 
1027 
1027 
1029 
1029 

37 
37 
151 
151 
256 
351 
351 
771 
771 

417 
417 
525 
525 

79 
79* 

6759 

do  

3887 
3248 
4228 

3583 
3488 
3157 
3570 
4990 
4450 

3964 
3357 
4200 
3092 
3583 
8262 
3633 
4740 
4595 

4355 
3901 

5103 

4899 
4400 
1628 

do 

do 

4250 

Split  ;it  t-lltl 

4037 
6260 
5625 

7045 
6033 

Split  at  end 

5525 
4092 
3887 

2817 
5271 
4255 
4114 
1042 

3724 
3588 

4626 
4427 
4527 
3674 
5126 
4427 
5062 
3525 

4749 
5570 
6482 
5339 
5298 
5398 
3710 
4953 
4643 

4581 
4599 
4863 
5067 

4033 
4273 

5738 
4240 
3900 

2903 

5470 
4404 
4246 
4128 

3842 
3710 

4758 
4527 
4053 
3792 
5252 
4495 
5194 
3647 

4890 
5747 
6664 
5579 
5466 
5489 
3819 
5002 
5711 

4704 
4708 
5013 
5216 

4101 
4350 

6759 
4944 
4545 

3434 
6704 
5398 
4890 
4513 

4617 
4332 

5670 
5579 
5330 
4377 
6123 
5398 
6069 
3856 

5761 
6804 
'7756 

7391 
5380 
4854 

3765 
7235 
5942 
5376 
4890 

4854 

6214 
5878 
5897 
4795 
6600 

do  

Sheared  fibers                 .    

do                 .         . 

Sheared  fibers    ...  .         

do                  

do                    

do                    

6386 

6214 
7621 
8119 

do 

,lo                 

6396 
6396 

4473 
5606 
6359 

5398 
5534 
5942 
6105 

4763 
5216 

6872 

4990 
5860 
6600 

5992 
6010 
6305 
6532 

5171 
5606 

do  

do                   

do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

450 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
slr-'iiutti,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

256.  Quercns  macrocarpa—  cont'd.. 

137 
143 
310 
310 
432 
831 
933 
933 
1071 
1072 
1073 

424 
424 
545 
545 
762 
762 

12 
12 
54 
54 
542 
543 
846 
846 

240 
240 
524 
524 
755 

755 

31 
31' 
35 
434 
925 
925 

34 

34! 
273 
2S7 
323 
-514 
514 

688 
688 

G.  "W.  Letterman  .. 
Robert  Douglas  .  .  . 
J.  Reverchon  
....do  
A.  Gattinger  
M.S.Bebb  
C.Mohr  
do  

Huist  upland  
Rich  
Rich,  moist  
...do  
Alluvial  
Loam  
Alluvial  

8754 

TOT.; 

8609 
8709 
7255 
8256 
7053 
6613 
7983 

do  

Texas  

Dallas  
....do  
Nashville  
Winnebago  county 
Austin  
do              

...do  
Tennessee  
Illinois  

Crushed  at  middle  of  one  face  

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  in  vicinity  of  3  millime- 
ters knot. 
Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 

Texas 

do 

do  

C.  G.  Pringle  

do 

do 

do               

7326 
7938 

5511 
7303 
8523 
8754 
7756 
9344 

7530 
7212 
8596 
8596 
7983 
8437 
7022 
7421 

6418 
7756 
7847 
7983 
7938 

8346 

8777 
9208 
10569 
5942 
9299 
7892 

7938 

11022 

8663 
9276 
9163 

0117 
!)2.->3 

8709 
9117 

do 

do 

do  

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 

Split  obliquely  across  the  grain  ; 
cross-grained. 

Nashville  

A.  Gattinger  
....do  
C.Molir  
....do  
A.  H.  Curtiss  

Low  
....do  
Alluvial  
....do  
do               

Over-cup  Oak.    Swamp  Post 
Oak.    Water  White  Oak. 

....do  

...do  
Kemper's  mill  
...do  
Chattahoochee  
...do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
...do  
Alk'iit'in  
....do  
do  

Crushed  at  middle  of  one  face  

Triple  flexure,    deflected   diago- 
nally. 
CrHfhed  near  middle;  stick  worm- 
eaten. 

....do  

....do  

Massachusetts  
....do  
Missouri  
....do  
do 

....do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
G.  "W.  Letterman  .  . 
....do  
....do  

....do  

Drift  
....do  
Alluvial  
....do  
....do  

Triple  flexure  ;  split  along  grain.  . 

Swamp  White  Oak. 

Triple,  flexure  ;  split  along  grain  .. 

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Fibers  crushed  at  04  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple  flexure,    deflected  diago- 
nally. 

do 

..  do    

....do  

....do    

Massacbusetta  
do 

West  Newbury... 
Arnold  Arboretum 

Bonnean's  Depot  . 
....do  
Kemper's  mill  
....do  
Chattahoochee  

....do  

Boyle  county  
do 

Low,  swampy  
Drift  

Alluvial  
....do  
....do  
....do  
.  do    

C.  S.  Sargent  

H.  W.  Eavenel  
....do  
C.Mohr  
....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  

South  Carolina  .  .  . 
....do  

Triple  flexure  ;  split  along  grain.. 
do  

Basket  Oak.     Cow  Oak. 

....do  

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Triple    flexure    at  8  millimeters 
knot  102  millimeters  from  end  of 
concave  side;  split  nt  end. 
Triple,    flexure,    deflected   diago- 
nally. 

Crushed  fibers  at  middle  

....do  

....do  

W.  M.  Linney  .... 
do 

....do  
Shale      

Chestnut  Oak.     Rock  Chest- 
nut  Oak. 

do 

do 

Crushed  fibers  at  end  

do 

do 

do 

Crushed  fibers  at  32  and  at  127 
millimeters  from  end. 

Tennessee  

Nashville  
Cullman  
do 

A.  Gattinger  
C.Mohr  
do  

Rocky  upland  

Dry,  rocky  
• 
.do    

Crushed  fibers  at  7G  millimeters 
from  end. 
Split  at  end  ;  cross-grained  

do 

Mercer  county  

W.  M.  Linney  
....do  

Limestone  
"Waverly  shale  — 

Triple  flexure:    middle  bend  25 
millimeters    from    center;    de- 
flected from  hr;ut. 
Crushed  at  !>  millimeters  knot  89 
millimeters  1'roin  end. 

Yellow  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 
Chinquapin  Oak. 

4 

do 

G.  "W.  Letterman  . 
....do  
J.  Reverchon  
A.  Gat  linger  
....do  

G.  II.  Vasey  
....do  

....do  

....do  
Dallas          

Flinty 

Triple    flexure,     deflec  ted    from 
bent. 
Deflected  76  millimeters  from  end 
and  split  along  grain. 
Triple,   flexure,  deflected  toward 
heart 

do             

Calcareous  

Nashville  
....do  

Contra          Costa 
county. 
do  

Alluvial  

....do  ;. 

Clay  
....do  

....do  

California 

Crushed  fibers  at  51  millimeters 
from  middle. 
Crushed  fibers  near  middle  

Mountain  White  Oak.    Blue 
Oak. 

...do  ... 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


451 


Diroi  tiou  of  grain.  I 

1'RKBSUKE,  IN  KILOGRAMS,  REQUIHKI)  TO  PRODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  JIIL1.JMKTEIIB,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Ottico  number. 

O.35 

<>.•>! 

0.76 

1.03 

i.'jr 

1.53 

1.»H 

3.O3 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.08 

m 

2G78 
74!) 
11711 

1678 

1%0 
1542 
1789 
1078 
2078 
2744 
1996 

2858 
2481 
1452 
2078 
2041 
1461 

1905 
1343 
1687 

3887 
2670 
2254 
2790 
2835 
2549 
2849 
2926 
3556 
3456 
2885 

4500 
4105 
1796 
2971 
2631 
2059 

2640 
2073 
2776 
2921 

2368 
3239 
3198 

2767 
3030 
2540 
2050 
3656 

2994 

3206 
2177 
3452 
3329 
2676 
2980 

2989 

3166 
3847 
3348 

4:ui 

3184 
2654 
2980 
2983 
2858 
3148 
3366 
3996 
3652 
3280 

5189 
4749 
2068 
3320 
2926 
2313 

2740 
2322 
3071 
3329 
3529 
2586 
3652 
3538 

3044 
3402 
2867 
2341 
4092 

3434 

3583 
2504 
3670 
3397 
3039 
3325 

3311 

3593 

4219 
3697 

4817 
3420 
2812 
3134 
3166 
2967 
.3361 
3574 
4336 
3937 
3470 

5606 
5162 
2254 
3574 
3180 
2563 

2908 
2495 
3311 
3683 
3683 
2744 
3919 
3856 

3339 
3720 
2948 
2572 
4482 

3847 

3674 
2713 
4042 
3674 
3270 
3520 

3402 

3783 
4495 
3951 

5167 
3588 
3080 
3356 
3393 
3134 
3484 
3715 
4604 
4150 
3701 

5847 
6010 
2422 
3833 
3366 
2722 

3094 
2676 
3579 
3955 
3792 
2935 
4196 
4046 

3547 
3978 
3130 
2776 
4744 

4173 

3901 
2921 
4300 
3842 
3434 
3720 

3561 

3992 
4854 
4164 

5403 
3792 
3230 
3535 
3525 
3248 
3665 
3856 
4944 
4341 
3882 

6196 
5869 
2617 
3996 
3529 
2985 

3230 

2844 
3742 
4196 
3942 
3094 
4445 
4287 

3674 
4150 
3280 
2930 
4990 

4409 

3992 
3075 
4531 
3983 
3574 
3878 

3701 

4196 
5103 
4386 

5622 
3933 
3434 
3692 
3638 
3456 
3779 
4028 
5035 
4518 
4114 

6373 
6112 
2790 
4114 
3661 
3157 

3370 
2976 
4014 
4500 
3983 
3248 
4604 
4626 

3878 
4486 
3447 
3116 
5171 

4672 

4119 
3239 
4626 
4037 
3720 
4033 

3842 

4382 
5262 
4563 

5915 
4042 
3602 
8791 

3792 
3624 
2882 
4155 
.V.'.VJ 
4613 
4291 

6500 
6364 
2935 
4296 
3751 
3329 

8534 
3125 
4178 
4717 
4237 
3388 
4735 
4786 

4028 
4658 
3606 
3261 
5416 

4908 

4191 
3379 
4886 
4146 
3856 
4160 

3928 

4559 
5498 
5753 

6033 
4178 
3801 
3937 
3919 
3756 
3964 
4237 
5430 
4799 
4391 

6600 
6559 
3062 
4436 
3882 
3438 

3615 
3261 
4350 
4944 
4332 
3529 
4944 
4971 

4146 
4849 
3720 
3375 
5615 

5126 

4300 
3479 
4967 
4191 
3978 
4287 

4024 

4708 
5670 
4904 

6260 
4355 
3910 
4028 
3983 
3901 
4064 
4314 
5579 
4969 
4513 

6722 
6695 
3157 
4590 
3933 
3593 

3729 
3348 
4554 
5149 
4441 
3661 
5098 
5158 

4309 
5008 
3842 
3461 
5793 

5294 

4366 
3638 
5262 
4246 
4073 
4436 

4150 

4872 
5838 
5107 

7.130 

7938 

137 
143 
310 
310 
432 
831 
933 
933 
1071 
1072 
1073 

424 
424 
545 
545 
762 
762 

12 
12 
54 
54 
54" 
54» 
840 
846 

240 
240 
524 
524 
755 

755 

31 
31' 
35 
434 
925 
925 

34 

34» 
273 
28  1 
323 
514 
514 

6S8 
688 

Short  spci  inien,  120  millimeters  long  ;  split  at  ends  .  . 

4717 
4653 
4881 
4690 
47<W 
5062 
6577 
6078 
5307 

7847 
7666 
3720 
5443 
4559 
4336 

4346 

5126 
B168 

5353 

Sheared  fibers        

5058 
5307 
7145 
6668 
5806 

8119 
8074 

Slight  shearing  offibera  

do  

do 

do 

do 

do     

5806 
4990 

Sheared  fibers  

do 

do         .  .    

5479 
6169 
5035 
4355 
6978 
6123 

5080 
6033 
4382 
4028 
6849 

6260 
4795 

6459 
5625 

2313 
1628 
2091 
1951 

1946 
2359 
1896 
1202 
3057 

I860 

2155 
1542 
1860 
2245 
1452 
1656 

1588 

1624 
2613 

2223 

6459 
6759 

do  

6577 

4332 
7394 

6827 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ...  . 

do 

Split  at  ends  

5652 
4990 
4626 
5035 

4831 

5706 
7031 
5851 

5285 

do  

do 

5298 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

7756 
6600 

Sheared  fibers         

Sheared  fibers  ;  indented  section  covers  3  millimeters 
knot. 

m  ii7° 

2404 

HI!   2767 
H   1769 

2767 
3892 

4808 
•3720 

3425 
4281 

5942' 
4491 

3765 
4559 

6373 
4990 

3969 
4804 

6713 
5262 

4164 
5044 

7008 
5466 

4436 
5216 

7248 
5797 

4527 
5398 

7512 
5942 

4717 
5579 

7756 
6214 

4877 
5747 

7928 
6396 

5829 
6985 

9026 
7666 

6169 
7439 

9934 
8392 

do                   

do 

452 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OP  THE  PEINOIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression :  Ultimate  | 
strength,  iu  kilos. 

Remarks. 

655 

San  Diego  county  - 

G.B.Vasey  

Dry,  gravelly  

6260 

Stick     shattered     at     seasoning 

White  Oak. 

655 

do 

do    

do    

do  

7621 

cracks. 

698 

7666 

soning  cracks. 

White  Oak. 

1103 

Texas 

ains. 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
S.  B.  Buckley  

Damp,  calcareous 

9140 

millimeters  from  end. 

1103 
1103 

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

....do  
do       

...  do  
do    

7892 
8618 

Crushed  at  knots  51  millimeters 
from  end. 

404 

S.  H.  Pook  

10478 

ters  from  end. 

Live  Oak. 

799 

do 

yard. 

A  H  Curtias 

9707 

grained. 

799 

919 

...do  

....do  

....do  
C.Mohr  

....do  

Rich,  sandy  

9934 
81C5 

from  middle  and  at  25  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Triple  flexure;   developed  inter- 
secting "Cooper  lines". 

019 

954 

...do  

....do  

....do  

do 

....do  

8936 
6577 

side. 
Crushed  fibers  at  middle,  6  milli- 
meters from  knot. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

7439 

millmietors  from  end. 

649 

California 

W.  G.  Wright  

8845 

Crashed  fibers  at  32  millimeters 

Live  Oak.    Maul  Oak.    Tal- 

649 

do 

do    

do    

9480 

from  middle. 

653 
653 

654 

...do  
...do  

11  :n  in  county  
....do  

G.R.Vasey  
....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

9072 
7485 

6759 

Crushed  at    knot  51  millimeters 
from  middle. 
Crushed  at    knot  64  millimeters 
from  end. 

Slack  Oak. 
270.  Quercus  acri  folia 

663 

California 

ains. 
Murin  county  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
G.R.  Vasey  

6985 

Crushed  at  two  6  millimeters  knots 

Enceno,   Coast  Live  Oak. 

663 

...do  

do 

....do  

....do  

....do  

7847 
8052 

10  and  57  millimeters  from  end, 
Cni'-hed  libers  at  57  millimeters 
from  middle. 

Live  Oak. 

685 

do 

do        

do 

9004 

7 

C  S  Sargent 

Drift    

9G17 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 

Bed  Oak.    Black  Oak. 

7 
45 

....do  

....do  

....do  

W.  M.  Linney     .  .  . 

....do  
Shale    

10093 
6895 

end  ;  opened  gr.iin. 
Crushed  at  32  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 

45 
45* 
89 

....do  

...do  

....do  
....do  

..  .do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

7621 

6G23 
10705 

to  rings. 
Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 
to  lings. 
Crushed  at  ?>±  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 

89 
92 

....do  

....do  

Mercer  county  

....do  
W.  M.  Linney  

....do  
Alluvial  

10524 
6917 

end. 
Crushed  at  19  and  at  89  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple  flexure,  deflected  perpen- 

140 

W.  J  Beal  

7122 

dicular  to  rings. 
Crashed  at  end;  splitting  of  wedge- 

141 
146 

...do  

Illinois 

....do  

....do  

....do  

7031 
5625 

shaped  piece;  cross-grained. 
Crushed  fit  end  and  at  25  milli- 
meters from  middle. 
Crushed  at  G  millimeters  knot  51 

215 

C.  G.  Pringle    

.do  

8663 

millimeters  from  end. 
Triple  flexure,   deflected  toward 

do 

9208 

heart. 

do 

9026 

217 

....do  

....  do  

....do  

....do  -'. 
do 

7802 
8981 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 

to  rings. 

I 

920 

Enterprise  

C.Mohr  

Alluvial  

C396 

Crushed  fibers  at  25  millimeters 

920 

....db  

....do  

...  do  

....do  
Drift          

5579 

9957 

from  middle. 
Crushed  fibers  at  51  millimeters 
from  end. 
Triple   flexure;  middle   bend  25 

1043 

931 

....do  

....do  

...  do  

C  Molir          ...  

....do  
Calcareous  

9063 
9321 

millimeters  from  center. 
Crushed  at  end  and  at  202  milli- 
meters from  end. 

Crushed  at  knots  114  millimeters 

Red  Oak. 

931 

752 

....do    
Florida  

....do  

....do  
A,H.Curtiss  

....do  
Clay  

9299 
8074 

from  end. 
Triple  flexure  ;  middle  deflection 
25  millimeters  from  center. 

Triple  flexure,  diagonal  deflection. 

Scarlet  Oak. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDBE  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


453 


10  UOI|.  I.UI<] 

iMiKssri'.E,  ix  KII.OC;KAMS,  KEQUIKED  TO  PRODUCE  AX  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS.  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.23 

O.51 

o.r« 

6305 

-.171 

4896 

4354 
4332 

1.02 

i.2T 

1.52 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1724 
21159 

2472 

22HO 
2631 

4717 
4309 

4219 

3828 
3856 

7349 
0761 

5398 

4626 
4667 

7983 
6078 

5829 

4940 
4904 

8437 
6477 

5987 

5071 
5216 

8981 
6795 

6214 

5353 
5466 

9390 

7P81 

6419 

5489 
5643 

9707 
7372 

6623 

5657 
5806 

9979 
7566 

6777 

5806 
5987 

1157 

1293 

Sheared  fibers  

655 
655 

698 

1103 
1103 
1103 

404 
799 

799 
919 
919 
954 
954 

649 
649 
653 
653 

654 

663 
663 

685 
685 

7 
7 
45 
45 
45> 
89 
89 
92 
140 
141 
146 
215 
215 
217 
217 
218 
920 
920 
1043 
1043 

931 

931 

752 

7870 

6377 
7122 

7031 
7666 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

do  . 

I 

:n:;o 

1724 

1701 
2449 
1769 
1879 
1610 

2563 
1633 

2087 
1910 

2758 

1424 
1520 

2313 
1415 

1637 
1043 
1905 
871 
1084 
1796 
2109 
2132 
1869 
1678 
1778 
1951 

nil 

1837 
1769 
1905 
1560 
1084 
1565 
1724 

2495 
2109 

1120 

5534 

:)74L> 

2971 
1468 
3311 
3629 
2994 

4001 
4128 
3602 
3456 

4672 

2676 
2604 

3856 
2«86 

2295 
2046 
2168 
1651 
1851 
2976 
2880 
2540 
2014 
2254 
2576 
2404 
2245 
2522 
2454 
2631 
1910 
1678 
2118 
2409 

3310 
3438 

2527 

6441 
4445 

3579 
50feO 
3856 
4400 
3769 

4445 
4922 
4187 
3978 

5693 

3393 
3030 

4454 
3116 

2495 
2395 
2286 
1955 
1955 
3393 
3153 
2862 
2164 
2372 
2722 
2558 
2531 
2699 
2672 
3012 
1951 
1787 
2418 
2703 

4332 
3882 

2899 

6782 
4S122 

3892 
5398 
4146 
4908 
4150 

4677 
5421 
4495 
4364 

6283 

7122 
5176 

4259 
5657 
4436 
5252 
4391 

4971 
5625 
4844 
4877 

6646 

4060 
3479 

5058 
3665 

2899 
2744 
2440 
2136 
2123 
3892 
3543 
3171 
2422 
2681 
3026 
3003 
2899 
2944 
2989 
3329 
2141 
1869 
2767 
3484 

4971 
4359 

3234 

7358 
5470 

4491 
5851 
4563 
5602 
4744 

5289 
5965 
5107 
4971 

7576 
5706 

4753 
6060 
4922 
5874 
5053 

5557 
6141 
5280 
5248 

7303 

4626 
3797 

5643 
4082 

3206 
3075 
2690 
2313 
2295 
4359 
3983 
3543 
2803 
2944 
3293 
3397 
3193 
3166 
3212 
3665 
2263 
2041 
2985 
3307 

5407 

4844 

3674 

7802 
5920 

4999 
G223 
5053 
6128 
5339 

5720 
6332 
5512 
5570 

7621 

4881 
3960 

5851 
4264 

3479 
3289 
2785 
2468 
2350 
4500 
4209 
3656 
2890 
3021 
3420 
3588 
3316 
3243 
3343 
3701 
231S 
2105 
3134 
3438 

5489 
5062 

4291 

7970 
6105 

5285 
6332 
5280 
6314 
5584 

5878 
6609 
5733 
5702 

7870 

5116 
4092 

6005 
4482 

3692 
3434 
2817 
2536 
2481 
4653 
4355 
3851 
3003 
3130 
3525 
3756 
3393 
3388 
3452 
3797 
2354 
2164 
3225 
3570 

5711 
5252 

4037 

8265 
6382 

5543 
6513 
5362 
6577 
5856 

6078 
6745 
5929 
5929 

8192 

5312 
4223 

6250 
4695 

3783 
3488 
2875 
2599 
2536 
4854 
4491 
3951 
3075 
3175 
3611 
3937 
3461 
3570 
3570 
3946 
2440 
2209 
3302 
3629 

5856 
5380 

4160 

9117 
7666 

6940 

7462 

10047 
8415 

7C66 

7*02 

Sheared  fibers  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

do  

8097 
7439 

6985 
7892 
7212 
7054 

9594 

6577 
5013 

7457 
5398 

4445 
4033 
3366 
3021 
2958 
5715 
5398 
4559 
3774 
3783 
4309 
5058 
4164 
4264 
4264 

8845 
8188 

7621 
8483 
7924 
8006 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

do 

do  

do  

do  ... 

.  ..do  .  . 

4377 
3665 

5421 
3896 

3157 
2939 
2586 
2286 
2232 
4033 
3783 
3379 
2626 
2785 
3171 
3588 
3075 
3075 
3121 
3543 
2209 
1978 
2908 
3175 

5252 
4563 

3438 

7258 
5670 

7919 
6305 

3212 

4854 
3402 

2694 
2622 
2400 
2028 
1987 
3683 
3357 
2971 
2322 
2518 
2858 
2835 
2767 
2753 
2808 
3166 
2028 
1833 
2549 
3334 

4772 
4146 

3071 

do  

do 

do 

do  

3674 

3357 

do  

4990 

3901 
5851 

Sheared  fibers 

do  ...       

Split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  120  millimeters  long  .  . 

2894 
2622 

3166 
2869 

do  

4445 

6568 
6668 

5112 

4854 

7349 
7439 

5715 

Fibers  did  not  shear  

454 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

• 

17 
17 
36 
36= 
3<P 
74 
74 
86 
244 
244 
247 
247 
437 

628 
628 
963 
963 

268 
339 

131 
131 
245 
245 
265« 
265" 
548 
548 

342 
342 
770 

770 

47 
47 
282 
282 

264' 
264s 
264> 
349 
349 
511 
511 
742 
742 

756 
756 

Massachusetts  
do 

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent  .  ... 

Drift    

8890 
9081 
7530 
9617 
7326 
8890 

Crushed  at,  end,  also  at  102  milli- 
mcters  from  end. 
Crushed  fibers  near  middle  

Crushed  51  millimeters  from  end 
at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  fibers  on  one  face  at  13 
millimeteis  from  middle. 
Dellerted  and  split  along  grain 
from  end  to  middle. 
Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 
to  rings. 

Slack    Oak.       Yellow-baric 
Oak.      Quercitron     Oak. 
Yellow  Oak. 

(In 

do 

Kentucky  
do 

Danville  Junction    W.  M.  Linney  

Shale 

.  .  do  

....do  
Missouri  
do 

do  ....do  

A  Hen  ton  G.  W.  Letterman  .  . 

Slate  

do  

....do  
Virginia  

—  do  
Wytheville  
...do  

...  do  
H.  Shriver  
...do    .. 

....do  
Clay  
....do  

8256 
5534 
5103 
8663 
9562 
768!) 

8233 
8301 
6396 
5806 

7766 

8142 

9208 
9163 
9730 
10093 
9698 
9081 
10006 
9276 

6809 
7734 
7212 
7507 

8437 
8156 
6895 
7961 

7974 
7802 
7530 

Triple    flexure,     deflected     from 
heart 
Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 
to  rings. 
Crushed  and  split  at  end;  brittle.. 

Crushed  at  13  and  at  7Cmillimeters 
from  end.       , 
Crushed  at  end  

('rushed  at   19  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.  do    

....do  
Tennessee  

....do  

Nashville  .  

Saw-mill,  Ashland 
do 

do  

A.  Gattin"er 

...  do  
do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do         .  . 

Black  Oak. 

do 

....do  

do 

Eugene  City  
...  do    

G  H  Collier 

Crushed  and  splintered  at  end  — 

..  do    

Missouri  
Alabama  

South  Carolina  
....do  

A  lien  ton  
Citronelle  

Bonneau's  Depot.  . 
...  do  
Wytheville  
....do  

G.  W.  Letterman.  . 
C.Mohr  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
....do  
H.  Shriver  
....do  

Clay  

Sandy          .     .  .. 

Triple  flexure  

Black  Jack,    jack  Oak. 

Crushed  in  vicinity  of  small  knots. 

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  and  at  102  milli- 
meters  from  end. 
Crushed  at   19  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  on  one  face  at  23  millime- 
ters from  middle  and  at  end. 
Crushed  at  J02  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  end  and  at  114  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Crushed  at  K9  millimeters  from 
end. 

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
Triple  flexure:  split  along  grain.. 

Triple  flexure  ;  knot  at  middle  

Crushed  at  end  and  at  3  millimeters 
knot  51  millimeters  from  end. 

Rich  loam  :  

Spanish  Oak.    Bed  Oak. 

....do  
Clay  
....do    

do     

do 

do 

do 

...  do  

....do  

Kemper's  mill  
....do  

Cottage  Hill  

....do  
C.Mohr  
....do  

do    

....do  

....do  

....do  

Barren,  sandy  
do 

Turkey    Oak.      Scrub    Oak. 
Forked-leaf    Slack    Jack. 
Jilack  Jack. 

do 

do 

do 

A  H.  Curtiss 

do 

do 

Missouri 

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
....do  
do 

Rich,  alluvial  
....do  
do 

Pin  Oak.     Swamp  Spanish 
Oak.     Water  Oak. 

....do  

....do  

do 

do  

....do  
Virginia  

....do  

Carroll  county  
do 

....do  

H.  Shriver  
do 

....do  

do    

do  

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle  on  one  face. 
do    

Water  Oak.  Duck  Oak.  Pos- 
sum Oak.    Punk  Oak. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Cottage  Hill  
do 

C.  Mohr  
do 

8709 
8799 
7167 
7371 
8256 
8596 

8596 
7884 

do 

....do  

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  knots  at  middle  and 
at  51  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  li  millimeters  knot  76 
millimeters  from  end. 

...do     

....do  

....do  

....do  
A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

do  
do  

—  <lo  
Alluvial  
do  

....do  

Florida 

....do  

Saint  John's  river. 
.    do    

Crushed   at  89  millimeters  from 
end  iu  vicinity  of  small  knots. 

Triple  flexure  

Laurel  Oak. 

do       

...do.. 

Crushed  in  vicinity  of  3  millime- 
ters knot  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION—  Continued. 


455 


Dhvrtiun  of  grain. 

PRESKfliK,  IN  KII.OI.HAMS,  KKQUIHKI)  TO  I'KODL'CE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  SIII.LIMETER8,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.35 

0.31 

<>.?<; 

1.03   1.37 

1.53 

I.7S 

vS.O.-l 

3.38 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

i 

2032 
1542 
1637 
2313 
2611 
1709 
1565 
1928 
1343 
835 
1315 
2019 
1547 

1769 
1642 
989 
1229 

2948 
2767 

2336 

975 
1987 
1406 
1728 
1384 
2436 
1751 

2068 
1792 
1597 
2118 

1338 

2313 
2449 
2522 
3166 
3407 
2903 
3266 
2858 
2291 
1569 
2313 
2422 
2277 

2672 
2495 
2232 
1860 

4024 
411(1 

3438 
2250 
HM 

1814 
2563 
2400 
2953 
2867 

2753 

2477 
2776 
3411 

2268 

2495 
2681 
4150 
3357 
3665 
3529 
3992 
3130 
2322 
1633 
2576 
2667 
2481 

2790 
2081 
2840 
2141 

4277 
4010 

3701 
2799 
2572 
1887 
2799 
2617 
3293 
3248 

2890 
2703 
3221 
3905 

2640 

2812 
2849 
3012 
3543 
3842 
3819 
4436 
3230 
2386 
1674 
2790 
2867 
2726 

2803 
2713 
2967 
2313 

4495 

4246 

4042 
3053 
2722 
2087 
2885 
2744 
3488 
3536 

3066 
2853 
3561 
4259 

2821 

2880 
3012 
3162 
3674 
4064 
4028 
4717 
3383 
2395 
1751 
2976 
3035 
2880 

2917 

2776 
3066 
2372 

4672 

4491 

4264 
3284 
2803 
2245 
3021 
2835 
3638 
.3697 

3302 
3026 
3756 

4500 

2935 

3048 
3134 
3379 
3742 
4123 
4300 
5013 
3588 
2454 
1842 
3153 
3212 
2130 

3003 
2890 
3184 
2513 

4854 
4699 

4572 
3493 
2958 
2440 
3130 
2994 
3828 
3933 

3429 
3180 
4060 
4817 

3130 

3075 
3348 
3525 
3983 
4237 
4518 
5398 
3810 
2518 
1878 
3252 
3338 
3193 

3026 
98M 

3352 
2586 

5026 
4881 

4922 
3665 
3098 
2622 
3298 
3125 
3942 
4110 

3615 
3302 
3815 

5071 

3202 

3221 
3434 
3593 
4037 
4400 
4649 
5670 
3892 
2563 
1928 
3388 
3443 
3407 

3026 
3075 
3452 
2617 

5262 
5067 

5044 
3828 
3230 

2767 
3402 
3207 
4082 
4264 

3751 
3447 
4463 
5303 

3316 

3361 
3529 

3747 
4110 
4626 
4935 
5915 
4064 
2649 
1951 
3574 
3566 
3547 

3139 
3193 

3470 
3656 
3856 
4187 
4886 
5103 
6146 
4196 
2685 
2078 
3665 
3647 
3683 

3225 
3221 

4173 
4346 

4491 
4980 

17 
17 
36 
36« 
36' 
74 
74 
86 
244 
244 
247 
247 
437 

628 
628 
963 
963 

268 
339 

131 

131 
245 
245 
265' 
265» 
548 
548 

342 
342 

770 
770 

47 
47 
282 
282 

264> 
264' 
264' 
349 
349 
511 
511 
742 
742 

756 

756 
756 

do' 

do 

6532 

6283 
7212 
4944 
3085 
2404 

7985 

Split  at  end 

3248 
2654 

4377 

4899 
4037 

do 

3710 
3856 

2694 

5407 
5262 

5216 
3933 
3302 
2980 
3497 
3339 
4178 
4386 

3882 
3579 
4717 
5067 

3470 

2758 

5579 
5407 

5407 
4110 
3425 
3153 
3574 
3438 
4327 
4522 

3983 
3688 
4831 
5706 

3538 

do     ....       . 

6486 
6392 

6214 
4877 

7021 

do                    

3933 

4128 

do  

5216 

4786 
4468 
5851 
6918 

4287 

..do  

5262 

Sheared  fibers 

7666 

1456 
2359 

UH 

1406 
1S78 
1769 
1506 
1542 
1293 
2858 
1542 

2858 
1610 

2068 
2939 

2109 
1842 
1955 
2676 
•2245 
2685 
2313 
3511 
2926 

3765 
3039 

2295 
3075 

2241 
1932 
2005 
2790 
2490 
3130 
2749 
3851 
3547 

4219 
3429 

2486 
3343 

2359 
2087 
2096 
3139 
2744 
3475 
3012 
4196 
3429 

4482 
3720 

2703 
3484 

2486 
2155 
2173 
3311 
2866 
3692 
3248 
4495 
4092 

4735 
3942 

2880 
3715 

2527 
2214 
2295 
3484 
3062 
3937 
3393 
4781 
4314 

5035 
4164 

3039 
3847 

2676 
2341 
2413 
3674 
3221 
4128 
3606 
5013 
4500 

5262 

4346 

3202 
4055 

2753 
2400 
2481 
3901 
3888 
4191 
3783 
5239 
4690 

5461 
4500 

3352 
4160 

2840 
2454 
2595 
4060 
3538 
4445 
3910 
5416 
4790 

5661 
4192 

3393 
4327 

2980 
2495 
2676 
4173 
3652 
4626 
4037 
5615 
4949 

5847 
4364 

4150 

3511 
2948 
3121 

.  .   do 

4377 
5534 
5080 
6349 
5761 

6736 

do  

7349 

7521 

456 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BBHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector.  ' 

lid 

•°  83 

!   53 

*cet  c 
Soil.    -          |^ 

Ill 

as  § 
Ijll 

Remarks. 

281.  Quercns  laurifolia—  continued. 

282.  Qnercus  heterophylla  
Sartram's  Oak. 

801 
801 

1171 
1171 

352 

674 
674 

402 
402 
50 
135 

512 
512 

687 
687 

729 
729 
573 
573 

18 
18 
2581 
258s 
516 

9 
9 

442 
443 
119 
119 
765 
765 
853 
853 

11 

Florida 

Saint  John's  river. 
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss 

9480 
7734 

5171 
8029 

7167 

7167 
2222 

8029 
9026 

8845 
9458 

5987 
6480 

6464 
8754 

5651 

8256 
8156 
7689 

4137 
5298 
7235 
7485 
6373 

7847 
7076 
7566 
8006 
8822 
8346 
6496 
6827 
8278 
7235 

9390 
9934 
9707 
6359 
7983 
8641 

6963 
9390 
8573 
6949 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
eud  and  at  end. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

Split  at  end  and  splintered  at  102 
millimeters  from  end  ;  brittle. 

Triple    flexure,   deflected    diago- 
nally ;  split  at  end. 
cross-grained;    oblique  split  152 
millimeters  long. 

do         

New  Jersey  
do 

Mount  Holly  
do 

S.  P.  Sharpies  

Clay  

do    

...  do 

Citronelle  

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
do 

C.Mohr  

G.  Engeliuannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Pine-barren  

Dry,  rocky  
do 

Upland  Willow  Oak.     Blue 
Jack.    Sand  Jack. 

do 

Harrodsburg  
....do  
Alleutou  
...do  

Tullahoma  
do    

W.  M.  Linney  
...  do  
G.  W.  Letterman.. 
..  do  

A.  Gattiuger  
.do    

Utica  shale  
....do  

Shingle  Oak.    Laurel  Oak. 

....do  
Missouri  
....do  

Triple  flexure,  deflected  parallel 
to  rinsrs. 
Triple  flexure 

Rich  loam  

Moist,  siliceous  .  .  . 
...do  

Crushed  at  76  millimeters   from 
end. 

Crushed  at  19  millimeters  knot  at 
end. 

Willoiv  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 

do 

California  
do 

Harm  county  
do 

G.  R.  Vasey  
do 

Gravelly  

do 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle  at  5  millimeters  knot. 
Triple  flexure;   middle  bend  25 
millimeters  from  middle. 

Crashed  at  end  at  3  millimeters 
knot. 

Tanbark  Oak.   Chestnut  Oak. 
Peach  Oak. 

288.  Castanopsis  chrysophylla  
Chinquapin. 

....do  

do 

Mendocino  county 
do 

A.  Kellogg              '  

do 

Hot  Springs  
....da  

Arnold  Arboretum 
....do  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 
....do  

C.S.Sargent  
....do  

H.  Shriver 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  5  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  middle. 

Triple  flexuie,  deflected  parallel 
to  rings. 
Crushed  25  millimeters  from  mid- 
die  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  44  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crashed  at  32  millimeters  from 
middle  and  split  along  grain. 
Crushe  i  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  and  at  127  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Chinquapin. 

290.  Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Amer- 
icana. 
Chestnut. 

....do  

Massachusetts  
...do  
Virginia 

—  do  

Drift  
...do  
Moist  

...do  

....do  

...do  

....do  
Sandy  

Massachusetts  — 
do 

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

C.S.Sargent  
do 

Drift  
...  do    

Seech. 

Mercer  cou  uty  
.    do    

W.  M.  Linney  
do    

Hudson  Rivershale 
do  

.      do 

Dansville  
....do  

Chattahoochee  
do 

W.J.Beal  
...do  

....do  

Florida 

....do  
do  

Crushed  at  middle  and  at  end  

Crushed  at  middle  in  vicinity  of 
13  millimeters  knot. 

do 

do 

do     ...  . 

Massachusetts  
do 

Hamilton  
do      

J.  Robinson  
.    do  

....do  
...  do  

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  .19  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Triple  flexure  ;  middle  bend  25  mil- 
limeters eccentric. 

...do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
....do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  

Drift  
....do  

Hop  Hornbeam.    Iron  Wood. 
Lever  Wood. 

11 
877 
877 
1047 
1047 

46 
73 
73 
1038 

...  do  

....do  
....do  
do  
do 

Danvers  
...  do  
North  Reading 

J.Robinson  
...  do  
do    

Rich  loam  
...do  

Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple   flexure,    deflected   diago- 
nally perpendicular  to  rings. 
Crushed   at  51  millimeters  from 
end  ;  opened  grain. 

Deflected  at  middle  and  split  at 
ends. 

do 

do                   .  . 

Missouri  
Kentucky  
....do  

Massachusetts  

AHenton  
Mercer  county  
....do  
Danvers  

G.  W.  Letterman.  . 
W.  M.  Linney  
....do  
J.  Robinson  

Damp,  alluvial-  .  .  . 
Trenton  limestone 
....do  
Gravelly  

Hornbeam.       Slue    Seech. 
Water  Seech    Iron  Wood. 

do  
Cross-grained  ;  split  at  knots  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDEB  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


457 


Direction  of  gr;sin. 

rur.ssi'KE,  ix  KII.OCIIAMS,  KKCJUIUED  TO  ntoDucK  AX  IXDEXTATIOX,  ix  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

H 

O.S.I 

0.51 

O.TO 

I.OvS 

i.*r 

!.->-• 

i.rs 

•J.O3 

•-J.S8 

•-•.-.I 

4.81 

5.08 

| 

n 

1603 
1438 

1973 
898 

2980 
2085 

27.13 
1878 

2183 

2048 
3402 

3153 
2580 
2245 
3210 

2835 
2540 

2939 
3012 

1452 
1606 
1452 
1338 

1474 
1500 
1284 
1461 
1080 

2803 
2223 
2744 
3193 
2740 
2767 
2291 
2123 
2427 
2241 

3352 
2391 

3470 
3039 
2580 
C381 

2072 
2767 
2454 
2576 

3348 

3157 

2021 

2155 

2628 

8325 

4128 

3402 
3112 
2744 
3402 

:;-j4s 
2890 

8188 

3366 

1610 
1778 
1746 
1524 

1642 
1700 
1424 
1037 
1229 

3057 
2536 
2971 
3329 
3134 
3016 
2513 
2359 
2640 
2486 

3692 
2713 
3874 
3402 
2885 
2740 

2935 
3012  ! 
2785 
2P35 

3074 
3438 

3157 
2291 

2958 

37CO 
44?<i 

3611 
3434 
2921 
3665 

3429 

3125 

3384 
3525 

1733 
1892 
1774 
MM 

1740 

1787 
1524 
1715 
1297 

3212 
2713 
3162 
3525 
3248 
3293 
2703 
2490 
2835 
2685 

3964 
2894 
4155 
3720 
3103 
3017 

3139 
3206 
3066 
3193 

3901 
3047 

3339 

2477 

3221 

3978 

4717 

3788 
3629 
3139 
3937 

3011 
3293 

3583 
3802 

1837 
1987 
1960 
1814 

1914 
1846 
1610 
1774 
1347 

3407 
2858 
3284 
3652 
3411 
3493 
2866 
2658 
2985 
2840 

4146 
3130 
4386 
3983 
3348 
3184 

3329 
3515 
3438 
3339 

4060 
3847 

3493 

2617 

3375 

4191 
4944 

3969 
3878 
3343 
4205 

3801 
3438 

3701 
3806 

1892 
2136 
2028 
1914 

2019 
1910 
1687 
1860 
1452 

3652 
3121 
3470 
3774 
3552 
3593 
2994 
2753 
3121 
2994 

4327 
3202 
4622 
4219 
3536 
3393 

3493 
3706 
3593 
3593 

4291 
3978 

3052 

ma 

3593 

4332 
5153 

4164 
4037 
3538 
4414 

3951 
3002 

3810 
4001 

2005 
2227 
2182 
1978 

2118 
1978 
1756 
1901 
1529 

3774 
3288 
3583 
3874 
3611 
3710 
3121 
2375 
3207 
3071 

4527 
3438 
4849 
4423 
3729 
3588 

3606 
3955 
3801 
3774 

4463 
4164 

3828 
2844 

3738 

4403 
5343 

4341 
4196 

4S27 
4309 

4001 
3007 

3878 

4559 
6489 

4S13 

4400 

4631 
4430 

4137 
3110 

4019 

4072 
5043 

4699 
4572 

5652 

.'/JIB 

5013 
8788 

6056 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  

801 
801 

1171 

1171 

352 

674 
674 

40» 
40" 
50 
135 

512 
512 

687 
687 

729 
729 
573 
573 

18 
18 
258» 
258> 
516 

9 
9 
44' 
441 

119 
119 
765 
765 
853 
853 

11 
11 

877 
877 
1047 
1047 

46 
73 
73 
1038 

do  

do  

1010 
1SJ2 

1861 

1315 
1270 
2358 

1610 
1143 

1792 
18(30 

1089 
1325 

ass 

:,--, 

1888 

925 

S89 
871 

5512 
6623 

5579 
5625 

7Ifi7 

6419 
6214 

do  

Split  at  ends  

4626 

4078 
3756 

3960 
4191 

2073 
228G 
2223 
2041 

2204 
2028 
1810 
1982 
1597 

3905 
3420 
3701 
3951 
3697 
3856 
3280 
3048 
3338 
3202 

4658 
3615 
5080 
4604 
3833 
3742 

3665 
4060 
3978 
38M 

4844 

4205 
3878 

4082 
4318 

2105 
2354 
2295 
21E2 

2227 
2073 
1887 
2037 
1647 

4037 
3505 
3797 
3987 
3015 
3928 
3348 
3089 
3443 
3438 

4854 
3774 
5252 
4808 
3987 
3937 

3792 
4273 
4119 
4037 

5035 

4300 
3887 

4164 
4436 

2173 
2459 
2395 
2214 

2250 
2123 
1932 
2091 
1706 

4169 
3665 
3874 
4132 
4009 
4033 
3456 
3193 
3579 
3552 

5080 
3924 
5479 
4908 
4119 
4046 

3910 
4355 
4246 
4146 

5874 

5171 
4831 

4899 
5262 

2586 
2994 

do  

5D79 
5398 

5443 
5738 

do 

do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  •  split  at  end  

2608 

2903 
2413 
2227 

do  

3130 

2554 

do        ..        

2041 

4854 
4491 
4391 
4740 
4581 

do 

2223 
1452 
1111 
21K1 
1973 
1800 
1M2 
1379 
1683 
1452 

2223 
1078 
2132 
1973 

1547 
1315 

1542 
1702 
1J01 
1247 

5625 

4877 
5149 
4990 

..do  

do               

4150 
3720 
4173 
4264 

6078 
4854 
6713 
5942 
4899 
4990 

4581 

do            

do     

do        

do           

do       .       

do  



5579 

5579 

do                   

Split  at  ends  

5489 
5307 
4944 

6010 

5470 

Sheared  fibers                

458 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOB  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Lougltuulnal  com- 
pression:  rltiujate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

BETT7LACE2E. 

294.  Betnla  alba,  var.  popnlifolia  .  . 
White  Birch.   Old-jield  Birch. 
Gray  Birch. 

10 
10 

848 

223 
223 
722 
722 
836 
836 
990 
990 
1065 
1065 
1066 
1066 
1067 
1067 

528 
629 

843 
843 
1068 
1068 
1069 
1069 
1070 
1070 

136 
139 

841 
841 
842 
842 

Massachusetts  
....do  
....do  

Vermont  
do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
....do  
Danvers  

Charlotte  
do  

C.  S.  Sargent  

Drift  

6123 
5307 
5262 

Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  102 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  and  split  at  middle  

....do  
J.  Robinson  

C.  G.  Pringle  

....do  
Gravelly  

Canoe  Birch.     White  Birch. 
Paper  Birch. 

296.  Betula  occidental  

do  

Sereno  Watson  .  .  . 
....do  
J.  Robinson  
..  do    

Wet  

8346 
6713 
7983 
8890 
6486 
6577 
8346 
7485 
7485 
7552 
7847 
9662 

5670 
6849 

8279 
10070 
9934 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle  ;  deflected  diagonally.    * 
Crushed  at  32  millimeters  from 
middle  on  one  f:ice. 
Crushed  nt  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  middle  at3  millimeters 
knot. 
('rushed  7(i  millimeters  from  end 
at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  8  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 
Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  38 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  70  millimeters  from 
end  and  at  end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Crushed  at  middle  ;  opened  grain 
three-fourths  the  length  of  stick. 
Crushed  at  middle  and  split  along 
grain. 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
......do  

do                 .  ..            

...do  

Massachusetts  
..do    

...do  
Townsend  
do    

....do  

Alaska 

Chilcoot  inlet  
do  

Paul  Schultze 

...  do  

do  

Charlotte 

C.  G-.  Pringle  

do 

do 

do 

....do  

...  do  

...do  

do     

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do  

do  

Engelmann'scanon 
Strawberry  valley  . 

Danvers  
...do  
Charlotte  
....do  
....do  
....do  
do 

Robert  Douglas.  .  . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

J.Robinson  
...do    
C.  G.  Pringle  

Black  Birch. 
297   Betula  lutea 

California 

Wet  peaty    . 

Massachusetts  — 
....do  
Vermont  
....do  
...do  
....do  
do 

Gravelly  
....do  
do  

Yellow  Birch.    Gray  Birch. 

« 
298.  Betula  nigra     

....do  
....do  
....do  

do 

....do  
....do  
....do  

,ln 

10093 
10623 
10841 
9208 
10206 

7339 
7122 
7249 
7666 
6600 
6069 

9072 
8823 
11022 
10931 
9480 
10115 

Triple  diagonal  flexure    perpen- 
dicular to  rings. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
do  

Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  25 
millimeters  from  middle. 

do     

do  

... 

Missouri  

G.  W.Letterman.. 
do 

Crushed  at  5  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters   knot 
32  millimeters  from  end. 
Triple  flexure  perpendicular  to 
rings. 
Crushed  at  44  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Triple  flexure  toward  heart  

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  38 
millimeters  from  end. 

Crushed  at  31   millimeters   from 
middle;  deflected  diagonally. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  32 
millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end. 

Bed  Birch.    River  Birch. 
299.  Betula  lenta 

do 

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
do    

North  Andover  .  .  . 
..  do  

J.  Robinson  
..do  

Alluvial  
do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do  
do 

....do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

....do  

C  S  Sargent 

....do  

Drift 

Cherry  Birch.    Black  Birch. 
Sweet  Birch.     Mahogany 
Birch. 

4 

221 
221 
844 

844 

810 

967 
967 
991 
991 
102S 

do 

do                 

do  

Charlotte 

C  G  Pringle 

...do  
Massachusetts  — 
....do  

...do  
Danvers  
....do  

Pepper's  mills  ... 

Sitka  
...do  

....do  

....do  
do  

Crashed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 
middle. 

....do  
W.  M.  Canby  
Paul  Schultze 

....do  

Seaside  Alder. 

Alaska  
....do  

Washington  terri- 
tory, 
do 

6976 
6033 
6010 
6829 
6759 

Crushed  at   32  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Alder. 

....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do                 



Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  51 
millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

do 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
(JOTTED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


459 


IMrtTtion  of  grain. 

« 

I'KESSL'KE,  IN  KILOGKAMg,  KEQUIUEI)  TO  PRODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  namber. 

0.35 

0.51 

o.re 

1  .<»•-! 

1.37 

1  ..-,-> 

1.78 

-'.<>:( 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1 

1179 
1(148 
1406 

11711 
889 
MM 

11S9 

1134 

1343 
1384 

tat 

1870 

ISfil 
975 
1021 
1179 
7114 

MO 
749 

1746 
1742 
1529 
1315 
11M6 
IMS 
1842 
1021 

12K 

1216 
889 
894 
1547 
1120 

2136 
1497 

1019 

ir.47 
2223 

1669 
1093 
1973 
1978 
1701 
1941 
2028 
1479 

1778 
1597 
2332 

1787 
1170 
2114 
2223 
1878 
2064 
2168 
1583 
2064 
1883 
1529 
1633 
1656 
1447 

2168 
1424 

2586 
2858 
2214 
1987 
2254 
2118 
2699 
1733 

2472 
1637 
1(142 
1542 
2254 
1624 

4114 
2713 

1846 
1701 
2409 

1868 
1325 
2236 
2359 
2028 
2214 
2304 
1887 
2313 
2005 
169B 
1715 
1769 
l.r,79 

2340 
1533 

2722 
3062 
2404 
2168 
2449 
2254 
2858 
1851 

2685 
1760 
1801 
1669 
2377 
1737 

4386 

2894 

1955 
1769 
2495 

1932 
1356 
2295 
2495 
2118 
2295 
9891 
1796 
2427 
•-•077 
1710 
1819 
1892 
1683 

2459 

1597 

2867 
3139 
2477 
2282 
2567 
2368 
2948 
2000 

2790 
1851 
1923 
1766 
2522 
1851 

4572 
3130 

2055 
1877 
2549 

2014 
1460 
2391 
2649 
2250 
2440 
2531 
1864 
2490 
2182 
1796 
1892 
1978 
1765 

2599 

1669 

3030 
3811 
2576 
2345 
2708 
2481 
3107 
2132 

2889 
1982 
1982 
1855 
2626 
1896 

4753 
3230 

2168 
1937 
2604 

2105 
1565 
2531 
2740 
2345 
2549 
2676 
1941 
2554 
2295 
1883 
1951 
2150 
1846 

2685 
1751 

SIX 

3470 
2731 
2504 
2758 
2590 
3221 
2241 

3016 
2064 
2046 
1910 
2717 
2000 

4990 
3397 

2223 
1991 
2654 

2150 
1615 
2649 
2844 
2431 
2676 
2785 
2023 
2676 
2391 
1932 
2046 
2209 
1941 

2744 
1805 

3243 
3574 
2794 
2572 
2894 
2654 
3343 
2345 

3085 
2205 
2159 
1987 
2803 
2087 

5112 

3574 

2322 

2078 
2703 

2209 
1696 
2731 
2948 
2545 
2771 
2862 
2091 
2748 
2513 
2028 
2073 
2304 
2023 

2862 
1892 

3357 
3661 
2880 
2669 
2998 
2749 
3456 
2463 

3162 
2308 
2182 
2037 
2894 
2141 

5257 
3656 

2390 
2173 
2748 

2254 
1783 
2799 
3016 
2635 
2867 
2935 
2177 
2799 
2595 
2114 
2200 
2391 
2082 

2930 
1937 

3561 
3774 
2998 
2776 
3071 
2799 
3574 
2567 

3216 
2345 
2232 
2082 
2989 
2205 

5443 
3815 

2971 

3198 

10 
10 
848 

223 
223 
722 
722 
836 
836 
990 
990 
1065 
1065 
1066 
1066 
1067 
1067 

528 
629 

843 
843 
1068 
1068 
1069 
1069 
1070 
1070 

136 
136 
841 
841 
812 
842 

4 
4 

3311 

2676 
2087 
3334 
3529 
3198 
3470 
3543 
2676 
3288 
3207 
2563 
2667 
2930 
2587 

3348 
2395 

4332 
4423 
3652 

do 

2903 

3765 
3946 
3629 
3901 
3847 
2994 

Sheared  fibers  ;  indented  section  covers  3  millime- 
ters knot. 

Slight  aher.ring  of  fibers  ;  indented  section  covers  3 
millimeters  knot. 

do 

do 

1740 
1338 
1488 
1533 
1325 

1837 
1320 

2359 
2622 
1987 
1768 

2028 
1887 
2495 

1542 

2168 
1497 
1343 
1379 
2123 
1515 

3561 
2440 

do 

2858 

do 

3357 

3652 
2699 

4536 
4590 

do 

do 

3606 

Sheared  fibers  •  split  at  end    

4241 
3130 

3742 

4872 

Sheared  fibers        

4014 

2880 
2912 
2799 
4105 
2948 

6922 

2581 
2563 
3674 
2209 

6396 
4626 

do          

do  .   .     

do                

do               

I 

HiiB 
1179 

1270 

1089 
1002 

1774 
975 
767 

2685 
2336 

1810 

1270 

1724 
2064 
1257 
1361 

3089 
2731 

1932 

1347 

19-'3 
2223 
1851 
1515 

3334 
3030 

2023 

1397 
1996 

2377 
1810 
1015 


3497 

3261 
2068 

1474 

2032 
2481 
2032 
1069 

3720 
3411 

2164 

1492 
2127 
2572 
2168 
1756 

3856 
3583 

2218 

1547 
2177 
2636 
2232 
1896 

4073 
3801 

2259 

1619 

2254 
2753 
2295 
1946 

4205 
3955 

2341 

1628 
2308 
2808 
2350 
1987 

4305 
4101 

2400 

1665 
2354 
2930 
2427 
2078 

5216 
5022 

2812 

1932 
2803 

3574 
2427 
2449 

6761 
5761 

844 
844 

810 

967 
967 
991 
991 
1025 

.do        

2041 
3039 
3910 
3198 
2722 

do        .      

..   do  

..  do  

do                       

460 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  V.—  BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 

& 

i 

0 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

1025 

7258 

302    Alnns  rhombifolia       

635 

..do  

Company. 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  .. 

7022 

end. 

Alder. 

717 

Wet 

4990 

middle. 

717 

do 

do 

do 

do 

4899 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

979 

Drain 

C  S  Sargent 

5171 

end  on  one  face. 

979 

...do  

..  do  .   

....do  

...  do  

6396 

middle. 

303.  Alnus  oblongifolia  

694 

California  

W.  G.  Wright 

44-45 

Alder. 

694 

..do  

....do  

....do  

4459 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

374 

C  G  Pringle 

4617 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

SpeckledAlder.   Hoary  Alder. 
Slack  Alder. 

SALICACEJE. 
306.  Salix  nigra  

232 

....do  

....do  

4545 

middle. 

Blacli  Willow. 

855 

Topsfield 

2277 

rings. 

307.  Salix  amygdaloides  

908 

Canon  City    

E.  Weston  

3493 

millimeters   from    end;    cross- 
grained. 

Willow. 

908 

do       

do 

do    - 

4355 

middle. 

911 

do 

do 

do 

5171 

between  rings. 

911 

do  

.  do 

do  

3878 

split  alonL'  iirain  between  rings. 

308.  Salix  lajvigata  

690 

5012 

millimeters  from  middle. 
Triple  flexure 

Willow. 
309.  Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia 

690 
640 

....do  
....do  

....do  

Strawberry  valley 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

....do  

....do  

5216 

4373 

do    

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 

981 

F  Skinner 

Alluvial 

5942 

end  in  vicinity  of  knots. 

309.  Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendle- 

981 
889 

...do  

Utah 

....do  

....do  

....do  

6056 
4581 

die  at  2  millimoters  knot. 
Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end  and  at  end. 

riana. 
313.  Salix  flavescens     

721 

6532 

middle  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

721 
972 

....do  

Missonla. 
....do    

Seattle 

....do  

....do  

6532 
8074 

Crusbed  at  3  millimeters  knot  76 
millimeters  from  end. 

riana. 
Black  Willow. 

972 

ritory. 
...do    

do 

C.  S.  Sargent, 
do    ,      

do 

6895 

314.  Salix  Hookeriana  

966 

7031 

near  middle. 
Triple   flexure,    deflected    diag- 

966 

do 

do 

do 

do 

6623 

onally. 

316.  Salix  lasiolepis  

669 

6169 

Willow. 

272* 

S.  d!  Sargent. 

4219 

Crushed  at  51  and  at  114  millime- 

Aspen.    Quaking  Asp. 

272 

..  do    

.  do   

.   ..do  

do  

4717 

ters  from  end  ;  split  along  grain. 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  .  .  . 

319.  Popnlus  grandidentata  
Poplar. 

1035 
1035 

847 
847 

Massachusetts  
....do  

...  do  
.  do  

Danvers  
....do  

....do  
do    

J.  I;  M!>  in  si  m  
....do  

....do  
do  

Gravelly  
....do  

...do  
...do  

6260 
5942 

5625 
5829 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle  on  one  face. 
do  

Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure;  middle   bend   38 

522 

Nashville 

4527 

millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed   at   16  millimeters  knot 

Jtiver  Cottonwood.     Swamp 
Cottonwood. 

961 

Alaska 

Chilcoot  inlet 

Paul  Schultze 

do  . 

4672 

102  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  25 

Valsam.  lacamahac.  Balm 
of  Gilead. 

321.  Popnlns  halsamifera,  var.  can- 
dicans. 

961 

1054 
1054 

....do  

Massachusetts.  .  . 
....do  

....do  

Topsfield  
....do  

....do  

J.  Robinson  
....do  

....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

5579 

4527 
4309 

millimeters  from  end. 
Triple  flexure;  middle   bend    32 
millimeters  eccentric. 

Crushed  at  7li  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure  perpendicular  to 
rings. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


461 


UNITED  STATES  UNDEB  COMPRESSION—  Continued. 


Diivrtion  of  grain. 

rilEBBUHE,  IN  KI1.0C.KAJIS,  IIUJI  111H'  TO  1'liOM  (  K  AX  INHKNTATIOK,  IX  MILL1MKTEHB,  OK— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.25 

0.31 

o.76 

• 

!.<»-• 

1.27 

1.53 

1.78 

2.03 

3.38 

3.54 

l.sl   3.O8 

i 

m 

953 

816 
631 
4'M 
590 
607 

930 
658 

1243 

1529 
953 
857 
944 
1030 

1089 
939 

1352 

1665 
1043 

903 
1052 
1111 

1120 

998 

HOI 

1769 
1071 
948 
1084 
1175 

1202 
1080 

US29 

1851 
1080 
998 
1125 
1220 

1257 
1120 

1628 

1937 
1120 
1043 

lisa 

1288 

1302 
1207 

1715 

1896 
1152 
1084 
1270 
1347 

1361 

1225 

1709 

2068 
1179 
1129 
1315 
1307 

1402 
1266 

1805 

2132 

1234 
1166 
1347 
1415 

1443 
1311 

1910 

2200 
1279 
1229 
1388 
14S3 

1489 
1343 

2254 

2486 

1442 
1487 
1009 
1678 

1765 
1624 

1025 

635 
717 
717 
979 
979 

694 
694 

2686 

1547 
1647 
1860 
1878 

2064 
1774 

do   .... 

do 

do   

do  .  .     

do 

907 
044 

953 
1043 
499 
953 

885 
1202 

1134 
1030 
635 

an 

071 
771 

862 
1021 

1006 

1288 

993 

1084 
1220 
901 
1016 

1315 
1851 

1497 
1J07 

1^80 

11U7 

1229 
1252 

1021 
1687 

1529 

1397 
1143 

1202 
1361 
1016 
1080 

1424 
1987 

1560 
1270 
943 

1170 

1379 
1397 

1384 
1982 

1633 

15C9 
1297 

1252 

1438 
1075 
1094 

1488 
2123 

1619 
1388 
1016 

1266 

1479 
1565 

1615 
2168 

1706 

1628 
1361 

1347 
1479 
1166 
1184 

1569 
2218 

1674 
1447 
1080 

1311 

1565 
1597 

1678 
2359 

1769 

1719 
1442 

1393 
1547 
1234 

1216 

1651 
2286 

1760 
1547 
1120 

1384 

1615 
1674 

1719 
2486 

1851 

1824 
1529 

1447 
1642 
1306 

1257 

1719 
2350 

1801 
1M 

1170 

1438 

1724 
1729 

1810 
2567 

1937 

1896 
1574 

1524 
1074 
1347 
1306 

1814 
2482 

1846 
1624 
1220 

1488 

1787 
1801 

1960 
2685 

1996 

1941 
1642 

1574 
1733 
1393 
1352 

1923 

2504 

1892 

1674 
1266 

1533 

1833 
1855 

2019 
2731 

2069 

2032 
1733 

1618 
1814 
1452 
1624 

1951 
2590 

1928 
1715 
1302 

1579 

1865 
1928 

2078 
2858 

2118 

2395 
2155 

2019 
2168 
1774 
1833 

2395 
3029 

2214 
2032 
1570 

1905 

2132 
2313 

2481 
3311 

2541 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  specimen 
120  millimeters  long. 

232 
855 

908 
908 
911 
911 

690 

690 

640 
981 
981 

889 

721 
721 

972 
972 

966 
966 

669 

272» 
2721 
1035 

1035 

847 
847 

522 

961 
961 

1054 
1054 

2518 

2232 
2449 
2005 

..do  

do  

do  

do  

2685 
3379 

2322 
2232 
1778 

2177 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers         

2C54 

Sheared  fibers 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  ;  indented  section  cov- 
ers 6  millimeters  knot. 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers-  split  at  end 

1 

MM 

948 

058 
821 
862 

640 
658 

885 

817 

885 

SS9 
522 

1851 

1134 
735 
1397 
12C7 

885 
844 

1084 

1089 
1030 

943 
730 

2064 

1202 
739 
1565 

1261 

934 

880 

1184 

1125 
1075 

1052. 
807 

2168 

1257 
758 
1637 
1315 

980 
903 

1288 

1179 
1125 

1116 
852 

2241 

1279 
771 
1710 

1365 

1030 
957 

1384 

1238 
1166 

1157 
903 

2291 

1311 

807 
1758 
141] 

1075 
998 

1438 

1288 
1166 

1198 
957 

2391 

1352 
839 
1824 
1470 

1120 
1034 

1511 

1348 
1179 

1261 
1002 

2454 

1388 
848 
1905 
1524 

1161 
1080 

1547 

1384 
1220 

1302 
1043 

2518 

1393 
862 
1982 
1569 

1170 
1129 

1633 

1393 
1261 

1320 
1084 

2595 

1397 

898 
1991 
1578 

1211 
1170 

1^69 

1415 
1306 

1361 
1125 

2971 

1610 
1025 
2268 
1860 

1474 
1402 

1960 

1051 
1488 

1656 
1315 

3311 

1746 
1111 
2586 
•  2019 

1656 
1533 

do  

do  

do  

do 

do            

...  .  do  .              .          

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  ;  specimen  120  millime- 
ters long. 

1792 
1660 

1883 
1533 

do 

....  do  

462 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: TJltiraate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

• 

552 

Robert  Douglas  .  . 

4332 

Black  Cottonwood. 

1019 

5851 

millimeters  from  middle. 

Black  Cottonwood.    Balsam 

1012 

do    

Factory,  Portland. 
do  .'.  

do  

6214 

middle. 

1028 

do    

6192 

end. 

1028 

....do  

Company. 
do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

6713 

middle. 

289 

Missouri  

AlleBton  

G.  W.  Letterman.. 

Alluvial  

4763 

middle. 

Cottonwood.    Necklace   Pop- 
lar.      Carolin  a     Poplar. 
Big  Cottonwood. 

304 
304 

....do  

do              .  . 

....do  
...  do    

....do  
do 

....do  

do 

4264 
4541 

Crushed  at  middle    and   opened 
along  grain. 

309 

Texps 

Dallas 

do 

69CO 

end. 

309 

....do  

....do    

....do  

....do  

6214 

end. 
Crushed  at  middle  

764 

Florida   .. 

A.  H  Curtiss 

do 

6199 

754 

do  

....do  

do  

do    .. 

7326 

millimeters  from  middle. 

659 

do 

5987 

middle. 

Cottonwood. 

325.  Populus  Fremontii,  var.  "Wis- 
lizeni. 
Cottonwood.     White  Cotton- 
wood. 

C59 

646 
646 
909 

....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  

San  Bernardino  .  .  . 
....do  

CaSon  City   .. 

....do  

•W.G.Wright  
....do  

do 

....do  

....do  
....do  

6123 

5625 
5216 
67  ")9 

middle  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  19 
millimeters  eccentric. 

909 

do  

....do  

do  

6713 

end. 

909 

do    

...  do  

do 

5466 

millimeters  from  end. 

909 

do 

do 

do 

5919 

iu  vicinity  of  5  millimeters  knot. 

CONIFERS. 

634 

California      . 

5618 

White  Cedar.   Bastard  Cedar. 

634 

do 

berry  valley, 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

6115 

middle. 

662 

do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 

W. G.  Wright  

8754 

end;  split  whole  length  of  speci- 
men. 

662 

do  

nardino  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

do  

5299 

327.  Thuya  occidentalis 

379 

C.  G.  Pringle  

4626 

grata. 

White  Cedar.    Arbor-vitce. 

379 

782 

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  

4545 
5534 

end. 

Crushed  at  13  and  at  57  millime- 
ters from  end. 

782 

do  

way. 
do    

5035 

tera  from  end. 

783 

783 

....do  

do 

Bridgeton  
do    ... 

Ed.  Sinclair  
do 



5579 

5398 

Crushed  at  13  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 

790 

790 

Province  of  Quebec 
.  do    

Amqni  
do  

A.  Grant  
do 



4355 

4785 

millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  89  millimeters  from  end 
and  at  end. 

792 
792 

....do  
...do  

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
.    do              



2994 
3221 

middle. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

796 

do    

do 

4545 

end. 

796 

do 

do 

5103 

eud. 

874 

5965 

874 

do 

do 

do 

6532 

end. 

1099 

Drift 

4493 

328.  Thuya  gigantea  

1099 

1017 

....do  

...  do  

Weidler's  saw  -mill 

....do  

....do  

5806 
6895 

swelled. 
Crushed  at  51   millimeters   from 
end;  split  along  grain. 

Heel  Cedar.    Canoe  Cedar. 

1017 
1021 

....do  
do 

Portland. 
....do  

C.S.Sargent. 
do  

do 



8301 

6396 

tors  from  end  ;  split  along  grain. 
Crushed  at  32  millimeters    from 
middle;  sudden  fracture. 

1021 

do  

Company. 
do  

do    

end. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I'M  TED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION—  Continued. 


463 


Direction  of  grain. 

-IliE.  IN  KIl  <».ll  \.M.s,  KKtjl'lllEIi  TO  PRODUCE  AX  INDENTATION,  IS  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.45 

0.51 

0.76 

1.04 

I.  -it 

1.54 

1.78 

4.0:1 

4.48 

4.54 

4.81 

5.08 

ID 

1 

1 

454 

7-111 
504 
930 
449 

666 
408 
1588 
522 
862 
389 

934 
703 

2064 
653 
1120 
658 
635 
817 

1071 
1007 

956 
1071 

522 
508 
821 
490 
621 
494 
631 
680 
549 
404 
671 
703 
594 
717 
572 
058 

712 
1080 
567 
980 

1 

944 

907 
712 
99S 

712 

595 
898 
608 
2254 
1043 
1320 
1143 

1216 
998 

2971 
1125 
1311 
925 
835 
1052 

1179 
1202 

1334 
1805 

703 
703 
1012 
857 
880 
821 
98B 
839 
721 
599 

see 

871 
789 
953 
944 
889 

803 
1089 

at 

1148 

1111 

1002 

793 
1093 
789 

653 
939 
685 
2395 
1157 
1488 
1220 

1311 
1179 

3143 
1220 
1411 

1061 
880 
1116 

1216 
1284 

1393 
1828 

744 
717 
1098 
898 
948 
975 
1016 
934 
i  767 
620 
907 
898 
807 
993 
1034 
953 

875 
1117 
753 
1107 

1166 

1043 

817 
1166 

852 

680 
980 
726 
2436 
L229 
1542 
1306 

1352 

1252 

3216 
1338 
1438 
1107 
930 
1179 

1270 
1447 

1493 
1864 

785 
721 
1116 
934 
1007 
1034 
1030 
957 
789 
635 
962 
939 
866 
1025 
1075 
1016 

916 
1315 
803 
1143 

1229 

1080 
889 
1216 

889 

726 
998 
780 
2490 
1315 
1628 
1352 

1438 

KILT, 

3307 
1397 
1533 
1189 
975 
1243 

1315 
1470 

1533 

1928 

812 
730 
1161 
939 
1030 
1071 
1057 
989 
812 
649 
1002 
984 
893 
1039 
1084 
1057 

984 
1415 
844 
1211 

1306 

1120 
934 
1278 

939 

766 
1043 
830 
2567 
1356 
1687 
1397 

1515 
1388 

3375 
1470 
1637 
1239 
1016 
1288 

1365 
1492 

1578 
2000 

835 
739 
1175 
948 
1034 
1080 
1075 
1016 
852 
662 
1043 
1025 
907 
1048 
1125 
1107 

1034 
1501 
857 

1266 

1 

1343 

1161 
948 
1888 

998 

807 
1080 
875 
2622 
1447 
1801 
1442 

1569 

1442 

3420 
1574 
1719 
1279 
1071 
1338 

1402 
1538 

1619 
2087 

875 
753 
1202 
966 
1066 
1102 
1107 
1030 
875 
676 
1075 
1039 
930 
1057 
1161 
1152 

1071 
1497 
898 
1288 

1356 

1184 
993 
1365 
1043 

848 
1120 
903 
2703 
1488 
1851 
1488 

1619 
15S8 

3479 
1660 
1750 
1352 
1120 
1397 

1438 
1574 

1669 

2182 

894 
762 
1225 
979 
1075 
1116 
1116 
1043 
884 
680 
1116 
1057 
939 
1075 
1193 
1207 

1093 
1778 
912 
1334 

1397 

1225 
1030 
1429 
'  1084 

852 
1166 
948 
2753 
1538 
1896 
1529 

16G5 
1588 

3529 

1724 
1801 
1397 
1166 
1447 

1442 
1583 

1710 
2250 

903 
798 
1261 
989 
1089 
1120 
1129 
1075 
894 
694 
1157 
1075 
957 
1089 
1220 
1252 

1116 
1406 
939 
1370 

1442 

1201 
1039 
1474 
1125 

875 
1198 
984 
2807 
1597 
1946 
1574 

1728 
1647 

3574 
1805 
1869 
1442 
1211 
1488 

1465 

1597 

1751 
2400 

984 
807 
1270 
1007 
1112 
1134 
1161 
1098 
912 
708 
1170 
1102 
980 
1116 
1270 
1266 

1161 
1383 
966 
1384 

1669 
1474 

1905 

Slight  tiluai  ing  of  fibers  

552 

1012 
1012 
1028 
1028 

255 
304 
304 
309 
309 
754 
754 

659 
659 

646 
646 

909 
909 
912 
912 

634 
634 

662 
662 

379 
379 

782 
782 
783 
783 
790 
790 
792 
792 
796 
796 
874 
874 
1099 
1099 

1017 
1017 
1021 
1021 

<lo 

1384 

1030 
1315 
1179 
3302 
2032 
2223 
1837 

2087 
2023 

4037 

2177 
2177 
1701 
1433 
1760 

1628 
1787 

1941 
2622 

1034 
934 
1429 
1116 
1243 
1216 
1311 
1215 
1043 
794 
1397 
1261 

do  ... 

1179 
1452 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do 

do  

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

do  

do  

2495 

Sheared  fibers   .  .     . 

1833 
1610 

do  

do  ...            .  . 

1769 
1896 

2046 

Sheared  fibers  .  . 

do  

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

1134 
993 
1542 
1229 
1288 
1243 
1488 
1325 
1075 
839 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

Sheared  fibers  

Sheared  fibers  ;  indented  face  covers  3  millimeters 
knot. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

13S5 

do  ..       .      ..  .. 

1216 

1497 
1447 

1293 
1610 
1542 

do  

do 

1746 
1116 
1579 

1769 
1728  i 

Sheared  fibers 

464 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pressiou:  Ultimate 
strength,  iu  kilos. 

Remarks. 

329.  Cbamsecyparis  sphseroidea  
White  'Cedar. 

330.  Chamaecyparis  Nntkaensis  
Yellow  Oppress.    Sitka  Cy- 
prut. 

331.  Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana  .  .  . 
Port  Orjord  Cedar.    Oregon 
Cedar.  White  Cedar.  Law- 
son's  Cypress.  Ginger  Pine. 

350 
350 
850 
850 
851 
851 
852 
852 

969 
969 

983 
983 
994 
994 
1000 
1000 

701 
707 
707 

675 
675 

691 
691 
1100 
1100 

624 
624 

939 
939 
1102 
1102 

327 
327 
734 
734, 
800 
800 
837 
837 
1055 
1055 
1249 
1250 
1253 

Cottage  llill  
...  do  
Beverly  
do 

C.Mohr  
....do  
J.  Robinson  
do 

Sandy,  wet  
....do  
Swampy  
-do 

4400 
4105 
4060 
3756 
4014 
4581 
4173 
4105 

5897 
7031 
8210 
7779 
7711 
7439 
7217 
6967 

7235 

7462 
7666 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters    from 
end. 
do  

....do  

Massachusetts  .... 
do           

Cinched  at  76  millimeters  from 
end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushe-i   at  middle  in  vicinity  of 
3  millimeters  knots. 
Crushed  at  end  (  opened  grata   .. 

Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  32  millimeters  from 
end  ;  opened  bet  ween  rings. 
Crushed  at  2r>  and  at  127  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Triple  diagonal    flexure  parallel 
to  rings. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeter!    from 
end. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters   from 
end. 
Tiiple  flexure;    middle  bend  38 
millimeters  eceentrie. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crush.  jd   at  13  millimeters  knot 
38  millimeters  from  middle. 
Crushed  at  31  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Crushed  at  25  and  at  51  millime- 
ters from  end:  split  alon.^  grain. 
Crushed  at  cud  uiidat  102millime- 
ters  f  i  om  end. 
Crushed  at  51   millimeters   from 
end. 

....do  
....do  
do          

....do  
....do  

do    . 

....do  
.  .  .  do  
do 

....do  
....do  

.    ..In  .  . 

do 

An 

Alaska                         Sit.Vn, 

Paul  Schultze  ....               ... 

do 

do 

do 

British  Columbia  . 
do 

Saw-mill,  Victoria, 
do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
.    do    

Alaska 

Peril  strait 

Paul  Schnltze 

do              

do 

...do  ... 

....do  

do 

Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland, 
do 

G  .  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do 

Dean  &.  Cb.'s  saw- 
mill,  Marshfield. 
do 

du    

....do  

do 

do  

California  
Jo  

....do  

Monterey  Cypress. 

do  

....do  

....do  

....do  
do             

Marin  county  .  
do 

G.  R.  Vasey  

Dry  ridges  

5693 
7349 
5253 
4672 

338.  Juniperus  occidentalis  
Juniper. 

338.  Juniperus   occidental,    var. 
conjugens. 
Juniper. 

339.  Juniperus  Virginiana  
lied  Cedar.    Savin. 

do  

...  do  

do 

Calistoga  
....do  

W.F.Fisher  
...do  

G.  Eiigelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

...do  
....do  

Crushed  at  middle  ;  end  shattered  ; 
split  along  grain. 
Split  along  grain  ;  shattered  

....do  

...do    
....do  

....do  

C.  Mohr.     .  . 

9049 

Shattered  stick  at  127  millimeters 
from  end  and  at  end. 

....do  

...  do  

do  

....do    

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

S.  B.  Buckley 

do     

9662 
6804 

7172 
7439 
701.- 
7249 
7031 
5715 
5126 
4944 
5851 
7076 
8256 
5879 
6577 

Triple  diagonal  flexure    perpen- 
dicular to  rings. 
Split  obliquely  ;  cross-drained  and 
knots. 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  and  split  along  ^raiu. 
Triple  flexure;   middle   bend  32 
mdlimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  '2~>  ami  at  127  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Crushed  at  S  millimeters  knot  25 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  knotlS 
millimeters  from  end. 
Opened    grain   at    6   millimeters 
knot  near  middle. 
Triple    diagonal   flexure  parallel 
to  rin<rs. 
do 

...do 

do 

...do  
do 

Dallas  
do 

J.  Reverchon  
do 

Calcareous  
do 

Florida          

Chattahoochee  
...do  

Saint  John's  river 
do 

A.  H.  Cnrtias 

do              ... 

...  do  
...  do  

....do  
....do  
...do 

...do  

do 

do         

Massachusetts  
do 

Danvers  
do 

J.Robinson  
do 

Drift  
do 

....do  
....do  

Topsfleld  
....do  

Wilson  county  
do     . 

....do  
....do  
A.E.Baird  
do    

Gravelly  
....do  

Crushed  in  vicinity  of  13  millime- 
ters  knot  at  middle. 
Crushed  at  middle:  deflected...  . 

do    

Crushed  at  knot  near  end  

Triple  diagonal  flexure  perpen- 
dicular to  rings  ;  opened  grain. 

do 

do 

do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


465 


a 

| 

8 

§ 
t 

£ 
5 

m 
i 

l'KE88UKE,  IN  KILOGRAMS,  I1RQUIBEP  TO  1'ROIIUCE  AN  IMU-IM'A  I  H'N,  IX  Mll.LJMETEHB,  OF— 

Kemarka. 

Ollicc  number. 

0.25 

0.51 

O.T6 

1.0* 

1.27 

I.-VJ 

i.rs 

•i.tr.t 

•J.-i* 

2.34 

4.81 

5.O8 

340 
640 
080 
828 

463 

522 
644 
544 

549 
539 

721 
930 
749 
1125 
1320 
1542 

806 
690 
G40 

1656 

i~i;9 

1406 
1805 
594 
1728 

1343 
1610 

1778 
1474 
1746 

581 
984 
889 
053 
735 
698 
1025 
975 

885 
770 
1170 
1592 
1247 
1442 
1837 
2032 

1429 
053 
989 

3311 
3266 

2540 
2413 
1574 

2427 

2431 
2459 

3593 
3134 
3402 

726 
1034 
988 

1139 
802 
8011 
1193 
1125 

971 
i»3 
1302 
1787 
1320 
1515 
1982 
2118 

1520 

1080 
1116 

76S 
1078 
962 

1184 
S71 
821 
1315 
1311 

1012 
1048 
1393 
1842 
1393 
1597 
2073 
2205 

1529 
1120 
1161 

3742 
3620 

3311 

2572 
2404 
2622 

3134 
2681 

4653 
4359 
4264 

808 

me 
em 

1243 
880 

835 
1365 

1356 

1025 
1080 
.1488 
1860 
1442 
1683 
2114 
2254 

1579 

1170 
1202 

.  3860 
3724 

3425 
2649 
2563 

2771 

3202 
2758 

4817 
4513 
4414 

812 
1160 
1030 
1279 
804, 
839 
1415 
1411 

1057 
1120 
1547 
1919 
1492 
1333 
2164 
2400 

1579 
1211 
1207 

3951 
3797 

3515 
2872 
2626 
2853 

3307 
2826 

4944 
4649 
4626 

848 
1211 
11161 
1203 
903 
844 
1474 
1488 

1093 
1166 
1588 
1960 
1547 
1774 
2214 
2354 

1651 
1229 
1266 

4051 
3860 

3647 
2703 
2681 
2944 

3393 
2899 

5103 
4854 
4726 

an 

1234 
1084 
1302 
021 
857 
1506 
1551 

1120 
1175 
1642 
2009 
1592 
1819 
2259 
2404 

1687 
1275 
1311 

4164 
3901 

3729 
2739 
2731 
3012 

3434 
2953 

5158 
4953 
4795 

878 
\3Ht 

1111 
1315 
944 
880 
1565 
LOTS 

1129 

laifl 

1724 
2032 
1647 
1860 
2400 
,2481 

1728 
1306 
1325 

4187 
4014 

3783 
2803 
2799 
3094 

3484 
3016 

5221 
5080 
4899 

AS!. 
1270 
1120 
1329 
MB 
889 
1610 
1642 

1157 
1234 
1760 
2087 
1687 
1896 
2331 
2513 

1746 
1329 
1361 

4214 
4078 

.3842 
2821 
2817 
3134 

3515 
3094 

5294 
6668 
4962 

1007 
UBS 

1306 
1429 
1034 
998 
1805 
1928 

1306 
1406 
2028 
2313 
1996 
2214 
2586 
2835 

1928 

1125 
1574 
MO! 
1429 
1089 
1080 
1973 
2132 

1406 
1520 

Sheared  fibers 

350 
350 

S50 
850 
851 
851 
852 
852 

969 
969 
983 
983 
994 
994 
1000 
1000 

.701 

707 
707 

675 
675 

691 
691 
1100 
1100 

624 
624 

939 
939 
1102 
1102 

327 
327 
734 

.  do 

do 

..  ..  do...  . 

do  . 

ilo  

SIMit  shearing  of  fillers  

do  

Slight  shearing  of  libers  ;  split  at  end  

do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  3  millimeters 
knot. 
Sheared  fibers  

2790 
2994 

2155 

• 
do 

do  

do  

4717 

4967 

3511 

3016 
2558 
2118 
2558 

2925 
2622 

4291 
4046 
4033 

4241 

4527 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  indented  section  covers 
two  3  millimeters  knots. 

3166 

3606 

3882 
3574 

5987 

3348 
3901 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

4001 
6305 

do  

Sheared  fibers 

5579 

1 

1087 
1207 
1587 

2014 
1!)32 
2381 

2068 
2132 
2699 

2186 
2182 
2844 

2250 
2214 
2890 

2304 
2236 
2935 

2340 
2259 
3030 

2395 
2304 
3066 

2449 
2341 
3094 

2504 
2350 
3139 

2994 
2586 
3438 

3202 

Sheared  fibers  

do  . 

1 

1384 
1043 
839 
817 
1061 

2091 
1760 
1438 
1279 
1928 

2291 
1969 
1583 
1424 
2245 

2341 
2028 

1705 
1511 
2459 

2363 
2082 
1733 
1533 
2518 

2454 
2118 
1785 
1574 
2540 

2486 
2159 
1778 
1579 
2572 

2549 
2173 
1796 
1628 
2617 

2590 
2214 
1810 
1651 
2649 

2608 
2286 
1824 
1665 
2681 

2989 
2527 
1951 
1878 
3030 

3221 

2672 
2074 
1996 

800 
800 
837 
837 
1055 

do  

do  

do  

s 

1588 
1202 

2790 
2404 

3068 
2694 

3188 
2840 

3334 
2985 

3443 
3039 

3565 
3153 

3588 
3202 

3674 
3293 

3720 
3348 

4264 
3901 

1249 
1250 

4196 

30  FOE 


466 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression:  Ultimate 
strength,  iu  kilos. 

Remarks. 

535 
535 
542 
542 
741 
741 

657 
657 

673 
673 
710 
711 
711 
712 
712 
713 
713 

714 

715 

978 
978 

62 

62 

277 
277 

651 
651 

1 

1 
222 
777 
777 
788 
788 
789 
789 
797 
797 
1044 
1044 

975 
987 
987 

638 

Stockton  
do     

C.Mohr  
...do 

Alluvial  
do 

8029 
7031 
6759 
6759 
6328 
5697 

6341 
6078 

6917 
7394 
7122 
6523 
7979 
5262 
5307 
7122 

Crushed   at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  flt  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed   at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
...    do 

Bald    Cypress.      Black  Cy- 
press, lied  Cypress.   White 
Cypress.     Deciduous    Cy- 
press. 

do 

..do  

do 

Mobile  
.  .  do  

....do  

...do...      '  , 

Chattahoochee  
...  do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  



do 

lulare  county  — 
....do  

Kussian  river.  .  .  . 
.  do 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  s;  bargent. 
do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
do 

Granite  
...do  

Big  Tree. 

342.  Sequoia  sempervirens  
Medwood. 

* 

....do  

....do  

do 

do  

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

do 

Santa  Cruz  
do  •.  

Turner,  Kennedy 
&  Shaw. 
...  do    



Crushed  at  7G   millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  middle;  shattered  

Crushed  at  64    millimeters  from 
end;  threw  oft'  two  splinters. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle. 
do  

do 

do 

....do  

...  do    

...do  

do 

Meiidocino  county 
.   .  do    

J.  Kentfield  &  Co  . 
..  do    ...     . 

..    do 

....do  

...do  

do 

....do  

do      

5942 

7349 
6305 

C668 
8799 

7258 

7349 
7008 
7838 

5579 
5670 

5398 
5230 
6214 
4427 
4219 
6169 
6305 
£806 
4695 
5842 
5625 
5534 
4967 

6123 
4981 
4944 

6441 

C  lushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle  iu  vicinity  of   2    milli- 
meters knots 
Crushed  ;it  middle  and  at  38  milli- 
meters from  end;  opened  grain, 
Crushed  at  ll>2  millimeters  from 
end;  splitfromeiidto  (  ml;  grain 
curly. 
Failed  at  J9  millimeters  knot  al 
middle. 
Cruslit  d  near  middle  at  3  millime- 
ters knot. 

Crushed    at  6    millimeters   knot 
51    millimeters    from    middle  ; 
opened  grain. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  diagonal   tlexure  perpen- 
dicular to  rings. 
Triple  diagonal  flexure  

do 

do  

do    

do      . 

....do  

....do  

Portland  

G.  Engelinannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
do      

Yew. 

....do  

....do  
Chattahoochee  
.  do       

....do  

Alluvial  

Stinking  Cedar.    Savin. 

do 

do 

....do  

do 

....do  
..  do    

A.  H.  Cnrtiss  
do  

Calcareous  
.  do    

Marin  county  
do                 .     . 

G.  E.  Vasey  
do 

Stony  

Crushed  at   64  millimeters  from 
middle  r.t  5  millimeters  knot. 

California  Nutmeg.     Stink- 
ing Cedar. 

347.  Pirius  Strobus  

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
do 

Arnold  Arboretum 
do    

C.  S.  Sargent  
do       

Diift  , 
....do    .....'  

Crushed  at  51   millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 
Cinshed   at   76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed   at  30  millimeters  knnt 
38  millimeters  from  middle. 
Crushed   at   10  millimeters  knot 
51  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at,  51  and  at  114  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  13   millimeters   from 
end. 
Crushed  at  end  

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Ciushed  at  end  and  at  32  millime- 
ters from  middle. 
Crushed  at  45  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed   at  83   millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  .  . 

Crushed  at  13  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  three  places  near  ends. 

WhitePine.   Weymouth  Pine. 

T- 

Charlotte  

C.  G.  Pi  ingle  

Wet,  swampy  

..  do    

way. 
do  

...  do  

do 

BridgetoD  
..  do  

Ed.  Sinclair  
.   .  do  



Province  of  Quebec 
....do  
..  do  

do" 

Araqui  
...do  

A.  Grant  
....do  

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
do 



Massachusetts  
do 

Reading  
do 

J.  Robinson  
do     

Drift  
do  

British  Columbia  . 
Oregon  
...  do  

Hastings'  .saw-mill, 
Burrard  inlet. 
Cascade     mount- 
ains. 
...  do  

Saw-mill,    Straw- 
berry valley. 

G.  Engelmnnnand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
C.  S.  Sargent  

....do  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

White  Pine. 

....do  

Sugar  Pine. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


467 


I 

— 
o 

1 

^ 

5 

i'K!  HI  BE,  IN  Kll.CHiHAMf,  K1.0.riKKl>  TO  IMCOMUC'K  AN  IXPKXTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

1 

a 

B 

535 
535 
542 
542 
741 
741 

657 

657 

O.95 

0.51 

o.ro 

1.02 

i.2r 

1.52 

1.7S 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.0S 

^^Wi 

449 
885 
889 
US 

889 

839 
862 

785 
767 
1424 
1220 
104:; 
1120 

953 
853 

866 
839 
1597 
1306 
1325 
1202 

980 
971 

916 
889 
1678 
1352 
1452 
1257 

1030 
1052 

939 
921 
1742 
1415 
1483 
1320 

1084 
1098 

1002 
944 
1787 
1483 
1529 
1356 

1098 

1166 

1066 
1007 
1824 
1529 
1569 
1415 

1134 
1225 

1093 
1034 
1804 
1551 
1610 
1417 

1148 
1288 

1139 
1052 
1905 
1588 
1619 
1483 

1161 
1329 

1175 
1080 
1941 
1619 
1042 
1529 

1184 
1442 

1334 
1247 
22M 
1682 
1796 
1792 

1320 
1524 

1338 

2087 
1932 
1987 

1460 

1701 

do        .        

do                    ., 

do  

. 

1 

563 
780 
626 
«17 
703 
857 
749 

852 
1012 
762 
780 
1048 
1306 
839 

921 
1066 
8SO 
821 
1061 
1111 
871 

953 

1075 
D39 
866 
998 
1116 
921 

984 
1080 
948 
898 
953 
1189 
957 

1002 
1084 
998 
934 
975 
1325 
1002 

1025 
1107 
1039 
944 
962 
1393 
1043 

1030 
1157 
1035 
962 
1034 
1442 
1080 

1034 
1193 
1039 
984 
1075 
1470 
1098 

1061 
1221 
1043 
1007 
1098 
1501 
1120 

1179 
1370 

710 
711 
711 
712 
712 
713 
713 

1452 

1116 
1216 
1633 
1266 

1306 
1792 

do            

1774 

2223 
2359 

1656 

1021 
1257 
1043 

1021 
1071 

968 
840 

998 
521 

2440 

3652 
3665 

2331 

2341 
1923 
1529 

1452 
1293 

1135 
1111 
1542 
885 

2731 

4037 
3878 

2613 

2840 
2118 
1633 

1628 
1941 

1211 

1343 
1883 
1048 
953 
1043 
1030 
762 
885 
1152 
944 
1252 
962 

1052 

962 
925 

1216 

2853 

4150 
4024 

2835 

3035 
2209 
1683 

1710 
2050 

1261 
1393 
1950 
1075 

962 
1080 
J075 
803 

te 

1207 
971 
1302 
980 

1093 
1025 
975 

1275 

2926 

4296 

4150 

2971 

312.-, 
2254 
1742 

1803 
2118 

1297 
1447 
2087 
1111 
980 
1125 
1120 
844 
944 
1261 

ns4 

1320 

1002 

1139 
1075 

998 

1311 

3003 

4360 
4255 

3121 

3270 
2313 
1796 

1842 
2205 

1347 
1483 
2227 
1116 
1012 
1166 
1161 
852 
957 
1320 
1025 
1347 
1048 

1189 
1120 
1034 

1338 

715 

978 

978 

62 

62 

277 
277 

651 
651 

1 

1 
222 
777 
777 
788 
788 
789 
789 
797 
797 
1044 
1044 

975 
087 
987 

638 

4436 
4386 

3266 

3365 
2345 
1851 

1896 
2250 

1370 
1511 
2304 
1120 
1021 
1207 
1207 
866 
980 
1361 
1034 
1370 
1071 

1234 
1161 
1075 

1356 

4518 
4473 

3357 

3456 
2363 
1896 

1941 
2259 

1393 

1524 
2427 
1134 
1052 
1220 
1247 
889 
993 
1411 
1066 
1384 
1075 

1275 
1166 
1098 

1388 

4581 
4613 

3488 

3515 
2386 

1941 

2046 
2304 

1429 
1538 
2454 
1152 
1093 
1247 
1270 
898 
1025 
1488 
1116 
1397 
1093 

.1311 
1184 
1120 

1424 

4631 
4726 

5103 

5421 

5489 
5851 

do   

3661 
2440 
1964 

2087 
2341 

1447 
1551 
2503 
1161 
1111 
1297 
1293 
921 
1039 
1520 
1148 
1420 
1116 

.1347 
1220 
1143 

1456 

4287 
2713 
2245 

2481 
2586 

1588 
1724 
2971 
1270 
1270 
1520 
1424 
1043 
1175 
1792 
1293 
1529 
1243 

1547 
1424 
1293 

1610 

4527 

2413 

2676 
2767 

1778 
1769 
3130 
1329 
1384 
1669 

do                    

do               

671 
789 
499 
526 
030 
531 
866 
590 

680 
7,2 
662 

535 

962 
930 
708 
780 
1075 
862 
1216 
903 

HI 

871 
857 

1034 

do      

1157 
1270 
2023 
1397 
1601 
1361 

.  .  do  

do  

do       ..        

do              

1565 
1384 

1724 

do         

do                  

468 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

| 
I 

State. 

Locality. 

Collect  or. 

Bon. 

Longitndinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

849.  Pinas  Lambertiana  —  cont'd  .  -  . 

668 

730 

819 
819 

913 

992 
992 

661 
661 

656 
656 

397 

882 
915 

631 
631 

821 
821 
914 

315 
315 
785 
785 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1076 

990 
996 
996 

1154 
1154 
1155 
1155 
1158 
1156 

619 
626 
630 
630 
632 
636 
68» 

California 

G  R  Vasey 

5080 
402C 

1 
6123 

6123 
4527 

4740 
5851 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end. 

....do  

Forest  City  
.    do 

Company. 
T.  S.  Bramlejiee  .. 
do    . 

Gravelly  
..   .do    .. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at   10  millimeters  knot 
70  millimeters  from  end. 

Triple  flexure 

White  Pine. 

..do    

Nevada  
British  Columbia  . 
....do  

Danville  

Silver    Mountain 
valley,     Fraser 
river, 
do 

A.  Triple  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

...do  .. 

....do  

i' 

do  

Santa  Ritamonnl-    G.  Engelmann  and 
ains.                            C.  S.  Sargent. 

8029 
7621 

5262 
5579 

5579 

4037 
4740 

4703 
6033 

5489 
5126 
5012 

77M 
8301 
7107 
8165 
6023 
5942 
7349 
6886 

4400 
4876 

Crushed  at  38  and  at  S9  millime- 
ters from  end  ;  upcnnl  iii,:in. 
Crashed  ::t  3'2  millimeters  from 
end:  ."-jilit  obliquely  iilou^  i^raiu. 

Crushed  at  C4  millimeters  from 
•  irl  ut  in  imllhurters  knot. 

White  Pine. 

do 

San  Diego  county, 
do 

G  R  Vasev 

Pinon.    fcut  Pine. 

do  .. 

do                                     - 

Cation  City  

Lewiston  
Danville  

Scott  mountains  .  . 
do 

E.  Weston 

Gravelly  

Rocky  
Gravelly  

Rockv 

Crushed  at  end  at  ">  millimeters 
knot. 

Split  ol'iit|ue]y  aloiiL;  grain  

I';ti!ril  at  13  millimeters  knots  at  } 
middle. 

Failed  at  Ifl  millimeters  knot  76 
millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed   at  3  millimeters  knots 
at  middle. 

(.'ruahed  at  32  millimeters  from 

end  :  t-ross-^rained. 

1'iiion.    Nut  Pine. 

Utah  
Nevada  

California  . 

M.  E.  Jones  
A.  Triple  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

rinon.    J\  ut  Pine. 

357.  Pimis  Balfouriana,  tar.  aristata 
Foxtail  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

do 

do 

Forest  City  
do    

T.  S.  Brandegee... 

...do    ...  . 

Prospect  mountain 
Hersey  

A  Triple 

Rockv    -   - 

Crushed  at  middle  anil  at  3  milli- 
meters knot  2f>  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed   at  ,">!   milliimters  from 
end. 
Crushed   at   f»4  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed   at  ]0  millimeters  knot 
J.">  millimeters  from  end. 

Michigan  
..  do  

W.J.Beal  
..  do  ... 

Bed  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

New  Brunswick  .  - 

« 

do 

Bridgeton  
do 

Ed.  Sinclair..  :.... 
do 

Charlotte  
do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
do            



Crushed  at  25  and  at  114  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Crushrd  at  :.'5  ami  at  76  millime- 
ters t'lom  end. 
Crushed  at  51   millimeters  from 
end. 
Cinshed  at  6  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 

Crushed  at  25  and  at  102  milli- 
meters from  end. 
Tiiple  flexure;    middle  bend  51 
millimeters  eefcntrir. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

..do  

...  do 

.do      

California  

San  Diego  county  . 
....do  

do 

G.  Engelmann  
....do  
do 

Sandy  
....do  
do 

....do  
do 

Santa  Rita  mount* 
aina. 
do 

C  G  Prin^le 

Rockv 

7485 
7349 
5330 
6350 
5080 
4944 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end. 

Yellow  Pine. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do  
.  do        

....do  
do            .... 

....do  
do 

....do  
do  

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  25  millimeters   knot 
at  end. 
do  

do 

do 

do 

6 

Dakota 

Robert  Douglas  .  .  . 

G.  Engelinanu  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

v 

Gravelly  

7915 
7530 
3029 
3765 

8250 
5942 
7750 

Crashed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Triple  flexure  perpendicular   to 
rings  ;  knots. 
do  

YeUow  Pine.    Butt  Pine. 

Saw  -mill,  Ashland 
Strawberry  valley 
....do  

Saw-mill,    Straw- 
berry valley. 
do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
nardino. 

California  

Low,  wet,  swampy 
....do  

... 

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
W.G.  Wright  

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 
do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


469 


Direclioll  of  grain. 

1'KESSUKE,  IX  KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  1'EOHtCE  AX  INDENTATION,  IX  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.25 

O.51 

O.TO 

1.02 

i.ar 

I.-VJ 

i.r* 

•->.<»:{ 

*.*« 

2.54 

4.81 

3.O8 

I 

I 

1116 
658 

676 
662 
1098 

866 
1066 

1261 

1134 

2023 
1497 

1905 

1792 
953 

871 
1211 

1442 
1116 
1397 

671 
862 
744 
898 
594 
703- 
953 
MB 

1270 
1338 
1452 

1021 
1034 
1089 
1016 
930 
907 

680 
1157 
1452 
998 
1134 
1021  ! 
998 

1311 
871 

1302 
1270 
1669 

1325 
1U42 

1710 
1860 

MTO 

•23*6 
2796 

2123 
2169 

2014 
1311 

2138 
1506 
2000 

1034 
1170 
1116 
1406 
930 
989 
1243 
1025 

2000 
2486 
2132 

1987 
1669 
1365 
1574 
1397 
1361 

971 
1724 
2400 
1C98 
1343 
1179 
1429 

1338 
944 

1525 
1406 
1824 

1406 
1796 

1905 
1932 

3157 
2608 

3030 

2345 
2595 

2459 
1860 

2286 
1S6S 

2105 

1107 
1275 
1343 
1583 
1025 
1031 
1379 
1111 

2177 
2155 
2291 

1710 
1837 
1429 
1687 
1524 
1388 

1093 

1851 
2468 
1765 
1456 
1189 
1542 

1406 

962 

1619 
1483 
1955 

1474 
1892 

1973 

2(105 

3243 
2735 

3210 

2481 

2744 

2658 

uaa 

2391 
1619 
2209 

1220 
1325 
1433 
1647 
1080 
1111 
1420 
1170 

2259 
2223 
2359 

1796 
1892 

1488 
1724 
1579 
1406 

1161 
1879 
2518 
1833 
1533 
1275 
1624 

1438 
984 

1637 
1329 
2014 

1501 
1932 

2032 

2(i.',:i 

;mi 

2840 
3388 

2f,4ll 
2885 

2713 
1987 

2477 
1674 
2268 

1288 
1365 
1479 
1706 
1134 
1157 
1461 
1234 

2327 
2291 
2440 

1864 
1941 
152* 

1774 
1597 
1429 

1207 
1905 
2608 
1851 
1601 
1325 
1687 

1483 
1021 

1696 
1574 
2119 

1542 
2023 

2073 

2118 

3520 
2920 

3493 

2654 
3021 

2753 
2023 

2576 
1705 
2359 

1338 
1424 
1497 
1724 
1166 
1202 
1520 
1288 

2386 
2350 
2486 

1946 
1991 
1560 
1805 
1601 
1456 

1257 
1978 
2667 
1883 
1669 
1343 
1760 

1497 
1061 

1738 

1615 
2173 

1583 
2073 

212:: 
21S2 

3811 

2998 

3674 

•-'717 
3125 

2880 
2050 

2645 
1751 
2431 

1379 
1483 
1551 
1765 
1207 
1238 
1569 
1343 

2431 
2400 
2527 

1991 
2028 
1615 
1833 
1610 
1497 

1302 
2046 
2749 
1932 
1733 
1365 
1796 

1524 
1084 

17(>ll 
1642 
8827 

1621 
2114 

2159 
2209 

3679 

:iOn:> 

3856 

27.-.-1 
32>2 

2921 

2091 

2703 
1801 
2527 

1415 
1547 
1584 
1787 
1234 
1206 
1601 
1370 

2449 
2477 
2495 

2041 
2073 
1660 
1882 
1637 
1524 

1338 
2082 
3803 
1946 
1787 
1411 
1846 

1547 
1120 

1774 
1687 
2400 

1IJ65 
2159 

1579 
1139 

1796 

1724 
2341 

1687 
2209 

1837 
1261 

1973 
1941 
2667 

1932 
2495 

1982 

1334 

ma 

2078 
2858 

2096 
2735 

Sheared  fibers  

668 

730 

819 
819 
913 

992 
993 

661 
661 

656 
656 

397 

882 
915 

631 
631 

821 
821 
914 

315 
315 
785 
785 
1074 
1075 
1078 
1078 

996 
996 
996 

1154 
1154 
1155 
1155 
1156 
1156 

619 
626 
630 
630 
632 
636 
689 

do          

do 

do                  

Sbeared  fibers  ;  opened  grain  at  end  and  along  one 

fact'. 

do  

Split  at  end  ;  indented  section  covers  9  millimeters 

knot. 

222:! 

3738 
3216 

3992 

2821 
3311 

2953 
2136 

2771 
1833 
2622 

1442 
1574 
1624 
1801 
1270 
1293 
1633 
1415 

2499 
2572 
2518 

2118 
2100 
1692 
1896 
1651 
1538 

1361 
2118 
2853 
1969 
1851 
1483 
1896 

227,1 

3S33 
3266 

4146 

2894 
3857 

2985 
2168 

2799 
1842 
2681 

1470 
1619 
1665 
1837 
1311 
1329 
1669 
1452 

2554 
2595 
2536 

2141 
2576 
1719 
1905 
1656 
1565 

1402 
2155 
2903 
1982 
1901 
1529 
1932 

2576 

4400 
3S56 

5013 

2758 

4854 
4264 

do         

3892 

3339 
2032 

3S11 
2168 
2948 

1678 
1860 
1901 
2032 
1497 
1520 
1923 
1706 

2948 
3016 

3720 

3538 
2676 

3515 
2381 
3470 

Sheared  fibers  

do 

do 

do     ..   .     

do     

do  

do          ..         

2023 
2168 

do              

1633 

2087 

do          ..    

3166 
3261 

do            

1973 
2835 
1996 

iln 

2926 
2205 

Sheared  fibers           ,.     

do                  

1778 
1805 

1610 
2336 
3268 
2214 
2177 
1760 
2200 

1892 
1919 

do..       .         

2540 
3438 
2381 

do        .          

do   

1796 

Sheared  fibers  ..  

do  

470 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PBESTCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilns. 

Remarks. 

361.  Pinna  ponderosa  —  continued  .  . 
362    Pinns  Jeffrey!            

718 
718 
731 
907 
910 

633 
633 

667 
667 

664 
064 

997 
907 

293 
.  293 
583 
625 
625 

644 
644 

1157 

Saw-mill,  ilissoula 
do 

S.  Watson 

6463 
6477 
7349 
3892 
4173 

5443 

6577 

6759 
7938 

5035 
5761 

7802 
9934 

4626 
4037 
02  14 
5648 
6115 

5262 
5511 

4808 
6940 

6827 

6532 

4672 

3742 

9154 
9185 
4445 
4876 
71.94 
8437 
5398 
5783 

6123 
7076 
4808 
4740 

7938 
8219 

5080 
6577 
5829 
5489 

do 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end;  13  millimeters  knotateud. 

California 

Lassen's  peak  
Canon  City  
do 

Sierra       Lumber 
Company. 
E.  Weston 

Colorado  
do 

Triplo   diagonal   flexure;    knots 
ii'jar  middle. 
Triplo  diagonal  flexure;  6  milli- 
meters knot  at  middle  bend. 

Crushed  at  middle  at  6  millime- 
ters knot. 
Triple  diagonal    flexure  parallel 
to  rint;s;  middle  bend  6  milli- 
met.'Ts  eccentric. 
Oblique  split  178  millimeters  long, 
separating  stick. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

do 

California  

Scott  mountains  .. 

G.  Eugeluiann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Dry,  gravelly  
do 

Bull  Pine.     Black  Pine, 

* 

.  do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
iMrdino. 
do  

W  G  Wright 

do 

Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
....do  

Vancouver's  island 
....do  

Forest  City  
...  do  

G.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  '..  

do 

Dry,  gravelly  
....do  

do 

....do  

British  Columbia  . 
....do  

Colorado  
do 

Shattered  end;  crushed  at  102  mil- 
limeters from  end. 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
ead. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  "knot 
19  millimeters  from  end. 
Crusbed  at  89  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  knot 
102  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at.  5  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 

Triple  ilexuie;    middle  bend  25 
niilltmetets  eccentric. 
Failed  at  13  millimeters  knot  at 
middle. 

('rushed  at  16  millimeters  knot 
38  millimeters  from  middle. 
Crushed  at  7(i  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
end  at  5  millimeters  kuot. 
Crushed  at-  51  to  71  millimeters 
from  end. 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crusbed  at  knots  at  middle  and 
near  end. 

Crushed  at  7G  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

Scrub  Pine. 

365.  Pinus  Murrayana  .  .  
Tamarack.        Black     Pine. 
Lodge-pole  Pine.     Spruce 
Pine. 

. 

366.  Pinus  Sabiniana  
IHgger  Pine.    Butt  Pine. 

367   Pinus  Coulteri  

...do  .. 

T.  S.  lirandegee  .  .  . 
do           • 

do  

Moist,  gandy  loam, 
do 

..do  "... 
California  
....do  

....do  
...  do  

do 

..do  

Seott  mountains  .  . 
....do  

Contra           Costa 
county. 
..  do  

San  Bernardino  ... 
..  do  

Monterey  
..  do    

C.S.Sargent  

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
....do  

G.  E.  Vasey  
....do  

W.G.Wright  
...  do  

G.  E.  Vasey  
do 

do  
....do  
....do  

Gravelly  
....do  

Dry,  gravelly  
...do  

Gravelly  loam  
do 

368.  Pinus  insignis  
Monterey  Pine. 

369.  Pinus  tubcrculata  
Knob-cone  Pine. 

370.  Pinus  Tteda  

Loblolly  Pine.  Old-field  Pine. 
Rosemary  Pine. 

371.  Pinna  rigida  

1157 

676 
676 

576 
570 

82 
82 
355 
355 
388 
388 
389 
389 

13 
13 
1046 
1046 

83 
83 

621 
622 
1169 
1169 

...do  

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

Mount  Shasta  
do  . 

G.  EnpelmaDn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Gravelly     

do 

Florida  

.      do 

Duval  county  
do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
do    

do  

Cottage  Hill  
....do  
Wilmington  ...  
do 

C.Mohr  
....do  
E.  Kidder  
do 

Low,  rich  
....do  
Loam  
do 

....do  

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
do 

,  do  

Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
(nd  in  vicinity  of  knots. 
Crushed  at  middle  in  vicinity  of 
5  millimeters  knot- 
Crushed  at  middle  in  vicinity  of 
knot. 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
cud. 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  

Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 
end. 

....do  
...do  

Massachusetts  
..  do  
do 

....do  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
....do  
North  Reading  .  .  . 
....do  

Duval  county  

Aiken  
....do  
New  Albany  
do  

....do  
....do  

C  S  Sargent 

....do  
do  >.-. 

Drift  

Pitch  Pine. 

....do  

....do  

do 

....do  

....do  

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  

H.  W.  Ravenel  
....do  

....do  

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
....do  

«  Dry,  sandy  

....do  ;  

Triple  flexure    perpendicular  to 
riuga. 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  .  .  . 

Triple  flexure,  contained  7  knots 
3  to  6  millimeters  in  diameter. 
Crushed  in  vicinity  of  3  millime- 
ters knot  5  1  millimeters  fruin  end. 
Crushed  at  end  at  13  millimeters 
knot. 
Crushed  at  13  millimeters  knot  76 
millimeters  from  end. 

Pond  Pine. 

....do  

South  Carolina  ... 
....do  

Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

/ 

do  

do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDEE  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


471 


I 

•— 
o 

1 
1 

5 

PRESSURE,  IN'  KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  rKOIUTK  AN  1XDKXTATIOX,  IS  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

I 

0.35 

0.51 

0.76 

1.03 

1.11 

1.53 

i.rs 

2.03 

3.38 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

1021 
8.r>7 
1202 

KXa 
085 

1261 

1070 

862 
771 

249 
1021 

1565 
1202 

885 
667 
1270 
898 
807 

1202 
1470 

1089 
753 

817 
953 

599 
767 

1166 
1225 
1769 

1538 
1492 

1879 
1769 

1315 
1293 

953 

am 

1787 
1996 

1071 
1061 
1374 
12C6 
1052 

1778 
2014 

1225 
1247 

1406 
1456 

1093 
1166 

1179 
1982 
1447 
1764 
1093 
1120 
1433 
1520 

2223 
2518 
1270 
1179 

3479 
4255 

2132 
1678 
1796 
2073 

1211 
1302 
1905 

1769 
1728 

2023 
1S82 

1379 
1483 

1769 
2676 

1905 
2341 

1202 
1143 
1501 
1438 
1152 

1910 
2214 

1352 
1374 

1569 
1619 

1306 
1261 

1347 
2218 
1529 
1919 
1161 
1193 
1497 
1678 

2295 
2844 
1343 
1370 

3751 
4854 

2318 
2023 
2032 
2350 

1261 
1325 
1982 
1819 
1833 

2173 
1946 

1479 
1569 

1937 
2853 

2000 
2586 

1229 
1170 
1588 
1492 
1193 

'  1982 
2332 

1397 
1424 

1624 
1674 

1379 
1297 

1393 
2372 
1592 
2050 
1216 
1275 
1560 
1801 

2341 
3089 
1374 
1424 

3901 
5239 

2395 
2127 
2096 
2431 

1297 
1365 
2023 
1860 

1901 

2259 
1969 

1547 
1024 

2000 
2939 

2078 
2685 

uta 

1198 
1665 
1529 
1252 

2041 
2363 

1470 
1479 

1665 

1710 

1424 
1320 

1456 
2436 
1656 
2118 
1275 
1325 
1633 
1855 

2449 
3207 
1393 
1442 

4019 
5461 

2477 
2186 
2164 
2804 

1311 
1402 
2068 
1928 
1987 

2309 
2014 

1606 
1665 

2105 
3012 

2164 
2830 

1270 
1220 
1715 
1565 
1302 

2087 
2413 

1533 
1547 

1701 
1746 

1456 
1347 

1520 
2518 
1706 
2223 
1347 
1406 
1674 
1901 

2531 
3302 
1402 
1483 

4150 

5079 

2558 
2241 
2195 
2527 

1347 
1452 
2114 
2000 
2028 

2345 
2004 

1051 
1715 

2168 
3071 

2250 
2894 

1279 
1243 
1774 
1579 
1329 

2168 
2499 

1574 
1574 

1715 
1778 

1489 
1379 

1574 
2563 
1737 
2263 
1442 
1456 
1701 
1928 

2595 
3357 
1433 
1501 

4250 
5729 

2608 
2277 
2236 
2599 

1361 
1479 
2155 
2096 
2091 

2368 
2082 

1687 
1755 

2223 
3116 

2309 
2994 

1288 
1252 
1846 
1601 
1374 

2200 
2545 

1615 
1619 

1737 
1810 

1524 
1397 

1637 
2G35 
1796 
2322 
1497 
1547 
1733 
1973 

2658 
3488 
1452 
1529 

4359 
5625 

2658 
2309 
2250 
2649 

1397 
1542 
2186 
2123 
2141 

2418 
2118 

1751 
1796 

2286 

3175 

2372 
3075 

1293 
1275 
1910 
1647 
1406 

2259 
2599 

1651 
1669 

1746 
1833 

1538 
1429 

1656 
2672 
1819 
2368 
1547 
1597 
1774 
2005 

2740 
3579 
1492 
1551 

4409 
5534 

2703 
234(1 
2268 
2690 

1438 
1579 
2218 
2182 
2182 

2431 
2150 

1773 
1842 

2354 
3293 

2440 
3166 

1311 
1288 
1964 
1685 
1433 

2313 
2654 

1687 
1715 

1760 
1869 

1569 
1470 

1669 
2713 
1855 
2418 
1597 
1637 
1796 
2037 

2844 
3692 
1520 
1565 

4522 
5552 

2749 
2368 
2286 
2731 

1678 
1769 
2540 
2495 
2136 

2699 

1878 
1928 
2685 
2694 
2849 

718 
718 
731 
807 
910 

633 
633 

667 

COT 

664 
664 

997 
997 

293 
293 
663 
625 
625 

644 
644 

1157 
1157 

676 
676 

576 
576 

82 
82 
355 
355 
388 
388 
389 
389 

13 
13 
1046 
1046 

82 
83 

621 
622 
1169 
1169 

do  .            

do  

do               

do   .  .                .    . 

.  do 

2064 
2087 

2812 
3765 



2223 
2277 

do  

1497 
1497 
2223 
1814 
1610 

2667 

3107 

2023 
1973 

1969 
2118 

1769 

1669 
1579 
2404 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

do  

1787 
2849 

Sheared  fibers  

do  

2214 
2186 

2068 

Sheared  fibers  

do 

do  

1905 
1746 

Sheared  fibers  

do 

1207 
1157 
1243 
880 
862 
1247 
925 

1828 
1542 
91(9 
703 

2654 
2658- 

1520 
1043 
1211 
111G 

2994 

2758 
1905 
1996 
2019 
2223 

3289 
4219 
1678 
1787 

5216 
5761 

3030 
2613 
2572 

2953 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  ends  

2182 
2336 

3520 
4491 
1796 
1883 

5851 

do   .            ... 

do 

do.  

do 

-do 

..do 

3202 

2635 

Sheared  fibers          

472 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PKITTOIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
lirussion:  Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

1172 

6033 

1172 

....do  

...do  

....do    

do  

5379 

279 

A  H  Curties 

5715 

Sand    Pine.      Scrub   Pine. 
Spruce  Pine. 

279 

..  do  

do  

do 

...  do    

6341 

knots  at  middle. 

321 

"Wytheville 

Clay 

5987 

Table-mountain  Pine.    Hick- 

321 

do 

.  .  do*  .  .  .      L 

do 

do 

5353 

rings. 

671 

California 

Gravelly 

8663 

end  ;  split  at  end. 

Ohixpn  J'inc.     Jtlfhop'tt  Pine. 

671 
278 

....do  

....do  

....do  

....do  
Clav 

7621 
4763 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end. 

do 

Yellow    Pine.      Xhnrt-lw  >;-<l 
Pine.     Spruce  Pine.     Btdl 

278 

...do 

do  

(i  i) 

do  

7983 

Pine. 

319 

C.  Molir 

10138 

knots  25  millimeters  from  mid- 
dle. 

378.  Pinua  glabra  

142 

. 

II.  W.  Ravenel 

5466 

millimeters  from  middle. 

Cedar  Pine.     Spruce  Pine. 

White  Pine. 

142 

do 

do 

do 

5398 

544 

Gainesville  

C.  Mohr  

3130 

end. 

544 

764 

....do  
Florida 

....do.   

....do  

....do  

2903 
5353 

end  at  10  millimeters  knot. 
Triple  flexure  

764 

....do  

....do  

...do  

5375 

394 

Baldwin 

W  J  Beal 

5194 

die  in  vicinity  of  knot. 

Gray    Pine.      Scrnb    Pine. 
Prince'*  Pine. 

394 

...  do  

....do  '.  

do  

do  .. 

4944 

knot. 

780 

5080 

. 

780 

do 

way. 

7756 

millimeters  from  end. 

879 

do    

do     

8188 

rings  at  i-nd. 

879 

do 

do 

6813 

end. 

380.  Plans  palastris  

81 

Florida 

8392 

middle. 

Long-leaved  Pine.    Southern 

81 

do 

do 

do 

do 

10977 

two  pieces. 

low  Pine.    Sard  Pine. 

85 
85 
243 
243 

....do  
....do  /..... 
....do  
..do 

....do  
...  do  

Saw-mill,      Saint 
John's  river. 
do  

..do  '.... 
....do  

—  do  
do 

Moist,  sandy  
....do  

8618 
9321 
11204 
10160 

from  end. 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  ... 

Crushed  at  13  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 
end. 

302 

Aiken 

H.  W  Raveuel 

7847 

302 

do 

do 

do 

do 

8165 

357 

Cottage  Hill  

C.  Mohr 

10478 

end. 

357 
358 

....do  

do 

....do  

do  
do 

....do  

do 

10047 
10569 

end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle. 

358 

do  

do    

do 

do              

11839 

Triple  flexure  

359 

.      do    ..  . 

do 

do 

11930 

359 

do 

do 

do 

do 

10931 

360 
360 

....do  
...do..  .     . 

....do  

do 

....do  

do 

..do  

do 

11068 
10931 

Crushed   at  32  millimeters  from 
end. 

361 

do 

do 

do 

do 

10660 

middle. 

381 
384 

....do  
Florida  

....do  

Saw-mill      Cedar 

....do  
A.  H  Curtiss    

....do  

10931 
9775 

end. 
Crushed   at  70  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed   at  76  millimeters  from 

384 

do    

Keys. 
do 

do 

9934 

end  and  shattered. 

385 

....do  

....do  

...  do  

8663 

end. 
Crushed   at  38  millimeters  from 

385 

....do  

do  

do    

9017 

end. 
Crushed   at  89  millimeters  from 

end. 

THE  WOODS  O     THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


473 


Direction  of  grain. 

PRESSURE,  IN  KILOGRAMS,  REQUIRED  TO  PRODUCE  AX  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLI5IETER8,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.25 

0.51 

o.r« 

1.02 

1.27 

1.52 

1.78 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

! 

1247 
1384 

1243 
1134 

1252 
953 

142!) 
862 

1080 
1393 

1157 

1043 
1030 
802 
690 
1043 
1870 

707 
544 
1134 
807 
857 
1071 

1769 
1388 
1442 
998 
1588 
1951 
1479 
1125 
)134 
1700 
1408- 
1860 
1951 
2223 
1551 
2041 
1883 
1610 
1406 
1452 
1270 
1311 

2404 

2082 

1941 
1429 

1687 
1452 

1901 
1325 

1429 
2177 

1538 

1769 
1470 
1198 
1148 
1515 
1674 

1247 
1452 
1442 
1315 
1306 
1293 

2268 
1860 
1624 
1615 
1960 
2803 
1882 
1452 
1442 
2395 
1683 
2767 
2296 
3202 
1837 
2921 
3048 
1960 
1642 
2540 
1905 
1810 

2812 
2254 

2100 
1656 

1833 
1615 

2050 
1515 

1551 
2481 

1624 

1941 
1506 
1311 
1284 
1592 
1787 

1393 

1633 
1501 
1520 
1406 
1361 

2499 
1996 
1728 
1778 
2064 
3012 
1882 
1515 
1569 
2558 
1833 
2971 
2495 
3447 
2037 
2971 
3438 
1996 
1706 
2885 
2078 
2023 

3075 
2304 

2218 
1715 

1910 
1705 

2136 
1601 

1624 
2613 

1724 

2028 
1565 
1335 
1338 
1660 
1864 

1470 
1778 
1583 
1628 
1415 
1443 

2622 
2087 
1778 
1860 
2109 
2994 
1905 
1637 
'  1746 
2622 
1941 
3039 
2640 
3484 
2214 
2812 
3661 
2136 
1778 
3026 
2218 
2155 

3248 
2400 

2400 
1801 

1951 
1733 

2232 
1669 

1706 
2676 

1810 

2096 
1606 
1415 
1393 
1728 
1928 

1529 
1851 
1637 
1687 
1424 
1529 

2681 
2168 
1873 
1919 
2191 
2812 
2023 
1710 
1796 
2635 
2037 
3139 
2808 
3502 
2422 
3153 
3751 
2250 
1914 
3116 
2295 
2250 

3343 
2440 

2377 
1814 

2032 
1756 

2286 
1756 

1756 
2762 

1864 

2154 
1619 
1442 
1429 
1760 
1982 

1569 
1978 
1710 
1719 
1438 
1574 

2799 
2259 
1941 
1987 
2273 
2880 
2259 
1792 
1892 
2649 
2127 
3289 
2890 
3543 
2540 
2817 
3887 
2341 
2000 
3166 
2359 
2300 

3411 
2513 

2436 
1846 

2118 
1787 

2345 
1787 

1810 
2781 

1928 

2209 
1647 
1479 
1438 
1810 
2005 

1615 
2019 
1778 
1760 
1524 
1642 

2885 
2313 
1991 
2046 
2322 
3075 
2522 
1864 
1973 
2676 
2182 
3388 
3071 
3683 
2676 
2994 
3878 
2422 
2082 
3216 
2436 
2359 

3456 
2572 

2477 
1860 

2191 
1801 

2386 
1842 

1887 
2790 

1987 

2250 
1665 
1506 
1470 
1851 
2014 

1660 
2064 
1811 
1810 
1597 
1687 

2948 
2386 
2050 
2150 
2363 
3193 
2622 
2431 
2041 
2903 
2254 
3484 
3198 
3756 
2758 
5193 
3933 
2486 
2132 
3298 
2522 
2440 

Split  at  end  

1172 
1172 

279 

279 

321 
321 

671 
671 

278 
278 

319 

142 
142 
544 
544 
7C4 
764 

394 
394 
780 

780 
879 
879 

81 
81 
85 
85 
243 
243 
302 
302 
357 
357 
358 
358 
359 
359 
360 
360 
361 
361 
384 
384 
385 
385- 

2604 

2536 
1869 

2250 
1824 

2431 

1901 

1951 

2785 

2037 

2295 
1687 
1533 
1483 
1901 
2068 

1683 
2091 
1882 
1842 
1628 
1765 

3021 

2440 

2640 

2576 
1923 

2331 
1910 

2490 
1946 

2009 
2790 

2MB 

2345 
1701 
1565 
1515 
1941 
2096 

1715 
2146 
1923 
1855 
1669 
1792 

3062 
2486 

2994 

2880 
2132 

2767 
2291 

2767 
2304 

2341 
3139 

3198 

2359 

2495 

do               

2699 
1860 
1740 
1633 
2186 
2404 

1996 
2454 
2336 
2032 
1769 
2064 

3221 

2917 
1951 
1879 
1851 
2336 
2785 

2141 

2653 
2585 

Sheared  fibers               

do       

do                

do              

do                

do             

do                

do                        

Sheared  fibers  ;  3  millimeters  knot  in  indented  section  . 

1951 

3866 

2236 
2409 
3257 
2703 
2486 
2114 
3025 
2295 
3529 
3270 
3842 
2885 
3316 
4014 
2581 
2177 
3357 
2572 
2495 

2286 
2440 
3302 
2903 
2581 
2168 
3134 
2350 
3633 

2699 

3946 

2971 

do            

4150 

38% 
2998 
3452 
4101 
2654 
2263 
3411 
2635 
2595 

..  ..do  

4808 
3030 
2740 

5216 

do            

3107 

2813 

do  

474 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  number. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strenprth,  in  kilos. 

Remark  a. 

380.  Finns  palnstris  —  continued  

390 
390 

84 
84 
356 
356 
493 
493 

231 
231 
373 
770 
776 
784 
794 
888 
880 

513 
513 
C20 
620 
773 
773 
78* 
784 
791 
791 

292 
292 
575 
822 

269 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
do 

"Wilmington 

E.  Kidder  . 

10206 
9957 

9003 
8637 
12792 
13585 
8550 
11130 

8210 
6668 
6242 
6305 
6305 
5851 
C373 
6464 
6260 

4672 
5117 
5330 
5443 
5715 
4518 
5987 
5978 
5670 
6260 

4037 
3883 
5262 
3901 

4046 
3792 
4545 

6568 
6146 
5715 
5579 
6486 
5216 
5625 
5017 
4527 

5987 
5706 
7702 

Crushed  at  middle  and  at  25  milli- 
meters from  middle. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed   at  51  millimeters  from 
cud  and  at  end. 
Triple  flexure  .-... 

Crushed  at  32  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 
Crushed  at  7G  millimeters    from 
end. 
Spl,t  obliquely  along  grain;  sea- 
soning cracks.. 
Crushed   at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  76 
millim.  tt  rs  from  end. 
Crushed  tit  9  millimeters  knots  at 
middle  and  at  end. 
Crushed  at  83  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  C  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  middle. 
Crushed  at  middle  at  6  millime- 
teis  knot. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  25 
millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at   2.">  millimeters   from 
end. 
Crushed  at   13  millimeters  from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  middle  on  one  face  

Crushed  at  funillinx't   rs  knot  '>] 
millinu  ters  fiom  end. 
Crushed  tit    13  millimeters    Urn  t 
at  middle. 
Crushed    at    51    mil!!  meters    from 
middle. 
Crushed  at  :i  millimeters  Kmn   ~>1 
IVc.m  i  ml. 
Ciu-hed    :;t    K.  niillimetet  s    kimt 
"-">  Kiillimelers  i,  <>ni  middle. 
Crusliei!   at     10    mtllimeU-i  ,s    kn  »t 
102  millimeters  from  end. 
Ciush"d   ;it   -I.".  i:ii  li  t,«  t»  TA    fn>m 
middle, 
Crashed    al    ">1   niillimetei  s    Irrm 
ond. 
('lushed  at   TO   millimeters    IVum 

Mid. 

Crushed  at    04    iiiiUimrter.-.   from 
end. 

Triple  ilexure  piiK'llel  to  riis^s  

Crushed   at    10  millimeters    knot 
S9  millimeters  from  end. 

do 

-  do    . 

Florida  
....do  
Alabama  
do 

Duval  county  
...do  
Cottage  Hill  
do    

A.  H.  Curtiss  
....do  
C.  Mohr  

Moist,  sandy... 

Slash  Pine.      Swamp  Pine. 
Bastard  Pine.      Meadow 
Pine. 

....do  '.  
....do  

.  .  do  .  . 

Florida  

do 

Bay  Biscayne  
do 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Coral  

...do 

Vermont  
do 

Charlotte  
do 

C.  G.  Pringle  
...do  .. 

Cold,  peaty  

Black  Spruce. 

....do  

...do  
New  Brunswick  .. 
do 

Huntington  do  

Bay  of  Fundy  i  Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

Gravelly  

Province  of  Quebec    Danville  
do                               do 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
...do... 



1 
New  Brunswick  ..    Bridgeton  Ed.  Sinclair  



Gravelly  

White  Spruce. 

do    

Terry's  peak  
..  <Io 

do 

...do  .. 

...do  .. 

New  Brunswick  .  .    Bay  of  Fnndy  Intercolonial  rail-    
way. 

...do     

Bridgeton  Ed.  Sinclair  
...do  ...                     .  .  .do  .'  ... 

do 

Province  of  Qnebe«   Amqui  A.  Grant  

FoiestCily  :  T.  S.  Brandegee.. 
do  do  

White  Spruce, 

.do 

...do.. 

...do  
do 

..  do  

do 

C.  S.  Sargent  Peaty  
T.  S.  lir.indproa  ..  do  .. 

Crushed  :it   102  milliinelrrs   from 
end  :  cniss-i;rain"d 

Crushed  nt  102  millimet'is  fiom 
end  al  10  millinieteis  knot. 
('lushed   at   16    millimeters    knot 
70  millimeters  from  end. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeter*  from 
•  MMKtud  at  middle  at  3  millime- 
ters knots. 
Triple  ilexure  parallel  to  rings  

Triple  flexure  perpendicular    to 
rinirs. 
Crushed  at   G4  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed   at  76  millimeters  from 
end. 
Crushed  at  middle  ;  angle  of  crush- 
in  gr,  85°. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
end;  angle  of  crushing,  85°. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 
tud. 
Crushed  at  13  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Alj'iim  de  Damp  
.  .  do  do  do  

White  Spruce.    Slue  Spruce. 
386   Picea  Sitchensis 

270' 
2702 

970 
970 
977 
977 
1015 
1019 
1019 
1026 
1026 

5 
5 

219 

do 

...do  

Alaska  
do 

Sitka  
do 

Paul  Schultze 

Tide-land  Spruce. 

do    

British  Colombia  . 

Saw-mill,  Burrard 
inlet. 
do     

G.  Engclmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 
do    

Oregon  
....do  

Weidler's  saw-mill, 
Portland 
Saw-mill,  Astoria. 

do  

....do  
do 



....do  

....do  
do 

Portland  Furniture 
Company. 

do 

do 

Massachusetts  
....do  

Arnold  Arboretum 
...do  

C.  S.  Sargent  
....do  
C.  G.  Pringle  

Drift  
....do  
Gravelly  

Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings  

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

Hemlock. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


475 


Direction  of  tnain. 

riiESSlT.K,  IX  KII.OGItAMS,  l!KQl'IEEI>  TO  rilOIH:CK  AX  IXDKXTATIOX,  IN  MILLIMETRES,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Oflifc  number. 

0.25 

0.51 

O.T6 

1.02 

i.ar 

1.52 

i.rs 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.0S 

m 

1315 
1542 

1111 
1293 
1229 
2313 
2880 
1837 

820 
925 
590 
644 
749 
725 
671 
G35 
635 

776 
735 
726 
676 
608 
631 
662 
644 
817 
640 

567 
953 
572 
590 

907 
640 
1016 

889 
717 
620 
758 
458 
721 
726 
866 
631 

871 
771 
558 

1474 
1941 

1406 
1709 
1452 
3393 
3892 
2722 

1261 
1225 
807 
1089 
1089 
962 
1007 
962 
939 

1061 

1120 
11S9 
1084 
798 
939 
817 
916 
966 
984 

1080 
1379 
835 
903 

1279 
912 
1148 

1184 
1325 
749 
1143 
626 
794 
907 
1043 
907 

1007 
817 
771 

1637 
1987 

1515 
1846 
15S8 
3783 
4400 
3130 

1400 
1488 
944 
1225 
1238 
1030 
1061 
1039 
1034 

1152 

1257 
1311 
1229 
880 
1061 
894 
962 
1021 
1043 

1170 
1515 

844 
984 

1402 
948 
1234 

1302 

1574 
807 
1257 
690 
848 
925 
1120 
980 

1084 

848 
866 

1814 
2141 

1560 
1892 

1706 
3983 
4786 
3298 

1442 
1542 
989 
1261 
1302 
1071 
1071 
1080 
1093 

1179 
1325 
1397 
1343 
907 
1093 
989 
960 
1071 
1071 

1234 
1597 
857 
1025 

1461 
962 
1257 

1415 

1028 
871 
1320 
749 
898 
934 
1170 
1025 

1198 
894 
953 

1887 
2313 

1592 
1932 

1796 
4073 
5080 
3438 

1429 

1588 
1U06 
1279 
1352 
1102 
1098 
1116 
1125 

1202 

1388 
1447 
1303 
957 
1125 
1007 
993 
1125 
1139 

1275 
1665 
862 
1066 

1524 
984 
1293 

1479 
1706 
944 
1347 
789 
957 
971 
1198 
1052 

1275 
921 
993 

1973 
2431 

1687 
1982 
1951 
4237 
5252 
3450 

1520 
1637 
1120 
1302 
1379 
1125 
1129 
1143 
1161 

1225 
1420 
1488 
1438 
1012 
1143 
1030 
1039 
1170 
1184 

1325 
1710 
866 
1098 

1565 
1016 
1334 

1529 
1765 
966 
1388 
830 
1021 
1016 
1220 
1071 

1297 
1002 
1016 

2155 
2563 

1710 
2078 
2041 
4264 
5579 
3710 

1569 
1678 
1166 
1325 
1402 
1170 
1161 
1166 
1193 

1261 
1438 
1524 
1488 
1043 
1175 
1080 
1061 
1220 
1229 

1361 
1751 
898 
1120 

1619 
1034 
1379 

1006 
1829 
993 
1406 
866 
1048 
1048 
1279 
1111 

1306 

1107 
1052 

2223 
2654 

1737 
2159 
2123 
4309 
5761 
3801 

1606 
1719 
1202 
1347 
1438 
1211 
1202 
1202 
1207 

1293 
1456 
1542 
1533 
1080 
1220 
1098 
1071 
1270 
1261 

1393 
1765 
944 
1152 

1056 
1052 
1397 

1660 
1892 
1098 
1424 
903 
1120 
1080 
1325 
1125 

1352 
1170 
1129 

2277 
2785 

1796 
2277 
2236 
4418 
5851 
3887 

1628 
1778 
1234 
1370 
1479 
1225 
1220 
1225 
1238 

1315 
1506 
1565 
1574 
1116 
1260 
1111 
1098 
1320 
1302 

1415 
1778 
948 
1175 

1669 
1066 

1443 

1728 
1969 
1161 
1433 
939 
1139 
1116 
1356 
1152 

2350 
2944 

1824 
2331 
2304 
4527 
6214 
3901 

1660 
1810 
1257 
1397 
1511 
1247 
1243 
1252 
1275 

1334 
1542 
1579 
1637 
1152 
1302 
1134 
1125 
1347 
1325 

1447 
1814 
953 

1207 

1683 
1098 
1470 

1760 
2068 
1252 
1456 
966 
1161 
1161 
1415 
1166 

390 
390 

84 
84 
356 
356 
493 
493 

231 
231 
373 
776 
776 
794 
794 
880 
880 

513 
513 
620 
620 
773 
77S 
781 
784 
791 
7'Jl 

292 

292 
575 
S2S 

269 

270' 
270  2 

970 
970 
977 
977 
1015 
1019 
1019 
1026 
1026 

5 
5 
219 

Slii'ht,  sliennii"  nf  filter*  -  unlit  &t  ends 

8781 

do  . 

...tin  .. 

Sln>arccl  lilicrs  ;  split  at  flirt  ;  indented  .section  covers 
10  millimeters  knot. 

4146 

1851 

424() 

1452 
1560 
1742 
1429 
1388 
1370 
1488 

1588 
1678 
1724 
1937 
1325 
1438 
1379 
1261 
1533 
1492 

1579 

1619 
1724 

do 

1506 
1506 
1488 
1579 

do 

do 

do 

do 

1824 

Sheared  fibers;  3  millimeters  knot  covered  by  in- 
dented section. 
Sheaved  tibers  

3132 

1569 

1379 

1637 
1733 

do                          

Sheared  fibers;  10  millimeters  knot  covered  by  in- 
dented section. 

1043 
1320 

1882 
1275 
1637 

2087 
2395 

1139 

2009 
1370 
1778 

do 

do                           

2531 

1715 

Sheared  fibers  

1433 
1352 
1633 
1302 

1397 

Sheared  fibers  -- 
.  ...  do  

1216 

1120 

1257 
1161 

1542 
1311 

1732 

Sheared  fibers        .   .     .     

476 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PBLN'CIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

Office  nnmber. 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
strength,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

387.  Teuga  Canadensis  —  continued. 

219 

Charlotte 

C.  G.  Pringle 

Gravelly 

7892 

Crushed  at  51  niilli 

4649 

middle. 

772 

do  

way. 
do  

5307 

knot. 

775 

do  

do    

5489 

rings. 

775 

.   ..do    

do 

5738 

middle. 

778 

.  do            

do 

5035 

millimeters  eccentric. 

778 

....do  

do  

5058 

vicinity  of  knots. 

787 

do  

Ed.  Sinclair 

5851 

ters  knot. 

787 

do    

do 

do 

6301 

opened  prain  from  end  to  end. 

793 

Province  of  Quebec 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 

7403 

i  in.  us. 

793 

do  

do 

way, 
do 

8346 

millimeters  from  end. 

817 

"West  Virginia 

C  G.  Pi-in^le 

6323 

from  end. 

817 

....do  

...do      

do  

6101 

middle. 

1040 

es^" 

middle. 

1040 

....do  

do  

do  

5516 

end. 

1042 

do 

Xorth  Heading 

do 

6486 

1042 

do  

do 

.  do    . 

5126 

end. 

388.  Tsuga  Carolinians  

623 

North  Carolina  

Hendersonville  .  .  . 

A.  H.  Curtiss  

Dry,  rocky  

G45IP 

middle. 
Crushed  at   5    millimeters    knot 

Hemlock. 

971 

"Washington    ter- 

"Wjlkeson 

9185 

near  middle. 

Hemlock. 

995 

ritory. 
Alaska  

Sitka 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
Paul  Schultze 

7621 

end. 

995 

do       

do 

do 

9435 

millimeters  from  end. 

390.  Tsnga  Pattoniana 

980 

British  Columbia  . 

5806 

middle. 
Triple    flexure;    middle  bend  38 

980 

.  do         

Fraser  river, 
do 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

do 

6341 

millimetfTs  eccentric  at  3  milli- 
meters knot. 

2712 

T  S  Brandegee 

Moist 

6613 

middle. 

Red  Fir.    Yellow  Fir.     Ore- 

627 

California  

Saw-mill     Straw- 

9117 

027 

do  ,  

berry  valley. 

C.  S.  Sargent. 

9390 

middle. 

702 

do 

5489 

meters  from  end. 

, 

704 

....do  

field, 
do 

do 

9026 

rings.                        . 

705 

do  

do 

* 

8709 

end. 

706 

....do  

mill,  Marshfteld. 
do    .        .     .     . 

...  do  

20550 

708 

....do  

.  do 

..    do  . 

9979 

end. 

• 

708 

...do    .. 

do 

do 

11022 

end. 

709 

....do  

do    

do  

7303 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 
Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 

709 

do  

.      do 

do 

7212 

end. 

720 

S  Watson 

7249 

middle. 

720 

....do  

...  do  

..    do 

8936 

end;  shuttered  end. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  38 

732 

80'9 

millimeters  eccentric. 
Crushed  at  19  millimeters  from 

732 

do    

do 

Company. 

7802 

end. 

881 

Utah  

Salt  Lake      

Rocky  

6895 

Crushed  ;tt  3  millimeters  knots  38 

881 

....do  

..    do 

do 

do         

6305 

millimeters  irom  end. 
Crushed  at  13  millimeters  knot  at 

973 

British  Columbia 

7235 

middle. 

973 

....do  .'. 

inlet. 
do  

...  do  

7779 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 

974 

....do  

...  do    .... 

do 

MOO 

end. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 

974 
986 

....do  

do 

....do  

....do  



9026 

7  576. 

end. 
do  

/ 

989 

1008 

Oregon  
British  Columbia 

Saw-mill,  Portland 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

do 



7689 
7756 

Crushed  at  group  of  knots  25  mil- 
limeters from  middle. 

inlet. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


477 


Direction  of*  grain. 

IMIKSKriSK,  IX  KI1.0GHAMS,  l:K(Ji:iRED  TO  I'HODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

O.35 

0.51  o.7« 

1.03 

8M 

1320 
1315 
1538 
1352 
1075 
1411 
1461 
SHIS 
2218 
1669 
803 
826 
1193 
1937 
1225 
871 

1928 

1048 

1397 
2223 

1501 
1665 

2277 
1311 
1221 
2576 
2322 
1710 
1257 
2676 
2409 
1297 
1293 
1306 
1506 
1266 
2313 
2545 
2254 
916 
1941 
1202 
1202 
1002 
1547 
1302 

1.37 

1.53 

1.78 

3.03 

3.38 

3.54 

4.81 

5.08 

! 

667 
885 
767 
1139 
993 
730 
794 
926 
4tt 
1338 
1111 
544 
B23 
57? 
1338 
476 
658 

1184 

563 
912 
1406 

862 
1089 

1406 
866 
739 
1306 
1338 
1161 
866 
1769 
1134 
1080 
1229 
1035 
971 
862 
1533 
1833 
1315 
862 
1098 
885 
767 
780 
953 
839 

998 
1166 
1343 
1198 
944 
1311 
1474 
857 
1833 
1452 
708 
703 
1034 
I860 
857 
771 

1189 

848 
1179 
2032 

1315 

1438 

1951 
1170 
1089 
2141 
2096 
1533 
1120 
2291 
2078 
1207 
1179 
1198 
1438 
1107 
2200 
1941 
1B32 
957 
1814 
1216 
1089 
862 
1320 
1069 

975 
1397 
1433 
1628 
1442 
1107 
1415 
1405 
1048 

au 

1733 

844 
852 
1247 
2068 
1306 
894 

1996 

1093 
1461 
2313 

1551 

1778 

2345 
1325 
1284 
2667 
2391 
1742 
1293 
2817 
2499 
1352 
1429 
1370 
1515 
1320 
2245 
2595 
2300 
1012 
1860 
1229 
1252 
1048 
1588 
1347 

1002 
1415 
1492 
1724 
1547 
1157 
1447 
1583 
1089 
2245 
1792 
857 
871 
1288 
2141 
1853 
939 

2032 

1139 
1533 
2395 

1592 
1828 

2436 
1361 
1320 
2758 
2472 
1778 
1352 
2971 
2595 
1370 
1529 
1411 
1547 
1361 
2109 
2635 
2345 
1016 
1778 
1338 
1302 
1080 
1647 
1397 

1066 
1438 
1551 
1778 
1615 
1170 
1479 
1637 
1143 
2245 
1833 
S71 
898 
1325 
2L>:,!I 
1397 
989 

2078 

1170 
1597 
2495 

1647 
1910 

2467 
1406 
1356 
2799 
2245 
1833 
1374 
3094 
2672 
1384 
1642 
1447 
1628 
1433 
2132 
2713 
2409 
1084 
1569 
1411 
1343 
1120 
1674 
1452 

1116 
1460 
1637 
1851 
1687 
1211 
1538 
1705 
1170 
2250 
1828 
907 
948 
1365 
2309 
1415 
1021 

2091 

1220 
1656 
2558 

1687 
1960 

2531 
1447 
1406 
2890 
2590 
1896 
1411 
3257 
2740 
1406 
1706 
1497 
1674 
1483 
2246 
2758 

1152 
1511 
1710 
llilil 
171(7 
I2M 
1628 
1751 

1179 
1628 
1778 
1969 
2096 
1252 
1674 
1760 

1220 
1760 
2078 
2404 
2313 

tan 

1837 
1996 

1429 

219 

772 
772 
775 
775 
778 
778 
787 
787 
703 
793 
817 
817 
1040 
1040 
1042 
1042 

623 

971 
995 
995 

980 
980 

271» 
627 
627 
702 
704 
705 
706 
708 
708 
709 
709 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
881 
S73 
973 
974 
974 
980 
989 
1008 

1120 

ias? 

1474 
1288 
1021 
1415 
1461 
984 
2041 
1551 
780 
785 
1129 
1837 
1093 
817 

IMS 

971 
1315 
2132 

1438 
1533 

2118 
1279 
1166 
2440 
2209 
1656 
1189 
2522 
2308 
1247 
1089 
1238 
1513 
1220 
2295 
2482 
2118 
993 
1982 
1225 
1152 
953 
1470 

1207 

1 

2722 

1497 
1996 

2141 

do 

do 

2254 

2241 

2282 

921 
989 
1402 
2354 
1415 
1034 

2123 

1261 
1733 
2640 

1737 
1996 

2576 
1479 
1434 
2930 
2645 
1932 
1465 
3411 
2821 
1483 
1765 
1538 
1719 
1506 
2359 
2821 

939 
1002 
1456 
2381 
1420 
1071 

2141 

1302 
1760 
2681 

1769 

2068 

2599 
1501 
1461 

1034 
1120 
1710 
2676 
1520 

1184 

1687 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  at  ends  

2336 

1529 
2223 
3053 

2019 
2381 

2899 
1715 
1665 

2495 

,lo               

2227 
2595 

do   

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  •  splltatend  

do                

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  at  end  ;  10  millime- 
knot  on  indented  section. 

2731 
1987 
1501 
3557 
2917 
1511 
1824 
1574 
1774 
1556 
2436 
2912 

2223 
1742 
4105 

2359 

do       

do      

do  

1724 
1951 
1814 

1833 
2023 
2005 

Sheared  fibers  

.  do  

.do  

do  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  at  end  

3266 

3561 

do                     

1161 
1565 
1461 
1365 
1139 
1728 
1488 

1116 
1637 
1524 
1402 
1170 
1765 
1533 

1143 
1733 
1374 
1433 
1193 
1801 
1569 

1460 
2495 
1824 
1588 
1311 
2136 

1579 
2722 

Sheared  fibers   

do    .    

1687 

do 

do  

do             

478 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 

1 
p 

§ 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Longitudinal  com- 
pression: Ultimate 
ntrcu£ih,  in  kilos. 

Remarks. 

391  .  Pseudotsnga  Dcmglasii  —  cont'd 

1008 

British  Columbia  . 

Saw-mill,  Burrard 

8!>81 

1011 

Oregon  

inlet, 
Oregon     Railway 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do  

8799 

middle. 

1011 

....do  

and  Xavigation 
Company. 
do    

do 

6804 

middle. 

1016 

....do  

Weidler's  saw-mill, 

...  do  

8981 

millimeters  from  ond. 

1016 

....do  

Portland. 
...  do  

do 

970S 

end. 

1018 

1018 

....do  
....do  

Saw-mill,  Astoria  . 
....do  

....do  
do  



10002 
0662 

middle. 
Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
end. 

1020 

—  do  

Portland  Furniture 

....do  

7892 

end. 
do 

1020 

....do  

Company. 
.  .  do  

do 

766G 

1022 

—  do  

...  do  

8346 

1022 

do  

...  do  

.  do 

8392 

end. 

391.  Pseudotsuga  Dooglaaii,   var. 
roacrocarpa. 
Hemlock. 

642 
642 

California  
....do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber- 
nardino. 
....do  

W.  G.  Wright  
do  



6872 
7938 

middle* 

Split  obliquely  ;  pieces  flew  from 
machine. 

392.  Abies  Fraseri  

523 

AVak'ott  Gibba 

5G74 

end  ;  opened  grain. 

Balsam.     She  Balsam, 

523 
377 

...  do  

....do  

....do  
C  G  Priiigle 

....do  
Peatv 

5239 
5851 

millimeters  from  end. 
Crashed  at  10  millimeters  knot  25 
mi  Hi  meters  from  mii'dle. 

Balsam  Fir.   Balm  of  G  Head 
Fir. 

449 

Forest  City 

T  S  Brandegee 

4854 

middle. 

Balsam. 

449' 

449> 

449" 

...  do  

...do  
....do  

....do  

do  
do    

....do  

....do  
do 

do  

—  do  

do 

4400 

3856 
5661 

tors  knot. 
Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  38 
millimeters  from  middle;  split 
along  grain. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  knot  at 
middle;  split  along  grain. 

820 

....do  

....do  

do  

....do  

5398 

end. 

820 

...do  

do  

do 

do  . 

4808 

1010 

6033 

White  Fir. 

1010 

do    

do 

(_'.  S.  Sargent. 

do 

C477 

middle. 

S29 

middle. 

White  Fir.    Baltam  Fir. 

529 

.   /  do    

do 

do 

do 

4967 

{at  end  bearing  tiansveisc  test)  ; 
split  along  rings. 

639 

California 

Alluvial 

6350 

Hinders  from  middle. 

639 
733 

....do  

...do 

....do  

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do  

....do  

5670 

S618 

Triple   flexure  perpendicular  to 

rings;  opened  grain. 

733 

...  do  

do  

Company. 
do            

7507 

398   Abies  amabilis  

1004 

British  Columbia 

7838 

end. 

1004 

...  do  

Fraser  river, 
do       '         

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 

do 

7122 

middle. 

399.  Abies  nobilis  

965 

do 

Rich 

7235 

Jied  Fir. 

965 
647 

....do  

ains. 
..--do  

....do  

....do  

7276 
7°58 

end. 
Crushed   at  '25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Red  Fir. 

647 

do 

do 

C.  S.  Sargeut. 

do 

6C68 

end. 

226' 

C  G  Priugle 

12021 

millimeters  eccentric. 

Larch.   lilackLarch.  Tama- 
rack   Hackmatack. 

226' 
226' 
226s 

...  do  
....do  

do 

....do  
....do  
do 

....do  
....do  

do 

....do  
....do  

do 

10387 
6849 
8165 

middle. 
Triple,  flexure;    middle   bond  25 
millimeters  eccentiic. 
Crashed  at  C  millimeters  knot  at 
middle  ;  split  from  end  to  t  ud. 

774 
774 

New  Brunswick  .. 
...do    

Bay  of  Fundy  
do 

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

do 

7892 

9095 

Crushed  at  13  millimeters  knot  51 
millimeters  from  eiid  ;   opened 

between  rings. 
Crushed  at  64  millimeters  from 

middle  at  25  millimeters  knot. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


479 


= 

3. 

"s 

§ 

! 

a 

1'HESSt  HE.  IN  KILOGnASIS,  KEyl'IliED  TO  PRODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MILLIMETERS  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

Q.')3 

1315 

771 

!125 
S«5 
817 
1043 
889 
730 
C71 
817 
1  17SI 

1080 

1157 

540 
499 

G44 

780 
726 

794 
594 
f,90 
563 

881 

490 

769 

522 
749 
852 
1134 
1134 

594 
680 

1356 
lli-4 

844 
1021 

1270 
1225 
1C39 
1724 
fi52 

794 

0.51 

0.76 

1.03 

!.«» 

1.53 

i.rs 

3.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

2087 
1306 

1160 

1107 
998 
1211 
1129 
780 
81)2 
848 
11  :.2 

1351 
1520 

830 

am 

sue 

880 
1016 

925 
821 
817 
826 

817 
617 

1002 

776 
1134 
1116 
1243 
1179 

844 
862 

1565 
1610 

1016 
1583 

1769 
1533 
1533 
2358 
1143 

1134 

22.-,  1 
1433 

1318 

1157 
1048 
1297 
1180 

8u7 
<>:,:; 
885 
1497 

1633 
IMS 

984 
939 

993 

993 
1080 

930 
894 
866 
957 

?39 
669 

1093 

894 
1189 
1207 
1338 
122B 

880 
930 

1701 
1696 

1093 
1760 

2087 
1628 
1728 
20&9 
1247 

1279 

2241 
1479 

1275 
1202 
1075 
1343 
1229 
639 
930 
907 
1406 

1610 
1624 

1061 
975 

1107 

1048 
1111 

944 
939 
889 
989 

839 
712 

1125 

971 
1198 
1270 
1438 
1270 

939 
1002 

1842 

1778 

1148 
1860 

2241 

1778 
1860 
2875 
1343 

1352 

1996 
1520 

1334 
1257 
1125 
1393 
1284 
944 
1002 
962 
1293 

1615 
1669 

1093 

1002 

1202 

1093 
1139 

980 
975 
894 
1007 

857 
762 

1143 

1002 
1216 
1320 
1533 
"  1275 

998 
1061 

1941 

1892 

1175 
1914 

2391 
1869 
1982 
2939 
1388 

1447 

1978 
1556 

1388 
1302 
1184 
1456 
1329 
1002 
1111 
993 
1315 

16!)2 
1728 

1125 
1039 

1257 

1125 
1175 

1007 
1012 

I960 
1588 

1429 

1352 
1234 
1537 
1384 
1039 
1157 
1030 
1470 

1778 
1740 

1157 
1080 

1306 

1184 
1211 

1039 
1034 

2073 
1606 

1447 
1393 
1284 
1615 
1447 
1071 
1198 
1080 
1651 

1846 
1760 

1170 
1116 

1365 

1211 
1247 

1061 
1052 

2227 
1633 

1488 
1429 
1343 
1669 
1483 
1102 
1211 
1107 
1751 

1910 
1824 

1J93 
1129 

1397 

1238 
1261 

1116 

1080 

1987 

1660 

1524 
1438 
13S8 
1737 
1500 
1134 
1252 
1143 
1605 

1960 
1842 

1202 
1166 

1447 

1266 
1284 

1116 
1102 

2874 
1462 

1724 
1642 

2903 
1505 

Sheared  fibers 

1008 
1011 

1011 
1616 
1010 
1018 
1018 
1020 
1020- 
1022 
1022 

642 

612 

523 
52£ 

377 

449 
449' 

449" 
449* 

820 
820 

101» 
1010- 

529 

529 
639 
639 
73J 
733 

1004 

1004 

965 

965 

647 
647 

226> 
2261 
226* 
226s 

774 

774 

do  

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  

2U7H 

do  

,lo  

1361 
1429 
1306 
1987 

2177 
2082 

1379 
1306 

do  

1624 

2313 

2409 
2186 

1442 
1379 

Sheared  fibers  

do  .  . 

do  

do  

do  ... 

Slight  shearingof  fibers;  split  at  end;  4  millimeters 
knot  in  indented  section. 

1442 
1474 

1270 
1270 

1588 
1597 

1374 

do  

...do 

Split  at  end 

1030 

912 
803 

1166 

1025 
1247 
1347 
1592 
1325 

1080 
1098 

2105 

1969 

1207 
1982 

2472 
1946 
2073 
3026 
1429 

1470 

1039 

962 
817 

1170 

1052 
1279 
1402 
1692 
1470 

1116 
1129 

2218 
2050 

1252 
2'059 

2549 
1987 
2150 
3039 
1442 

1474 

1052 

1012 
844 

1179 

1084 
1320 
1438 
1769 
1533 

1157 
1166 

2263 
2123 

1275 
2073 

2581 
2050 
2263 
3502 

1470 

1483 

1039 

1066 
866 

1193 

1098 
1338 
1465 
1824 
1592 

1216 
1193 

2345 
2173 

1311 
2118 

2640 

'2114 
2381 
3506 
1197 

1506 

1057 

1098 
885 

1202 

1116 
1361 
1511 
1869 
1624 

1257 
1234 

2413 

2214 

1325 

2141 

2717 
2164 

1170 
1225 

1225 
1379 

do 

1302 

1225 
1610 
1746 

do  . 

1769 
1905 

do  

1860 

1429 
1452 

2858 
2586 

1474 
2404 

2948 
2449 



do         ... 

.  do     .       

3221 

1651 
2586 

3130 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  at  ends  

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  specimen 
120  millimMrrs  long. 
Fibers  did  not  shear  ;  split  at  end  ;  specimen  120 
millimeters  long. 
Slight  shearing  of  fibers  ;  shattered  stick  ;  speci- 
men 120  millimeters  long. 

3612 
1538 

1538 

1746 
1769 

do  

480 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLE  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


I 

Ml 

Species. 

3     !            State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

.5  ••""- 

II  em  arks. 

a 

||| 

B 

-!.'{•  & 
0  g  ft 

o 

J&i! 

401.  Lai  ix  Americana—  continued  .  . 

781 

New  Brunswick  .  . 

Bay  of  Fundy  

Intercolonial  rail- 

- 

8147 

781 

....rlo  

do 

way. 

780 

....do  

Bridgeton  

Ed.  Sinclair  

9390 

do 

. 

780 

....do  

do 

7666 

middle. 

795 

....do  

Danville  

Grand  Trunk  rail- 

9480 

way. 

middle. 

795 

do  

do 

do 

840 
840 

Massachusetts  
....do  

Wenhara  
...do  

6967 

7530 

Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rings; 
intersecting  '-Cooper  lines". 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 

...  do  

....do  

end  on  one  face. 

402.  Larix  occidentals  

719 

Montana  

Missoula  

S  "Watson 

9367 

Tri   1    ft 

Tamarack. 

P         •                        

719 

....do  

....do  

...  do  

10047 

984 

Washington  terri- 

Fulda...  . 

"W.  Siksdorf               Moist 

tory. 

end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

984 

....do  

....do  

do  |  do  

12633     Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  19 

millimeters  from  end. 

1006 

....do  

....do  

do  

do 

1006 

...do  

....do  

do           .  .. 

ilo 

PALMACE.E. 

end;  opened  grain. 

405.  "Washingtonia  filifera  

1159 

Agua  Caliente  

W.  G.  Wright  

Dry,  gravelly  

1461     Split  obliquely  ;  fracture  228  mil- 
limeters long. 

Fan-leaf  Palm. 

1159 

....do  

....do  

do  .      ... 

do 

limeters  long. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


481 


Direction  of  grain. 

PRESSURE,  IN  KILOGKAM8,  REQUIUF.il  TO  1'UODUCB  AN  INDENTATION.  IN  MILLIMETERS,  OF— 

Remarks. 

Office  number. 

0.35 

0.51 

o.re 

1.02 

1.27 

1.52 

1.7S 

2.03 

2.28 

2.54 

4.81 

5.08 

! 

m 

1270 
862 
703 
730 
1002 
1S15 
1179 

903 
1211 
1315 
1633 
1656 
1406 

318 
812 

1125 
1765 
934 
1202 

mi 

1315 
1733 
1TM 

1574 
1452 
1451 
2336 
2681 
1669 

508 
1207 

1220 
1005 
1025 
1270 
1189 
U28 
1842 
1892 

1774 
1579 
1547 
2350 
3134 
1905 

676 
1325 

1311 
2041 
1075 
1325 
1288 
1506 
1987 
1946 

1860 
1696 
1619 
2345 
3348 
2046 

617 
1397 

1388 
2159 
1125 
1347 
1828 
1551 
BOSS 
2028 

1928 
1796 
1710 
2400 
3375 
2159 

658 
1442 

1461 
2254 
1189 
1433 
1388 
)OJ6 
2168 
2168 

2000 
1800 
1792 
2545 
3470 
2300 

680 
1497 

1538 
2345 
1229 
1533 
1429 
17(39 
2227 
2259 

2019 
1946 
1910 
2681 
3652 
2391 

708 
1551 

1601 
2422 
1261 
1624 
1442 
1800 
2313 
2390 

2050 
1987 
1987 
2803 
3756 
2500 

735 
1610 

1674 
2504 
1302 
1692 
1461 
1905 
2422 
2490 

2118 
2082 
2048 
2948 
3901 
2549 

758 
1628 

1774 
2572 
UK 
1778 
1501 
1941 
2472 
2536 

2186 
2118 
2123 
3094 
4051 
2672 

776 
1656 

2313 
3198 

2580 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

781 
781 
786 
780 
795 
795 
840 
840 

719 
719 
984 
984 
11106 
1006 

1159 
1159 

.  .  .do  

2087 

2313 

....  do  

do  

do  

3085 
3030 

2541 
2449 
2563 

2713 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end;  indented  section 
covers  6  millimeters  knot. 

do 

do    .       

do       .    .       .       .... 

945 
1932 

1048 
1996 

31   FOR 


III. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


IN    THEIR 


ECONOMIC   ASPECTS. 


483 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THEIR  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 

The  maps  of  relative  average  forest  density  joined  to  this  report  are  intended  to  illustrate  the  present  productive 
capacity  of  the  forest  covering  of  the  country  (map  No.  16,  portfolio).  They  are  based,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
extreme  western  states  and  territories,  upon  the  returns  of  enumerators.  In  states  originally  wooded  all  land  not 
accounted  for  in  the  returns  as  cleared  or  treeless,  or  otherwise  known  to  be  destitute  of  tree  covering,  is  treated 
as  forest.  The  county  is  taken  as  the  unit,  and  is  seldom  divided,  unless  varied  topography  or  different  natural 
features  in  different  parts  makes  further  subdivision  desirable.  In  the  western  states  and  territories,  where 
topography  determines  forest  distribution,  county  lines  are  disregarded,  and  the  estimates  are  based  upon  special 
reports  of  census  experts,  or  upon  the  published  reports  of  the  various  government  surveys,  maps,  etc.  The 
condition  and  productive  capacity  of  the  forest  covering  have  been  carefully  investigated  at  many  points  in  each 
county  or  unit  region,  and  the  area  covered  with  forest,  obtained  in  the  manner  described  above,  is  multiplied  by 
the  average  stand  of  timber  or  other  useful  wood.  The  results  thus  obtained  are  necessarily  greatly  generalized  to 
conform  to  the  scale  of  the  maps  used. 

The  following  statement  represents  the  value  of  the  forest  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  census  year,  so  far 
as  it  has  been  possible  to  obtain  it: 


Saw  logs $139, 

Wood  used  for  domestic  purposes  as  fuel 

(estimated)  306,  950,  MO 

Wood  used  by  railroads  as  fuel 5, 126,  714 

AVood  used  by  steamboats  as  fuel 1,  812,  083 


Charcoal  used  as  fuel — 

In  manufacture  of  iron $4,726,114 

In  manufacture  of  precious  metals . .  29,  306 

In  the  twenty  largest  cities 521,  316 

Xiival  stores 5,000,000 


Wood  used  as  fuel —  Southern  moss 500, 000 


In  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  tile  3,  978,  331 

In  the  manufacture  of  wool 425, 239 

In  the  manufacture  of  salt 121, 681 

In  the  production  of  precious  metals  2,  874,  593 

In  other  mining  operations 673,692 


!    Railroad  ties  (29,554,694) 9,806,247 

Fence  posts  (for  fencing  railroads) 180, 000 

Uncultivated  vegetable  substances  used 

in  the  manufacture  of  medicines 587,  000 

Uncultivated  nnts 78,540 

Hoop-poles 1,947,316 


Wood  used  in  the  manufacture  of — 

Handles $897,170 

Wheel  stock 1,360,892 

Wood  pulp 1,974,074 

Baskets 314,125 

Excelsior 150,800 

Oars 81,000 

Shoe  pegs 72,000 

Hand-made  shingles 47, 952 


Total 490,073,094 


These  returns  are  incomplete  and  often  unsatisfactory.  Many  important  items  are  omitted  entirely.  It  was 
found  impossible  to  obtain  statistics  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  (posts,  split  rails,  etc.)  used  in  fencing, 
with  the  exception  of  posts  used  by  railroads.  The  amount  of  material  thus  consumed  annually  must  be  very  large, 
probably  exceeding  $100,000,000  in  value.  No  returns  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  bark  of  different  trees  used  in 
tanning  leather  have  been  received,  and  there  are  no  statistics  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  uusawed  timber 
produced — spars,  piles,  telegraph  and  other  poles,  hewed  timber,  hard  wood  exported  in  the  log,  ships'  knees,  etc.— 
that  is,  all  timber  not  manufactured  in  saw-mills  into  lumber.  The  value  of  the  timber  of  this  sort  cut  in  the  United 
States  every  year  must  be  very  large.  The  returns  include  the  railway  ties  laid  down  by  completed  roads,  and  do  not 
embrace  those  used  in  the  construction  of  some  10,000  miles  of  new  road  built  during  the  census  year.  It  was 
found  impossible  to  obtain  even  an  estimate  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  cooperage  stock  produced  outside  of 
regular  saw- mills,  and  the  returns  of  hand-made  shingles  only  include  those  made  from  cypress  at  a  few  points 
in  the  south  Atlantic  region.  Maple  sugar  to  the  amount  of  36,576,061  pounds  and  1,796,048  gallons  of  molasses 
were  produced  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States  during  the  year  1879.  No  statistics  of  the  value  of  these  products 
have,  however,  been  received.  Statistics  of  the  value  of  material  consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  excelsior,  wood 
pulp,  wheel  stock,  handles,  shoe  pegs,  baskets,  oars,  and  hoop-poles  are  incomplete,  and  do  not  fully  represent  the 
value  of  the  wood  used.  The  statistics  of  .the  value  of  wild  nuts  and  wild  vegetable  substances  collected  are 
very  incomplete,  and  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  separate  the  value  of  the  imported  from  that  of  the  native 
wood  used  in  the  manufacture  of  veneers,  an  industry  consuming  a  large  amount  of  high-priced  hard  wood.  Could 
complete  returns  of  the  forest  crop  of  the  census  year  have  been  obtained  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  would  be 
found  to  exceed  $700,000,000  in  value. 

THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY. 

The  following  table  represents  the  volume,  by  states  and  territories,  of  the  lumber  industry  of  the  United  States 
for  the  census  year,  as  derived  from  the  returns  of  the  enumerators  on  the  schedule  of  manufactures,  and  from  the 
reports  of  special  agents  for  manufactures  in  cities  having  at  the  time  of  the  Ninth  Census  8,000  or  more  inhabitants. 
No  distinction  between  the  different  kinds  of  wood  sawed  was  attempted  in  the  enumeration: 

485 


486 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

STATISTICS  OF  THE  LUMBERING  INDUSTRY  OF  THE 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 

10 

11 
12 
U 

14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

31 
32 
3?, 
34 
35 

36 

37 
38 
39 
40 

41 
42 
43 
44 
45 

46 

47 
48 
49 

States  and  Territories. 

Number  of  estab- 
lishments. 

Capital. 

AVERAGE  NUMBER  OF  HANDS  EMPLOYED. 

LABOB. 

MATERIALS. 

Maximum 
at  any  one 
time  in 
the  year. 

Males 
above 
16  years. 

Females 
above 
15  years. 

Children 
and  youth. 

Wages  paid 
during 
the  year. 

Value  of  logs. 

Value  of 
mill 
supplies. 

The  United  States 

25,  708 

Dalian. 
181,  186,  122 

141,564 

425 

5,967 

Dollars. 
31,  845,  974 

Dollars. 
139,  836,  869 

Dollars. 
6,  31S,  516 

Alabama  .-.  

354 

1,  545,  655                2,  798 

1,611 

36 

424,156 

1,  517,  986 

90,649 

Alaska  

Arizona  

13 
310 
251 

96 
300 
39 
86 
1 

135 
655 
48 
640 
2,022 

102,  450 
1,  067,  840 
6,  454,  718 

481,  200 
607,  300 
113,  750 
259,  250 
25,000 

2,  219,  550 
3,101.452 
192,  460 
3,  295,  483 
7,  048,  088 

126 
2,985 
4,945 

1,605 
1,262 
451 
646 

. 

3,240 
4,971 
311 

5,799 
16,  252 

77 
1,690 
3,423 

870 
699 
286 
378 
25 

1,945 
3,298 
1£9 
3,652 
9,926 

2 
54 
11 

7 
8 
4 
13 

33,  375 
237,  394 
1,  095,  736 

112,931 
178,  336 
54,974 
40,694 
6,000 

562,249 
554,085 
33,  367 
787,  867 
1,  571,  740 

126,  486 
1,  009,  954 
2,  055,  635 

654,  500 
609,024 
269,  235 
229,  763 
32,  000 

1,  763,  617 
3,  049,  435 
213,  691 
2,  959,  537 
9,  290,  4i8 

5,300 
60,441 
186,868 

45,794 
32,545 
12,640 
13,  612 
2,000 

103,  596 
147,  720 
16,  875 
185,  368 
336,  669 

Arkansas  

California  

Colorado  

Connecticut  

Dakota  

Delaware  

District  of  Colombia  

Florida  

85 
94 
4 
199 
413 

Georgia  

Illinois  

Indian  territory  

328 
146 
670 
175 

848 
369. 
606 
1,619 
234 

295 
881 
36 
38 
9 

680 

284 
26 
2,822 
776 

2,352 
228 
2,827 
49 
420 

'755 
324 
107 
688 

907 

37 
472 
704 
7 

4,  946,  390 
262,  975 
2,290,558 
903,950 

6,  339.  396 
1,  237,  C94 
2,  480,  340 
39,  260,  428 
6,  771,  145 

922,  595 
2,  867,  970 
208,  200 
93,375 
132,000 

3,  745,  790 
1,  657,  395 
74,  675 
13,  230,  934 
1,  743,  217 

7,  944,  412 
1,  577,  875 
21,  418,  588 
144,  250 
1,  056,  265 

2,  004,  503 
1,  660,  952 
272,750 
3,  274,  250 
2,  122,  925 

2,  456,  450 
1,  668,  920  1 
19,  824,  059 
26,700 

4,155 
831 
5,140 
1,514 

9,836 
1,769 
3,130 
30,  886 
3,772 

2,113 
6,678 
374 
295 
66 

4,765 
1,066 
282 
17,509 
5,334 

15,277 
1,185 
21,160 
260 
2,338 

5,587 
4,579 
845 
4,501 
5,812 

891 
3,765 
14,  079 
68 

2,526 
507 
2,506 
943 

6,480 
1,216 
1,940 
22,732 
2,732 

1,123 
3,408 
142 
136 
35 

3,056 
760 
172 
11,056 
2,938 

8,769 
"566 
14,443 
139 
1,431 

3,577 
3,136 
375 
2,411 
3,922 

495 
2,057 
7,748 
38 

463 
9 
94 
33 

183 
23 
30 
1,360 
100 

47 
95 

825,244 
66,757 
671,  939 
200,  063 

1,  161,  142 
223,786 
431,612 
6,  967,  905 
924,  473 

197,  867 
669,644 
47,  945 
29,  313 
9,892 

548,556 
179,  693 
24,240 
2,  102,  972 
447,  431 

1,  708,  300 
242,154 
2.  918,  459 
33,  143 
221,963 

549,  222 
732,  914 
65,  175 
426,  953 
540,  231 

200,539 
459,945 
2,  257,  218 
6,380 

4,  023,  661 
421,738 
2,  238,  888 
1,  106,  280 

4,  754,  613 
1,  041,  836 
1,  827,  497 
30,  819,  003 
4,  408,  468 

1,  190,  902 
3,  113,  049 
257,  320 
153,823 
151,  790 

2,  159,  461 
942,  752 
100,  145 
8,  628,  874 
1,  490,  616 

8,  603,  127 
1,  294,  703 
13,  378,  589 
116,  085 
1,  170,  088 

2,  006,  124 
1,  909,  794 
216,  619 
1,  939,  775 
1,  864,  288 

1,  174  005 
1,  307,  843 
12,  219,  097 
24,725 

118,  224 
25,  711 
171,  855 
80,  779 

197,  344 
64,959 
76,  608 
1,  432,  369 
120,  587 

28,  214 
102,  243 
20,778 
11,055 
11,020 

113,  530 
47,227 
16,  910 

490,  389 
86,523 

292,979 
36,  639 
576,  841 
4,803 
67,273 

136,  761 
186,  981 
21,655 

SI,  093 
119,489 

14,  070 
67,ft29 
262,376 
2,625 

Kansas  

1 

Louisiana  

Maine     

Mnrvlaud  

Massachusetts  

Michigan  . 

143 
22 

Minnesota  . 

Montana  

4 

Nevada  .. 

New  Hampshire  

48 

8 

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

NewTork  

389 
91 

548 
13 
463 
13 
37 

141 
49 
10 
100 
89 

4 
126 
467 

North  Carolina  

Ohio  

Oregon  . 

8 

Rhode  Island  ;  

South  Carolina  

Tennessee  

Texas  

1 

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia  

Washington  .  _  

West  Virginia  

250 

Wyoming  .  .     ...... 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  MAY  31,  1880. 


487 


PRODUCTS. 

Lumber  (board 
measure). 

Laths. 

Shingles. 

Staves. 

Sets  of  headings. 

Spool  and 
bobbin  stock 
(board  measure). 

Value  of  all 
other  products. 

Total  value  of  all 
products. 

Bank 
according 
to  value 
of 
products. 

Feet. 

Number. 

Number. 

Number. 

Number. 
146  593  000 

Feet. 
34  076  000 

Dollars. 

2  682  668 

Dollars. 
233  268,729 

251  851  000 

5  4°7  000 

2  357  000 

437  000 

2,  649,  634 

23 

1 

*> 

10  715  000 

150  000 

1  760  000 

300  000 

1,010 

215,  918 

44 

S 

350  000 

1,793  848 

29 

4 

304  795  000 

2  420  000 

2  063  000 

1  203  000 

3,000 

4,  428,  950 

13 

^ 

63  792  000 

4  925  000 

27  214  000 

700 

1,  051,  295 

34 

6 

64,  427,  000 
29  286  000 

1,  719,  000 
564  000 

7.  192,  000 
4  823  000 

270,  000 

12,000 

33,000 

12,930 
500 

1,  076,  455 
435,  792 

33 
37 

R 

31  572  000 

317  000 

506  000 

4  510  000 

550  000 

411,060 

38 

g 

2,000 

50,000 

46 

10 

a  247  627  000 

20  101  000 

3  061  000 

791  000 

HO  000 

13,999 

3,  060,  291 

21 

11 

451,  788,  000 
18  204  000 

17,  438,  000 
750  000 

25,  332,  000 
4  235  000 

2,  014,  000 

964,000 

4,000 

3,975 
60,200 

4,  875,  310 
349,  635 

12 
40 

12 
13 

b  334,  244,  000 
915,  943,  000 

b  25,  977.  000 
28,  031,  000 

b  15,  306,  000 
26,  634,  000 

24,  443,  000 
283,  071,  000 

1,  385,  000 
26,  389,  000 

30,000 
1,  957,  000 

16,  807 
145,  750 

5,  063,  037 
14,  260,  830 

11 

5 

14 

15 

Hi 

e412  578  000 

c  79  924  000 

c  128  ]  00  000 

5  335  000 

650  000 

38,343 

6,  185,  628 

Q 

17 

45  281  000 

25  000 

835  000 

150,000 

3,400 

682,  697 

35 

1R 

305,  684,  000 
133  472  000 

26,  856,  000 
7  745  000 

25,  253,  000 

23,  148,  000 
900  000 

8,  174,  000 
33  000 

383,  000 

75,655 
15,  470 

4,  064,  361 
1,  764,  640 

14 

30 

19 
•><) 

566,  656,  000 
123  336  000 

184,  820,  000 
7  955  000 

426,  530,  000 
4  499  000 

62,  376,  000 
16  227  000 

3,  312,  000 

13,  426,  000 

182,  618 
149,  894 

7,  933,  868 
1,  813,  332 

7 
28 

21 
•>•> 

d  205,  244,  000 
4,  172,  572,  000 
563  974  000 

d  16,  947,  000 
461,  805,  000 
88  088  000 

d  19,  667,  000 
2,  584,  717,  000 

21,  062,  000 
199,  821,  000 
7  825  000 

1,  860,  000 
21,  897,  000 
547  000 

572,  000 
6,  038,  000 

44,395 
531,406 
21,100 

3,  120,  184 
52,  449,  928 
7,  366,  038 

20 
1 
g 

23 
24 

•"> 

168  747  000 

7  908  000 

5  355  000 

60  000 

5,349 

1,  920,  335 

27 

?fi 

21  426  000 

3  363  000 

7  097 

5,  265,  617 

10 

°7 

21,  420,  000 

2  620  000 

9  627  000 

1,900 

527,  695 

36 

?8 

13,  585,  000 

1,100 

265,  062 

41 

?9 

21  545  000 

485  000 

243,200 

42 

30 

292,  267,  COO 
109,  679,  000 
11,  195  000 

49,  454,  000 
8,  948,  000 
107  000 

67,  086,  000 
10,  717,  000 
722,000 

31,  354,  000 
40,  000 
20  000 

3,  491,  000 
155,  000 

3,  072,  000 
883,000 

58,612 
40,  385 

3,  842,  012 
1,  627,  640 
173,  930 

15 
32 
45 

31 

32 
33 

1,  184,  220,  000 
241,  822,  000 

910,  832,  000 
177,  171,  000 

79,  399,  000 
13,  340,  000 

50,  625,  000 
18  245  000 

305,  711,  000 
8,  707,  000 

24,  876,  000 
5,040  000 

62,  654,  000 
45,000 

214,  245,  000 

22,  136,  000 
571,  000 

25,  779,  000 

1,  003,  000 
1,  253,  000 

25,000 

285,263 
7,195 

186,788 
10,500 

14,  356,  910 
2,  672,  796 

13,  864,  460 
2,  030,  463 

4 

22 

6 
26 

34 

35 

36 

:i7 

1,  733,  844,  000 
8,469  000 

183,  740,  000 
10  000 

288,  561,  000 
1  986  000 

80,  062,  000 
365  000 

10,  401,  000 

326,000 
3,700  000 

393,044 
174 

22,457,359 
240,  579 

2 
43 

38 

39 

185  772  000 

23  133  000 

10  036  000 

385  000 

93  000 

41  700 

2,  081,  507 

25 

•10 

302,  673,  000 
328,  968,  000 

21,  275,  000 
14  131  000 

14,  205,  000 
112  523  000 

4,  342,  000 

570,  000 
140  000 

6,000 

72,998 
10,350 

3,  744,  905 
3,  073,  449 

16 
17 

41 
45! 

25,  709,  000 

1  563  000 

9  293  000 

1,765 

375,  164 

39 

43 

322,  942,  000 
315,  939,  000 

160,  176  000 

19,  745,  000 
14,  40C,  000 

6  550  000 

55,711,000 
8,  223,  000 

3  610  000 

13,  219,  000 
14,  333,  000 

23  666  000 

1,  572,  000 
929,000 

415,  000 
800,000 

2,575 
30,  355 

3,  258,  816 
3,  434,  168 

1,  734,  742 

19 

18 

31 

44 
45 

4<i 

180  112  000 

12  071  000 

3  695  000 

41  992  000 

1  952  000 

40  195 

2,431  857 

24 

47 

1  542  021   000 

215  13"1  000 

862  922  000 

8fi  545  000 

7  493  000 

152  171 

17,  952,  347 

3 

48 

2,960  000 

300  000 

8G5  000 

40,999 

47 

41V 



o  Including  77,500,000  feet  manufactured  from  logs  cut  in  A'abama. 

b  Including  73,700,000  feet  lumber,  15,041,000  laths,  and  11,226,000  shingles,  manufactured  from  logs  cnt  in  Wisconsin. 

c  Including  334,199,000  feet  lumber,  78,728,000  laths,  and  127,591,000  shingles,  manufactured  from  logs  cut  in  Wisconsin. 

d  Including  26,000,000  feet  lumber,  11,982.000  laths,  and  8CO.COO  shingles,  manufactured  from  logs  cut  in  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont. 

e  Including  27,000,000  feet  lumber,  12,400,000  laths,  and  5,300,000  shingles,  manufactured  from  logs  cut  in  Wisconsin. 


488 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


In  the  following  table  the  average  importance  of  the  saw-mills  located  in  the  different  states  and  territories  is 
shown: 

AVERAGE  SIZE  AND  PRODUCT  OF  SAW-MILLS  IN  EACH  STATE  AND  TERRITORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


States  and  Territories. 

Total  number  of  establish- 
ments. 

"=? 
1 

o 

NUMBER  OF 
HANDS 
EMPLOYED. 

MATERIALS  AND  LABOR. 

PRODUCTS. 

Maximum  at  any  one 
time  in  the  year. 

Average. 

Value 
of 
logs. 

Valne 
of  mill 
sup- 
plies. 

Wages 
paid 
during 
the 
year. 

Lumber 
(board 
measure). 

Laths. 

Shingles. 

Staves. 

Sets  of 
head- 
ings. 

Spool 
and 
bobbin 

stock. 

Valne 
of  othei 
prod- 
ucts. 

Total 
value  of 
all 
prod- 
ucts. 

The  United  States.. 
Alabama  

25,  708 

Dolls. 
7,048 

8.8 

5.8 

Dolls. 
5,436 

Dolls. 
240 

Dolls. 
1,235 

Feet. 
703,  000 

No. 
68,  000 

No. 

216,  000 

No. 
48,  000 

No. 
5,700 

Feet. 
1,300 

Dolls. 
104 

DoUs. 
9,078 

354 

4,366 

7.9 

4.6 

4,288 

256 

1,198 

712,  000 

40,  COO 

15,  000 

6,000 

1,000 

7,485 

Alaska  

Arizona  

33 
319 
251 

96 

300 
39 
86 

1 

135 
655 
48 
640 
2,022 

7,880 
3,347 
55,  716 

5,013 
2,119 
2,917 
3,015 
25,  000 

16,  441 
4,735 
4,009 
5,149 
3,485 

9.7 
9.0 
19.7 

16.6 
4.0 
11.6 
7.5 
35.0 

24.0 
7.5 
6.5 
9.0 
8.0 

6.0 
5.5 
13.7 

9.0 
2.0 
7.5 
4.5 
25.0 

15.0 
6.0 
3.6 
6.0 

5.0 

9,729 
3,166 

8,190 

6,808 
2,030 
6,903 
2,672 
32,  000 

13,064 
4,655 
4,452 
4,624 
4,600 

408 
190 
744 

476 
108 
324 
158 
2,000 

768 
225 
352 
290 
166 

2,567 
744 
4,365 

1,176 
594 
1,410 
473 
6,000 

4,165 

845 
700 
1,230 

777 

824,  000 
541,000 
1,  214,  000 

664,  000 
215,  000 
751,  000 
367,  000 
4,  000,  000 

1,  834,  000 
690,  000 
380,000 
522,  000 
453,  000 

11,  000 
20,  000 
10,  000 

51,  000 
6,000 
15,000 
4,000 
1,  000,  000 

150,  000 
27,  000 
16,  000 
40,000 
14,  000 

136,  000 
194,  000 
553,  000 

283,  000 
24,000 
124,  000 
6,000 

23,  000 
5,  000 
8,000 

77 

16,  609 
5,623 
17,645 

10,  951 
359 
11,  174 
4,780 
50,000 

22,668 
7,443 
9,346 
7,911 
7,052 

Arkansas  

1,000 
5,000 

California  

12 

7 
43 
13 

Colorado  

Connecticnt  

1,000 

Dakota  

Delaware  

52,000 

6,000 

District  of  Columbia  .  .  . 
Florida  

2,000 

104 
6 
1,254 
26 
72 

23,  000 
39,  000 
88,  000 
24,000 
13,  000 

6,000 
3,000 

1,000 
1,000 

Georgia  

Idaho  

Illinois  

38,  000 
140,  000 

2,000 
13,  000 

Indiana  

Indian  territory  

Iowa  

328 
146 
670 
175 

848 
369 
606 
1,649 
234 

295 
881 
36 
38 
9 

680 
284 
26 
2,822 
776 

2,352 
228 
2,827 
49 

420 

755 
324 
107 
688 
007 

37 
472 
704 
7 

15,  080 
1,801 
3,418 
5,165 

7,475 
3,354 
4,093 
23,  808 
28,  936 

3,127 
3,255 
5,783 

2,457 
14,  666 

5,508 
5,836 
2,  870  ' 
4,688 
2,246 

3,378 
6,920 

7,570 
2,944 
2,515 

2,655 
5,126 
2,549 
4,759 
2,340 

6,390 
3,535 
8,159 
3,814 

12.6 

5.7 
7.7 
8.6 

11.6 

4.8 
5.0 
18.7 
16.0 

7.0 
7.6 
11.0 
8.0 
7.0 

7.0 
3.7 
10.8 
6.0 
7.0 

6.5 
5.0 
7.5 
5.0 
5.5 

7.0  : 
14.0 
7.9 
6.5 
6.0 

24.0 
8.0 
20.0 
9.7 

9.0 
3.5 
3.8 
5.6 

7.8 
3.0 
3.0 
14.7 
12.0 

4,0 
4.0 
4.0 
3.7 
4.0 

4.5 
2.7 
6.7  | 
4.0 
4.0 

4.0 
2.5 
5.0 
3.0 
3.5 

5.0 
9.8 
3.5 
3.0 

4.0  |l 

13.5 
4.0 
12.0 

5.5 

12,267 
2,888 
3,341 
6,321 

5,607 
2,823 
3,015 
18,  700 
18,  839 

4,037 
3,534 
7,148 
4,048 
16,  865 

3,175 
3,319 
3,851 
3,057 
1,921 

3,658 
5,678 

4,732 
2,  369 
2,785 

2,657 
5,894 
2,024 
2,819 
2,055 

31,  730 
2,770 
17,356 
3,532 

360 
176 
256 
462 

2S2 
176 
126 
868 
515 

95 
116 
577 
290 
1,224 

167 
166 
650 
173 
111 

124 
160  ' 
204 
98 
160 

181 
577 
202 
119  ' 
131  ' 

380 
143 
358 
375 

2,513 

457 
1,003 
1,143 

1,369 
GOfi 
712 
4,225 
3,950 

671 
760 
1,332 
771 
1,099 

806  | 
633  , 
932 

766 

576  : 

726 
1,062 
1,032 
876 
528 

727 
2,262 
609 
620 
595 

5,420 
974 
3,206 
911 

1,  258,  000 
310,  000 
456,  000 
762,  000 

668,  000 
334,  000 
338,  000 
2,  530,  000 
2,  410,  000 

572,  000 
453,  COO 
595,  000 
357,  000 
2,  394,  000 

429,  COO 
386,  000 
430,  000 
419,  000 
311,  000 

387,  COO 
777,  000 
613,  000 
172,  000 
442,  000 

400,  000 
1,015,000 
240,  000 
469,  000 
348,  000 

4,  329,  000 
381,  000 
2,  190,  000  ; 
423,  000 

244,  000 
40,  000 
40,  000 
44,  000 

218,  000 
21,  000 
28,  000 
280,  000 
376,  000 

27,000 
23,000 
73,  000 

390,  000 
6,000 
37,  000 
170,  000 

503,  000 
12,  000 
32,  000 
1,  568,  COO 
831,  000 

18,  000 
10,  000 
267,  000 

16,  000 

2,000 

117 
23 
113 

88 

215 
406 
73 
322 
90 

18 
8 
53 
29 

19,000 
4,700 
6,066 
10,083 

9,356 
4,914 
5,149 
31,807 
31,478 

6,509 
6,000 
14,  668 
6,975 
27,  022 

5,650 

5,73] 
6,690 
5,087 
S,  445 

5,  895 
8,905 
7,944 
4,009 
4,837 

4,060 
11,  338 
3,506 
4,736 
3,  786 

46,  885 
5,152 
25,500 
5,855 

Kansas  

Kentucky  

34,  000 
1,000 

73,  000 
44,  000 
35,  000 
121,  000 
33,  000 

12,  000 

Louisiana  

Maine  

4,000 

Marj'land  

Massachusetts  

3,000 
13,  000 
2,000 

Michigan  

Minnesota  

Mississippi  

Missouri  

24,000 

4,000 

Montana  

Nebraska  

Nevada  

54,000 

98,  000 
38,  000 
27,000 
108,  000 
11,000 

10,  000 
2,000 
102,  000 
•SO,  000 
24,  000 

18,  000 
347,  000 
87,  000 
80,  000 
9,000 

97,000 
8,000 
1,  226,  000 
123,  000 

New  Hampshire  

73,  000 
3l,  000 
4,000 
28,  000 
17,  000 

21,  000 
80,000 
65,  000 

46,  000 

5,000 

86 
142 

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

XewYork  

22,000 

8,000 

101 
9 

83 
46 
139 
3 
99 

96 
32 
16 
3 
33 

Xorth  Carolina  

Ohio  

91,  000 

11,  000 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

28,  000 
7,000 

3,000 

Ehode  Island  i  
South  Carolina  

55,  000 

28,  000 
43,  000 
14,000 
28,  000 
16,  000 

177,  000 
25,  000 
305,  000 
43,  000 

Tennessee  

5,000 

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  

19,  000 
15,  000 

639,  000 
89,000 
117,  000 

2,000 
1,000 

Virginia  

"U'ashington  

West  Virginia  

4,000 
10,  000 

85 
216 

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

MAP  OF  THK 

IMTK1)     STATES 

SHOWIM; THK 
ClIAHACTKK    OFTHK  Kl'KI 


rsKD  IX  Till'.  DIFFERENT SECTIGire 

SF.'l"n.i:i)  I'dlM-IO.N  UKTIIKI'OCMTHY 
(      S.  SAMC.KXT. 

SI  'I-' I '  I  \  i .  Al  '-K  NT  H>  ™  I '  }.  N  M '  s 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


489 


.Michigan  is  tlie  greatest  lumber-producing  state  in  the  Union.  The  value  of  its  lumber  product,  with  that  of 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  exceeds  one-third  of  the  total  value  of  all  the  lumber  manufactured  in  the  United  States. 
This  enormous  development  of  the  lumber  business  in  the  lake  region  is  due  to  the  excellence  of  its  forests,  the 
natural  advantages  of  the  country  for  .manufacturing  lumber,  and  the  easy  communication  between  these  forests  and 
the  treeless  agricultural  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  extinction  of  the  forests  of  the  lake  region  may  be  expected  to  seriously  affect  the  growth  of  population 
in  the  central  portion  of  the  continent.  The.  country  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  Kocky  mountains,  now 
largrly  supplied  with  lumber  from  Michigan.  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  must  for  building  material  soon  depend 
upon  the  more  remote  pine  forests  of  the  (riilf  region  or  those  of  the  Pacific  coast.  A  great  development  in  the 
now  comparatively  unimportant  lumber-manufacturing  interests  in  these  regions  may  therefore  be  expected.  Xew 
centers  of  distribution  must  soon  supplant  Chicago  as  a  lumber  market,  and  new  transportation  routes  take  the 
place  of  those  .built  to  move,  the  pine  grown  upon  the  shores  of  the  great  lakes.  It  is  not  probable,  however, 
that  any  one  point  will  ever  attain  the  importance  now  possessed  by  Chicago  as  a  center  for  lumber  distribution. 
With  the  growth  of  the  rarroad  system  and  the  absence  of  good  water  communication  from  the  great  forests 
remaining  in  the  country  toward  the  center  of  the  continent,  lumber  will  be  more  generally  shipped  direct  by  rail 
from  the  mills  to  the  consumer  than  in  the  past.  In  this  way  the  pine  of  .Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas  will 
reach  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  the  whole  country  now  tributary  to  Chicago.  Western  Texas  and  northern  Mexico 
will  be  supplied  by  rail  with  the  pine  of  eastern  Texas,  and  the  prairies  of  .Minnesota  and  Dakota  must  draw  their 
lumber  by  rail,  not  as  at  present  from  the  pine  forests  covering  the  shores  of  lake  Superior,  but  from  the  flr  and 
redwood  forests  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

FUEL. 

The  following  table  represents  the  consumption  of  forest  products  as  fuel  during  the  census  year.  The 
estimates  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  used  for  domestic  fuel  are  based  upon  answers  to  letters  of  inquiry 
addressed  to  persons  living  in  every  town  in  the  United  States.  The  average  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  used 
by  a  family  of  five  persons,  taken  as  a  unit,  is  multiplied  by  the  number  of  families  in  each  state  using  wood  for 
fuel,  and  the  result  thus  obtained  is  taken  as  the  total  state  consumption : 

WOOD  USED  AS  FUEL  FOE  VARIOUS  PURPOSES. 


Use. 

Cords. 

Value. 

Use. 

Cords. 

Value. 

140  5:17  439 

$306  950  040 

Ky  railroiuls  

1  971  813 

5  I'^G  714 

By  steamboats    

7S7  }•'«" 

]   812  083 

158  208 

In  miniim;  ami  amalgamating  the  precious  metals  .  .  . 

358,  074 

2,  874,  593 

Total  :  

145  778  137 

321  962  373 

200  771 

673  692 

ESTIMATED  CONSUMPTION  OF  WOOD  FOR  DOMESTIC  PURPOSES. 
Number  of  persons  using  wood  for  domestic  fuel,  32,375,074. 


States  and  Territorial. 

Cords. 

Value. 

States  and  Territories. 

Cords. 

Value. 

States  and  Territories. 

Cords. 

Value. 

Alabama  

6,  076,  754 

$8,  727,  377 

2  095  439 

$7  328  723 

7  434  690 

A  lasli  ;  i   _  

7  994  813 

13  313  "20 

Ohio 

8  191  543 

170  017 

724  572 

1  944  858 

4  607  415 

Arkansas  

3,  022,  400 

5  095  H21 

1  215  881 

4,078  137 

"' 
7  361  992 

California  

1,  748,  062 

7.  693,  731 

1   15^  919 

3  170  041 

Rhode  Island 

154  953 

426.  719 

1  638  783 

890  041 

4  613  °6it 

<  'nnlll'l'tictlt    

525,  639 

2  ;;7i  .";;  ' 

7  838  904 

13  197  "40 

8  084  611 

Dakota  

422  048 

3  028  300 

]  6f9  568 

5  873  421 

JMnware    

177  306 

751  311 

5  090  758 

7  145  u6 

Utah 

District  of  Columbia  

20,  902 

80,  706 

4,  016,  373 

8,  633,  465 

782  338 

o  509  189 

Florida  

GU9  04  G 

1  230  41° 

119  9-17 

Georgia  

5,910  04  j 

8  279  "4-"> 

908  188 

3  859  843 

Wishiii  'ton 

IllllllO      

99,  910 

383  6S6 

1",  "70 

972  71° 

West  Virginia 

Illinois  

5  ''00  10-4 

14  136  (i6° 

567  719 

Indiana  

7,  059  874 

1:1  :::M  7"<i 

642  598 

2  787  916 

hid:    n  tt'iTitorv  



169,  946 

],n6:i  :ifiO 

4  (iriO  649 

Total  

140,  537,  439 

306,  950,  040 

. 

o  Inclndiuu  a  sra.'ill  amount  imported  from  Canada. 
CONSUMPTION  OF  CHARCOAL. 


Domestic  mid  niJumiiK'turiii;*  purposes. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

In  the  twentv  largest  cities        

4  319  194 

$521  316 

69  59°  091 

4  726  114 

In  the  production  of  piveious  metals  .. 

97  687 

29  306 

Total  

74  008  972 

5  276  736 

490  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  forests  of  the  United  States,  in  spite  of  the  great  and  increasing  drains  made  upon  them,  are  capable  of 
yielding  annually  for  many  years  longer  a  larger  amount  of  material  than  has  yet  been  drawn  from  them,  even 
with  our  present  reckless  methods  of  forest  management.  The  great  pine  forest  of  the  north  has  already,  it  is  true, 
suffered  fatal  inroads.  The  pine  which  once  covered  New  England  and  New  York  has  already  disappeared. 
Pennsylvania  is  nearly  stripped  of  her  pine,  which  once  appeared  inexhaustible.  The  great  northwestern  pineries 
are  not  yet  exhausted,  and  with  newly-introduced  methods,  by  which  logs  onco  supposed  inaccessible  are  now 
profitably  brought  to  the  mills,  they  may  be  expected  to  increase  the  volume  of  their  annual  product  for  a  few 
years  longer  in  response  to  the  growing  demands  of  the  great  agricultural  population  fast  covering  the  treeless 
midcoutineutal  plateau.  The  -area  of  pine  forest,  however,  remaining  in  the  great  pine-producing  states  of 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  is  dangerously  small  in  proportion  to  the  country's  consumption  of  white 
pine  lumber,  and  the  entire  exhaustion  of  these  forests  in  a  comparatively  short  time  is  certain.  The  wide  areas 
now  covered  in  New  England  by  a  vigorous  second  growth  of  white  pine,  although  insignificant  in  extent  and 
productiveness  in  comparison  with  the  forests  it  replaces,  must  not  be  overlooked  in  considering  the  pine  supply  of 
the  country.  These  new  forests,  yielding  already  between  two  and  three  hundred  million  feet  of  lumber  annually, 
are  capable  of  great  future  development. 

The  pine  belt  of  the  south  Atlantic  region  still  contains  immense  quantities  of  timber  uuequaled  for  all 
purposes  of  construction,  although  unsuited  to  take  the  place  of  the  white  pine  of  the  north.  The  southern  pine 
forests,  although  stripped  from  the  banks  of  streams  flowing  into  the  Atlantic,  are  practically  untouched  in  the 
Gulf  states,  especially  in  those  bordering  the  Mississippi  river.  These  forests  contain  sufficient  material  to  long 
supply  all  possible  demands  which  can  be  made  upon  them. 

The  hard-wood  forests  of  the  Mississippi  basin  are  still,  in  certain  regions  at  least,  important,  although  the 
best  walnut,  ash,  cherry,  and  yellow  poplar  have  been  largely  culled.  Two  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber, 
however,  remain,  upon  which  comparatively  slight  inroads  have  yet  been  made.  The  most  important  of  these 
forests  covers  the  region  occupied  by  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountain  system,  embracing  southwestern  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  western  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Here  oak  unequaled  in 
quality  abounds.  Walnut  is  still  not  rare,  although  not  found  in  any  very  large  continuous  bodies,  and  cherry, 
yellow  poplar,  and  other  woods  of  commercial  importance  are  common.  The  second  great  body  of  hard  wood,  largely 
oak,  is  found  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  extending  from  central  Missouri  to  western  Louisiana.  The  forests  of 
Michigan,  especially  those  of  the  northern  peninsula,  still  abound  in  considerable  bodies  of  hard  wood,  principally 
maple.  Throughout  the  remainder  of  the  Atlantic  region  the  hard-wood  forests,  although  often  covering  considerable 
areas,  have  everywhere  lost  their  best  timber,  and  are  either  entirely  insufficient  to  supply  the  local  demand  of  the 
present  population,  or  must  soon  become  so. 

In  the  Pacific  region  the  great  forests  of  fir  which  extend  along  the  coast  region  of  Washington  territory  and 
Oregon  are  still  practically  intact.  Fire  and  the  ax  have  scarcely  made  a  perceptible  impression  upon  this  magnificent 
accumulation  of  timber.  Great  forests  of  pine  still  cover  the  California  sierras  through  nearly  their  entire  extent; 
the  redwood  forest  of  the  coast,  however,  once,  all  things  considered,  the  most  important  and  valuable  body  of 
timber  in  the  United  States,  has  already  suffered  seriously,  and  mapy  of  its  best  and  most  accessible  trees  have 
been  removed.  This  forest  still  contains  a  large  amount  of  timber,  although  its  extent  and  productive  capacity  has 
been  generally  exaggerated.  The  demand  for  redwood,  the  only  real  substitute  for  white  pine  produced  in  the 
forests  of  the  United  States,  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  even  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  the  commercial 
importance  of  this  forest  must  soon  disappear. 

The  pine  forests  which  cover  the  western  slopes  of  the  northern  Kocky  mountains  and  those  occupying  the 
high  plateau  and  inaccessible  mountain  ranges  of  central  Arizona  and  southwestern  New  Mexico  have  not  yet 
suffered  serious  damage  at  the  hands  of  man.  The  remaining  forests  of  the  Pacific  region,  of  little  beyond  local 
importance,  are  fast  disappearing.  The  area  of  these  interior  forests  is  diminished  every  year  by  fire  and  by  the 
demands  of  a  careless  and  indifferent  population  ;  and  their  complete  extermination  is  probably  inevitable. 

The  forest  wealth  of  the  country  is  still  undoubtedly  enormous.  Great  as  it  is,  however,  it  is  not  inexhaustible, 
and  the  forests  of  the  United  States,  in  spite  of  their  extent,  variety,  and  richness,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the 
climatic  conditions  of  a  large  portion  of  the  country  are  peculiarly  favorable  to  the  development  of  forest  growth, 
cannot  always  continue  productive  if  the  simplest  laws  of  nature  governing  their  growth  are  totally  disregarded. 

The  judicious  cutting  of  a  forest  in  a  climate  like  that  of  the  Atlantic  or  Pacific  Coast  regions  entails  no  serious 
or  permanent  loss.  A  crop  ready  for  the  harvest  is  gathered  for  the  benefit  of  the  community;  trees  which  have 
reached  their  prime  are  cut  instead  of  being  allowed  to  perish  naturally,  and  others  take  their  place.  The 
permanence  of  the  forest  in  regions  better  suited  for  the  growth  of  trees  than  for  general  agriculture  may  thus  be 
insured.  Two  causes,  however,  are  constantly  at  work  destroying  the  permanence  of  the  forests  of  the  country 
and  threatening  their  total  extermination  as  sources  of  national  prosperity — fire  and  browsing  animals  inflict 
greater  permanent  injury  upon  the  forests  of  the  country  than  the  ax,  recklessly  and  wastefully  as  it  is  generally  used 
against  them. 


2 


I  R   X    ,   ,,-    „ 


' 


*s 


Nv 


MAI1  OF  TIIK 

I*  N  ITK  1)     S  rl'ATK  S 

SHOW M ;  Til! .  I '1 !( '!'( IIVTH  )X  i  >K  WO<  H)J.A.\I )  WIT] i I X  TIIH  SETTI.KO  A! !  K.S 

cENsrsii-;.\K. 


• 
r.S.S.VFNlKXT,  SF»J;CJ,\J.  ,-\<ih.\'T 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


491 


FOKEST  FIKES. 

The  extent  of  the  loss  which  the  country  sustains  every  year  from  injury  to  woodlands  by  tire  is  enormous. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  obtain,  by  means  of  circulars  of  inquiry  addressed  to  enumerators  of  the  census  and 
other  persons  living  in  every  town  of  the  United  States,  some  estimate  of  the  actual  destruction  of  forest  material 
in  this  way.  More  than  30,000  of  these  circulars  were  sent  out.  The  information  obtained,  often  vague  and 
unsatisfactory,  after  a  most  critical  examination,  in  which  all  doubtful  or  contradictory  returns  were  entirely 
thrown  out,  is  presented  in  the  following  table  and  accompanying  map.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  estimates 
based  upon  information  obtained  in  this  manner  are  liable  to  very  considerable  error,  and  due  allowance  must 
therefore  be  made  for  inaccurate  or  incomplete  returns.  Many  towns,  and  even  counties,  in  which  forest  flres  are 
known  to  have  occurred  during  the  year  1880,  made  no  returns  whatever,  and  the  returns  of  other  counties  were 
excluded.  It  is  therefore  fair,  perhaps,  to  assume  that  the  following  table,  inaccurate  and  unsatisfactory  as  it 
no  doubt  is  in  many  respects,  at  least  does  not  exaggerate  the  annual  loss  inflicted  upon  the  country  by  forest 
tires  : 

TABLE  OF  FOKEST  FIRES  OCCUREING  DURING  THE  CENSUS  YEAR. 


Steles  and  Territories. 

Areas 
burned,  in 
acres. 

Value  of 
property  de- 
stroyed. 

CAUSES  OF  FIRE. 

Improving  pas* 
turagc. 

I 
M 

1 

Hunters. 

1 

Smokers. 

Malice. 

Prairie  fires. 

Coal  pits. 

Lightning. 

Indians. 

£ 

Travelers. 

Spontaneous 
combustion. 

Wood  cutters. 

Carelessness. 

The  United  States  .   .  . 

10,  274,  089 

$25,  462,  250 

197 

1,152 

508 

628 

72 

35 

262 

12 

9 

32 

56 

10 

2 

2 

3 

3 

A  labama  

569,  160 

121,  225 

34 

16 

4 

20 

3 

Alaska  

10,  240 
858,  115 
356,  815 

113,  820 

56,000 
259,  470 
440,750 

935,500 

3 

2 

2 

Arkansas  

'27 
9 

20 

* 

California  

23 
7 

28 
10 

5 

4 

Colorado  

6 

2 

2 

Connecticut  

Dakota  

1 

2 
6 

2 

t 

Delaware  

3,305                15,675 

6 

2 

District  of  Columbia  

Florida  

105,  320 
705,  351 
21,  000 
48,  691 
90,427 

1,000 
11,  017 
7,080 
556,647 
64,410 

35,  230 
41,076 

13,  899 
238,  271 
250,805 

222,800 
783,646 
88,  020 

69,  900 
167,  620 
202,  000 
45,  775 
130,  335 

11 
21 

2 
15 

2 

3 

Georgia  

2 

16 
3 

Idaho  

2 

10 

6 

Illinois  

20 
52 

27 
23 

12 

3 

Indiana  

20 

4 

Indian  territory  

Iowa  

45,470 
14,700 
237,  635 
6,800 

123,  315 
37,425 
102,  262 
985,  985 
1,  395,  110 

78,505 
294,865 
1,  128,  000 

26 

5 
I 

8 

7 

Kansas  

3 

1 
10 

5 

Kentucky  

2 

12 
27 

51 
2 

89 
31 
40 
161 
40 

8 
14 

12 

33 
2 

Louisiana  

Maine  

14 
16 
52 
43 
13 

1 
16 
1 

20 
1* 
37 
59 
14 

17 
29 

1 

g 

Maryland  

5 

Massachusetts  



19 
3 

8 

3 

Michigan  

1 

Minnesota  

9 

Mississippi  

1 

Missouri  



1 

10 

Montana  

i 

' 

Nebraska  

Nevada  ., 

8:710 

5,954 
71,074 
64,034 
149.  491 
546,102 

74,  114 
13S,  320 
685,  738 

19,000 

63,610 
252,  240 
142,  075 
1,  210,  785 
357,  980 

797,  170 
593,  850 
3,  043,  723 

3 

3 

New  Hampshire  



7 
7 
37 
37 
115 

94 

7 
129 

12 
28 
1 
43 
11 

27 

e 
e 

2 
22 
34 

57 
12 



1 

1 

7 

New  Jersey  

Q 

New  Mexico  

2 

3 

2 

New  York  

North  Carolina  

10 

4 
3 

26 

11 
4 

22 

Ohio  

Oregon  

4 

Pennsylvania  

133 

17 

102 

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

431,  730 

291,225 

28            17 

1 

25 

2 

492 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TABLE  OF  FOREST  FIRES  OCCURRING  DURING  THE  CENSUS  YEAR— Continued. 


I 

CAUSES  OF  F1BE. 

Areas 

Value  of 

5 

| 

i 

i 

sa 

i 

States  and  Territories.             burned,  in 
acres, 

property  de- 
stroyed. 

bfSJ 

a  M 
'>  P 

to 

1 

"o 

| 

cj 

| 

£ 

$ 

A 

06 

s 
1 

1 

0  0 
c  23 
a  x 

•S 

i 

i 

SI 

1 

S 

"a 

p. 

1 

.2 

1 

I 

1 

1 

11 

1 

i 

o 

S 

w 

o 

i 

a 

dn 

U 

Hi 

1 

fi 

H 

83*8 

t* 

0 

985,  430 

*5.  254.  980 

19 

19 

14 

1 

14 

599,  359               273  990 

19 

3 

7 

2 

16 

4 

Utah 

42  865  '         1   049  fiOO 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3,941 

48  466 

10 

5 

2 

1 

272,  319 

326  944 

16 

U 

12 

37,  910 

713,  200 

5 

3 

2 

1 

8 

"West  Vir<nnia     

476,  775               155,  280           6             22 

7 

13 

0 

406,  298                 725.  filO  i       20 

58 

12 

15 

...               3 

83  780 

3  055  000 

1 

3 

1 

i    ; 

The  largest  number  of  these  fires  of  any  one  class  was  traced  to  farmers  clearing  land  and  allowing  their 
brush  fires  to  escape  into  the  forest.  The  carelessness  of  hunters  in  leaving  fires  to  burn  in  abandoned  camps,  next 
to  farmers,  was  the  cause  of  the  greatest  injury.  The  railroads  were  responsible,  too,  for  serious  damage  to  the 
forest  from  fires  set  by  sparks  from  locomotives,  while  the  intentional  burning  of  herbage  in  the  forest  to  improve 
pasturage  often  caused  serious  destruction  of  timber. 

Only  the  value  of  the  material  actually  destroyed  by  fire  is  included  in  these  estimates.  The  loss  of  timber  by 
fire,  great  as  it  is,  is  insignificant  in  comparison  with  the  damage  inflicted  upon  the  soil  itself,  or  with  the  influence 
of  fire  upon  subsequent  forest  growth.  If  a  forest  is  destroyed  by  fire  all  trees,  old  and  young,  giants  ready  for  the 
ax,  and  germinating  seedlings — the  embryo  forests  of  succeeding  centuries — are  swept  away.  Undergrowth  essential 
to  protect  the  early  growth  of  trees,  the  roots  of  perennial  herbage,  and  the  seeds  of  all  plants  are  consumed.  The 
fertility,  or  rather  the  ability  of  the  burned  soil  to  produce  again  spontaneously  a  similar  crop  of  trees  to  the  one 
destroyed,  is  lost,  and  the  subsequent  recovering  of  burned  land  with  the  species  of  the  original  forest  is  only 
accornplished,  if  accomplished  at  all,  through  the  restoration  of  fertility  following  the  slow  growth  and  decay  of 
many  generations  of  less  valuable  plants.  A  northern  pine  and  spruce  forest  when  destroyed  by  fire  is  succeeded 
by  a  growth  of  brambles,  in  time  replaced  by  dwarf  birch,  poplar,  and  bird  cherries,  of  no  eaonomic  value ;  scrub  oaks 
and  various  hard  woods  follow  these,  and  pine  rarely  reappears  except  upon  laud  long  mellowed  in  the  various 
operations  of  agriculture. 

In  the  south  Atlantic  region  a  gradual  change  in  the  composition  of  the  piue  forests  is  steadily  going  on  under 
the  influence  of  fire.  Less  valuable  species  now  occupy  the  ground  once  covered  with  forests  of  the  long-leaved 
pine,  through  which  annual  fires  have  been  allowed  to  run  to  improve  the  scanty  pasturage  they  afford.  Stockmen 
have  been  benefited  at  the  expense  of  the  permanency  of  the  forest.  Fire,  too,  changes  the  composition  of  the 
broad-leaved  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region,  although  its  influence  is  here  less  marked  than  upon  forests  of  conifers, 
which,  unlike  deciduous  trees,  rarely  grow  from  stump  shoots,  and  must  depend  entirely  upon  the  germination 
of  seeds  "or  their  reproduction.  Still,  in  regions  continually  burned  over  during  a  long  period  of  time  and  then 
covered  again  with  forests,  as  is  the  case  in  some  portions  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  valuable  species,  like  the 
white  oak  and  the. yellow  poplar,  are  rare  or  entirely  wanting  in  the  new  forest  growth. 

The  forests  of  the  north  Pacific  coast  offer  an  exception  to  the  law,  otherwise  general,  for  this  continent  at  least, 
that  a  change  of  forest  crop  follows  a  forest  fire.  The  fir  forests  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon 
when  destroyed  by  fire  are  quickly  replaced  by  a  vigorous  growth  of  the  same  species,  and  the  fires  which  have 
consumed  great  bodies  of  the  Californi;i  redwood  have  not  prevented  the  reproduction  of  this  species  by  seeds  and 
shoots.  In  the  interior  Pacific  region  forests  destroyed  by  fire  either  do  not  reproduce  themselves,  or  when,  under 
exceptionally  favorable  climatic  conditions,  a  growth  of  trees  recovers  the  burned  surface,  poplars  and  scrub  pines 
replace  the  more  valuable  species  of  the  original  forest. 

The  damage  inflicted  upon  the  permanency  of  the  forests  of  the  country  by  browsing  animals  is  only  surpassed 
by  the  injury  which  they  receive  from  fire. 

The  custom  of  turning  domestic  animals  into  the  forest  to  pick  up  a  scanty  and  precarious  living,  common  in 
all  parts  of  the  country,  is  universal  in  the  southern  and  central  portions  of  the  Atlantic  region  iind  in  California. 
Sheep,  cat'lc,  and  horses  devour  immense  quantities  of  seedling  trees,  the  future  forests  of  the  country.  They  bark 
the  trunks  and  destroy  the  vigor  and  often  the  life  of  larger  trees.  Hogs  root  up  young  pines  and  other  plants  to 
feed  upon  their  succulent  roots,  and  devour  the  edible  fruit  of  many  trees.  In  this  way  not  only  is  the  permanence 
of  the  forest  endangered,  but  in  the  case  of  deciduous  forests  their  composition  is  often  seriously  affected.  Species 
with  thin- shelled  edible  seeds,  pines,  white  oaks,  chestnuts,  and  beeches,  are  unable  to  hold  their  own  against  species 
with  bitter  or  unpalatable  fruit,  on  account  of  the  excessive  destruction  of  their  seeds  by  hogs  and  other  animals. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  493 

]u  tin-  central  portions  of  the  Atlantic  region  the  general  replacement  of  the  sweet-fruited  valuable  white  oaks  in 
the  young  forest  growth  by  the  less  valuable  bitter-fruited  black  oaks  is  noticeable,  and  seriously  endangers  the 
future  value  of  the  forests  of  this  whole  region.  The  damage  inflicted  upon  the  California  mountain  forests  by  sheep 
is  immense;  they  threaten  the  complete  extermination  of  these  noble  forests,  and  with  them  the  entire  agricultural 
resources  of  the  state. 

The  pasturage  of  the  forest  is  not  only  enormously  expensive  in  the  destruction  of  young  plants  and  seeds, 
but  this  habit  induces  the  burning  over  every  year  of  great  tracts  of  woodland,  which  would  otherwise  be  permitted 
to  grow  ii])  naturally,  in  order  to  hasten  the  early  growth  of.  spring  herbage.  Such  fires,  especially  in  the  open 
pine  forests  of  the  south,  do  not  necessarily  consume  the  old  trees.  All  undergrowth  and  seedlings  are  swept 
away,  however,  and  not  infrequently  fires  thus  started  destroy  valuable  bodies  of  timber.  This  is  especially  true* 
also,  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  Pacific  region. 

The  railroads  of  the  country,  using  in  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  their  permanent  ways  vast  quantities 
of  timber,  inflict  far  greater  injury  upon  the  forests  than  is  represented  by  the  consumption  of  material.  Railway 
ties,  except  in  California,  are  almost  invariably  cut  from  vigorous  young  trees  from  10  to  12  inches  in  diameter; 
that  is,  from  trees  which  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago  escaped  destruction  by  fire  or  browsing  animals,  and  which,  if 
•allowed  to  grow,  would  at  the  end  of  fifty  or  one  hundred  years  longer  afford  immense  quantities  of  valuable  timber. 
The  railroads  of  the  United  States,  old  and  new,  consume  every  year  not  far  from  60,000,000  ties ;  the  quantity  of 
lumber  in  60,000,000  ties  is  comparatively  not  very  great,  and  would  hardly  be  missed  from  our  forests;  but  the 
destruction  of  30,000,000  vigorous,  healthy  young  trees,  supposing  that  an  average  of  two  ties  is  cut  from  each  tree,  is 
a  serious  drain  upon  the  forest  wealth  of  the  country  and  should  cause  grave  apprehensions  for  the  future,  especially 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  every  part  of  the  country  there  are  now  growing  fewer  seedling  trees  of  species  valuable 
for  railway  ties  than  when  the  trees  now  cut  for  this  purpose  first  started. 

The  condition  of  the  forests  of  Maine  is  interesting.  They  show  that  forest  preservation  is  perfectly  practicable, 
in  the  Atlantic  region  at  least,  when  the  importance  of  the  forest  to  the  community  is  paramount.  The  prosperity 
of  this  state,  born  of  the  broad  forests  of  pine  and  spruce  which  once  covered  it  almost  uninterruptedly,  was 
threatened  by  the  prospective  exhaustion  of  these  forests,  in  danger  of  extermination  by  fire  and  the  ill-regulated 
operations  of  the  lumbermen.  The  very  existence  of  the  state  depended  upon  the  maintenance  of  the  forest.  The 
great  forests  of  pine  could  not  be  restored,  but  the  preservation  of  the  few  remnants  of  these  forests  was  not 
impossible.  Fires  do  not  consume  forests  upon  which  a  whole  community  is  dependent  for  support,  and  methods 
for  securing  the  continuance  of  such  forests  are  soon  found  and  readily  put  into  execution.  The  forests  of  Maine, 
once  considered  practically  exhausted,  still  yield  largely  and  continuously,  and  the  public  sentiment  which  has 
made  possible,  their  protection  is  the  one  hopeful  symptom  in  the  whole  country  that  a  change  of  feeling  in  regard 
to  forest  property  is  gradually  taking  place.  The  experience  of  Maine  shows  that  where  climatic  conditions  are 
favorable  to  forest  growth  the  remnants  of  the  original  forest  can  be  preserved  and  new  forests  created  as  soon  as 
the  entire  community  finds  forest  preservation  really  essential  to  its  material  prosperity. 

The  production  of  lumber  is  not,  however,  the  only  function  of  forests;  and  the  future  extent  and  condition  of 
those  of  the  United  States  cannot,  in  every  case,  be  safely  regulated  by  the  general  law  which  governs  the  volume 
of  other  crops  by  the  demand  for  them.  Forests  perform  other  and  more  important  duties  in  protecting  the  surface 
of  the  ground  and  in  regulating  and  maintaining  the  flow  of  rivers.  In  mountainous  regions  they  are  essential  to 
prevent  destructive  torrents,  and  mountains  cannot  be  stripped  of  their  forest  covering  without  entailing  serious 
dangers  upon  the  whole  community.  Such  mountain  forests  exist  in  the  United  States.  In  northern  Vermont  and 
New  Hampshire  they  guard  the  upper  waters  of  the  Connecticut  and  the  Merrimac;  in  New  York  they  insure 
the  constant  flow  of  the  Hudson.  Such  forests  still  cover  the  upper  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  and 
diminish  the  danger  of  destructive  floods  in  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  the  Ohio.  Forests  still  cover  the 
upper  water-sheds  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Columbia,  the  Platte  and  the  Rio  Grande,  and  preserve  the  California 
valleys  from  burial  under  the  debris  of  the  sierras.  The  great  mountain  forests  of  the  country  still  exist,  often 
almost  in  their  original  condition.  Their  inaccessibility  has  preserved  them;  it  cannot  preserve  them,  however, 
much  longer.  Inroads  have  already  been  made  into  these  forests ;  the  ax,  fire,  and  the  destructive  agency  of 
browsing  animals  are  now  everywhere  invading  them.  Their  destruction  does  not  mean  a  loss  of  material  alone, 
which  sooner  or  later  can  be  replaced  from  other  parts  of  the  country;  it  means  the  ruin  of  great  rivers  for 
navigation  and  irrigation,  the  destruction  of  cities  located  along  their  banks,  and  the  spoliation  of  broad  areas  of 
the  richest  agricultural  land.  These  mountain  forests  once  destroyed  can  only  be  renewed  slowly  and  at  enormous 
cost,  and  the  dangers,  actual  and  prospective,  which  threaten  them  now  offer  the  only  real  cause  for  general  alarm 
to  be  found  in  the  present  condition  of  the  forests  of  the  United  States.  Other  forests  may  be  swept  away  and  the 
country  will  expeiience  nothing  more  serious  than  a  loss  of  material,  which  can  be  produced  again  if  the  price  of 
lumber  warrants  the  cultivation  of  trees  as  a  commercial  enterprise;  but  if  the  forests  which  control  the  flow  of  the 
great  rivers  of  the  country  perish,  the  whole  community  will  suffer  widespread  calamity  which  no  precautions  taken 
after  the  mischief  has  been  done  can  avert  or  future  expenditure  prevent. 


494 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NORTH    ATLANTIC    DIVISION. 


MAINE. 

The  forests  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  once  extended  over  the  state  of  Maine.  Pine  and  spruce,  with  which 
were  mingled  maple,  birch,  and  other  deciduous  trees,  covered  the  entire  state,  with  the  exception  of  the  immediate 
coast  region  between  the  Kennebec  and  the  Penobscot  rivers,  a  region  of  hard- wood  forest;  hemlock  was  common. 

The  original  pine  and  spruce  forests  of  the  state  have  been  practically  destroyed.  Pine  has  been  cut  in  every 
township,  and  the  largest  spruce  everywhere  culled,  except  from  the  inaccessible  region  about  the  headwaters 
of  the  Allaguash  river.  Scattered  bodies  of  the  original  pine,  often  of  considerable  extent  and  generally  connected 
with  farms,  exist  in  the  southern,  and  especially  in  the  southeastern,  counties,  and  fine  hemlock  of  large  size  is 
still  an  important  element  of  the  forest  in  the  central  and  southern  portions  of  the  region  west  of  the  Penobscot 
river.  Birch,  maple,  and  oak,  too  heavy  for  transport  by  raft,  are  still  common,  except  in  the  neighborhood  of 
manufacturing  centers  and  the  lines  of  railroad.  Hard-wood  timber  is  particularly  fine  and  abundant  through  the 
central  portion  of  tbe  state;  farther  north  the  forest  is  more  generally  composed  of  coniferous  trees. 

The  lumber  business  of  southern  and  central  Maine  attained  its  greatest  importance  as  early  as  1850.  In  that 
year  spruce  was  for  the  first  time  driven  down  the  Kenuebec  with  pine,  and  the  proportion  of  spruce  to  pine  has 
since  steadily  increased,  until,  in  the  season  of  1879-r80,  only  20  per  cent,  of  the  lumber  cut  on  that  river  was  pine. 
The  lowest  point  of  productive  capacity  of  the  forests  of  Maine  has  probably  been  passed.  The  reckless  disregard 
of  forest  property  which  characterized  the  early  lumbering  operations  of  the  state  has  been  replaced  by  sensible 
methods  for  preserving  and  perpetuating  the  forest.  This  change  in  public  sentiment  in  regard  to  the  forests  has 
followed  naturally  the  exhaustion  of  the  forest  wealth  of  the  state.  As  this  disappeared  the  importance  of  preserving 
some  part,  at  least,  of  the  tree  covering,  the  source  of  the  state's  greatest  prosperity,  forced  itself  upon  public 
attention ;  for  unless  the  forests  could  be  perpetuated,  the  state  must  lose  forever  all  commercial  and  industrial 
importance.  It  has  followed  that  the  forests  of  Maine,  as  compared  with  those  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  are 
now  managed  sensibly  and  economically.  They  are  protected  from  fire  principally  through  the  force  of  public 
sentiment,  and  only  trees  above  a  certain  size  are  allowed  to  be  cut  by  loggers  buying  stumpage  from  the  owners  of 
land.  In  the  southern  counties  the  young  pine  now  springing  up  freely  on  abandoned  farming  lands  is  carefully 
protected,  and  large  areas  are  planted  with  pine  in  regions  where  the  natural  growth  has  not  covered  the  soil.  The 
coniferous  forests,  under  the  present  management,  may  be  cut  over  once  in  every  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  producing 
at  each  cutting  a  crop  of  logs  equivalent  to  1,000  feet  of  lumber  to  the  acre,  of  which  from  5  to  7  per  cent,  is  pine, 
the  rest  spruce. 

Forest  fires,  which  formerly  inflicted  every  year  serious  damage  upon  the  forests  of  the  state,  are  now  of 
comparatively  rare  occurrence.  During  the  census  year  only  35,230  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by 
fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $123,315.  These  fires  were  set  by  farmers  in  clearing  land,  by  careless  hunters,  and 
by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  pine  and  spruce  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared 
by  Mr.  Cyrus  A.  Packard,  of  Augusta,  land  agent  of  the  state.  They  were  made  up  from  the  results  of  actual 
surveys,  and  have  been  reviewed  by  a  large  number  of  experts  most  familiar  with  the  condition  of  the  forests  in 
different  parts  of  the  state : 


Basin  of— 

Pine  (Firms  Slrobux). 

Spruce  (Picea  nigra). 

Feet,  board  measure. 
75,  000,  000 

Feet,  board  measure. 
1,  400,  000,  000 

100,  000,  000 

1,  600,  000,  000 

50,  000,  000 

1,  000,  000,  000 

50,  000,  000 

500,  000,  000 

Saint.  Croix,  Maeliias,  Narragaugus,  and  Union  rivers  and  other  small  streams  .  . 

200,  000,  000 

500,  000,  000 

Total 

475,  000,  000 

5,  000,  000,  000 

138,  825,  000 

301,  020,  000  • 

5 


s 


DKNSITY  OF  FORESTS 

O  UiriLEI)  I'NDKRTIIEDmKCTION  <  >K 

C.S  SARG?:XT.  SPKCIAI.  .\ia'2<T 

1883. 


68" 


THE  KOHKSTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  495 

Quantities  of  logs  cut  in  Aroostook  county  are  driven  down  the  Saint  John  river  and  manufactured  in  New 
Brunswick.  During  the  season  of  1S79-'80  there  were  handled  in  this  way  70,000,000  feet  of  spruce,  4,500,000  feet  of 
pine,  2,800,000  feet  of  cedar,  1,500,000  feet  of  squared  pine  timber,  1,000,000  feet  of  squared  birch  timber,  110,000 
feet  of  squared  larch  timber.  Of  this  70  per  cent,  of  the  spruce  and  80  per  cent,  of  the  pine  were  returned  to  the 
United  States  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  the  whole  of  the  cedar  in  the  form  of  shingles. 

Important  industries  dependent  for  material  upon  a  supply  of  hard  wood  have  long  nourished  in  the  state. 
Large  quantities  of  cooperage  stock,  woodenware,  handles,  spools,  bobbins,  etc.,  are  manufactured,  and  more 
recently  the  production  of  wood  pulp  and  excelsior,  principally  from  poplar  and  other  soft  woods,  has  assumed 
important  proportions.  Manufacturers  from  nearly  every  part  of  the  state  report  a  deterioration  and  scarcity  of 
the  best  timber,  especially  oak,  which  is  now  largely  imported  from  Canada  or  replaced  by  southern  hard  pine. 
Birch,  however,  is  still  abundant,  and  is  largely  exported  in  the  form  of  spool  and  bobbin  stock.  The  manufacture 
of  potash,  once  an  important  industry  of  the  state,  has  been  abandoned  as  unprofitable.  Several  establishments 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  tanning  extracts  from  hemlock  bark  are  located  in  the  state,  and  the  numerous 
tanneries  upon  the  Peuobscot  river  consume  large  quantities  of  the  same  material.  The  demand  for  hemlock 
lumber  is  now  good,  and  the  logs,  after  being  stripped  of  their  bark,  are  manufactured  into  lumber  and  not  allowed, 
as  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  to  rot  upon  the  ground.  A  recently  established  industry  is  the  manufacture  of 
kegs,  barrels,  and  woodenware  from  pulp  made  from  chips,  brush,  and  other  waste  material  of  the  forest.  Partial 
estimates  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  product  of  5,449,200,  valued  at  $75,612.  During  the  year  1S79  153,334 
pounds  of  maple  sugar  were  produced  in  the  state. 

ANDROSCOGGIN  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  second  growth;  it 
contains,  however,  considerable  bodies  of  fine  first-growth  white  pine.  Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report 
oak  exhausted,  other  hard  woods  scarce  and  of  inferior  quality,  and  that  no  second-growth  timber  is  of  sufficient 
size  for  use.  A  large  amount  of  excelsior  is  manufactured,  principally  from  poplar. 

AROOSTOOK  COUNTY. — Nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forests,  the  clearings  being  confined 
to  the  neighborhoods  of  the  rare  settlements  along  the  river  bottoms.  Logs  cut  in  this  county  are  largely  rafted 
down  the  Saint  John  river,  and  little  lumber  in  proportion  to  the  cut  is  manufactured  within  its  limits.  The 
production  of  cooperage  stock  and  other  articles  requiring  hard  wood  in  their  manufacture  is  rapidly  increasing, 
and  with  abundant  material  such  industries  seem  destined  to  great  development. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  of  second  growth. 
Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  general  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  material,  especially  hard  woods, 
now  nearly  exhausted.  Spruce  and  poplar  in  large  quantities  are  manufactured  into  wood  pulp. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. — Three-fourths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  confined  to 
the  northern  portion.  Staves,  hoop  poles,  handles,  and  excelsior  are  manufactured  in  large  quantities. 

HANCOCK  COUNTY. — Seven-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  composed,  toward 
the  coast,  of  second  growth  white  pine.  The  northern  portions  contain  fine  bodies  of  large  hemlock.  Manufacturers 
of  cooperage  stock  report  deterioration  of  material;  ash  especially  has  become.scarce. 

KENNEBEC.  COUNTY. — Four-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  second  growth. 
Merchantable  spruce  and  pine  have  been  everywhere  removed.  Considerable  areas  are  again  covered  with  pine,  and 
the  wooded  area  is  increasing.  Next  to  Peuobscot  this  is  the  most  important  lumber  manufacturing  county  in  the 
state.  Numerous  mills  located  on  the  Kennebec  river  saw  logs  driven  from  its  upper  waters  and  from  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  county.  Large  quantities  of  poplar  and  spruce  are  consumed  annually  in  the  manufacture  of  wood 
pulp,  excelsior,  handles,  etc.  The  supply  of  hard  wood  is  small  and  of  inferior  quality.  The  poplar  now  used  is 
nearly  all  second  growth. 

KNOX  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  generally  of  second  growth.  Heavy 
timber,  however,  still  exists  in  the  towns  of  Washington,  Appleton,  and  Union.  White  pine  is  scarce,  and  great 
deterioration  in  timber  of  all  kinds  is  reported.  Scarcity  in  the  near  future  is  apprehended  by  manufacturers.  A 
large  amount  of  cord-wood  is  consumed  annually  in  burning  lime. 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. — About  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  nearly  all  second  growth. 

OXFORD  COUNTY. — From  one  half  to  two-thirds  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  The  northern 
portion  still  contains  large  areas  of  original  forest,  although  pine  and  spruce  have  been  culled  everywhere.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  county  there  are  considerable  bodies  of  second-growth  white  pine,  and  the  wooded  area  is 
increasing.  Cooperage  stock,  handles,  and  wood  pulp  are  largely  manufactured.  Manufacturers  report  that 
timber  of  all  kinds  has  deteriorated  in  quality  and  become  scarce,  with  the  exception  of  oak.  which  is  still  abundant 
and  of  good  quality. 

PENOBSCOT  COUNTY. — Nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  The  merchantable  pine 
and  spruce  have  been  removed  from  the  southern  portion  and  everywhere  culled.  In  the  northern  townships 
hemlock  is  still  abundant  and  of  fine  quality.  Penobscot  is  the  great  lumber  manufacturing  county  of  the  state, 
Bangor,  once  the  principal  market  in  the  United  States  for  pine  lumber,  being  still  the  most  important  saw  mill 
center.  Spruce  and  not  pine,  however,  except  in  insignificant  quantities,  is  now  manufactured  upon  the  Penobscot. 
Manufacturers  using  hard  woods  report  an  abundant  supply  of  excellent  material. 


490 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PISCATAQUIS  COUNTY. — From  eight-  to  nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forests,  the  southern 
portion  only  being  cleared  of  the  original  tree  growth. 

SAGADAHOC  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  second  growth. 
Considerable  second-growth  white  pine  is  now  growing  up  upon  abandoned  farm  lauds,  and  the  wooded  area  of 
the  county  is  increasing.  Manufacturers  report  all  timber  of  sufficient  size  for  use  scarce  and  of  inferior  quality, 
and  apprehend  early  exhaustion  of  hard  woods  suitable  for  mechanical  purposes. 

SOMERSET  COUNTY. — Five-sixths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  the  southern  portion  only 
being  cleared  of  its  forests  of  spruce  and  pine.  Excelsior,  handles,  woodenware,  etc.,  are  largely  manufactured. 
Hard-wood  timber  of  all  sorts  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality,  with  the  exception  of  black  ash,  now  scarce 
and  in  great  demand. 

WALDO  COUNTY. — From  one-quarter  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  generally  of 
second  growth.  The  wooded  area  is  now  gradually  increasing  by  the  growth  of  white  pine  on  abandoned  farming 
lands.  Manufacturers  report  a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  timber  of  all  kinds  of  sufficient  size  tor  use. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. — From  eight-  to  nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  In  the 
southern  portion  considerable  areas  contain  scattered  bodies  of  large  pine,  and  through  the  center  of  the  county 
are  large  tracts  of  first-growth  hemlock  forests.  No  future  scarcity  of  lumber  is  apprehended. 

YORK  COUNTY. — From  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods ;  it  contains  large 
quantities  of  scattered  pine.  Second-growth  pine  is  spreading  on  abandoned  agricultural  land,  and  the  forest  area 
is  increasing.  Wood  pulp,  cooperage  stock,  and  handles  are  largely  manufactured.  Timber  of  all  sorts  is  reported 
as  depreciatfrug  in  both  quality  and  quantity.  No  immediate  scarcity,  however,  is  apprehended. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

The  forests  of  New  Hampshire  were  originally  composed  of  a  belt  of  spruce,  mixed  with  maple,  birch,  and 
other  hard-wood  trees,  occupying  all  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  extending  southward  through  the  central 
portion ;  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  and  the  region  bordering  the  Connecticut  river  were  covered  with 
forests  of  white  pine,  through  which  considerable  bodies  of  hard  wood  were  scattered.  The  original  white-pine 
forests  of  New  Hampshire  are  practically  exhausted,  although  in  the  northern  counties  of  the  state  there  still 
remain  a  few  scattered  bodies  remote  from  streams  and  of  small  size;  once  of  great  extent  and  importance,  these 
forests  have  disappeared  before  the  ax  of  the  settler  aud  lumberman,  or  have  been  wasted  by  forest  fires.  Large 
areas,  however,  once  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  have  grown  up  again,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
with  this  tree.  No  estimate  of  the  amount  of  this  second-growth  pine  standing  in  the  state  has  been  possible;  it 
furnished  during  the  census  year  a  cut  of  99.400,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure.  The  remaining  forests  of  the 
state,  considered  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply,  are  composed  of  spruce,  more  or  less  mixed  with  hard  woods,  of 
which  the  sugar  maple  and  the  birch  are  the  most  valuable.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  large  areas  of  the 
original  spruce  forest  remain,  although  these  bodies  of  timber  are  now  only  found  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
streams. 

Fires,  which  at  different  times  have  destroyed  vast  areas  of  forest,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
are  now  less  frequent  and  destructive.  During  the  year  1880  but  5,954  acres  were  reported  stripped  of  their  tree 
covering  by  fires.  Of  such  fires  twelve  were  set  by  sparks  from  locomotives,  seven  by  the  escape  into  the  forest  of 
fires  originally  set  in  clearing  land  for  agricultural  purposes,  six  by  sportsmen,  one  through  malice,  and  one  by  the 
careless  use  of  tobacco. 

The  basis  of  the  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  merchantable  black  spruce  (Picea  nigra)  lumber  standing 
May  31, 1880,  in  Carroll,  Coos,  and  Grafton  counties,  where  alone  the  spruce  forests  of  the  state  are  now  of  commercial 
importance,  was  furnished  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Crawford,  of  Boston,  and  verified  by  the  testimony  of  other  experts: 

BLACK  SPRUCE  (Picea  nigra). 


Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Carroll     ..            .     ...                    

60,  000,  000 

1,  000,  000,  000 

Grafton           .     .                               

450,  000,  000 

Total 

1,  510,  000,  000 

Cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  SI,  1880  (including  26,000,000 
feet  sawed  on  the  Connecticut  river,  in  Massachusetts). 

153,  175,  000 

It  is  roughly  estimated  that  the  spruce  forests  of  the  state  contain  over  33,750,000  cords  of  hard  wood  and 
165,000,000  feet  of  hemlock. 


1   [EluUiiilU'ii"-   :  T.I,  us  Mr.,  bus 

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I    111    OM-1 


^  I'uKMiuil  1  1  in  ulS|>nt.  <•  I'.u-fHi 

1    JE,.<:ioll.   .III  I.  ,11,  II,,..  I.  ,,.,_;.•  l,,,,ll,.s 

of  Scattered  Pin,- 

i  '  >{  ..ii  1.  1 
L^-±-.  ',,ril,  .„  .....  k   ITiuga  C  .....  ,,lf..»is 


MAP  OF 

M  A I  N  E 

SII()\MX(i  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF 
PIN'E  AM)  SI'RITK  FORESTS 

WITH  SI'KCIAI.  HKKKKK.NCE  TO  THE 
LUMHER  INDUSTRY. 

(•OMI'IIJa)  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

C.S.SARGENT,  SPECIAL  AfiKNT. 

1881. 


JuIllL'.!,!.    D 


as   30      is    w      b     o 


,p  THE  INTERIOR 


TENTH  CENSUS  OF  THr. 


XKW  HAMPSHIRE  AND  VERMON'I 

SIHWlNliTllI-  DISTRII-UTIUX  OF  TIIK  1'I.VK 
AM)  SP1-UTK  FOKKSTS. 

WITH  srKClAI.  KKKKllKNCK  TO  TIIK 


I  y  While  Pint-  jl'imis  Slrobus  i  ujumi. 

M.."  ixnAaiiung  connlarahltt  amounts  of  .if  mini 

-i-M-'.lll  I'lli"  (.1  (111  !!•:  • 

.  . -""i-in iirt-  CfinsuIuniMc  lK«ii('j,onii»nK(KnU      f~~" 
1      -.inn  <•  IMS  Ix-cn  ftnn.'fxt'il 


I'OMI'II.KII  I'XIIKH  -riil..  niKKl'TION  OF 

C,S.S.\I',(iK\T,  SI'Kl'IAI.  Al.l'XT 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  497 

Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  during  the  census  year  of  4,225,000,  valued  at 
$29,280.  New  Hampshire  is  fourth  among  the  states  in  the  importance  of  its  maple-sugar  product.  During  the 
year  1879  it  produced  2,731,9J5  pounds. 

BELKNAI*  COUNTY. — From  one-third  to  three-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods. 

CAEEOLL  COUNTY. — Five-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  In  the  northern  portion 
there  are  .still  large  areas  covered  with  an  original  growth  of  spruce.  Large  quantities  of  charcoal  are  manufactured 
in  this  county,  and  the  usual  -method  of  lumbering  adopted  here  and  very  generally  in  northern  New 
Hampshire  is  first  to  cut  the  spruce  large  enough  for  saw-logs,  taking  all  trees  G  inches  in  diameter  25  feet  from 
the  ground,  and  then  cut  for  charcoal  all  the  remaining  growth,  hard  wood  and  soft,  even  the  young  spruce.  As 
the  land  cleared  is  of  little,  value  for  agricultural  purposes,  it  is  allowed  to  grow  up  again  with  wood.  Deciduous 
trees  come  up  at  lirst,  and  these  are  sometimes,  but  not  always,  followed  by  spruce1.  It  is  necessary  to  exercise 
great  care,  in  order  to  prevent  the  newly-cleared  tracts  from  suffering  from  fire,  as  the  material  for  charcoal,  cut 
into  cord-wood,  is  often  left  on  the  ground  until  the  second  season.  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle,  who  studied  the  forests  of 
this  region,  furnishes  the  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Carroll  county  : 

*'The  forests  on  the  mountain  sides  between  Crawford's  and  Bartlett  are  composed  principally  of  the  yellow 
and  paper  birch,  the  sugar  maple,  the  red  maple,  poplars,  the  black  spruce,  and  the  balsam  fir.  About  Bartlett 
scattering  specimens  of  white  pine  make  their  appearance.  In  the  more  level  part  of  North  Couway  the  red  and 
the  pitch  pine  and  the  hemlock  become  common,  while  on  the  more  sterile,  sandy  plains  farther  down  the  Saco 
these  pines  with  the  white  birch  constitute  the  principal  arborescent  growth. 

"  The  tract  known  as  Hart's  location,  lying  partly  in  the  White  Mountain  notch,  includes  10,000  acres,  2,000  of 
which  bear  15,000  feet  per  acre  of  spruce  and  hemlock — rather  more  of  hemlock  than  of  spruce;  10,000  acres  in  this 
tract  will  cut  25  cords  of  hard  wood  per  acre.  The  town  of  Bartlett,  partly  cleared,  still  has  40,000  acres  of 
woodland,  which  will  yield  an  average  of  5,000  feet  per  acre  of  spruce  and  hemlock  and  15  cords  of  hard  wood. 
Sargent's  grant  covers  mount  Crawford,  Stair  mountain,  and  a  part  of  mount  "Washington.  On  this  tract  are  15,000 
acres  of  timber-land,  carrying  20,000  feet  per  acre,  chiefly  spruce.  The  Thompson  and  Meserve  purchase  comprises 
portions  of  mounts  Washington,  Jefferson,  and  Madison,  and  covers  12,000  acres.  Two  thousand  acres  of  this  will 
yield  30,000  feet  of  spruce  and  hemlock  per  acre  in  nearly  equal  proportions.  The  remaining  10,000  acres  will  cut  25 
cords  of  hard  wood  per  acre.  The  Bean  purchase  lies  north  of  the  town  of  Jackson,  and  covers  40,000  acres.  It  is 
occupied  by  a  dense  forest,  amounting  to  20,000  feet  of  spruce  and  hemlock  and  20  cords  of  hard  wood  per  acre. 
Originally  there  was  considerable  pine  on  the  streams  and  sides  of  the  mountains  in  this  vicinity,  particularly  on 
mount  Kearsarge,  but  now  there  is  little  left.  Twelve  and  twenty-five  years  ago  much  of  the  town  of  Bartlett  was 
burned  over,  and  a  different  growth  has  come  up — white  birch,  poplar,  bird  cherry,  etc." 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock,  excelsior,  and  an  average  of  1,000  cords  of  shoe  pegs  (from  birch  and 
maple)  are  annually  made  in  this  county.  Considerable  damage  to  oak  and  poplar  caused  by  the  ravages  of  the 
army-worm  [!]  are  reported.  The  natural  increase  of  timber  is  said,  however,  nearly  to  equal  the  present  consumption 
by  local  industries,  and  scarcity  is  not  apprehended. 

CHESHIEE  COUNTY. — About  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods. 

Coos  COUNTY. — Nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forests.  The  following  is  extracted  from 
Mr.  Pringle's  notes  upon  the  forests  of  this  county : 

"  Everything  east  of  the  Connecticut  lakes  and  about  the  upper  portions  of  Indian  and  Perry  streams  is 
original  forest.  Such  also  is  the  condition  of  the  Gilmantou,  Atkinson,  and  Dartmouth  College  grants  and  the 
towns  of  Dixville,  Odell,  and  Kilkenny.  All  the  eastern  portions  of  Clarksville,  Stewartstown,  Colebrook, 
Columbia,  and  Stratford  are  forest,  and  nearly  all  of  Wentworth's  location,  Millsfield,  Errol,  Dummer,  Cambridge, 
and  Success.  In  these  forests  the  spruce  will  cut  5,000  feet  and  the  hard  wood  about  50  cords  per  acre.  There 
is  considerable  hemlock,  but  even  less  pine  than  in  Essex  county,  Vermont.  Not  much  of  the  region  has  been 
burned  over,  and  spruce  comes  into  the  soil  again  but  slowly  after  clearings  and  fires. 

"In  the  township  of  Kilkenny,  in  the  mountains  east  of  Lancaster,  there  are  16,000  acres  of  forest  still  untouched, 
though  a  branch  railroad  from  Lancaster  into  this  forest  has  been  surveyed,  and  may  be  constructed  in  a  few  years, 
for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  lumber  down  to  the  mills  at  Lancaster.  Lowe  and  Burbank's  grant  is  a  wilderness, 
three-fourths  well  timbered  and  the  remainder  a  mountain  ridge  of  nearly  bare  rock.  Bean's  purchase  is  nearly 
inaccessible  and  but  little  lumbered.  Stark,  on  the  upper  Ammonoosuc,  is  badly  cut  over,  only  about  one-quarter 
remaining  in  virgin  forest.  About  one-half  of  Berlin  is  uncut;  also  the  northern  half  of  Eandolph,  the  south  half 
of  Gorham,  and  the  south  quarter  of  Shelburne.  Considerable  land  in  Success  was  burned  over  some  years  ago,  as 
well  as  some  in  Stark  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  Berlin,  but  fires  have  not  lately  been  very  destructive  in  the  New 
Hampshire  forests." 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock,  handles,  wood  pulp,  shoe  pegs,  etc.,  is  manufactured  in  this  county. 
Abundant  material,  with  the  exception  of  ash,  is  reported. 

GBAFION  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  confined  to  the  northern 
and  central  portions.    Shoe  pegs,  cooperage  stock,  wood  pulp,  and  excelsior  are  largely  manufactured.    The  amount 
of  material  is  considered  abundant  for  the  present  consumption. 
32  FOR 


498 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


HILLSBOROUGH  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  second  growth.  A 
large  amount  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  is  manufactured.  No  deterioration  in  the  quality  of  material  is 
reported,  although  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  it  must  soon  become  exhausted. 

MERRIMACK  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Cooperage  stock,  handles, 
and  excelsior  are  largely  manufactured.  A  slight  deterioration  in  the  quality  of  material  is  reported. 

ROCKINGHAM  COUNTY. — From  one-quarter  to  five-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly 
second  growth. 

STRAFFORD  COUNTY. — Four-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  second  growth. 
Hoop-poles,  cooperage  stock,  etc.,  are  largely  manufactured.  Wood  of  all  sorts  is  reported  scarce  and  rapidly 
increasing  in  value. 

VERMONT. 

The  forests  of  Vermont,  as  compared  with  those  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  are  varied  in  composition. 
About  the  shores  of  lake  Chain  plain  several  western  trees  first  appear,  and  throughout  the  state  the  forest  is  more 
generally  composed  of  deciduous  than  coniferous  species.  Forests  of  spruce,  however,  spread  over  the  high 
ridges  of  the  Green  mountains,  their  foot-hills  being  covered  with  hard-wood  trees  and  little  pine  or  hemlock 
occurring  in  the  valleys.  A  forest  of  white  pine  once  stretched  along  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut,  and  great 
bodies  of  this  tree  occurred  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  adjacent  to  lake  Champlain.  The  original  white- 
pine  forests  of  the  state  are  now  practically  exhausted.  They  are  represented  by  a  small  amount  of  second-growth 
pine  only,  which  furnished  during  the  census  year  a  cut  of  6,505,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure. 

The  forests  of  Vermont  now  suffer  comparatively  little  from  fire,  although  at  different  periods  during  the  last 
fifty  years  very  serious  fires  have  laid  waste  great  areas  of  forest  in  the  Green  Mountain  region.  During  the  year 
1880  3,941  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $48,466.  Of  such  fires  ten 
escaped  from  farms  into  the  forest,  five  were  set  by  locomotives,  two  were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  hunters, 
and  one  to  malice. 

Large  amounts  of  cooperage  stock,  woodenware,  furniture,  paper-pulp,  excelsior,  veneers,  etc.,  are  manufactured 
throughout  the  state.  Material  for  these  industries  is  fast  disappearing,  and  a  great  deterioration  in  quality, 
especially  of  oak,  ash,  and  chestnut,  is  reported  by  manufacturers. 

Vermont  surpasses  all  other  states  in  the  manufacture  of  maple  sugar.  During  the  year  1879  11,261,077 
pounds  were  produced  in  the  state. 

The  following  estimate  of  the  spruce  standing  in  the  state  May  31, 1880,  has  been  prepared  from  Mr.  Pringle's 
report,  and  is  based  upon  the  statements. of  numerous  timber-land  owners  and  experts  in  different  parts  of  the  stater 

BLACK  SPRUCE  (Picea  nigra). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

380  000  000 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut  rivor  

375  000  000 

Total  

755  000  000 

Cnt  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (excluding  16,191,000 
feet  imported  from  Canada). 

199,  086,  000 

Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  during  the  census  year  of  only  43,900,  valued  afe 
$470. 

ADDISON  COUNTY. — About  one-third  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Spruce  and  ash  are  scarce 
and  rapidly  disappearing.  Oak  of  sufficient  size  for  the  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  exhausted. 

BENNINGTON  COUNTY. — Two-thirds  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Manufacturers  of  woodenware 
and  cooperage  stock  consider  the  prospects  for  future  local  supply  favorable. 

CALEDONIA  COUNTY. — From  one-third  to  three-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly 
confined  to  the  northern  and  western  portions. 

CHITTENDEN  COUNTY.— About  one-fifth  of  this  county  is  reported  as  woodland.  The  following  extracts  are 
made  from  Mr.  Pringle's  note  upon  the  forests  of  Vermont : 

"Except  on  the  summits  of  a  few  of  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Green  mountains,  where  black  spruce  and  balsam- 
fir  grow  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees,  the  arboreal  growth  is  composed  of  a  large  number  of  species.  In  the 
valleys  and  on  the  foot-hills,  and  even  on  the  slopes  of  the  higher  mountains  in  their  lower  portions,  hemlocks 
mingle  with  spruce,  beech,  maple,  and  birch  (yellow  birch  chiefly,  for  there  is  little  white  birch  seen  in  northern 
Vermont);  basswood,  butternut,  the  ashes,  red  oaks,  etc.,  are  confined  to  the  lower  elevations  and  are  less  abundant 
than  the  trees  first  mentioned.  Between  the  isolated  patches  of  spruce  and  fir  about  the  summits  of  the  mountains 
and  the  region  where  hemlock  is  found,  rock  maple,  yellow  birch,  and  black  spruce  are  the  predominating  species. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  499 

"To  estimate  the  area  of  valuable  original  forest  still  standing  in  the  Green  mountains  is  not  an  easy  task. 
The  belt  extends  from  the  Canada  line  to  Massachusetts,  and  even  into  that  state.  The  outlines  of  this  belt  are 
made  very  irregular  by  the  cleared  and  settled  valleys  which  run  up  among  the  mountains,  and  by  reason  of  forest 
clearings,  so  that  its  width  is  constantly  varying  as  we  proceed  from  one  end  to  the  other. 

"  The  woodlands  of  the  plateau,  some  10  miles  broad  and  elevated  from  200  to  300  feet  above  lake  Champlain, 
lying  between  the  foot-hills  of  the  Green  mountains  and  the  lower  plain  beside  the  lake,  occupy,  for  the  most  part, 
rocky  hills,  and  are  composed  principally  of  sugar  maple,  beech,  basswood,  white  ash,  black  birch,  and  red  oak. 
Certain  limestone  hills  offer  a  favorable  situation  for  the  butternut,  the  ironwood,  the  slippery  elm,  and  the  bitter 
hickory.  The  swamps  and  other  lowlands  yield  the  red  maple,  the  black  ash,  the  white  elm,  and  the  black  willow. 
The  latter,  especially  along  streams,  is  associated  with  alders  and  the  sheepberry.  The  colder,  sphagnous  swamps 
are  covered  with  a  growth,  more  or  less  dense,  of  yellow  cedar,  black  spruce,  balsam,  and  larch  ;  sometimes  in  the 
higher  portions  the  white  pine  mingles  with  these,  scattered  or  in  groves.  When  grown  in  such  soil  this  wood  is  liable 
to  be  extremely  hard  and  brittle.  The  poplars  occupy  hillsides  and  ridges  where  the  soil  is  a  light,  cold,  sandy  loam ; 
with  them  the  bird  cherry  is  perpetually  associated.  The  black  cherry  is  scattered  in  a  diversity  of  soils.  White 
oak  and  hickory  attain  their  best  development  on  clayey  soil  or  glades  of  slight  elevation ;  on  the  red  sand-rock  hills 
they  are  smaller.  Certain  slopes  of  cold  clay  are  still  here  heavily  wooded  with  hemlock,  while  warm  clay  lands  are 
the  favored  site  of  the  burr  oak.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  lake  and  its  tributaries  low,  wet  shores  are  scattered  over 
with  the  swamp  white  oak  and  the  burr  oak.  The  chestnut  oak  is  common  on  the  thin,  poor  soil  of  the  red  sand-rock 
hills,  ranging  through  the  valley  from  the  lake  as  far  back  in  some  places  as  the  foot-hills  of  the  Green  mountains. 
The  red  pine  appears  on  the  sandy  shores  of  lake  Champlain,  and  extends  far  up  the  Winooski  river.  The  moister 
and  more  fertile  portions  of  the  sandy  plain  are  still  occupied  to  some  extent  by  white  pine,  the  poorer  portions 
by  pitch  pine.  The  white  birch  occurs  on  cold,  wet,  sandy  soil  near  the  lake ;  and  in  the  mountains  the  black 
spruce  becomes  the  most  common  tree ;  with  it  in  stronger  soil  are  associated  the  yellow  birch  and  the  sugar  maple. 

"  Burlington. — This  place  is  believed  to  rank  as  third,  or  next  to  Albany,  among  the  lumber  markets  of  the 
United  States.  More  lumber  may  enter  some  ports,  as  Oswego  and  Tonawanda,  for  transshipment,  but  all  lumber 
brought  to  this  market  is  stored  and  sold  here.  The  kind  is  chiefly  white  pine  brought  up  the  lake  from  Canada, 
a  little  of  it  being  cut  in  Michigan  (perhaps  one-tenth) ;  all  the  rest  is  of  Canadian  growth.  A  few  of  the  lumber 
companies  here  own  lands  of  limited  extent  among  the  Green  mountains,  from  which  they  obtain  spruce  for 
clapboards,  etc.  The  general  direction  which  the  lumber  sent  from  here  takes  is  to  the  older  portions  of  New 
England,  Massachusetts,  Ehode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  considerable  pine  being  sent  even  to  Maine,  which  once 
supplied  to  commerce  so  much  of  this  material.  Much  lumber  is  dressed  here  and  sent  to  Boston  for  shipment  to 
foreign  countries.  The  business  still  enjoys  the  highest  prosperity,  and  during  the  census  year,  under  the  stimulus 
of  general  commercial  prosperity,  it  was  especially  active.  As  yet  no  lack  in  the  supply  is  felt,  the  loggers  only 
having  to  go  farther  back  in  the  Canadian  forests  than  formerly  to  obtain  timber  enough  to  meet  the  demand.  The 
proportion  of  lumber  worked  up  here  is  small,  there  being  merely  a  few  factories  producing  doors,  sash,  blinds, 
packing  boxes,  etc." 

ESSEX  COUNTY. — Five-sixths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest.  The  following  is  extracted  from 
Mr.  Pringle's  report : 

"  Four-fifths  of  that  part  of  the  county  of  Essex  lying  north  of  Guildhall  and  Victory  is  still  in  virgin  forest, 
which  will  yield  5,000  feet  of  spruce  per  acre.  The  towns  of  Lewis  and  Averill  are  entirely  unlumbered,  and 
so  is  Avery's  Gore.  Colton  is  mostly  covered  with  forest,  and  so  is  Ferdinand.  Timber-lands  compose  about 
two-thirds  of  Granby  and  East  Haven,  and  cover  the  back  parts  of  the  river  towns  and  those  crossed  by  the 
Grand  Trunk  railroad.  South  of  Guildhall  and  Victory  the  towns  of  Concord  and  Lunenburg  are  mostly  cleared 
and  settled.  The  proportion  of  hemlock  in  these  forests  is  not  large ;  there  is  considerable  yellow  cedar  and  a 
large  amount  of  maple,  birch,  and  beech — probably  50  cords  per  acre.  There  is  but  little  pine  in  all  this  region, 
principally  confined  to  the  township  of  Lewis;  elsewhere  only  occasional  pine  trees  occur." 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. — From  one-fourth  to  three-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest,  mostly 
confined  to  the  hills  in  the  northeastern  and  northern  portions.  In  the  village  of  Montgomery  a  large  establishment 
for  the  manufacture  of  butter  tubs  is  located,  and  at  East  Richford  birch  is  largely  manufactured  into  turned  ware. 

GRAND  ISLE  COUNTY. — About  a  quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods. 

LAMOILLE  COUNTY. — About  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  very  generally 
listributed  over  its  entire  surface. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. — One-quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest. 

ORLEANS  COUNTY. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  The  following  is  extracted  from 
Mr.  Pringle's  notes : 

"At  Newport,  situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of  lake  Memphremagog,  are  several  mills  for  cutting 
veneering  from  birch.  The  product  of  these  mills  is  closely  packed  in  boxes,  so  that  it  cannot  warp,  and  sent  to 
the  manufactories  near  the  large  cities,  to  be  used  for  chair  bottoms  and  other  purposes.  Southward  from  Newport, 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Barton  and  Black  rivers,  which  flow  northward  into  lake  Memphremagog,  and  of  the 
Passumpsic  river,  which  runs  southward  and  joins  the  Connecticut,  are  almost  continuous  swamps  of  yellow 


500  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

cedar,  black  spruce,  and  larch,  from  which  the  cedar  timber  is  now  being  largely  drawn  to  be  sawed  into  shingles. 
At  Barton  the  hard  woods  are  largely  cut  into  material  for  furniture,  which  is  shipped  toward  the  sea-board  before 
being  put  together. 

"  The  valley  of  the  Clyde  river  from  Newport  to  Island  Pond  is  cleared  for  the  most  part  and  improved  for 
farms.  The  usual  species  of  the  northern  forest  occupy  the  summits  of  the  low  hills  on  either  side  of  the  valley. 
Eastward  from  Island  Pond,  down  the  Neipegan  river  to  the  Connecticut  by  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad, 
we  pass  through  the  wild  region  from  which  the  lumbermen  have  only  taken  some  of  the  spruce  and  pine.  Here, 
beginning  2  or  3  miles  back  from  the  railroad,  or  in  some  places  much  nearer  to  it,  a  virgin  and  unbroken  forest 
stretches  over  the  slopes  and  summits  of  the  hills  for  many  miles  to  the  northward  and  southward ;  black  spruce, 
yellow  birch,  sugar  maple,  and  beech  are  its  chief  component  species.  In  a  few  places,  where  the  soil  is  sandy, 
white  pine  occurs  in  straggling  groves  or  isolated  specimens,  and  the  swamps,  as  well  as  those  of  all  of  northern 
Vermont,  are  occupied  by  the  black  spruce,  yellow  cedar,  and  by  a  few  scattering  pines.  The  pine  being  the  kind 
of  lumber  first  secured,  is  seldom  found  now  in  these  Vermont  swamps.  The  cedars  are  now  cut  and  manufactured 
into  shingles,  fence  posts,  railway  ties,  etc.,  for  which  purposes  the  lasting  quality  of  the  wood  makes  it  eminently 
suited.  There  is  little  hemlock  in  northeastern  Vermont,  and  it  is  believed  to  indicate  poor  soil  wherever  it  occurs. 
The  soil  of  this  entire  region  presents  a  marked  contrast  to  that  of  northern  New  York,  being  fertile  and  in  other 
respects  well  adapted  to  agriculture.  On  this  account  laud  once  lumbered  over  is  generally  occupied  by  the  farmer 
and  not  allowed  to  come  up  again  to  forest,  except  in  the  more  hilly  portions." 

Staves,  tubs,  pails,  buckets,  and  hoops  are  largely  manufactured  from  spruce,  cedar,  and  ash.  The  quality  of 
the  material  used  is  said  to  have  deteriorated,  and  manufacturers  report  that  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  it 
will  soon  be  consumed. 

KUTLAND  COUNTY. — Four-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  in  the  eastern 
portion.  Elm,  formerly  largely  used  in  manufacture  of  tubs,  etc.,  is  reported  exhausted,  and  basswood  has  become 
scarce. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. — One-third  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  situated  in  belts 
along  its  eastern  and  western  borders.  The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Priugle's  report : 

"Reaching  Montpelier  from  the  west  we  have  left  behind  the  Green  Mountain  gneiss  and  entered  a  granitic 
formation.  Here  is  an  extensive  burned  region;  the  fire,  in  consuming  the  forest  and  vegetable  mold  upon  the 
surface  of  the  land,  has  exposed  granite  bowlders  thickly  embedded  in  the  soil.  To  replace  the  forest  growth  thus 
removed  there  is  only  an  occasional  little  spruce  or  balsam  to  be  found  among  the  thickets  of  bird  cherry.  The 
hilltop  and  hillside  forests  east  of  Montpelier  show  hemlocks  everywhere  mingled  with  sugar  maples,  yellow  birches, 
and  spruce ;  farther  east  the  spruce  and  birch  predominate.  Approaching  the  Connecticut  river,  hemlocks  and 
maples  again  appear  and  second-growth  white  pine  and  paper  birches  take  the  place  of  the  other  species." 

WINDUAM  COUNTY. — Three-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  confined  to  ridges 
of  the  Green  mountains.  Ash  and  white  pine  are  reported  very  scarce. 

WINDSOR  COUNTY. — From  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  quite  generally 
distributed  over  the  hills.  Tubs,  barrels,  kegs,  and  buckets  of  white  and  red  oak,  white  pine,  spruce,  and  ash  are 
manufactured.  Oak  is  reported  by  manufacturers  to  be  already  practically  exhausted,  spruce  to  be  fast  disappearing, 
and  ash  very  scarce  and  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  EHODE  ISLAND,  AND  CONNECTICUT. 

The  original  forest  which  once  covered  these  states  has  disappeared  and  been  replaced  by  a  second,  and 
sometimes  by  a  third  and  fourth  growth  of  the  trees  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt.  The  area  covered  by  tree  growth 
in  these  states  is  slowly  increasing,  although,  with  the  exception  of  the  young  forests  of  white  pine,  the  productive 
capacity  of  their  woodlands  is,  in  view  of  the  heavy  demands  conti  nually  made  upon  them,  especially  by  the 
railroads,  rapidly  diminishing.  Abandoned  farming  land,  if  protected  from  fire  and  browsing  animals,  is  now 
very  generally,  except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast,  soon  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  white  pine. 
The  fact  is  important,  for  this  new  growth  of  pine  promises  to  give  in  the  future  more  than  local  importance  to  the 
forests  of  this  region. 

These  states  sustain  a  considerable  annual  loss  from  forest  fires.  In  Massachusetts  during  the  year  1880 
13,899  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $102,262.  Of  these  fires  fifty-two  were  set 
by  locomotives,  forty  by  fires  started  on  farms  and  escaping  to  the  forest,  thirty-seven  by  hunters,  nineteen  by  the 
careless  use  of  tobacco,  eight  through  malice,  and  three  by  carelessness  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal.  No  returns 
in  regard  to  forest  fires  in  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  have  been  received,  but  it  is  believed  that  in  proportion 
to  their  forest  area  such  fires  are  not  less  destructive  in  these  states  than  in  Massachusetts.  Numerous  important 
industries  using  hard  wood  have  been  driven  from  these  states  or  forced  to  obtain  their  material  from  beyond 
their  limits.  On  the  other  hand,  industries  like  the  manufacture  of  certain  sorts  of  woodenware,  using  second- 
growth  pine,  are  rapidly  increasing  in  volume.  The  principal  forests  now  found  in  these  states  are  situated  in 
Berkshire,  Hampden,  and  Worcester  counties,  Massachusetts. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  501 

BERKSHIRE  COUNTY,  MASSACHUSETTS. — From  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with 
woods,  largely  second  growth.  The  high  ridges  of  the  hills  are  still  covered  with  forests  of  black  spruce,  their 
slopes  and  intervening  valleys  with  hard  woods  or  hemlock,  now  often  replaced  by  a  growth  of  young  white  pine. 
Cooperage  stock,  baskets,  and  wood  pulp  are  largely  manufactured.  Spruce  is  reported  to  have  deteriorated  in 
quality;  manufacturers  consider  the  supply  of  material,  however,  abundant  for  all  present  local  demands. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY,  MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely 
second-growth  white  pine. 

WORCESTER  COUNTY,  MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely 
second-growth  white  pine.  Winchendon,  the  most  important  point  in  the  United  States  for  the  manufacture  of 
wooden  ware,  small  cooperage,  etc.,  is  supplied  with  material  from  the  young  pine  forests  of  this  and  the  neighboring 
counties.  Timber  is  reported  to  have  deteriorated.  The  supply  of  pine  is  not  equal  to  the  demand,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  value. 

In  Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts,  numerous  experiments  in  forest  planting  have  been  made.  In  South 
Orleans  and  neighboring  towns  fully  10,000  acres  of  sandy,  barren  soil  have  been  successfully  and  profitably  planted 
with  pitch  pine.  Similar  plantations  have  been  made  upon  the  island  of  Nantucket;  and  many  large  groves  of 
white  pine  planted  many  years  ago  in  Bristol  and  Plymouth  counties  demonstrate  the  entire  practicability  of  forest 
culture  in  this  whole  region. 

The  only  important  lumber  manufacturing  establishments  found  in  these  states  are  situated  upon  the  Connecticut 
river,  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  They  are  entirely  supplied  with  material  from  the  forests  of  northern 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont.  Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  during  the  census  year 
in  Massachusetts  of  11,507,600,  valued  at  $95,009  ;  in  Connecticut,  of  191,000,  valued  at  $9,660. 

NEW  YOEK. 

That  portion  of  the  state  north  of  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude,  including  within  its  limits  the  elevated 
Adirondack  region,  was  once  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  maple,  birch,  basswood,  and  other  northern  deciduous 
trees,  through  which  were  scattered  spruce  and  pine.  The  low  hills  bordering  the  Hudson  and  extending  along 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  state  west  of  that  river  were  covered  with  the  coniferous  species  of  the  Northern  Pine 
Belt.  Over  the  remainder  of  the  state  the  broad-leaved  forests  of  the  Mississippi  basin  spread  almost  uninterruptedly, 
except  where  an  occasional  sandy  plain  or  high  elevation  favored  the  growth  of  pines.  The  original  forest  still 
covers  large  areas  in  the  northern  counties,  and  protects  the  hills  through  which  the  Delaware  river  forces  its  way 
in  crossing  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  With  these  exceptions,  however,  the  forests  of  New  York  are  now 
almost  exclusively  of  second  growth. 

The  forests  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  north,  have  at  different  times  suffered  great  damage  from  fire.  During 
the  census  year  149,491  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $1,210,785.  Of  these 
fires  thirty-seven  were  set  by  farmers  clearing  land  for  agricultural  purposes  and  allowing  them  to  escape  to  the 
forest,  forty-three  were  set  by  locomotives,  and  twenty-two  by  the  carelessness  of  sportsmen. 

With  the  exception  of  the  spruce  of  the  Adirondack  region,  the  forests  of  the  state  are  no  longer  important 
as  a  source  of  general  lumber  supply  ;  and  many  industries  depending  upon  hard  woods  have  in  late  years  decreased 
in  importance,  owing  to  the  want  of  sufficient  material,  or  have  been  forced  to  obtain  their  Supply  of  timber  from 
the  west.  White  oak,  largely  consumed  by  the  rail-roads,  has  become  scarce,  and  has  advanced  at  least  50  per 
cent,  in  value  during  the  last  twelve  years.  Elm,  ash,  hickory,  and  other  woods  are  reported  scarce  in  all  parts  of 
the  state.  Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  during  the  census  year  of  10,948,258, 
valued  at  8155,764. 

New  York  is  only  surpassed  by  Vermont  in  the  amount  of  maple  sugar  produced  by  its  forests.  During  the 
year  1879  10.693,619  pounds  were  manufactured  in  the  state. 

The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report  upon  the  forests  of  northern  New  York: 

"  One  who  enters  northeastern  New  York  at  Port  Kent,  and  takes  stage  by  way  of  Keeseville  to  the  Saranac 
lakes,  finds  himself,  as  long  as  his  route  runs  up  the  Au  Sable  river,  which  is  as  far  as  the  Au  Sable  forks,  passing 
through  a  region  which  gives  evidence  of  having  been  formerly  covered  with  pine.  The  white,  the  red,  and  the 
pitch  pine  are  all  represented  here.  The  pitch  pine  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  sterile  sandy  plains  between  the  Au 
Sable  and  the  Saranac  rivers.  The  red  pine  mingles  with  this  species,  and  grows  on  the  rocky  hills  of  the  region 
and  on  the  river  cliffs,  while  the  abundance  of  white  pine  in  nearly  all  situations  must  have  made  this  quarter  of 
the  state,  like  the  region  of  Vermont  lying  opposite,  a  valuable  pinery  in  former  times.  But  fifty  or  seventy-five 
years  have  passed  since  the  pine  of  the  Champlain  valley  was  harvested  and  shipped  to  England  by  way  of  the 
Saint  Lawrence. 

"  lu  the  valleys  of  the  Au  Sable  and  the  Saranac  rivers  white  pines  spring  up  numerously  whenever  permitted 
to  do  so,  and  I  am  told  that  farmers,  realizing  that  much  of  their  soil  is  not  suitable  for  profitable  agriculture,  lire 
seriously  considering  whether  it  be  not  to  their  highest  advantage  to  surrender  much  of  their  land  to  timber  growing, 
and  encourage  the  growth  of  the  more  valuable  species,  such  as  white  pine,  white  oak,  etc.  Of  non-coniferous  trees 


502  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  white,  red,  and  black  oaks  are  conspicuous  among  the  pines,  and  in  the  colder  and  wetter  sands  the  white  birch 
is  common.  But  through  all  this  region  the  trees  are  all  of  second  growth,  and  lumber  for  building  purposes  is 
largely  imported. 

"  The  forest  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Au  Sable  and  of  the  divide  between  this  river  and  the  Saranac  is 
principally  devoted  to  supplying  fuel  to  numerous  iron  furnaces.  The  best  butt  logs  only  of  spruce  are  sorted  out 
and  sent  to  the  saw-mills  as  the  forests  are  mowed  down ;  the  hemlock  bark  is  removed  for  the  tanneries,  but 
everything  else,  young  pine,  spruce,  and  poplar,  fall  clean  with  maple  and  birch.  Here  and  there,  even  far  up  on 
the  hillsides,  are  seen  the  charcoal  kilns,  and  around  and  about  them,  quite  to  the  crest  of  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Adirondacks,  the  woods  are  cut  down  in  great  swaths  to  feed  them.  Lands  once  cut  over  are  left  to  grow  up  to 
timber  again,  though  fires  originating  in  the  dead  brushwood  and  consuming  the  sun-dried  vegetable  mold  on  the 
surface  of  the  soil  generally  interfere  with  any  new  growth  of  trees. 

"Little  Tapper  lake  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  Adirondack  wilderness,  and  is  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
most  valuable  timber  lands  to  be  found  in  all  this  region.  The  woods  about  the  lake  have  never  heard  the  lumberman's 
ax.  The  stream  which  connects  it  with  Tupper  lake,  by  way  of  Bound  pond,  is  not  adapted  to  driving,  and  before 
lumber  could  be  brought  down  it  would  be  necessary  to  clear  out  the  stream  by  blasting  away  much  rock  and  building 
a  dam  with  flood-gates  at  the  foot  of  Bound  pond.  The  shores  of  this  beautiful  lake  present  a  marked  contrast  to 
those  of  any  I  have  as  yet  visited.  On  other  shores  and  river  banks  I  had  seen  scattering  pines,  but  on  all  the  points 
and  bluffs  of  this  lake  throughout  its  entire  circuit,  and  even  following  the  ravines  far  back  in  the  hills,  are  great 
groves  and  belts  of  white  pine  with  straight  and  clean  shafts  towering  high  above  all  other  trees,  unless  isexcepted 
the  red  pine,  of  which  a  few  specimens  are  mingled  with  them  on  the  gravelly  banks  of  the  lake,  vying  with  the 
white  pines  in  height  and  beauty  of  trunk.  At  certain  places  on  the  shores  of  this  lake,  and  particularly  along 
the  sluggish  streams  connecting  it  with  Bound  pond  below,  are  considerable  swamps  occupied  chiefly  by  larch. 
It  is  pleasing  to  observe  and  to  learn  from  guides  that  this  lake  region  of  the  Adirondack  woods  has  suffered  but 
little  from  forest  fires.  It  is  only  limited  areas  here  and  there  on  the  shores  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  or  along  the 
rivers  that  have  been  devastated  by  fires  originally  started  in  hunters'  camps.  Seldom  do  these  fires  spread  far 
back  from  the  water,  a  fact  which  is  to  be  attributed,  it  is  believed,  to  the  wet  and  mossy  condition  of  these  woods; 
yet,  when  they  have  been  lumbered,  as  is  the  case  lower  down  the  Backet  river,  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
trees  have  been  removed  so  as  to  expose  the  brushwood,  etc.,  to  the  drying  influences  of  the  sun,  much  the  usual 
liability  to  tire  exists  here. 

"  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  2,500  square  miles  fairly  represent  the  area  of  the  virgin  forests  of  the  Adirondack 
wilderness.  This  area  will  average  3,000  feet  of  spruce  (board  measure)  per  acre,  or  about  five  billion  feet  in  the 
aggregate.  The  amount  of  hemlock,  variously  estimated  from  300  to  10,000  feet  per  acre,  will  cut  at  least  2,000 
feet  per  acre,  or  3,000,000,000  feet  in  the  aggregate,  or  its  equivalent;  when  the  bark  alone  is  considered,  3,000,000 
cords  of  bark.  The  pine  hardly,  if  at  all,  exceeds  200  feet  per  acre,  or  320,000,000  feet  in  all.  The  hard  wood 
growing  over  this  entire  region  will  fairly  average  40  cords  per  acre,  or  64,000,000  cords. 

"Glens  Falls  is  the  great  sawing  center  for  the  lumber  cut  upon  the  upper  Hudson.  This  business  here  has 
passed  the  point  of  maximum  prosperity  and  begun  to  decline;  not  that  there  was  any  necessity  for  a  diminution 
of  the  yearly  crop  of  logs  from  this  field,  if  the  forest  could  be  protected  from  devastating  fires.  The  lumberman 
leaves  standing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  spruce  trees  too  small  for  the  ax,  and  these,  the  overshadowing  growth  being 
removed,  grow  with  increased  vigor,  so  that  good  crops  of  timber  could  be  harvested  from  the  soil  every  thirty  or 
forty  years,  were  it  not  that  over  at  least  one-half  of  the  area  lumbered  fire  follows  the  ax,  burning  deep  into  the 
woody  soil  and  inducing  an  entire  change  of  tree  covering.  Poplars,  birches,  and  bird  cherries,  if  anything,  succeed 
the  spruces  and  firs.  From  this  cause  alone  the  lumbering  industry  of  the  region  must  dwindle.  A  large  area  utterly 
unadapted  to  agriculture  is  being  made  desolate  and  nearly  valueless,  and  its  streams,  the  feeders  of  the  water 
privileges  and  canals  below,  become  every  year  more  and  more  slender  and  fitful.  These  fires  are  largely  set  by 
reckless  sportsmen  and  hunters,  with  whom  this  region  peculiarly  abounds  in  summer.  They  are  careless  in  their 
smoking;  they  neglect  to  watch  and  properly  extinguish  the  fires  lighted  for  camp  and  cooking  purposes,  and 
sometimes  they  even  delight  to  set  fire  to  the  dry  brushwood  of  lumbered  laud  in  lawless  sport.  Again,  to  some 
extent,  a  class  of  petty  pioneers  follow  the  lumberman,  obtaining  for  a  trifling  sum  a  title  to  a  little  land,  or,  squatting 
without  rights,  set  fire  to  the  dry  brushwood  left  by  the  lumberers,  and  allow  the  fire  to  spread  at  will,  devastating 
thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  property  for  the  mere  convenience  of  saving  themselves  the  trouble  of  burning 
boundary  strips  around  their  fields,  which  might  not  cost  them  labor  to  the  amount  of  $10.  The  laws  of  New  York 
in  respect  to  the  setting  of  forest  fires  are  totally  inadequate  to  protect  the  forests.  The  opinion  prevails  in  the 
forest  region  of  northern  New  York  that,  a  growth  of  trees  removed  is  followed  by  a  similar  growth,  the  result  of 
young  seedling  trees  left  in  the  soil,  except  in  the  case  of  pine.  '  Pine  once  cleared  off  is  never  renewed,'  was  the 
invariable  remark.  This  of  course  presumes  that  fire  is  kept  out  of  the  clearing,  for  after  a  fire  has  consumed 
the  brushwood  and  much  of  the  'duff'  or  vegetable  mold,  and  with  this  all  the  young  seedling  trees,  and  even 
the  seeds  of  trees  that  may  be  in  the  soil,  an  entirely  different  growth  from  the  hemlock  and  spruce  springs  up. 
Baspberry  bushes  are  the  first  to  appear,  the  seeds  of  which  are  dropped  by  birds  flying  over  the  clearing.  Bird 
cherries  generally  appear  among  the  first  trees,  the  seeds  being  dropped  everywhere  in  a  new  country  by  birds; 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  503 

poplars  and  small  willows  also  appear  early  in  a  burned  district,  their  downy  seeds  being  widely  distributed  by  the 
wind.  It  is  only  through  the  agency  of  the  wind  that  the  seeds  of  birches  and  conifers  can  be  disseminated,  and 
spruces  and  hemlocks  must  needs  appear,  if  they  return  at  all,  as  tardy  stragglers. 

"Not  many  miles  above  Glens  Falls  the  Hudson  flows  out  from  among  the  lowest  outposts  of  the  Adirondacks 
and  winds  through  a  plain  which  reaches  from  near  Troy  to  the  vicinity  of  the  southern  ends  of  lakes  George  and 
Champlain.  The  soil  of  this  plain  is  sand  deposited  by  the  waters  of  former  periods.  The  hills  which  bound  this 
plain  on  the  northwest  are  piles  of  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders,  evidently  the  moraines  of  a  glacier  which  once  flowed 
through  the  course  of  the  Hudson.  All  this  region,  from  Troy  to  Luzerne,  among  the  foot-hills  of  the  Adirondacks, 
must  formerly  have  been  covered  with  pine;  among  the  hills  and  near  the  streams  white  pine,  and  in  the  more  sterile 
central  portions  of  the  plain,  red  and  pitch  pine.  To-day  there  exists  of  these  species  scarcely  more  than  a  scanty 
and  scattered  second  growth. 

"  Thirty  or  forty  years  ago  it  was  thought  that  all  the  accessible  spruce  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Hudson  had  been. 
harvested,  but  there  is  to-day  nearly  as  much  sawed  at  Glens  Falls  as  there  was  at  that  time.  At  that  time  nearly 
all  the  timber  standing  near  this  river  and  its  larger  tributaries  had  been  cut.  Such  as  stood  5  or  10  miles  back 
from  these  streams  and  all  that  was  growing  in  the  valleys  of  the  smaller  streams,  or  higher  up  the  mountain  slopes, 
•would  not  pay  the  cost  of  hauling  to  the  larger  streams ;  but  it  is  this  timber  which  now  furnishes  the  present 
supply.  Logs  are  now  driven  out  of  streams  which  were  then  thought  incapable  of  being  driven.  By  damming 
streams  so  small  that  they  may  almost  dry  up  in  midsummer,  throwing  the  logs  into  their  courses  during  the  winter, 
either  above  or  below  the  dams,  and  in  spring-time,  when  the  dams  are  pouring  with  the  floods  resulting  from  the 
melting  of  deep  mountain  snows,  tipping  the  planks  of  the  dams  and  letting  loose  the  torrents,  tlie  logs  from  remote 
places  are  got  out  to  the  large  rivers  where  they  can  be  driven.  All  the  rivers  of  this  region,  however,  are  steep 
and  rocky.  The  logs  come  down  with  their  ends  badly  battered,  and  often  with  gravel  and  fragments  of  rock 
driven  into  the  ends  in  a  manner  to  injure  the  saws.  They  must,  therefore,  be  'butted'  before  being  sawed; 
that  is,  a  thin  section  is  cut  from  each  end,  and  on  this  account  the  logs  are  cut  in  the  woods  4  inches  or,  for  the 
worst  streams,  G  or  more  inches  longer  than  the  standard  length.  The  standard  length  for  all  logs  brought  down 
the  Hudson  is  13  feet.  The  character  of  these  streams  is  such  that  long  logs,  for  spars  or  other  purposes,  cannot 
safely  be  driven  through  them.  Such  sticks  are  certain  to  get  fastened  among  rocks  and  cause  bad  jams.  As 
already  stated,  the  lumber  business  upon  the  upper  Hudson  is  well  advanced  in  its  decline,  and  a  score  of  years 
hence  it  must  become  insignificant  under  the  practices  now  pursued,  and  the  future  of  this  valley  gives  little 
promise  of  prosperity ;  the  soil  is  inferior  in  quality  and  not  adapted  to  agriculture,  while  the  timber,  once  the  chief 
source  of  its  prosperity,  is  nearly  exhausted. 

"  As  a  lumber  market  Albany  ranks  second  in  the  United  States,  or  next  to  Chicago.  White  pine  is  the  variety 
of  lumber  most  largely  handled  here,  and  two- thirds  of  it  comes  from  Michigan  by  way  of  the  Erie  canal,  the 
remaining  one-third  coming  from  Canada  through  lake  Champlain,  the  white  pine  contributed  by  New  York  being 
an  inappreciable  quantity.  Most  of  the  lumber  firms  here  are  merely  commission  dealers,  although  in  two  large 
mills  considerable  lumber  is  dressed  before  being  shipped.  The  region  supplied  by  this  market  includes  the  banks 
of  the  Hudson,  New  York  city,  New  Jersey,  and  the  shores  of  Long  Island  sound.  A  little  reaches  Philadelphia, 
and  much  is  shipped  to  foreign  ports  from  the  city  of  New  York.  A  great  deal  of  the  lumber  handled  by  Albany 
dealers,  however,  does  not  go  to  Albany  at  all,  but,  sold  by  runners,  is  sent  direct  by  railroad  from  the  Michigan 
mills  to  points  south  of  New  York.  The  lumber  trade  here  is  still  in  full  prosperity. 

"  Leaving  the  beautiful  Mohawk  valley  at  Rome,  the  traveler  by  the  Rome  and  Watertown  railroad  soon  notes 
a  less  improved  region,  and  one,  indeed,  less  capable  of  improvement.  For  a  long  time  the  road  stretches  over  a 
sandy  plain ;  in  the  higher  portions  of  this  plain,  not  far  from  Rome,  the  red  and  pitch  pines  are  seen,  and  in  the 
•wetter  places  hemlocks  and  black  spruces  appear,  with  white  birch,  black  ash,  etc.  On  the  higher,  undulating 
lands,  20  or  30  miles  north  of  Rome,  white  pine  and  hemlock  seem  once  to  have  been  the  most  abundant  species  of 
the  forest ;  they  now  exist  only  in  broken  and  scattered  ranks,  although  numerous  stumps  give  evidence  of  a  former 
heavy  growth  of  these  two  species.  Northward  from  Albion  the  country  gradually  rises,  hard  wood  becoming 
more  and  more  common  until  on  the  limestone  banks  of  the  Black  river  at  Watertown  the  patches  of  woodland 
are  mainly  composed  of  birch  and  maple.  Yet  the  soil  continues  sandy,  and  at  a  little  distance  from  the  river  is 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  pine,  and  I  can  readily  believe  that  all  this  sandy  tract  east  of  lake  Ontario  was 
originally  covered  with  a  heavy  growth,  principally  of  pine  and  hemlock.  The  pine  was  long  since  harvested,  and 
now  the  mills  and  tanneries  are  consuming  the  hemlock.  On  each  of  the  small  streams  that  flow  into  lake  Ontario 
are  established  saw-mills  which  cut  quantities  of  hemlock  yearly.  Little,  however,  is  sawed  at  Watertown, 
although  a  limited  amount  of  logs  is  driven  down  to  Dexter  at  the  mouth  of  the  Black  river,  and  there  sawed; 
yet  once  the  neighborhood  of  Watertown  and  Dexter  was  a  great  center  for  the  production  of  pine  lumber.  This 
region  (chiefly  its  swamps)  still  yields  a  little  black  spruce.  The  lumber  sawed  along  the  Rome  and  Watertown 
railroad  at  Williamstown,  Richmond,  etc.,  is  mostly  sent  southward  to  Syracuse  and  other  places  to  meet  the 
demand  there  for  coarse  lumber.  Tbe  lumber  yards  at  Watertowu  are  mostly  filled  with  Canadian  pine. 

"Carthage,  in  Jefferson  county,  was  once  an  important  lumber  center.  The  'Long  falls'  of  the  Black  river 
furnished  unlimited  water-power.  Immense  quantities  of  pine  and  hemlock  lined  the  banks  of  the  river  and  covered 


504  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  plains  of  the  vicinity  ;  northward  lay  a  heavy  pinery.  Canal-boats  laden  with  lumber  were  towed  through  the 
river  to  Lyon's  falls  and  thence  by  canal  to  Utica.  Now  the  pine  is  nearly  all  gone  from  this  region,  the  saw-mills 
are  rotting  down  and  only  a  little  hemlock  is  sawed  here. 

"  That  portion  of  the  state  which  lies  along  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  as  far  east  as  the  vicinity  of  Malone,  and 
extending  some  25  miles  back  from  the  river,  seldom  exceeds  250  feet  above  the  sea-level  and  is,  for  the  most 
part,  clayey  loam,  flat  and  well  adapted  to  agriculture.  This  tract  is  now  pretty  well  settled.  Proceeding  to 
the  southeastward  and  rising  to  an  altitude  of  250  feet  a  wide  region  of  sandy  soil  is  entered,  cold,  damp,  and 
unfit  for  agricultural  purposes.  This  is  the  region  of  forest  lying  northwestward  of  the  mountains  in  the  southern 
portions  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Franklin  counties,  and  has  not  yet  been  badly  encroached  upon  by  the  ax  and 
tire.  The  destruction  of  this  forest  would  be  a  public  calamity,  so  useless  is  the  soil  for  any  other  purpose  than 
the  production  of  timber,  and  so  harmful  to  the  settled  country  below  would  be  the  consequences  resulting  from 
clearing  it.  This  forest  is,  no  doubt,  capable  of  yielding,  perpetually,  an  annual  crop  double  that  now  drawn  from 
it.  This  estimate,  of  course,  is  based  upon  the  supposition  that  tires  are  prevented.  But  this  side  of  the  forest  is 
less  invaded  by  fires  than  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  fires  do  not  burn  so  deeply  into  the  soil  nor  consume 
so  much  of  the  vegetable  matter  ;  they  are,  consequently,  less  fatal  to  the  continuance  of  timber  growth. 

"At  Canton,  in  Saint  Lawrence  county,  and  in  its  vicinity  as  far  down  as  Buck's  bridge,  below  Morley,  is 
sawed  all  the  lumber  cut  on  the  Grass  river.  From  this  point  the  lumber  is  shipped  principally  to  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut  by  rail,  both  via  Home  and  via  Plattsburgh  and  Rouse's  Point. 

"  Colonel  Colton,  of  Norwood  upon  the  Kacket  river,  explained  to  me  at  length  the  methods  employed  by  him 
in  the  lumber  business,  and,  as  nearly  the  same  methods  are  pursued  throughout  this  region,  I  give  his  account. 
Several  weeks  of  the  summer  he  devotes  to  exploring  the  lands  of  his  company,  to  decide  from  what  tract  the  stock 
of  logs  for  the  following  year  shall  be  drawn.  In  the  settlements  near  the  margin  of  the  forest  are  men  whose 
business  it  is  to  cut  and  haul  onto  the  ice  of  the  river  during  winter  the  timber  desired  by  the  lumber  companies. 
Contracts  are  made  with  these  men  to  harvest  the  timber  above  a  certain  diameter  on  certain  specified  tracts  belonging 
to  the  company.  The  contractors  go  to  their  respective  fields  of  labor  as  soon  as  the  snow  is  of  sufficient  depth,  taking 
into  the  woods  a  force  of  men,  horses,  and  supplies,  and  building  camps  in  the  vicinity  of  their  work.  When  a 
full  stock  of  logs  is  placed  on  the  river,  and  the  spring  floods  break  up  the  ice  and  set  the  logs  going,  other  contracts 
are  made  with  the  same  or  other  men  to  drive  the  logs  into  the  booms  of  the  different  mills  at  a  stipulated  price 
per  log.  If,  as  is  usually  the  case,  logs  of  several  different  companies  are  on  the  same  river,  all  are  driven  down 
in  common,  and  the  drive  is  called  a  '  union  drive '.  Arrived  at  the  uppermost  boom — formed  by  chaining  together 
logs  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water  and  held  in  place  by  occasional  piers,  strong  but  rude  structures  of  logs 
filled  in  with  rocks,  located  above  the  first  sawing  station — the  logs  belonging  to  these  mills  are  sorted  out  and 
turned  into  the  different  booms,  while  those  belonging  below  are  sent  on  their  way  down  the  channel.  Once  within 
the  boom  of  the  mills  to  which  they  belong,  they  are  again  assorted;  the  pine,  hemlock,  and  the  spruce  are  separated, 
and  the  different  grades  are  floated  into  separate  booms  or  pockets  which  lead  down  to  the  different  mills  or  saws 
which  are  to  cut  up  each  separate  class.  At  the  mills  inclined  planes  lead  clown  to  the  water  from  each  gang 
of  saws,  up  which,  chains  being  attached  to  the  logs,  they  are  drawn  by  the  machinery  into  the  mill.  After 
sawing,  the  sorting  of  the  lumber  into  different  grades  is  completed  with  care.  The  boards  are  run  through 
planing-mills  which  smooth  both  sides,  then  through  other  machines  which  tongue  and  groove  their  edges,  and  finally 
fine  saws  neatly  trim  their  ends.  This  dressing  of  the  lumber  at  the  mills  makes  a  saving  in  freight  when  it  is 
shipped,  besides  greatly  facilitating  sales.  Colonel  Colton  invited  me  to  accompany  him  20  or  30  miles  up  the 
river  to  see  the  'drive'  which  was  just  coming  out  of  the  woods.  The  highway  by  which, we  drove  led  near  the 
river,  and  we  could  see  the  logs  everywhere  coming  down,  advancing  endwise  with  the  current.  In  many  places 
of  still  water  the  entire  breadth, of  the  river  for  some  distance  was  closely  covered  with  them.  These  were  not  so 
small  as  those  usually  seen  in  the  Maine  rivers,  but  were  from  full-grown  trees  of  the  original  forest — spruce  from, 
1  foot  to  2  feet  in  diameter.  With  the  spruce  logs  were  a  few  hemlocks,  usually  of  larger  size ;  a  lew  pine  logs, 
sometimes  2  or  3  feet  iii  diameter,  floated  with  the  others.  As  the  water  was  lowering,  stranded  logs  were  seen, 
everywhere-  along  the  shore.  They  covered  gravel  banks  and  bars  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  and  were  piled  in 
disorder  on  the  rocks  of  the  rapids,  or,  pushing  over  the  waterfalls,  stood  on  end  in  the  midst  of  the  white,  pouring; 
torrent. 

"A  few  miles  above  Potsdam  we  entered  upon  a  sandy  soil;  the  farms  appeared  less  productive  and  the  farm 
buildings  and  fences  gave  evidence  of  less  thrift.  As  we  advanced  toward  Colton,  a  region  near  the  borders  of 
the  forest  some  twenty  years  settled,  less  and  less  prosperity  among  the  settlers  was  manifest.  The  tilled  fields 
appeared  incapable  of  yielding  even  passably  good  crops;  some  of  them  could  do  no  more  than  give  a  small  crop 
of  rye  once  in  three  years.  The  grass  lands  were  red  with  sorrel,  which  comes  up  everywhere  over  this  region  as 
soon  as  the  forest  is  cleared  and  the  ground  burned  over.  The  sandy  soil  is  cold  and  sour,  in  some  places  so  light 
as  to  be  blown  about  by  the  wind.  Above  South  Colton  we  drove  over  sandy  plains  utterly  incapable  of  sustaining 
the  meager  population,  which  ekes  out  a  wretched  existence  by  means  of  fishing  and  lumbering.  My  companion 
affirmed  that  settlements  had  been  pushed  farther  into  the  forest  than  they  can  be  maintained,  and  that  they  must 
in  most  places  be  abandoned  and  the  land  given  up  to  forest  again.  All  along  our  way  the  woodlands  were 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  505 

straggling  and  sadly  ravaged  by  the  ax,  fire,  and  wind.  The  spruce  and  pine  had  been  culled  out  and  most  of  the 
hemlock  had  been  cut  down  and  barked.  Half-burned  stumps  and  logs  and  gaunt  and  blackened  trunks  still 
standing  disfigured  the  landscape  on  every  side. 

"The  species  of  trees  observed  embraced  all  those  common  in  northern  woodlands.  In  one  locality  black 
cherry  was  remarkably  abundant.  Formerly  the  saw-mills  of  Colton  cut  pine,  as  there  was  a  larger  proportion, 
of  this  lumber  upon  the  Racket  than  is  usually  found  in  northern  New  York ;  now  they  do  little  busuess  in  any 
lumber. 

"As  we  passed  up  along  the  river  I  saw  small  squads  of  'drivers'  stationed  in  a  few  places  where  the  character 
of  the  river  was  such  that  it  was  liable  to  become  obstructed  with  logs.  By  assisting  the  logs  to  pass  such  places 
great  jams  are  prevented.  The  main  body  of  the  men,  however,  worked  at  the  rear  of  the  drive,  scrambling  over 
the  disordered  piles  of  logs  which  accumulate  upon  the  shore  or  lodge  against  the  rocks  in  the  midst  of  the  current. 
With  their  cant-hooks  the  men  pry  and  roll  the  logs  into  the  current,  springing  about  on  the  pile  as  the  logs  roll 
from  under  their  feet.  Not  uufrequently  logs  are  left  by  the  subsiding  waters  among  the  rocks  at  some  distance 
from  the  main  channel  of  the  river.  Files  of  men  on  each  side  then  seize  them  with  their  cant-hooks  and,  splashing 
through  the  shallow  water,  bring  them  by  main  force  into  the  channel.  Sometimes  logs  become  fastened  among 
the  rocks  where  the  current  is  so  swift  that  they  cannot  be  reached  by  a  boat  or  in  any  other  way.  Then  hooks 
attached  to  ropes  are  thrown  out  from  the  shore;  the  logs  are  grappled  and  thus  hauled  off  into  the  current.  The 
drivers  work  Sundays  and  week  days,  fair  weather  or  foul;  their  occupation  is  full  of  peril,  and  men  are  lost  every 
year.  Such  are  usually,  as  a  driver  assured  me,  'men  who  do  not  know  where  it  is  safe  to  go.'  But  sometimes 
the  most  careful  men  become  mixed  with  the  rolling  logs  or  seized  by  the  current  of  the  waterfalls  and  are  swept  away. 
"Franklin  county  contains  995,279  acres,  and  347,500  acres  are  still  believed  to  be  timbered.  The  timbered 
portion  lies  in  the  south  end  of  the  county,  and  because  it  is  not  watered  through  much  of  its  area  by  streams  of 
sufficient  size  for  driving  out  the  logs,  much  of  the  timber  is  inaccessible,  or  rather,  the  prices  of  lumber  do  not 
yet  warrant  hauling  the  logs  long  distances.  The  country  across  the  line  of  the  Ogdensburg  and  Lake  Champlain 
railroad  appears  exhausted  of  its  spruce  and  hemlock.  Some  tracts  of  hard  wood  are  still  standing,  but  the  poplars, 
whose  young  growth  often  conceals  the  stumps  and  prostrate  trunks  of  dead  hemlocks,  really  seem  in  many  places 
the  most  common  species.  But  little  timber  land  remains  in  Clinton  county  and,  until  the  present  season,  lumbering 
on  the  Saranac  had  been  for  several  years  nearly  suspended.  This  year,  however,  a  company  was  cutting  a  few 
million  feet  of  lumber  drawn  from  the  woods  of  Essex  and  Franklin  counties.  The  lumber  of  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Adirondack  wilderness  mostly  comes  out  by  the  way  of  the  Saranac  and  the  Hudson  rivers.  The  mountain 
sides  about  lake  George  are  being  denuded  of  their  spruce,  which  is  sawed  in  the  vicinity  of  Ticonderoga,  and  here, 
as  elsewhere,  fires  follow  the  ax  in  their  usual  fashion." 

The  forests  of  the  Adirondack  region  have  suffered  severe  loss  at  different  times,  particularly  in  1878,  by 
the  sudden  death  of  great  blocks  of  black  spruce.  Mr.  Pringle  carefally  studied  the  extent  of  this  destruction 
and  the  causes  which  produced  it.  In  regard  to  these,  great  diversity  of  opinion  exists  among  woodsim-n  and 
others  familiar  with  the  Adirondack  forests.  It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  the  trees  were  killed  by  an 
unusually  severe  summer  drought,  or  by  the  attacks  of  a  boring  insect  working  under  the  bark;  but  the  testimony 
gathered  by  Mr.  Pringle  points  to  other  causes  of  destruction.  The  spruce  occupies  dry  mountain  slopes  and 
ridges  and  deep  wet  swamps  never  greatly  affected  by  drought.  It  is  noticed  that  as  many  trees  have  died  in 
the  swamps  as  upon  the  dry  slopes.  It  is  evidently  not  drought,  then,  which  has  caused  them  to  perish.  The 
opinion,  too,  is  firmly  held  by  the  most  intelligent  observers  that  insects  do  not  attack  the  trees  until  they  are 
dead  or  nearly  dead,  and  are  never  found  in  vigorous  living  specimens. 

The  black  spruce  is  not  a  long-lived  tree,  and  this  dying  out  may  indicate  that  the  old  trees  of  this  forest,  probably 
all  of  nearly  the  same  age,  had  so  nearly  reached  the  limits  of  their  natural  existence  as  to  be  unable  to  withstand 
some  unusual  or  severe  climatic  state,  such  as  a  period  of  intense  winter  cold  or  late  spring  frost.  The  following 
extracts  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report  will  indicate  the  opinions  of  those  best  able  perhaps  to  form  an  opinion  upon 
this  subject : 

"  Mr.  Mark  Moody,  residing  at  the  foot  of  Tupper  lake,  a  hunter  and  woodsman  who  has  passed  his  life  in  the 
forest,  testifies  as  follows :  '  The  spruce  died  fearfully  in  his  vicinity  about  two  years  ago ;  he  tried  to  learn  the  cause. 
Sixteen  years  ago  the  spruce  had  died  out  much  in  the  same  way  as  it  has  been  doing  lately.  It  is  the  older  trees 
which  die.  They  seem  to  die  by  crops,  successively.  Under  the  large  trees  were  always  springing  up  small  trees 
to  take  the  places  of  those  that  perish.  There  seems  to  be  a  narrower  limit  to  the  life  of  the  spruce  than  to  that 
of  any  other  species.  Other  trees  do  not  die  in  the  same  manner,  by  crops.  The  spruce  does  not  seem  to  enjoy  the 
same  green  old  age,  long  drawn  out,  as  other  trees  do,  but  when  it  has  reached  its  full  growth  seems  to  relinquish 
its  vitality  without  any  apparent  or  sufficient  cause,  and  before  giving  evidence  of  decay  or  any  diminution  of 
vigor.' 

"Mr.  Wardner,  of  Bloomingdale,  Essex  county,  an  old  hunter,  woodsman,  and  guide,  testified  as  follows:  'The 
spruce  timber  on  this  side  of  the  forest  has  failed  clear  through  to  its  northern  borders,  in  the  same  manner  and 
during  the  same  seasons  as  in  other  portions  of  the  region.'  Mr.  Wardner  first  noticed  the  leaves  falling  and 
covering  the  ground  in  1878;  the  destruction  was  continued  through  1879,  but  during  the  past  season  he  had  met 


506 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


with  very  few  trees  that  were  dyiug.  Spruce  timber  had  perished  in  this  manuer  before,  aiid  he  pointed  out  a 
broad  valley  in  which  most  of  the  trees  were  dead  and  falling  when  he  came  into  this  region,  twenty-five  years 
before.  He  had  carefully  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  cause;  was  positive  that  insects  either  under  the  bark  or 
upon  the  leaves  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  death  of  the  spruce  trees,  and  he  is  sure  that  it  is  not  due  to  drought, 
as  he  has  seen  the  greatest  destruction  on  the  northern  slopes.  No  active  destructive  agent  being  apparent,  he 
inclines  to  the  opinion  that  the  spruce  trees  die  because  they  have  reached  the  limit  of  their  life,  and  that  it  is 
some  peculiarity  of  the  winter  rather  than  the  summer  that  turns  the  scale  against  them ;  for  this  reason  they 
perish  in  quantities,  sometimes  in  sections.  He  has  counted  the  rings  of  many  trees,  and  considers  100  to  150  years 
the  average  lifetime  of  the  spruce." 

Whatever  has  caused  the  destruction  of  these  forests,  the  damage  thus  occasioned,  both  in  the  loss  of  valuable 
timber  and  in  the  increased  danger  of  forest  fires  from  the  presence  of  such  a  body  of  dead  wood  is  enormous.  It 
is  believed  by  Mr.  Pringle  that  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  fully-grown  spruce  timber  left  in  the  Adirondack 
region  is  dead. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

The  original  forests  of  New  Jersey  have  disappeared,  except  from  some  of  the  highest  and  most  inaccessible 
ridges  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  and  these,  with  the  increased  demands  of  the  railroads 
for  ties  and  other  material,  are  now  fast  losing  their  forest  covering.  The  forests  of  New  Jersey  are  insufficient  to 
supply  the  wants  of  the  population  of  the  state,  and  nearly  all  the  lumber  it  consumes  is  brought  from  beyond  its 
limits.  The  forests  of  pitch  pine,  which  once  covered  large  areas  in  the  southern  counties,  have  now  generally 
been  replaced  by  a  stunted  growth  of  oaks  and  other  broad-leaved  trees. 

The  forests  of  New  Jersey,  especially  those  on  the  dry  sandy  soil  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  have  long 
suffered  from  destructive  fires.  During  the  census  year  71,074  acres  of  forest  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire, 
causing  a  loss  of  $252,240.  Of  these  fires  twenty-eight  were  set  by  locomotives,  seven  through  malice,  seven  by 
fires  set  on  farms  escaping  to  the  forest,  and  six  each  by  the  carelessness  of  hunters  and  charcoal-burners. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  and  other  industries  using  hard  woods  have  been  largely  abandoned, 
owing  to  the  decrease  of  the  local  supply  of  timber. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania  once  possessed  vast  forests  of  white  pine  and  hemlock  stretching  over  both  flanks  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains  and  extending  from  the  northern  boundaries  of  the  state  to  its  southern  limits.  East  and 
west  of  the  Alleghany  region  the  whole  country  was  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  broad-leaved  trees  mixed 
with  hemlocks  and  occasional  groves  of  pines.  Merchantable  pine  has  now  almost  disappeared  from  the  state, 
and  the  forests  of  hard  wood  have  been  either  replaced  by  a  second  growth  or  have  been  so  generally  culled  of 
their  best  trees  that  comparatively  little  valuable  hard-wood  timber  now  remains.  Large  and  valuable  growths  of 
hemlock,  however,  are  still  standing  in  northwestern  Pennsylvania.  From  all  parts  of  the  state  manufacturers 
using  hard  wood  report  great  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  material,  and  Pennsylvania,  which  during  the  census 
year  was  only  surpassed  by  Michigan  in  the  value  of  its  forest  crop,  must  soon  lose,  with  its  rapidly  disappearing 
forests,  its  position  as  one  of  the  great  lumber -producing  states. 

The  following  estimates  of  merchantable  pine  and  hemlock  standing  in  Pennsylvania  May  31,  1880,  have  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam.  They  are  based  upon  the  reports  of  a  large  number  of  timber-land  owners  and 
experts  familiar  with  the  forests  of  the  state: 

WHITE  PINE  (Pinus  Stratus). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

500,  000,  000 

1,  300,  000,  000 

Total                                                                                          

1,  800,  000,  000 

Estimated  amount  cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  

380,  000,  000 

HEMLOCK  (Tsiiga  CaaadensU). 


4,  500,  000,  000 

Estimated  amount  cut  for  the  census  year,  exclusive  of  trees  cut  for 
their  bark  alone. 

300,  000,  000 

Of  lumber  of  all  kinds  1,848,304,000  feet,  including  288,561,000  shingles  and  183,740,000  laths,  were  manufactured 
in  the  state  during  the  census  year;  the  nature  of  the  returns,  however,  prevents  anything  beyond  an  estimate, 
based  upon  extended  correspondence,  of  the  amount  of  pine  and  hemlock  sawed. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  507 

Numerous  bodies  of  pine  too  small  to  be  indicated  ou  the  map,  of  110  great  commercial  importance  and  not 
included  in  these  estimates,  still  remain  scattered  over  the  region  originally  occupied  by  pine  forest. 

The  forests  of  Pennsylvania,  especially  through  the  mountain  regions,  have  long  suffered  from  destructive  fires. 
During  the  census  year  685,738  acres  of  forest  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $3,043,723.  Of  these 
fires  a  large  proportion  were  traced  to  locomotives  and  the  escape  of  fires  from  farms  to  the  forest. 

The  forests  of  Pennsylvania  produced  during  the  year  1879  2,866,010  pounds  of  maple  sugar. 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report  upon  the  principal  lumber-producing  regions  of 
the  state : 

"  Originally  the  broad  pine  belt  of  northern  Pennsylvania,  occupying  the  region  drained  by  the  numerous 
streams  constituting  the  headwaters  of  the  Susquehanna,  extended  from  Susquehanua  county,  in  the  northeastern 
corner  of  the  state,  westward  through  Bradford  and  Tioga  counties  to  Potter  county,  although  this  county  never  had 
as  much  pine  as  the  others,  and  thence  southwestward  over  Cameron,  Elk,  and  Glearfield  counties.  The  heaviest 
growth  of  pine  in  all  this  region  was  on  Pine  creek,  in  the  southwest  part  of  Tioga  county.  Now  there  is  but 
little  pine  left  in  Susquehanua  and  Bradford  counties,  these  counties  being  thickly  settled;  and  in  Tioga  county, 
from  which  one  firm  alone  has  cut  four  billion  feet,  there  now  remain  standing  but  little  over  one  billion  feet.  The 
greatest  part  of  the  pine  now  standing  iu  the  Pennsylvania  forests  is  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  West  Branch  of 
the  Susquehanua,  in  Cameron,  Elk,  and  Clearfield  counties.  In  some  of  the  counties  adjoining  these,  as  McKean, 
there  was  once,  and  still  may  be,  a  little  pine  timber. 

"Active  lumbering  operations  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  were  begun  iu  1850,  when  the  boom 
of  .the  Susquehanna  Boom  Company  was  constructed  at  Williamsport.  At  this  place  the  greatest  part  of  the 
lumber  on  the  West  Branch  is  sawed.  At  Lock  Haven,  25  miles  above,  on  the  same  river,  advantage  was  taken  of 
•the  feeder-dam  of  a  canal  to  construct  another  boom,  and  a  few  companies  operating  in  lumber  are  now  located 
there,  about  one-tenth  as  much  lumber  being  sawed  as  is  handled  at  Williamsport.  Some  of  the  companies, 
however,  are  removing  from  Lock  Haven  to  the  larger  center  of  Williamsport.  Below  Williamsport  no  logs  are 
driven,  but  a  little  timber  squared  by  the  ax  in  the  woods  and  left  at  full  length  is  made  into  rafts  and  taken 
'down  the  main  Snsquehanna.  Some  of  this  is  sawed  in  the  towns  on  the  river,  and  the  remainder  is  taken  to  the 
large  markets  to  supply  the  demand  for  squared  timber  for  ship-building,  etc. 

"Williamsport  is  situated  on  the  north  or  left  bank  of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  for  2  or  3 
miles  along  the  river  side  are  ranged  the  mills  and  lumber-yards  of  the  thirty-four  lumber  companies  operating  here. 
We  visited  a  large  number  of  mills  and  found  much  the  same  methods  employed  iu  all.  Tlie  logs  are  first  slit  np 
by  gang-saws ;  then  each  board  or  plank  is  put  through  an  edger,  where  two  circular  saws  cut  a  strip  from  each 
side  to  give  the  board  a  square  and  straight  edge ;  the  boards  are  then  assorted  into  two  or  more  grades,  loaded 
on  trucks,  and  moved  o\-er  tramways  which  ramify  through  the  lumber-yards  adjacent  to  each  mill.  The  fragments 
of  boards  and  better  portions  of  the  edgings  are  made  into  fence  pickets  and  other  portions  into  laths,  and  the 
fragments  and  strips  which  will  not  even  make  laths  are  carried  to  one  side  and  added  to  a  burning  pile.  The 
fragments  thus  burned  (rather  than  thrown  into  the  river)  constitute  the  only  waste,  for  the  sawdust  supplies  the 
engines  with  fuel.  This  being  cut  chiefly  from  heart- wood  makes  better  and  more  easily  handled  fuel  than  the  sap- 
-wood  strips.  Even  these  are,  however,  often  cut  and  put  up  into  bundles  of  kindling-wood  for  city  use. 

"  In  the  woods  the  trees  are  sawed  into  logs  12,  16,  or  18  feet  in  length,  as  can  be  done  to  the  best  advantage 
and  the  least  waste  of  timber. 

"The  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  must  be  an  exceptionally  fine  river  to  drive,  judging  from  the 
comparatively  unbattered  condition  of  the  logs  seen  about  the  mills.  The  smaller  streams  in  the  woods  are 
furnished  with  flood-dams,  and  from  these  extend  throughout  the  timber  belt  numerous  narrow-gauge  railroads, 
tramways,  and  slides  for  bringing  down  the  logs.  Little  hauling  is  done  upon  wagons  or  sleds,  the  ground  in  the 
-woods  being  too  rough,  it  is  said,  for  hauling  logs  with  teams.  It  is  probable  that  snow  does  not  fill  up  the 
depressions  and  smooth  the  surfaces  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  northern  woods. 

"  The  lumbermen  of  this  place  at  first  were  content  to  send  their  lumber  to  market  in  the  simplest  shape,  but 
of  late,  as  the  supply  diminishes  more  and  more,  mills  and  shops  are  being  built  for  the  manufacture  of  doors, 
sashes,  blinds,  packing-boxes,  furniture,  etc.  Some  companies  have  so  exhausted  their  pine  lands  that  they  can  in 
future  only  carry  on  business  in  this  way,  buying  the  rough  timber  from  their  neighbors.  As  the  pine  lands  of  one 
firm  after  another  are  exhausted  the  pine  remaining  comes  to  be  held  by  a  very  few  parties,  who  know  its  value. 
Not  all  of  these  are  operators,  but,  living  at  a  distance,  sell  stumpage  to  manufacturers. 

"The  following  table,  giving  the  amounts  of  lumber  rafted  out  of  the  Susquehanna  boom  at  Williamsport 
since  the  record  has  been  kept,  may  be  of  interest  as  showing  something  of  the  rise  and  decline  of  the  lumber 
"business  at  this  important  center.  The  greatest  prosperity  or  fullest  development  of  the  business  was  attained, 
as  will  be  seen,  iu  1873.  After  that  year,  with  the  steady  decrease  of  the  supply  of  pine  and  the  consequent 
increase  of  expense  in  securing  logs,  the  annual  stock  steadily  diminished  until  1877.  During  the  past  three  years 
the  increasing  demand  for  lumber  has  stimulated  the  operators  to  greater  activity,  but  more  than  to  this  cause  the 
recent  gain  in  the  yearly  stocks  is  due  to  the  substitution  of  hemlock  for  pine,  the  ratio  of  hemlock  to  pine 


508 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


being  at  present  as  1  to  4,  although  the  average  for  the  last  seven  years  is  but  as  1  to  10.  As  the  supply  of  pine 
timber  is  exhausted,  hemlock  will  be  more  and  more  handled  until  it  will  become  the  most  important  timber  of  this' 
region.  The  summary  is  made  for  the  last  eight  years  only: 


Tears. 

Number  logs. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Years. 

• 

Number  logs. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

186° 

196  953 

37  853  691 

1875  

1,096,897 

210,  746  956 

1863 

405  175 

76  475  826 

1876  

715,  087 

134,  396,  293 

1864 

511  549 

96  595  681 

1877  

589,  827 

106,  944,  257 

1865 

379  392 

72  421  468 

1878  

617,  552 

112,  069,  602 

1866 

615  373 

118  831  494 

1879  

1,  040,  278 

190,  549,  111 

1867 

833  388 

163,196,511 

1880  (to  November  2]  )  

763,  768 

128,  558,  959 

1869 

1   080  511 

223,  000,  305 

1873  to  1880  (eight  years)  .  .  . 

7,395,455 

1,382,342,272 

1870  

1,  099,  777 

225,  180,  973 

Logs    remaining    in  river 

95  000  000 

1872 

1  484  103 

297  185,652 

1,  407,  342,  272 

140  734,227 

1873  

1,582.460 

318,  342,  712 

1874  

989,  586 

180,  734,  382 

1  266  608  045 

u  It  is  proper  to  add  that  the  variations  in  the  yearly  stock  of  logs  shown  above  are  in  some  measure  due  to  a 
greater  or  less  proportion  of  each  annual  cut  being  left  behind  in  the  woods  or  in  the  streams,  from  varying  supplies 
of  water  or  from  other  peculiarities  of  the  season. 

"  The  lumber  manufactured  at  Lock  Haven  and  William  sport  is  shipped  by  railroad  and  canal  to  Baltimore  and 
Philadelphia  and  to  intermediate  cities  and  stations. 

"  I  found  it  more  difficult  to  obtain  information  of  the  extent  and  limits  of  the  hemlock  woods  of  Pennsylvauiar 
and  of  the  amount  of  the  standing  timber  and  the  annual  crop  of  hemlock,  than  I  did  to  get  the  same  facts  respecting 
the  pine.  Lumbermen  agree  that  there  was  originally  far  more  hemlock  in  this  state  than  pine,  and  they  speak  of 
it  now  as  inexhaustible,  which  is  not  strictly  true,  for  it  is  doubtful  if  it  holds  out  to  supply  the  increasing  drain 
made  upon  it  by  tanneries  and  saw-mills  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  to  come.  Large  quantities  of  hemlock 
have  been  wasted.  Much  that  grew  intermingled  with  the  pine  has  died  after  the  pine  has  been  removed,  partly 
from  exposure  to  fuller  sunlight  and  summer  drought,  and  partly  to  forest  fires  induced  by  and  following  lumber 
operations.  In  the  early  days  of  the  tanning  industry  of  this  region,  when  hemlock  lumber  was  esteemed  of  little 
value,  and  whenever  of  late  years  the  lumber  trade  has  been  so  dull  as  to  offer  110  inducement  to  send  to  market 
the  trunks  of  the  trees  felled  for  their  bark,  large  quantities  Of  these  have  been  left  in  the  woods  to  decay.  Now, 
however,  with  a  good  market  for  hemlock  lumber,  tanning  companies  owning  hemlock  lands,  or  the  contractors  who 
furnish  the  tanneries  with  bark,  buying  for  this  i>urpose  stumpage  from  the  proprietors  of  the  timber-lands,  often 
own  saw-mills  in  the  timber  region,  and  cut  and  ship  this  lumber  to  market  by  railroad. 

"  Inasmuch  as  hemlock,  besides  mingling  more  or  less  with  pine  throughout  the  pine  belt,  seems  to  have  formed 
a  border  entirely  around  the  pine,  the  extent  of  the  hemlock  woods,  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  hemlock  timber,  has 
always  been  much  greater  than  of  pine.  Beginning  in  Wayne  county,  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the 
state,  the  original  hemlock  forest  extended  westward  through  the  northern  tier  of  counties  as  far  as  Warren 
county,  in  the  vicinity  of  lake  Erie.  Thence  its  bounds  may  be  traced  southward  through  Forest,  Clarion,  and 
Jefferson,  and  thence  eastward  through  Clearfield,  Center,  Clinton,  Lycoming,  and  Sullivan  counties.  IsTow  the 
northeastern  counties  are  for  the  most  part  cleared,  and  not  only  have  the  outskirts  of  these  woods  been  cut  off 
on  all  sides,  but  their  continuity  has  been  completely  broken  up  throughout  its  whole  extent  by  countless  clearings 
and  settlements.  Yet,  however  much  the  hemlock  forest  has  suffered,  it  possesses  to  day  greater  value  than  did  all 
the  pine  standing  in  1850.  Quite  neglected  a  few  years  ago,  hemlock  is  appreciating  rapidly  in  value  and  importance, 
and  ere  many  years  shall  have  passed  it  will  be  almost  the  only  kind  of  lumber  known  in  the  Williamsport  market. 
The  best  grades  of  hemlock  bring  as  high  a  price  as  scrub  pine,  the  product  of  the  shorter  and  more  knotty  trees 
grown  on  high  land.  Although  as  a  rule  Pennsylvania  hemlock  is  of  superior  quality,  much  of  it  being  nearly  as 
good  as  spruce,  yet  here,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  considerable  variation  in  quality  is  noticed.  Lumbermen  classify 
hemlock  into  two  kinds,  red  and  white,  according  to  the  character  of  the  wood,  but  the  more  intelligent  among 
them  attribute  the  difference  to  soil  and  situation.  White  hemlock,  being  sounder,  firmer,  and  straighter  grained, 
constitutes  the  highest  grade.  Bed  hemlock  is  more  brittle,  more  inclined  to  splinter,  and  liable  to  be  found  more, 
or  less  decayed  when  the  trees  have  gained  full  size.  In  this  condition  trees  are  said  to  be  'shaky'.  Such  timber  is 
generally  found  on  bottom  lands,  while  the  hemlock  of  high  hillsides  is  apt  to  be  short  and  scrubby.  The  quality 
of  the  hemlock  seems  to  deteriorate  west  from  the  center  of  the  state.  The  Pine  Creek  hemlock  is  considered  better 
than  that  of  the  Siuuamahoning,  and  this  better  than  that  on  the  Alleghany.  Seldom  more  than  two  good  logs  can 
be  obtained  from  a  trunk,  the  third  and  fourth  logs  being  generally  inferior  and  knotty ;  8,000  feet  per  acre  is  here 
considered  a  good  yield  of  hemlock,  and  10,000  feet  a  large  yield. 

"  From  Williamsport  to  Lock  Haven  the  valley  of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehauua  is  usually  less  than  a 
mile  in  width,  being  bounded  by  abrupt  and  rocky  ridges  a  few  hundred  feet  iu  height.  At  Lock  Haven  we 


THE  FORESTS'  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  5C9 

ascended  the  ridge  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  some  800  feet  in  altitude,  in  order  to  examine  the  moderate  forest 
growth  with  which  it  was  covered.  In  favorable  places  scattering  specimens  of  white  pine  indicated  the  crop  these 
hills  have  yielded  the  lumberman  in  former  years.  Hemlock,  also,  was  scattered  over  the  hillsides,  but  even  as 
late  as  the  present  year  most  of  the  trees  in  this  immediate  neighborhood  had  been  felled  for  their  bark ;  their 
peeled  trunks  lay  strewn  over  the  hillsides,  being  left  to  decay  within  a  mile  or  two  of  the  saw-mills  of  Lock 
Haven.  The  summit  of  the  ridge  afforded  a  good  view  of  the  surrounding  country.  Parallel  ridges  of  a  similar 
altitude,  and  which  appeared  more  heavily  timbered,  lay  back  of  the  one  on  which  we  stood  ;  between  them  were 
seen  narrow  valleys  occupied  by  farms.  On  the  north  or  opposite  side  of  the  river  successive  ridges  rose  higher 
and  higher  as  they  receded  from  the  river,  and  in  the  distance  seemed  to  lose  themselves  in  a  plateau  whose 
altitude  was  equal  to  that  of  the  ground  on  which  we  were  standing.  The  gentle  slopes  •  and  rounded  summits 
immediately  above  the  river  showed  smooth,  cultivated  fields  interspersed  among  woodlands  of  deciduous  trees. 
The  more  distant  heights  displayed  a  darker  forest  growth  where  hemlock  and  pines  predominated. 

"  From  Lock  Haven  to  Warren,  the  county-seat  of  Warren  county,  even  on  the  hillsides  overlooking  the  river, 
close  to  the  banks  of  which  the  railroad  crept,  but  especially  where  we  were  able  to  look  into  the  deep  runs  coming 
down  to  the  river  by  a  gradual  descent  from  the  table-lands  of  the  divides,  seldom  more  than  a  few  miles  back 
above  the  river,  we  saw  much  original  forest  still  standing  and  principally  composed  of  hemlock.  Some  white 
pine  appeared  as  scattering  trees  or  in  groves,  and  some  hard  wood.  The  proportion  of  hard  wood  increased  as 
we  ascended  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  and  those  of  the  Alleghany  river. 

"  On  the  summit  of  this  divide  the  forest  had  a  truly  northern  aspect,  except  that  we  missed  the  spruce,  not 
seen  in  Pennsylvania.  The  dark  foliage  of  the  hemlock  mingled  with  sugar  maples,  beeches,  and  birches.  For 
many  miles  above  Lock  Haven  it  was  a  second  growth  which  occupied  the  hillsides,  a  thin  growth  of  white  oak, 
chestnut,  locust,  etc.,  which  had  followed  the  lumberman  and  forest  fires.  Considerable  second-growth  white  pine 
was  seen  in  a  few  places,  but  on  this  none  of  the  present  generation  seem  to  set  much  value,  and  I  have  yet  to 
meet  any  one  in  the  state  who  gives  a  thought  to  encouraging  and  preserving  such  growth.  To  consume  the  forests 
as  speedily  as  possible,  satisfied  with  what  can  be  realized  from  them  in  the  operation,  appears  to  be  the  spirit 
which  rules  this  region.  Alternating  here  and  there  with  the  original  forest  mentioned  above  were  seen  all  along 
the  railroad  leading  through  this  timber  belt,  but  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  settlements  and  lumbered  districts, 
.tracts  which  have  been  ranged  by  fire.  Sometimes  the  fires  had  spread  from  the  clearings  into  uncullod  timber, 
killing  everything,  large  and  small.  Sometimes  'hemlock  slashes'  had  burned  over  after  the  trees  had  been  cut 
and  '  peeled '.  Always  the  charred  stumps  thickly  dotted  the  ground,  and  the  blackened,  half-consumed  trunks 
strewn  over  the  soil  in  confusion  gave  to  the  landscape  an  aspect  of  complete  desolation.  The  bird  cherries  and 
poplars,  which  in  the  forests  farther  north  soon  cover  and  hide  from  view  such  wastes  of  ruin,  are  wanting  here. 

"  I  learned  that  the  best  hemlock  grows  on  the  steep  sides  of  the  deep  runs,  and  that  upon  the  summits  of  the 
divides  were  considerable  barrens,  the  soil  of  which  was  sometimes  too  poor  to  support  any  arboreal  growth. 
Farther  to  the  west  the  summits  of  the  dividing  ridges  are  occupied  by  hard  wood  chiefly,  although  hemlocks 
mingle  with  the  beeches  and  maples. 

"  Arrived  at  Warren,  we  find  that  we  have  passed  through  the  woods  and  are  in  a  long-settled  and  -well- 
improved  country,  and,  judging  from  the  scattered  patches  of  woodlands  occupying  the  low  hills  within  view,  the 
region  of  hard- wood  forest  has  been  reached.  The  coniferous  forest  belt  only  extends  into  the  southeastern  quarter 
of  Warren  county ;  the  northern  and  western  portions,  lying  beyond  the  Alleghany  river,  yield  oak,  chestnut, 
hickory,  etc.  Originally  there  was  a  little  pine  scattered  over  the  southeastern  portion  of  Warren  county,  but  this 
has  been  mostly  cut,  and  hemlock  remains,  as  it  ever  has  been,  the  most  important  timber  in  this  part  of  the  county. 
In  Forest  county,  next  south  of  Warren,  pine  is  local,  being  scattered  in  small  quantities  throughout  the  county. 
On  the  highlands  there  is  much  hard  wood,  beech,  maple,  and  white  wood  existing  in  belts  between  the  streams. 
This,  however,  may  be  called  a  hemlock  county.  In  McKeau  county  a  central  table-land  is  covered  principally  by 
a  growth  of  maple,  beech,  etc.  In  the  remaining  portions  of  the  county  the  timber  is  chiefly  hemlock.  The  valley 
of  the  Alleghany  river,  in  the  eastern  part  of  McKean  county,  is  mostly  cleared  and  improved.  Elk  county  is 
one  of  the  best  counties  for  hemlock.  Through  Elk,  the  southwestern  corner  of  McKeau,  and  the  southeastern 
corner  of  Warren  runs  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  railroad.  Along  the  line  of  this  road,  as  it  passes  through  this 
portion  of  the  timber  belt,  are  located  the  largest  tanneries  of  the  United  States.  These  are  consuming  the  hemlock 
of  this  region  at  an  enormous  rate,  and,  in  addition  to  the  vast  amount  of  bark  which  they  consume,  large  quantities 
are  shipped  out  of  the  region  by  railroad.  The  first  important  tanneries  of  Warren  county  were  established  12  or 
15  years  ago,  and  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  the  hemlock  of  this  county  can  hardly  hold  out  20  years 
longer.  The  laud,  after  the  forest  has  been  removed,  is  excellent  for  agricultural  purposes  throughout  this  region, 
and  on  all  sides  pioneers  are  making  themselves  farms.  These  men  prefer  to  begin  in  the  undisturbed  forest  rather 
than  locate  on  the  slashes,  because  they  can  pay  for  their  land  with  the  hemlock  bark  which  it  yields;  and  from  a 
radius  of  15  miles  bark  is  drawn  and  sold  at  from  $4  50  to  $5  a  cord  to  the  tanneries.  On  an  average,  four  trees  yield  a 
cord  or  ton  of  bark,  the  equivalent  of  1,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure.  In  Wrarren  county  from  5,000  to  6,000 
acres  of  hemlock  were  cut  down  in  1880,  and  there  is  no  possibility  of  this  growth  being  renewed,  for  every  foot  of 
slashed  laud  is  eventually  burned  over,  and  sometimes  the  burnings  are  repeated  until  the  soil  is  nearly  ruined  for 
agricultural  purposes.  From  the  dry  slashes  the  fires  extend  to  a  greater  or  less  distance  through  the  living 


510  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

woods,  ruining  not  only  heavy  bodies  of  hemlock,  but  also  destroying  the  belts  of  hard  wood  intermixed  with  the 
hemlock.  Notwithstanding  stringent  legislation  in  this  state  upon  the  subject  of  forest  fires,  they  seem  inevitable,, 
and  especially  so  in  the  slashes.  They  spread  from  the  clearings  constantly  made  throughout  this  timber  belt  by 
the  settlers,  and,  as  the  forest  abounds  in  deer  and  its  streams  are  stocked  with  fish,  hunters  and  fishermen  are 
always  in  the  woods,  and  from  their  camp  fires  spread  many  conflagrations.  Many  fires  here  also  are  set  by  a  tribe 
of  half-civilized  Indians  residing  in  this  region,  to  burn  over  the  huckleberry  fields  in  order  that  the  bushes  may 
renew  themselves  and  yield  fuller  crops ;  or,  where  it  is  so  easy  to  start  a  fire  and  conceal  its  origin,  many  doubtless 
arise  from  malice. 

"  In  this  region  the  aspen  springs  up  on  land  upon  which  the  hemlock  has  been  destroyed,  but  this  tree 
manifestly  does  not  thrive  as  it  does  in  northern  woods.  Yellow  and  black  birch,  bird  cherry,  beech,  maple,  white 
oak,  chestnut,  black  cherry,  etc.,  are  the  trees  which  spring  up  slowly  among  the  briers,  and  cover  burned  land 
with  a  rather  meager  second  growth.  If  a  few  pines  have  been  left  on  the  hilltops  they  may  scatter  a  few  seeds  and 
give  rise  to  some  saplings,  but  as  regards  hemlock,  fires  kill  it  out  clean,  seedlings  and  seed;  and  if  the  'peelers' 
and  the  fires  happen  to  leave  any  scattering  trees  standing,  these,  being  more  sensitive  to  changed  conditions 
than  pines,  are  seldom  able  long  to  survive  as  seed  bearers.  The  bird  cherry  only  thrives  on  cold,  wet  soils 
here.  There  is  another  phase  of  the  slaughter  of  the  hemlock  forest :  As  the  pine  forest  gives  out,  large  numbers 
of  laborers  turn  to  the  hemlock  woods  and  find  employment  as  bark  peelers.  In  the  pine  woods  work  is  mostly 
suspended  when  spring  arrives ;  then  larger  numbers  of  men  come  into  the  hemlock  woods  than  can  find  work  at 
satisfactory  wages,  and  these  sometimes  set  fires  in  the  slashes,  which  spread  into  the  living  woods  and  kill  large 
quantities  of  hemlock.  To  save  the  bark  it  must  be  peeled  at  once,  or  before  it  adheres  to  the  wood  and  becomes 
injured  by  worms,  and  thus  employment  is  given  to  a  larger  force  of  men. 

"  The  pine  now  remaining  in  Clearfield  county  is  mostly  found  in  the  northern  and  the  southwestern  portions 
of  the  county.  The  eastern  and  southeastern  portions  are  now  principally  cleared  and  improved,  as  the  entire 
county  is  destined  to  be,  the  soil  being  principally  a  strong,  clayey  loam,  excellent  for  farming  purposes.  Already 
four-fifths  of  the  pine  timber  originally  standing  in  the  county  has  been  removed;  most  of  the  hemlock,  which 
orginally  about  equaled  in  amount  the  pine,  remains.  There  are  no  tanneries  in  this  region,  and  after  the  pine  is 
cut  the  hemlock  is  next  harvested,  the  bark  being  saved  and  shipped  to  the  tanneries  below  to  the  amount  of  from 
5,000  to  6,000  cords  annually.  Fires  are  here  sometimes  started  by  hunters  in  order  to  clear  away  the  young  second 
growth,  that  they  may  be  able  better  to  see  the  deer.  One  important  reason  which  lumbermen  have  for  planting 
their  saw-mills  near  the  woods,  in  preference  to  driving  all  their  logs  to  the  sawing  centers  below,  is  that  they  can 
then  work  into  shingles,  etc.,  many  trees  which,  being  defective  by  reason  of  rotten  spots  or  other  blemishes,  would 
not  be  worth  driving  down  the  river.  Such  trees  are  seen  standing  here  and  there  all  through  the  woods,  having 
been  left  behind  by  the  lumbermen.  Sometimes  persons  buy  this  culled  timber  and  erect  shingle-mills,  etc.,  to 
work  it  up. 

"  With  respect  to  the  maximum  yield  of  pine  per  acre,  it  would  seem  that  10,000  feet  was  a  good  yield  for  tracts 
of  400  or  500  acres  in  extent,  although  smaller  tracts  of  50  acres  and  upward  will  often  cut  25,000  feet  to  the  acre, 
and  even  a  yield  of  100,000  feet  to  the  acre  has  been  reported.  The  rough  nature  of  the  surface  in  all  this  region 
often  necessitates  the  use  of  slides  to  bring  the  logs  from  the  forest  to  the  streams.  They  are  constructed  by 
pinning  to  ties  of  hemlock  some  3  feet  in  length  hemlock  logs  about  a  foot  in  diameter  placed  side  by  side, 
their  inner  sides  above  the  point  of  contact  being  hewn  with  care  to  form  a  broad  V-shaped  trough  along  which  the- 
logs  may  be  slid.  Except  where  there  is  considerable  descent  logs  cannot  be  slid  unless  the  weather  is  frosty, 
when  the  slide  can  be  kept  icy  by  means  of  water  sprinkled  over  it  from  time  to  time.  Slides  sometimes  are 
built  for  G  or  8  miles  back  into  the  woods,  usually  following  up  some  run  so  as  to  get  an  even  and  gentle  grade. 
By  this  means  the  greatest  part  of  the  logs  come  down  to  the  streams,  for  sleds  are  not  used  in  this  country.  Most 
of  the  hazard  of  lumbering  depends  upon  the  lumberman's  ability  to  slide  his  logs  successfully.  They  can  be  cut 
at  any  time  in  the  woods,  and  almost  any  year  can  be  driven  to  the  mills  when  once  in  the  water,  but  mild  weather 
interrupts  sliding  and  deep  snows  impede  the  operation ;  so  that  in  open  winters  lumbermen  are  sometimes 
compelled  to  do  their  sliding  in  the  night  time,  when  ice  will  form  on  the  slide.  The  logs,  stripped  of  their  bark,  are 
drawn  singly,  by  horses  with  chains,  from  the  places  where  they  have  fallen  to  the  upper  end  of  the  slide.  When 
a  sufficient  number — from  6  to  40,  according  to  the  grade  and  the  size  of  the  logs— have  been  placed  end  to  end  in 
the  slide,  the  hook  of  a  chain  is  driven  into  the  rear  log  near  its  forward  end,  and  horses  are  attached  which  walk 
a  tow-path  formed  on  one  side  of  the  slide,  and  push  ahead  of  them  the  '  trail'  of  logs,  thus  bringing  them  down  to 
the  stream. 

"  Only  in  the  late  autumn  and  in  the  winter  is  it  thought  expedient  in  Pennsylvania  to  fell  pine ;  if  cut  in  summer, 
when  the  bark  will  part  from  the  wood,  the  sap-wood  soon  assumes  a  blackish  appearance  and  disfigures  the 
lumber.  As  a  rule  hemlock  is  here  cut  and  peeled  in  summer,  at  the  time  when  operations  in  pine  are  suspended  j 
thus  by  alternating  operations  in  pine  and  hemlock  the  hands  are  kept  employed  throughout  the  whole  year.  In 
cutting  trees  the  several  parts  of  the  work  are  allotted  to  different  men ;  some  merely  fell  the  trees,  others  measure 
them  off  into  suitable  lengths  and  cut  away  the  limbs  as  far  as  the  upper  end  of  the  last  log  taken,  where  they 
sever  the  top  of  the  tree  from  the  trunk  by  means  of  the  ax  ;  others  follow  in  pairs  with  cross-cut  saws  and  cut 
the  trunk  into  logs." 


•  .  •.  • 

J^8 


DMNSITV  OF  FORKS TS 

OI.MI'II.KD  I-NDKRTHK  DIllKCTION  <  'f 

C.S.SAI«;KXT.  SI-KCIAI.  .M;K.\T 


M). 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  511 


SOUTH  ATLANTIC  DIVISION. 


DELAWAEB. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  state,  comprising  New  Castle  and  Kent  counties,  was  once  covered  with  the 
deciduous  forests  of  the  Atlantic  plain.  Conifers,  with  the  exception  of  the  red  cedar,  were  rare.  In  the  sandy 
soil  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  various  pitch  pines  flourished,  forming  fully  one-half  of  the  forest  growth. 
These  pine  forests  were  long  ago  consumed  and  are  now  replaced  by  a  second  growth,  generally  composed  of  the  species 
which  originally  occupied  the  ground ;  and  throughout  the  state  the  best  hard-wood  timber  has  been  culled  from 
the  forest.  Large  quantities  of  wheel  and  cooperage  stock  were  formerly  manufactured  in  the  northern  counties; 
but  of  late  years  these  and  other  industries  using  the  products  of  the  forest  have,  for  want  of  material,  generally 
decreased  in  importance.  The  manufacturers  report  a  general  scarcity  of  timber. 

During  the  census  year  3,305  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $15,675.  Of 
such  fires  six  were  set  by  locomotives,  six  by  the  careless  burners  of  brush  upon  farms,  and  two  through  malice.  • 

KENT  COUNTY. — About  one-quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest.  A  few  small  mills  saw  oak 
from  the  immediate  neighborhood  into  shipstuff  and  car  lumber,  shipping  to  Wilmington,  Philadelphia,  and  even 
to  New  York. 

NEW  CASTLE  COUNTY. — About  one- quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woodland,  mostly  of  second 
growth  and  attached  to  farms.  The  large  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  located  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Wilmington,  consume  large  amounts  of  willow  wood,  generally  grown  for  the  purpose  upon  farms 
in  their  immediate  vicinity. 

SUSSEX  COUNTY. — One-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woodland.  Numerous  small 
mills,  obtaining  their  supply  of  logs  from  the  immediate  neighborhood,  saw  oak  for  shipstuff. 

MARYLAND. 

The  northwestern  portion  of  the  state,  crossed  by  the  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  system,  was  once  covered  with 
the  forests  of  white  pine,  hemlock,  birch,  and  maple  peculiar  to  this  mountain  region.  The  central  portion  of  the 
state,  extending  from  the  mountains  to  the  shores  of  Chesapeake  bay,  was  covered  with  oaks,  hickories,  gums,  and 
other  deciduous  trees  in  great  variety,  the  eastern  peninsula  largely  with  different  species  of  pitch  pine,  occupying 
sandy  plains,  or  mixed  with  deciduous  trees. 

In  the  mountain  region  considerable  bodies  of  the  original  forest  remain  upon  the  highest  and  most 
inaccessible  slopes ;  in  the  remainder  of  the  state  this,  where  the  land  has  not  been  permanently  cleared  for 
agriculture,  is  now  largely  replaced  by  a  second  growth,  or— the  best  timber  at  least — has  been  everywhere  culled. 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock  was  formerly  manufactured  in  this  state.  This  industry  has,  however, 
greatly  suffered  from  the  deterioration  and  exhaustion  of  the  local  supply  of  timber ;  manufacturers  report  the 
best  stock  nearly  exhausted  and  the  substitution  for  oak,  formerly  exclusively  used,  of  elm  and  other  inferior 
woods  now  brought  from  beyond  the  limits  of  the  state. 

During  the  census  year  41,076  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  forest  fires,  with  a  loss  of  $37,425. 
These  fires  were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  hunters,  to  locomotives,  and  largely  to  the  escape  from  farms  to  the 
forest  of  fires  set  in  clearing  land.  The  principal  lumber  manufacturing  establishments  using  Maryland  logs  are 
situated  in  Garrett  county ;  these  saw  white  pine,  hemlock,  and  oak  to  supply  a  limited  local  demand  and  ship  to 
Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  and  Wheeling;  considerable  oak  timber  is  sent  to  Europe  from  this  county. 
During  the  year  1879  the  northern  counties  produced  176,076  pounds  of  maple  sugar. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  original  forest  has  disappeared  from  the  District  of  Columbia  and  has  been  replaced  by  a  second  and 
third  growth  of  oaks,  scrub  pines,  and  other  trees.  The  area  occupied  with  woods  is  probably  slowly  increasing. 
A  single  saw-mill,  situated  in  the  city  of  Washington,  saws  logs  grown  beyond  the  limits  of  the  District. 

VIRGINIA. 

The  forests  of  Virginia,  like  those  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  fall  naturally  into  three  divisions,  dependent 
upon  the  elevation  and  soil  of  the  different  parts  of  the  state.  The  mountains  and  ridges  of  its  western  border  are 


512  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  tJNITED  STATES. 

covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  pine,  hemlock,  white  oak,  cherry,  yellow  poplar,  and  other  northern  trees;  over 
the  region  extending  east  of  the  mountains  oaks,  principally  black  oaks,  once  formed  the  prevailing  forest  growth; 
through  these  are  now  mingled  long  stretches  of  various  pitch  pines,  occupying  exhausted  and  barren  soil  once 
devoted  to  agriculture.  The  eastern  counties  are  covered  with  the  forests  of  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt,  generally 
confined  to  the  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  coast  and  extending  inland  to  the  head  of  tide-water  of  the  principal 
streams;  along  the  western  borders  of  this  pine  belt  the  forest  growth  is  nearly  equally  divided  between  the  pines 
and  the  broad-leaved  species. 

The  inaccessible  mountain  region  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  still  contains  immense  quantities  of  the 
original  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  and  cherry,  the  scanty  population  of  these  mountains  having  made  but  slight  inroads 
upon  the  forests.  Eailroads  have  hardly  penetrated  them,  while  the  streams  which  head  here  are  uusuited  tocarry 
to  market  the  hard  woods  of  which  this  forest  is  largely  composed.  The  most  valuable  hard-wood  forest  remaining 
on  the  continent  exists  in  southwestern  Virginia  and  the  adjacent  counties  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
and  North  Carolina.  From  the  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state  the  original  forest  has  almost  entirely 
disappeared,  and  is  iiow  replaced  by  a  second  growth,  in  which  the  Jersey  pine  and  the  old-field  pine  are  characteristic 
features,  generally  replacing  more  valuable  species  of  the  original  growth. 

During  the  census  year  272,319  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  ravaged  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $326,944.  Of 
such  fires  the  largest  number  was  traced  to  the  careless  burning  of  brush  upon  farms  and  to  locomotives. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  increasing  rapidly  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  and  great  quantities 
of  staves  are  exported  thence  directly  to  Europe,  as  well  as  oak,  yellow  poplar,  and  walnut  in  the  log.  The 
manufacture  of  tobacco  cases  from  sycamore  lumber  is  an  important  industry  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Lynchburg 
and  other  tobacco-distributing  centers.  Considerable  quantities  of  hand-made  shingles  are  produced  in  the 
cypress  swamps  which  occupy  a  large  portion  of  Norfolk  and  other  eastern  counties.  A  large  amount  of  second- 
growth  pine  (Finns  Tceda)  is  shipped  from  the  different  Virginia  ports  by  schooner  to  New  York  for  fuel,  and  this 
second-growth  pine  furnishes  the  principal  building  material  used  throughout  the  state.  The  grinding  of  oak  and 
sumach  bark  and  the  manufacture  of  tanning  extracts  are  important  and  profitable  industries  of  the  state. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

The  forests  of  West  Virginia,  with  the  exception  of  the  belt  of  pine  and  spruce  confined  to  the  high  ridges 
of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  are  principally  composed  of  broad-leaved  trees,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the 
white  and  chestnut  oaks,  the  black  walnut,  the  yellow  poplar,  and  the  cherry.  The  white  pine  and  spruce  forests 
reach  within  the  state  their  southern  limit  as  important  sources  of  lumber  supply. 

The  forests  have  been  largely  removed  from  the  counties  bordering  the  Ohio  river,  and  the  most  valuable  hard- 
wood timber  adjacent  to  the  pricipal  streams,  especially  black  walnut,  cherry,  and  yellow  poplar,  has  been  culled  in 
nearly  every  part  of  the  state.  But  slight  inroads,  however,  have  yet  been  made  into  the  magnificent  body  of 
hard-wood  timber  covering  the  extreme  southern  counties,  which  still  contain  vast  quantities  of  oak,  cherry,  and 
poplar. 

The  black  walnut  found  scattered  everywhere  in  West  Virginia  is  least  plentiful  in  the  northwestern  and  Ohio 
Eiver  counties,  and  most  abundant  along  the  upper  waters  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Ohio  through  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state.  Yellow  poplar  is  found  throughout  the  state,  and  is  still  abundant  about  the 
headwaters  of  nearly  all  the  principal  streams.  Large  bodies  of  cherry  are  found  in  Greenbrier,  Nicholas,  Webster, 
and  other  counties  immediately  west  of  the  mountains,  and  a  large  amount  of  hemlock  is  scattered  through  the 
valleys  and  ravines  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghanies.  The 
area  still  occupied  by  white  pine  is  estimated  to  extend  over  310  square  miles,  and  to  contain  about  990,000,000  feet 
of  merchantable  lumber.  The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  along  the  Kanawha  river  at  Konceverte, 
in  Greenbrier  county,  at  Parkersburg,  and  along  the  upper  Potomac. 

Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  gave  a  product  during  the  census  year  of  3,549,000,  valued  at  $146,000. 

Dnring  the  census  year  476,775  acres  of  woods  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $155,280.  Of 
these  fires  the  largest  number  was  traced  to  the  careless  clearing  of  land  for  agricultural  purposes,  although  many 
had  their  origin  in  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  fast  increasing  in  importance,  and  seems  destined,  with  the  exhaustion 
of  the  more  accessible  hard-wood  forests  of  the  country,  to  assume  a  much  greater  development  than  at  present 
Large  quantities  of  black  walnut,  yellow  poplar,  and  oak  in  the  log  are  shipped  to  northern  markets  and  to  Europe. 

The  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  West  Virginia  are  extracted  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report: 

"Entering  West  Virginia  at  Keyser  (New  Creek)  by  way  of  Cumberland,  Maryland,  we  find  ourselves  in  one 
of  the  narrow  valleys  lying  among  the  low  abrupt  ridges  of  the  northern  Alleghanies,  among  which  we  have  been 
traveling  since  we  reached  the  vicinity  of  Williamsport,  Pennsylvania.  Coming  south  from  middle  Pennsylvania, 
however,  the  forest  growth  covering  the  long  mountain  chains  within  view  from  the  railroad  becomes  heavier  and 
heavier,  the  evidences  of  fire  and  ax  largely  disappearing.  On  the  hills  above  Keyser  fewer  evergreens  appeared 
than  I  had  previously  seen.  A  few  slopes  were  principally  occupied  by  pine  in  variety,  but  the  mountains  of  this 


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»8  -^  g  1  §  &  a 

Els ; 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  513 

region  were  covered  with  a  growth  of  deciduous  trees,  white,  black,  red,  Spanish,  and  chestnut  oaks,  hickories, 
butternuts,  black  walnuts,  yellow  poplars,  locusts,  elms,  sugar  maples,  etc.  At  Piedmont  some  $200,000  have  been 
expended  in  the  construction  of  a  boom  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Potomac.  At  this  point,  as  well  as  at  Swauton  and 
Deer  Park,  on  the  Maryland  side,  there  are  mills  sawing  chiefly  white  oak,  and  also  considerable  white  pine,  spruce, 
hemlock, poplar,  white  ash,  etc.  Some  spruce  which  had  not  been  seen  or  heard  of  in  the  timber  belt  of  Pennsylvania 
is  found  20  miles  above  Piedmont.  The  market  for  lumber  manufactured  here  is  chiefly  eastward.  Much  of  the  oak 
is  sent  to  Europe,  partly  in  the  form  of  squared  timber,  partly  cut  5  by  12  inches  and  from  15  to  20  feet  long.  The 
mills  at  Swanton  and  Deer  Park  are  located  on  the  railroad,  and  cut  timber  is  hauled  to  them  from  the  vicinity. 
The  mills  at  Piedmont  are  fed  by  logs  driven  down  the  river  from  the  western  portions  of  Mineral  and  Grant  counties, 
West  Virginia.  This  lumber  is  chiefly  oak,  spruce,  and  hemlock.  Great  difficulty  is  experienced  in  driving  this 
part  of  the  Potomac,  as  it  is  a  swift  and  rocky  stream.  Logs,  especially  oak,  constantly  lodge  on  the  rocks  or 
banks,  and  there  has  been  great  difficulty  in  maintaining  the  boom  and  dam  at  this  point. 

"  Rowlesburg,  in  Preston  county,  owes  its  existence  as  a  lumber  depot  to  the  fact  that  the  Cheat  river,  upon 
which  it  is  situated,  as  it  passes  through  the  Briery  mountains,  for  a  distance  of  25  miles  below  this  point  has  so 
narrow  and  rocky  a  channel  and  so  swift  a  current  that  it  is  not  possible  to  get  the  logs  farther  down  the  stream. 
Above  Rowlesburg  the  Cheat  river  is  a  good  stream  to  drive,  and  any  one  of  its  branches  can  be  driven  from  a 
point  125  miles  above  that  point.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Black  Fork,  30  miles  above,  the  timber  is  brought  down 
in  rafts  rather  than  as  separate  logs;  this  is  because  there  is  no  boom  as  yet  at  Eowlesburg  to  stop  the  logs.  There 
are  small  booms  on  Black  and  Shaver's  Forks,  many  miles  above  Eowlesburg.  Scattered  along  the  river  at  some 
distance  above  Rowlesburg  there  are  a  few  small  mills,  the  product  of  which  is  floated  down  the  stream  on  rafts. 
The  timber  of  Preston  county  between  Kowlesbung  and  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  oak,  poplar, 
chestnut,  ash,  beech,  yellow  beech,  hemlock,  bass  wood,  and  hickory. 

"  The  timber  of  Canaan  valley,  in  Tucker  and  Randolph  counties,  is  largely  hemlock  on  the  lower  lands,  on 
the  higher  situations  and  slopes  sugar  maple  and  beech  ;  and,  as  soon  as  a  suitable  elevation  is  reached,  spruce  is 
mingled  with  black  cherry.  In  other  portions  of  Tucker  county  and  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Cheat  river,  flowing 
out  of  Randolph  county,  the  timber  is  chiefly  oak,  poplar,  ash,  spruce,  cherry,  black  walnut,  white  pine,  etc.  This, 
however,  is  not  a  black-walnut  region,  and  there  are  here  nowhere  more  than  scattered  trees ;  a  careful  search  has 
failed  to  find  any  great  body  of  this  timber  here.  It  is  estimated  that  2,500,000,000  feet  of  yellow  poplar  are  still 
standing  in  the  valleys  of  the  Cheat  and  its  tributaries. 

"  Shaver's  Fork  is  heavily  timbered  with  spruce.  A  boom  has  been  constructed  at  Grafton,  on  Tygart's  Valley 
river,  a  main  branch  of  the  Monongahela.  It  is  a  rough  stream,  unfavorable  for  lumber  operations,  and  for  a 
distance  only  of  10  miles  above  Grafton  is  smooth  enough  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  rafts.  All  lumber  has,  therefore, 
to  come  down  in  separate  logs,  and  only  such  kinds  as  are  light  enough  to  float  well  can  be  got  down.  For  this 
reason  there  is  very  little  except  poplar  sawed  at  Grafton.  Oak  is  too  heavy  to  be  driven  successfully,  and  as  it 
cannot  be  tied  up  in  rafts  with  poplar,  as  is  done  on  the  Cheat,  the  stores  of  oak  timber  growing  in  the  valleys 
drained  by  this  river  must  wait  the  building  of  a  railroad  to  bring  them  to  market.  The  yellow  poplar  still  standing 
in  this  region  is  estimated  at  300,000,000  feet,  and  on  the  higher  grounds,  especially  about  the  headwaters  of 
streams,  there  are  fine  bodies  of  black  cherry  mixed  with  other  trees. 

"At  Parkersburg  are  located  the  mill  and  shops  of  the  Parkersburg  Mill  Company,  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Little  Kanawha,  a  short  distance  above  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio.  This  is  the  only  company  operating 
in  lumber  within  the  city  of  Parkersburg.  It  manufactures  about  6,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually,  mostly  poplar, 
some  oak,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  million  feet  of  beech.  Little  black  walnut  can  now  be  obtained  here,  and 
that  of  inferior  quality.  Rough  lumber  and  manufactured  articles  of  wood  find  a  market  in  nearly  every  direction, 
west,  north,  and  east.  I  was  astonished  and  delighted  to  see  how  closely  the  lumber  was  worked  up  and  the  great 
variety  of  articles  manufactured  from  slabs,  edgings,  culls,  etc.,  which  in  other  mills  are  so  generally  thrown  into 
the  waste  pile.  Broom  handles,  corn-popper  handles,  brush  handles,  brush  heads,  tool  handles  of  many  descriptions, 
and  fly-trap  bottoms  are  but  a  few  of  the  articles  which  are  turned  out  by  millions  from  odd  bits  of  wood,  few  of 
which  are  too  small  to  make  something  or  other  from.  The  company -executes  orders  for  articles  used  in 
manufactories  widely  distributed  over  the  country  from  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  to  Boston  and  New  York.  Poplar 
is  used  for  broom  handles,  and  beech,  maple,  sycamore,  black  walnut,  cherry,  etc.,  for  smaller  articles.  This  company 
does  not  own  and  operate  timber  lands,  but  buys  its  logs  from  parties  who  deliver  rafts  to  its  mill.  Formerly 
much  lumber  was  wasted  in  this  region  in  clearing  lands  for  farms,  but  now  proprietors  of  land  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  cut  and  save  their  logs,  which  they  bring  down  in  rafts  themselves  or  sell  to  parties  who  make  a 
business  of  rafting.  Once  out  of  the  small  streams,  the  logs  are  easily  rafted  down  the  Little  Kanawha  during 
favorable  seasons. 

"There  are  no  booms  on  the  Little  Kanawha,  except  temporary  constructions  for  special  purposes,  which  are 
broken  up  by  every  flood.  Several  years  ago  it  was  supposed  that  the  timber  on  this  river  was  nearly  exhausted, 
but  it  continues  to  come  down  in  undiminished  quantities  to  the  value  of  some  hundred  thousand  dollars  annually, 
in  addition  to  railroad  ties,  staves,  etc.  It  is  only  about  40  miles  up  the  main  river,  and  to  no  great  distance  back 
from  the  stream,  that  the  supply  of  oak  is  exhausted.  The  river  is  a  hundred  miles  long,  and  about  its  upper 
33  FOR 


514  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

waters  ami  those  of  its  tributaries  the  oak  is  comparatively  untouched.  Much  of  Wirt  county  and  the  greater  part 
of  Roane,  Calhoun,  and  Giliner,  iu  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Little  Kanawha,  are  a  vast  virgin  forest  of  oak 
and  poplar,  containing  a  good  deal  of  black  walnut  and  sugar  maple  and  some  black  cherry.  Baxter  county  is 
magnificently  timbered,  as  is  Webster,  although  the  timber  here  is  yet  inaccessible. 

"The  Gnyandotte  is  a  good  river  for  lumbering  operations.  Rafts  can  come  down  from  a  point  100  miles  from 
its  mouth.  There  are  yet  no  booms  on  this  river,  except  strings  of  logs  occasionally  stretched  across  it  for  temporary 
purposes.  On  its  course  above  Guyandotte  are  four  or  five  mills,  doing  for  the  most  part  a  local  business,  their 
product  for  export  being  only  about  1,000,000  feet  of  sawed  lumber.  The  rafting  of  this  sawed  lumber  is  attended 
with  some  risk  of  loss,  and  therefore  a  much  greater  amount  is  brought  down  in  uusawed  logs  bound  together  in 
rafts,  which  are  taken  down  the  Ohio  and  sold  to  various  mills  along  its  course.  These  rafts  are  usually  made  11 
logs  wide,  and  three  or  four  of  these  courses  are  placed  end  to  end.  White  oak  is  made  up  into  rafts  with  a  poplar 
log  in  the  center  of  each  course,  and  thus  the  raft  is  made  light  enough  to  float  easily.  Along  the  Guyandotte,  in  the 
lower  part  of  its  course,  the  oak  and  poplar  have  been  cut  for  a  distance  of  from  1  mile  to  2  miles  from  the  stream,  the 
black  walnut  for  some  5  miles  back  ;  but  nine-tenths  of  the  area  drained  by  this  river  is  still  in  original  forest, 
composed  of  white,  chestnut,  and  other  oaks,  poplar,  walnut,  several  hickories,  beech,  sugar  maples,  sycamore,  ash, 
etc.  In  this,  region  there  is,  in  the  aggregate,  a  good  deal  of  black  walnut,  but  it  exists  as  scattered  trees  rather 
than  iu  groves  or  tracts. 

"  Coal  river  is  1GO  miles  long,  and  for  36  miles,  or  to  Peytoua,  is  navigable  for  barges.  The  valley  of  this  river 
is  covered  with  truly  magnificent  forests,  in  which  the  trees  of  the  several  species  composing  them  attain  remarkable 
dimensions.  Poplar  and  white  oak  here  exist  in  nearly  equal  proportions,  and  together  constitute  about  a  third  of 
the  timber.  Besides  these  there  is  a  good  deal  of  black  cherry,  lin,  and  locust,  as  well  as  hemlock,  the  latter  not 
being  considered  valuable  iu  this  country.  Black  walnut  appears  more  abundant  in  this  region  than  in  any  other 
of  similar  extent  of  which  I  have  yet  heard.  But  little  timber  has  yet  been  removed  from  the  valley  of  this  river, 
and  it  is  chiefly  the  lower  portion  and  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  banks  which  have  been  lumbered. 

"  The  Elk  river  empties  into  the  Kauawha  at  Charleston.  About  2  miles  above  its  mouth  are  located  a  boom  and 
several  saw-mills,  and  here  are  also  a  dam  and  lock  which  secure  slack-water  for  some  20  miles.  The  river  is  about 
180  miles  iu  length ;  logs  haAre  been  driven  from  a  point  150  miles  above  its  mouth,  but  its  valley  has  only  been 
lumbered  to  any  great  extent  iu  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  main  river,  and  to  a  distance  of  some  110  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Most  of  the  original  growth  of  the  forest  of  the  Elk  basin  still  remains,  and  is  composed  largely  of  white 
oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  and  poplar.  Black  walnut  here,  as  everywhere  else  in  this  state,  is  scattered,  although  it 
is  estimated  that  10,000,000  feet  of  this  lumber  still  remain  in  this  region.  Above  a  certain  altitude  and  about 
the  upper  waters  of  this  river  considerable  black  cherry,  sugar  maple,  and  birch  is  found.  Here  also  beech 
and  basswood  abound,  by  the  streams  hemlock  occurs,  and  on  the  mountains  a  little  black  spruce.  About  the 
upper  settlements  on  this  river  miles  of  fence  constructed  with  boards  of  black  cherry  and  farms  fenced  with  black- 
walnut  rails  may  be  seen.  Formerly  large  numbers  of  coal-boats  and  salt-boats  were  built  upon  the  Elk  river. 
Once,  also,  the  salt-works  of  the  Kanawha  required  vast  numbers  of  barrels ;  these  were  made  of  black  as  well  as 
white  oak ;  now  but  five  of  the  sixty  furnaces  once  boiling  brine  in  this  vicinity  are  in  operation,  and  there  is  little 
demand  for  black  eak  for  staves.  The  country  along  the  Kauawha  between  the  Elk  and  the  Gauley  rivers  has  been 
lumbered  for  5  or  6  miles  back  from  the  streams,  and  about  one-fourth  of  the  timber  has  been  cut  from  these  valleys. 
The  Gauley  river  with  its  several  large  tributaries  drains  a  valley  which  covers  nearly  5,000  square  miles;  its  length 
is  about  110  miles,  much  less  than  that  of  the  Elk,  which  is  a  long,  slender  stream,  but  it  occupies  a  much  broader 
valley  and  has  twice  the  volume  of  water  of  the  Elk.  Unlike  the  rivers  just  considered,  which  wear  out  for 
themselves  smooth  channels  through  the  soft  sandstone,  the  Gauley  is  a  rough  stream,  tumbling  rapidly  over  hard 
conglomerate  xock,  its  bed  being  full  of  bowlders  and  ledges.  For  the  first  10  miles  from  its  mouth  the  fall  averages 
4  feet  to  the  mile ;  above  that  20  feet  to  the  mile,  while  its  upper  waters  are  so  swift  and  rough  as  to  be  unnavigable 
even  for  small  boats.  For  these  reasons  the  Gauley  does  not  admit  of  the  passing  of  rafts,  and  it  is  a  difficult  river 
upon  which  even  to  drive  single  logs.  Its  valley  is  but  little  settled,  except  on  Meadow  river  and  along  its  right 
bank  below  that  stream.  Above  a  point  15  miles  from  its  mouth  no  timber  has  been  touched  except  by  the  few  settlers. 
In  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Gauley  for  15  or  more  miles  the  timber  is  chiefly  oak,  poplar,  walnut,  etc. 
The  Gauley  and  its  large  affluents,  the  Cherry,  Cranberry,  and  Williams  rivers,  all  head  back  iu  the  forests  of  black 
spruce,  which  sometimes  take  entire  possession  of  the  mountain  tops;  a  little  lower,  yet  often  mingled  with  the 
spruce,  hemlocks  and  black  cherry  abound.  On  Cherry  river  the  cherry  trees  so  predominate  over  all  others  as  to 
have  given  their  name  to  the  stream.  Here  are  trees  often  4  feet  in  diameter.  The  region  intermediate  between 
the  upper  and  the  lower  districts  of  the  Gauley  thus  described  contains  much  beech,  sugar  maple,  and  black 
cherry.  The  white  oak  which  abounds  in  the  lower  basin  of  this  river  disappears  above  an  altitude  of  2,000  feet. 
I  was  informed  that,  although  lumbering  operations  were  but  lately  begun  on  the  Gauley,  nearly  1,000,000  feet  of 
poplar  were  brought  out  of  the  river  in  1879,  and  that  it  had  yielded  50,000  feet  of  black  walnut  in  1880,  while 
there  were  now  in  the  river  poplar  logs  enough  to  make  3,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  About  one-fourth  of  the  cut  of 
late  years  has  been  sawed  at  mills  near  the  falls ;  the  rest  is  ratted  to  Charleston. 


9 


THE  :NT:- 


1 '"    Vol 


MAP  OF 

NOHTH   CAROLINA 

SIIUWIMITIIK  DISTHIHITION  ill'  Till-  1'IXK  HIRKSTS 

wmi  sncciAi,  HKKUHKNCIO  TOTIIF 

LUMItHK  INDl'STUV. 


<'(l.\[fllj-;i)  CNI'KH  THK  nlUKCTION  OF 

!'..s.sAH(;i-:.\T,  SI-KCIAI.  AI.KNT. 
Uiltl . 
Scale 


' 


i.i  t;  (•:  NP 


i,l  yaliie 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THtt  UNITED  STATES.  515 

"  The  valley  of  the  New  river  is  oiily  lumbered  for  from  3  to  5  miles  from  the  stream,  although  the  walnut  has 
been  gathered  10  miles  farther  back.  This  is  a  rough  country  in  which  to  lumber,  since  the  streams  cut  deep  into 
the  earth,  and  New  river  cannot  be  driven. 

"Ronceverte  is  situated  on  the  Greeubrier  river  at  the  point  where  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  railroad  first 
meets  this  stream  as  it  descends  from  the  Alleghauy  mountains.  Here  is  the  boom  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
Boom  Company,  and  here  are  located  three  or  four  lumber  firms  operating  steam-mills.  One  of  these,  the  New 
York  Hoop  Company,  uses  two  million  hoop-poles  per  annum,  chiefly  hickory,  manufacturing  hoops  for  flour 
barrrels,  pork  barrels,  hogsheads,  and  tierces,  besides  strips  for  boxes,  etc.  The  process  of  manufacturing  hoops 
was  explained  to  me  as  follows :  The  poles,  of  assorted  lengths  and  sixes,  are  passed  through  machines  which  split 
each  of  them  into  two,  three,  or  four  pieces,  and  these  are  put  through  other  machines  which  plane  flat  the  inner  side 
of  each  strip,  leaving  the  bark  intact.  The  hoops  thus  made  are  tied  into  bundles  and  shipped  to  New  York. 

"  The  Greenbrier  river  rises  in  the  limestone  sinks  in  Randolph  county,  whence  it  flows  southwesterly  through 
the  fertile  limestone  valley  between  the  Alleghauy  and  the  Greeubrier  mountains  for  a  distance  of  120  miles, 
emptying  into  the  New  river  at  Hiutou.  Flowing  through  such  a  valley  it  is  not  a  rapid  stream,  but  from  a  point 
12  miles  below  Travelers'  Rest,  on  its  headwaters,  it  is  fine  for  rafting.  Yet  the  stream  needs  some  improvement, 
especially  by  the  closing  up  of  back  channels  into  which  the  logs  are  borne  by  high  water,  to  be  left  in  swamps 
when  the  flood  recedes. 

"Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  timber  of  the  Greenbrier  river  has  been  removed  as  yet,  and  it  is  estimated 
that  in  its  valley  white  oak,  white  pine,  poplar,  cherry,  hemlock,  walnut,  and  ash  enough  remain  to  make  1,000,000,000 
feet  of  boards,  and  that  there  are  not  less  than  500,000,000  feet  of  white  pine  in  this  region,  occupying  a 
belt  through  the  center  of  both  Greeubrier  and  Pocahontas  counties.  The  eastern  limit  of  the  black-spruce  belt 
on  the  headwaters  of  the  Elk  and  Gauley  rivers,  the  most  extensive  and  valuable  in  West  Virginia,  coincides 
with  the  western  limits  of  the  white-pine  belt  lying  in  Pocahontas  county.  Its  southern  line  runs  northwesterly 
from  the  south  end  of  Pocahontas  to  near  the  center  of  Nicholas  county.  From  this  point  its  western  line  runs 
northeasterly  through  the  center  of  Webster  county  to  the  vicinity  of  Huttonville,  in  Randolph  county,  the  northern 
end  of  the  belt  covering  the  upper  waters  of  Shaver's  Fork  of  the  Cheat  river.  Over  this  belt  black  spruce  is  scattered 
more  or  less  densely,  sometimes  occupying  almost  exclusively  the  high  slopes,  particularly  the  northern  slopes 
and  the  summits  of  the  mountains. 

"  It  is  believed  that  10,000,000  feet  of  black  walnut,  in  paying  quantities,  could  still  be  gathered  in  this  part 
of  the  state,  aud  that  there  would  then  be  left  an  equal  amouut  so  scattered  that  it  could  not  be  profitably  collected 
at  present  prices." 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  forests  of  North  Carolina  were  once  hardly  surpassed  in  variety  aud  iinpo  rtance  by  those  of  any  other 
part  of  the  Uuited  States.  The  coast  region  was  occupied  by  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  southern  Maritime  Pine 
Belt;  the  middle  districts  of  the  state  by  a  forest  of  oaks  and  other  hard-wood  trees,  through  which  the  old-field 
pine  is  now  rapidly  spreading  over  worn-out  and  abandoned  farming  lands.  The  high  ridges  and  deep  valleys  of 
the  Appalachian  system  which  culminate  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  are  still  everywhere  covered  with  dense 
forests  of  the  most  valuable  hard-wood  trees  mingled  with  northern  pines  and  hemlocks.  The  inaccessibility  of 
this  mountain  region  has  protected  these  valuable  forests  up  to  the  present  time,  and  few  inroads  have  yet  been 
made  into  their  stores  of  oak,  cherry,  yellow  poplar,  and  walnut.  The  hard-wood  forests  of  the  middle  districts, 
however,  have  been  largely  removed  or  culled  of  their  finest  timber,  although  the  area  of  woodland  in  this  part  of  the 
state  is  now  increasing.  These  new  forests,  usually  composed  of  inferior  pine,  are  of  little  economic  value,  except  as  a 
source  of  abundant  fuel  and  as  a  means  of  restoring  fertility  to  the  soil,  preparing  it  to  produce  again  more  valuable 
crops.  A  larger  proportion  of  the  pine  forest  of  the  coast  has  been  destroyed  in  North  Carolina  than  in  the  other 
sou  them  states.  This  partof  the  state  has  long  been  the  seat  of  important  lumbering  operations,  while  the  manufacture 
of  naval  stores,  once  almost  exclusively  confined  to  North  Caroliua,  aud  always  an  important  industry  here,  has 
seriously  injured  these  forests.  The  original  forests  have  been  practically  removed  from  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  state,  the  great  regiou  watered  by  the  numerous  streams  flowing  into  Albemarle  aud  Pamlico  sounds;  and 
although  some  lumber,  largely  second-growth  pine  trees  of  poor  quality,  is  produced  here,  the  importance  of  these 
forests  is  not  great.  The  merchantable  pine,  too,  has  been  removed  from  the  banks  of  the  Cape  Fear  aud  other 
rivers  flowing  through  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  although  these  streams  still  yield  annually  a  large 
number  of  logs,  they  are  only  procured  at  a  constantly  increasing  distance  from  their  banks  and  with  a  consequent 
increasing  cost  for  transport. 

Forest  fires  inflict  serious  damage  upon  the  pine  forests  of  the  south.  During  the  census  year  546,102  acres 
of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  forest  fires,  with  a  loss  of  $357,980.  The  largest  number  o'f  these  fires 
were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  farmers  in  clearing  land,  to  locomotives,  hunters,  and  to  malice. 

Manufacturers  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock,  industries  which  once  flourished  in  the  eastern  and  central 
portions  of  the  state,  already  suffer  from  the  exhaustion  and  deterioration  of  material.  Such  industries,  however, 
are  increasing  in  the  extreme  western  counties,  and  promise  to  attain  there  an  important  development. 


51(3 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  following  estimate,  by  counties,  of  the  merchantable  pine  standing  May  31,  1880,  south  of  the  Neusi: 
river,  the  only  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  of  commercial  importance,  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Edward  Kidder,  of 
Wilmington.  It  is  based  upon  actual  surveys  and  tie  reports  of  a  large  number  of  timber-land  experts  familiar 
with  the  different  counties  still  occupied  by  the  forests  of  long-leaved  pine: 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Phuis  patustris). 


Counties. 


Bladen 288,  000, 000 

Brunswick 141, 000,  000 

Chatham 448,  000, 000 

Columbus 288,  000,  000 

Cumberland 806,  000,  000 

Duplin 21,  000,  000 

Harnett  486, 000,  000 

Johnston 663,  000,  000 

Moore 504,  000,  000 

New  Hanover 96, 000,  000 

Onslow 31,  000,  000 

Eobeson j  804,000,000 

Sampson '  602,  000,  000 

Wake 48,000,000 

Wayne 40,000,000 


Feet,  board 
measure. 


Total 5,  229,  000,  000 


Cut  for  t  he  census  year  ending  May  31, 1880,  exclusive  of 
50, 190.000  feet  cut  in  the  counties  adjacent  to  Alliemarle 
and  Pamlico  sounds  and  along  the  Pamlico  and  Nense 
rivers,  which  is  largely  loblolly  pine  (Finns  Tceda). 


108,411,000 


NAVAL  STORES. 

Small  quantities  of  crude  turpentine  were  produced  upon  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  between  the  Pamlico 
and  Cape  Fear  rivers,  soon  after  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  country.  It  was  sent  to  Great  Britain  or  converted 
into  spirits  of  turpentine  and  rosin  for  home  consumption.  The  demand  for  ships'  stores  had  greatly  increased 
the  North  Carolina  production  as  early  as  1818,  although  the  field  of  operations  was  not  extended  south  of  the 
Cape  Fear  river,  nor  more  than  100  miles  from  the  coast,  until  1836.  The  large  demand  for  spirits  of  turpentine 
created  during  that  year  induced  manufacturers  to  test  the  yield  of  trees  on  the  west  side  of  the  Cape  Fear  river, 
up  to  that  time  considered  unproductive.  The  result  was  satisfactory,  although  overproduction  and  low  prices 
deferred  until  1840  the  development  of  this  region.  Since  1840  this  industry  has  been  gradually  carried  southward. 
Naval  stores  were  produced  in  South  Carolina  in  1840,  and  in  Georgia  two  years  later.  Turpentine  orchards  were 
established  in  Florida  and  Alabama  in  1855,  and  more  recently  in  Mississippi  and  eastern  Louisiana. 

The  naval  stores  manufactured  in  the  United  States  are  principally  produced  from  the  resinous  exudations  of 
the  lon^-leaved  pine  (Pinus  palmtris),  and  in  small  quantities  from  the  loblolly  pine  (Pinus  Tceda),  and  the  slash 
pine  (Pinus  Cubensis)  of  the  Florida  coast.  The  trees  selected  for  "boxing"  are  usually  from  12  to  18  inches  in 
diameter,  although  trees  with  trunks  only  8  inches  through  are  now  sometimes  worked.  A  deep  cut  or  "box"  is 
made  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  by  a  cut  slanting  downward,  some  7  inches  in  depth,  and  generally  12  inches  above 
the  ground,  and  met  by  a  second  cut  started  10  inches  above  the  first  and  running  down  from  the  bark  to  meet  it. 
In  this  manner  a  segment  is  removed  from  the  trunk  and  a  triangular  trough  formed  4  inches  deep  and  4  inches 
wide  at  the  top. 

Two  such  boxes,  or  upon  a  large  trunk  sometimes  four,  are  made  on  each  tree.  A  "crop",  the  unit  of  production 
among  large  operators,  consists  of  10,000  such  boxes.  The  boxes  are  cut  early  in  November  with  a  narrow-bladed 
ax  specially  manufactured  for  the  purpose,  and  the  trees  are  worked  on  an  average  during  thirty-two  weeks.  As 
soon  as  the  upper  surface  of  the  box  ceases  to  exude  freely,  it  is  "hacked"  over  and  a  fresh  surface  exposed,  the 
dried  resin  adhering  to  the  cut  having  been  first  carefully  removed  with  a  sharp,  narrow,  steel  scraper.  The  boxes, 
especially  after  the  first  season,  are  often  hacked  as  often  as  once  a  week,  and  are  thus  gradually  extended 
upward  until  upon  trees  which  have  been  worked  during  a  number  of  seasons  the  upper  surface  of  the  box  is  often 
10  or  12  feet  above  the  ground.  For  these  long  boxes  the  scraper  is  attached  to  a  wooden  handle,  generally 
loaded  with  iron  at  the  lower  end  to  facilitate  the  operation  of  drawing  down  the  resin.  Once  in  four  weeks,  or 
often  less  frequently,  the  resin  caught  in  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  removed  into  a  bucket  with  a  small,  sharp,  oval 
steel  spade  attached  to  a  short  wooden  handle.  The  product  of  these  "dippings",  as  this  operation  is  called,  is 
placed  in  barrels  and  transported  to  the  distillery.  The  first  season  a  turpentine  orchard  is  worked  boxes  are 
usually  dipped  eight  times,  yielding  an  average  of  300  barrels  of  turpentine  to  the  crop.  The  second  year  the 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


517 


number  of  dippings  is  reduced  to  five,  the  product  falling  off  to  150  barrels,  while  for  the  third  season  100  barrels 
are  considered  a  fair  yield  from  three  dippings.  To  this  must  be  added  the  yield  of  the  "scrapes",  which  for  the 
first  year  is  estimated,  for  one  crop,  at  from  60  to  70  barrels  of  280  pounds  each,  and  for  succeeding  years  at  100 
barrels. 

Trees  can  be  profitably  worked  in  North  Carolina  by  experienced  operators  during  four  or  five  years,  or,  upon  a 
small  scale,  in  connection  with  fanning  operations  and  by  actual  residents,  several  years  longer;  farther  south  the 
I  ices  seem  to  possess  less  recuperative  power,  and  in  South  Carolina  four  years  is  given  as  the  outside  limit  during 
which  an  orchard  can  be  profitably  worked,  while  in  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama  they  are  often  abandoned  at 
the  end  of  the  second  and  always  at  the  end  of  the  third  year.  Twenty-five  men,  including  overseers,  wagoners, 
distillers,  coopers,  and  laborers  can  work  ten  crops.  The  average  wages  of  such  a  force  is  $1  a  day  per  man,  so 
that  the  cost  of  labor  necessary  to  work  a  crop  during  the  season  of  thirty-two  weeks  is  §480. 

The  following  grades  of  turpentine  are  recognized  in  the  trade  :  "Virgin  dip",  or  "  Soft  white  gnm  turpentine"- 
th»  product  the  first  year  the  trees  are  worked;  "Yellow  dip" — the  product  of  the  second  and  succeeding  years,  and 
becoming  darker  colored  and  less  liquid  every  year ;  "  Scrape"  or  "  Hard  turpentine  " — the  product  of  the  scrapings 
of  the  boxes. 

Rosin  is  graded  as  follows:  "W"— Window-glass;  "  N  "—Extra  pale  ;  "M"— Pale;  "K"— Low  pale;  "I"— 
Good  No.  1;  "H"— No.  1;  "  G  "— Low  No.  1 :  "  F  "— Good  No.  2 ;  "  E  "— No.  2;  «  D  "—Good  strain  ;  "C"— Strain; 
"B"— Common  strain;  "  A"— Black. 

Window-glass  is  the  lightest  grade,  and  is  only  produced  from  the  first  dippings  of  "virgin  "  trees — that  is, 
trees  worked  for  the  first  time.  The  resinous  exudation  becomes  darker  colored  and  less  volatile  every  year,  as  the 
box  grows  older,  and  the  rosin  produced  is  darker  and  less  valuable.  Trees  worked  during  several  years  produce 
a  very  dark  brown  or  black  rosin.  Spirits  of  turpentine  made  from  virgin  trees  is  light  colored,  light  in  weight, 
and  free  from  any  taste;  the  resinous  matter  yielded  in  succeeding  years  gains  more  and  more  body,  and  the 
additional  heat  required  in  distilling  it  throws  off  some  resin  combined  with  the  spirits,  producing  in  it  a  strong, 
biting  taste  and  greater  weight. 

Tar,  produced  by  burning  the  dead  wood  and  most  resinous  parts  of  the  long-leaved  pine  in  covered  kilns,  is 

graded  as  follows:  "Hope  yellow",  or  Eopemakers'  tar — the  highest  grade,  produced  with  a  minimum  of  heat  from 

the  most  resinous  parts  of  the  wood;  "lioany,"  or  "Ship  smearing" — the  next  running  of  the  kiln;  "Black"  or 

•  "Thin" — the  lowest  grade,  made  from  inferior  wood,  or  the  last  running  of  the  kiln,  and  therefore  produced  with 

the  maximum  of  heat. 

The  following  statistics  of  the  production  of  naval  stores  during  the  census  year  were  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Van  Bokkelen,  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  much  information  in  regard  to  the 
methods  used  in  carrying  on  this  industry : 


States. 

Turpentine. 

Rosin. 

Gallons. 
2  005  000 

Barrels. 
158  482 

Florida  

1  036  350 

68  281 

Georgia  

3,  J51  500 

277  500 

950  000 

20  000 

250  000 

20  000 

North  Carolina  

t  279  200 

663  967 

4  593  200 

333  940 

Total  

17  565  250 

1  542  170 

Eighty  thousand  barrels  of  tar  were  manufactured  during  the  census  year  in  North  Carolina,  and  10,000  barrels 
in  the  other  southern  states. 

The  total  value  of  this  crop  of  naval  stores  at  centers  of  distribution,  and  of  course  including  freight  from  the 
forest  and  different  brokerage  charges,  was  not  far  from  $8,000,000.  The  net  profits  of  the  industry,  even  in  the 
case  of  virgin  trees,  is  very  small,  and  at  present  prices  is  believed  to  be  unprofitable  except  to  the  most  skillful 
operators.  The  low  price  of  southern  timber-lands  and  the  facility  with  which  rights  to  operate  tracts  of  forest  for 
turpentine  have  been  lately  obtainable  in  several  states  have  unnaturally  stimulated  production.  The  result  of 
this  has  been  that  manufacturers,  unable  to  make  a  profit  except  from  virgin  trees,  abandon  their  orchards  after 
one  or  two  years'  working  and  seek  new  fields  of  operation ;  the  ratio  of  virgin  forest  to  the  total  area  worked 
over  in  the  production  of  naval  stores  is  therefore  constantly  increasing.  It  is  estimated  by  Mr.  Van  Bokkelen 
that  during  the  years  between  1870  and  1880  an  average  of  one-third  of  the  total  annual  product  of  the  country 
was  obtained  from  virgin  trees,  and  that  in  1880  one-fourth  of  the  crop  was  thus  produced,  necessitating  the  boxing 
in  that  year  of  the  best  trees  upon  (500,000  acres  of  forest.  The  production  of  naval  stores  is  carried  on  in  a 
wasteful,  extravagant  manner,  and  the  net  profits  derived  from  the  business  are  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the 
damage  which  it  inflicts  upon  the  forests  of  the  country;  the  injury  is  enormous.  Lumber  made  from  trees 


518  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

previously  worked  for  turpentine  is  of  inferior  quality,  although  it  is  probably  less  injured  than  has  been  generally 
supposed.  Comparatively  few  trees,  however,  once  boxed  are  manufactured  into  lumber.  It  is  estimated  that  20 
per  cent,  of  them,  weakened  by  the  deep  gashes  inflicted  upon  their  trunks,  sooner  or  later  are  blown  down  and 
ruined;  fires,  too,  every  year  destroy  vast  areas  of  the  turpentine  orchards,  in  spite  of  the  care  taken  by  operators 
to  prevent  their  spread.  It  is  customary  in  the  winter,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fires  which  annually  run  through 
the  forests  of  the  Southern  Piue  Belt  from  spreading  to  the  boxes,  to  "racket"  the  trees;  that  is,  to  remove  all 
combustible  material  for  a  distance  of  3  feet  around  the  base  of  each  boxed  tree.  Fire,  carefully  watched,  has  then 
been  set  to  the  dry  grass  between  the  trees,  in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  accidental  conflagrations,  and  to  give 
the  box-choppers  a  firmer  foothold  than  would  be  offered  by  the  dry  and  slippery  pine  leaves.  In  spite  of  these 
precautions,  however,  turpentine  orchards,  especially  when  abandoned,  are  often  destroyed  by  fire.  The  surface 
of  the  box,  thickly  covered  with  a  most  inflammable  material,  is  easily  ignited,  and  a  fire  once  started  in  this  way 
may  rage  over  thousands  of  acres  before  its  fury  can  be  checked. 

The  manufacture  of  naval  stores,  then,  decreases  the  value  of  the  boxed  tree  for  lumber,  reduces  the  ability'of 
the  tree  to  withstand  the  force  of  gales,  and  enormously  increases  the  danger  to  the  forest  of  total  destruction 
by  fire. 

Wilmington,  the  most  important  distributing  point  for  this  industry  in  the  United  States, handles  80  percent, 
of  all  the  naval  stores  manufactured  in  North  Carolina.  Previous  to  1870  Swansboro',  Washington,  and  New 
Berne  were  also  large  shipping  points. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

The  forest  covering  of  South  Carolina  resembles  in  its  general  features  that  of  the  states  immediately  north 
and  south  of  it.  The  pine  fores,t  of  the  coast,  nearly  coinciding  in  area  with  that  of  the  Tertiary  deposits,  covers 
the  eastern  portion  for  a  distance  of  150  miles  from  the  coast.  The  middle  districts  are  occupied  with  hard-wood 
forests,  or  forests,  in  which  pines  of  various  species  are  mixed  with  oaks,  hickories,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  The 
forests  of  the  Alleghanies,  rich  in  species  and  magnificent  in  tiie  development  of  individual  trees,  spread  over  the 
mountains  and  valleys,  which  occupy  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state.  The  streams  whicli.  flow  through  the 
Coast  Pine  Belt,  often  bordered  by  wide,  deep  swamps,  are  ill-suited  to  lumber  operations,  and  less  serious  inroads 
have  therefore  been  made  into  the  pine  forests  of  South  Carolina  than  into  those  of  North  Carolina  or  Georgia. 
The  merchantable  pine,  however,  has  been  removed  from  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  from  the  banks 
of  the  Little  Pedee  river,  and  from  along  the  lines  of  railroad. 

The  most  accessible  hard-wood  timber  has  been  cut  from  the  forests  of  the  middle  districts,  although  vast 
quantities  still  remain  remote  from  railroads  or  protected  in  deep  river  swamps,  inaccessible  except  during  a  few 
months  of  summer.    The  western  counties  still  contain  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber,  yet  undisturbed  except  • 
to  supply  the  wants  of  the  scattered  population  inhabiting  this  almost  inaccessible  mountain  region. 

The  manufacture  of  rough  red  and  white  oak  split  staves  and  headings  for  the  European  and  West  Indian 
trade,  already  an  important  industry  in  this  state,  is  capable  of  large  development;  rice  tierces  and  rosin  barrels 
are  also  largely  made  iu  the  coast  region  from  pine.  At  Plantersville,  in  Georgetown  county,  and  at  other  points 
along  the  coast  quantities  of  hand-made  cypress  shingles  are  manufactured  in  the  swamps. 

During  the  census  year  431,730  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  forest  fires,  with  a  loss  of 
$291,225.  These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  by  the  careless  burning  of  brush  upon  farms,  and  by  sparks 
from  locomotives. 

BURNING  OFF  DEAD  HERBAGE. 

The  pine  belt  of  the  coast,  in  South  Carolina  as  well  as  through  its  entire  extent  from  Virginia  to  Texas,  suffers 
from  fires  set  every  spring  by  grazers  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the  scanty  herbage  growing  among  the  trees 
of  this  open  forest.  These  fires  run  rapidly  over  the  surface  stripped  by  the  fires  of  previous  years  of  any 
accumulation  of  vegetable  material,  without  inflicting  any  immediate  injury  upon  the  old  trees  of  the  forest  unless 
a  turpentine  orchard  is  encountered,  when,  the  resinous  surfaces  of  the  boxes  being  once  fully  ignited,  nothing  can 
save  the  trees  from  total  destruction.  If  the  mature  trees  of  the  forest  are  not  under  normal  conditions  greatly 
injured,  however,  by  this  annual  burning  of  the  dead  herbage  beneath  them,  the  forest  itself,  as  a  whole,  suffers 
enormously  from  this  cause.  Slight  and  short  lived  as  these  fires  are,  they  destroy  the  vegetable  mold  upon  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  all  seeds  and  seedling  trees,  and  all  shrubbery  or  undergrowth,  which,  in  protecting  the 
germination  of  seeds,  insures  the  continuation  of  the  forest.  They  deprive  the  soil  of  fertility  and  make  it  every 
year  less  able  to  support  a  crop  of  trees,  and  in  thus  robbing  the  soil  they  influence  largely  the  composition  of 
succeeding  crops.  Few  young  pines  are  springing  up  anywhere  in  the  coast  region  to  replace  the  trees  destroyed, 
but  where  seedlings  protected  from  fire  appear  upon  land  long  subjected  to  annual  burning,  they  are  usually, 
although  not  universally,  of  less  valuable  species,  and  not  the  long- leaved  pine  which  gives  to  this  forest  its  principal 
economic  importance.  These  annual  fires  are  slowly  but  surely  destroying  the  value  of  the  Southern  Pine  Belt. 
They  destroy  all  seeds  and  seedling  trees,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  its  power  to  produce  again  valuable  species. 


10 


. 


DKXSITY  OF  FOKKSTS 

O  '.Mi'll.ril  r\IM-.H  1'IIK  DIUKC'I  IlIN  OF' 

C.  S  SAHlJKNT.  SI'KCI.M.  .ViKNT 

1883. 


! 


• 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


519 


The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  standing  in  the  state  were  made  up  from  information 
obtained  from  Mr.  Edward  Kidder,  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  in  regard  to  thatpai't  of  the  state  north  of  the 
Edisto  river,  and  from  Mr.  W.  G.  Norwood,  of  Blackshear,  Georgia,  for  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  They  are 
based  on  what  is  believed  to  be  less  accurate  information  respecting  the  northern  part  of  the  state  than  has  been 
obtained  in  regard  to  the  pine  forests  of  the  other  states,  and  allowance  should  be  made  for  possible  large  errors. 
The  estimates  are,  however,  probably  largely  below  the  actual  productive  capacity  of  the  pine  forests  of  the  state 
which  may  be  expected  to  exceed  by  25  or  30  per  cent,  the  following  figures : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (I'inun paluatrit). 


Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Count  H's. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Aiken                              

209,  000,  000 

171,  000,  000 

340  000  000 

5  000  000 

49  000  000 

76  000  000 

458  000  000 

326  000,000 

clicitiTaeld                                       

183,000  000 

191,  000,  000 

330  000  000 

465  000  000 

453  000  000 

l;irlil;ind 

88  000  000 

337  000  000 

380  000  000 

F;iirtield                                                               

7  000  000 

536,  000,  000 

Lreorgetown  — 

5  316  000  000 

202,  000,  000 

380  000  000 

Cut  fur  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880.  .  . 

124,  492,  000 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  Georgetown,  Charleston,  and  various  points  in  Hampton  and 
Barnwell  counties,  where  small  railroad  mills  are  located.  Charleston  and  Georgetown  are  the  distributing  centers 
for  naval  stores  manufactured  in  the  state. 

GEORGIA. 

The  northern  counties  of  Georgia  are  covered  with  the  forests  of  the  Alleghany  Mountain  region,  here  and  in 
northern  Alabama  reaching  the  southern  limits  of  their  distribution  and  considerably  reduced  in  the  number  of 
species  composing  them,  the  pines,  firs,  beeches,  and  other  northern  trees  being  generally  replaced  by  the  broad- 
leaved  species  of  the  Mississippi  basin.  From  the  base  of  the  mountains  forests  of  oak  mixed  with  pines  extend 
southward,  occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  state  and  mingling  with  the  trees  of  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt  along 
its  northern  limits.  In  the  southern  and  coast  counties  great  areas  of  swamps  are  still  covered  with  forests  of 
cypress,  protected  by  their  inaccessibility  from  the  attacks  of  the  lumberman. 

The  merchantable  pine  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  principal  streams  and  along  the  lines  of  railroad  has 
been  removed,  and  serious  damage  has  been  inflicted  upon  the  pine  forests  of  the  state  by  the  reckless  manufacture 
of  naval  stores.  Vast  areas  covered  with  pine,  however,  still  remain,  while  the  hard -wood  forests  of  the  central 
and  northern  portions  of  the  state  contain  a  large  quantity  of  the  most  valuable  hard  woods. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  still  in  its  infancy,  and  this  and  other  industries  requiring  an  abundant 
and  cheap  supply  of  hard  wood  seem  destined  soon  to  reach  an  enormous  development  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia  and  the  other  states  of  the  south  Atlantic  division. 

During  the  census  year  705,351  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $167,620. 
The  greatest  number  of  these  fires  was  traced  to  carelessness  in  clearing  laud,  to  sparks  from  locomotives,  and 
to  hunters. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  standing  in  the  state  of  Georgia  May  31,  1880, 
were  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Norwood,  of  Blackshear,  in  that  state,  a  timber  viewer  and  expert  of  high  standing. 
He  obtained  his  results  by  dividing  the  whole  pine  belt  into  irregular  regions  over  which  the  average  cut  per  a«re 
could  be  obtained,  allowance  being  made  for  clearings,  farms,  areas  of  culled  forests,  streams,  swamps,  etc.  The 
area  in  each  of  these  regions,  by  counties,  was  measured  upon  a  large-scale  map  and  the  standing  timber  computed. 
These  estimates  include  merchantable  pine  still  standing  on  land  partly  cut  over,  or  which  has  been  worked  in  the 
manufacture  of  turpentine.  The  boxed  areas  include  nearly  all  the  regions  from  which  any  pine  has  been  removed, 
and  extend  beyond  them  in  all  directions  into  the  uncut  forests  and  along  rivers  and  railroads. 

Similar  methods,  practically,  were  adopted  in  preparing  the  estimates  of  the  amount  of  pine  standing  in  Florida 
and  the  other  Gulf  states.  The  results  thus  obtained  are  not,  of  course,  strictly  accurate,  and  are  not  supposed 
to  be  so.  The  estimates  are  intended  to  show  the  average  productive  capacity  of  the  pine  forests  over  large  areas, 
and  to  indicate  generally  in  what  part  of  the  state  the  principal  bodies  of  pine  still  occur.  Liberal  allowance  has 
been  made  in  computing  areas  of  swamp  and  cleared  land,  and  it  will  probably  be  safe  to  add  10  per  cent,  to 
these  estimates  of  the  pine  standing  in  any  of  the  southern  states. 


520 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  following  is  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  pine  timber  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  1880 : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  palu.st.rin). 


Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

543,  000,  000 
134,  000,  000 
35,  000,  000 
410,  000,  000 
38,  000,  000 
281,  000,  000 
00,  000,  000 
733,  000,  000 
298,  000,  000 
117,  000,  000 
82,000,000 
246,  000,  000  ! 
96,000,000 
350,000,000  ' 
578,000,000 
339,000,000 
45,  000,  000 
653,000,000 
417,000,000 
334,  000,  000 
90,  000,  000 
299,  000,  000 
183,  030,  000 
6,  000,  000 
956,  000,  000 
ear  endinp  Ma> 

\ed  urowth). 

Floyd  

19,000,000 
17,  000,  000 
47,  000,  000 
76,000,000 
21,  000,  000 
22,  000,  000 
191,000,000 
488,  000,  000 
206,  000,  000 
291,  000,  000 
40,  000,  000 
1,  064,  000,  000 
128,  000,  000 
23C,  000,  000 
236,  000,  000 
10,000,000 
65,  000,  000 
52,000,000 
164,000,000 
379,  000,  000 
18,  000,  000 
791,  000,  000 
35,  000.  000 
2,000,000  ' 
220,  000,  000 
!35,000  feet  cnt  i 

Polk  

36,  000,  000 
408,  000,  000 
126,  000,  000 
21,  000,  000 
28,  000,  000 
188,  000,  000 
191,  000,  000 
44,  000,  000 
768,  000,  000 
53,  000,  000 
598,  000,  000 
104,  000,  000 
311,000,000 
84,  000,  000 
32,  000,  000 
161,  000,  000 
80,  000,  000 
240,  000,  000 
160,  000,  000 
48,  000,  000 
292,  000,  000 
152,  000,  000 
512,  000,  000 

16,  778,  000,  000 

Baker 

Pnlaski  

Grlynn      

Hancock  

Bibb 

Schlev  

Talbot  

Tattuall  
Taylor             

'I'd  fair             ..     .    . 

Terrell 

Clay 

Thomas 

McDuffie 

Ware 

Miller       

Mitchell 

Webster  

Wilcox      

Early 

Wilkinson  .. 

Worth  

Panlding 

Total  

I*ierce  

n  the  region  of  short- 

Cut  for  the  census  j 
leaved  pine  and  nil 

31,  18FO  (excluding  28, 

272,  743,  000 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  situated  along  the  coast  at  Brunswick,  Darieu,  Savannah,  and 
Saint  Mary's.  Logs  sawed  at  these  points  are  now  driven  down  the  various  streams  for  a  considerable  distance  from 
the  coast.  Large  quantities  of  pine  lumber  are  also  manufactured  in  different  mills  located  along  the  lines  of 
railroad  in  Appling,  Polk,  Floyd,  and  other  pine  counties.  Savannah  and  Brunswick  are  the  principal  points  of 
distribution  of  the  naval  stores  manufactured  in  the  state. 

FLORIDA. 

The  forests  of  the  Southern  Pine  Belt  cover  the  state  as  far  south  as  cape  Malabar  and.  Charlotte  harbor.  The 
long-leaved  pine  is  replaced  along  the  sandy  dunes  and  islands  of  the  coast  by  oaks  (of  which  the  live  oak  is  alone 
of  commercial  importance),  scrub  pines,  and  palmettos,  while  a  deciduous  forest,  largely  of  northern  composition, 
occupies  the  high,  rolling  lauds  in  a  large  part  of  Gadsden,  Leon,  Jefferson,  and  Madison  counties.  The  pine 
forests  gradually  decrease  southward  in  density  and  value,  and  south  of  latitude  29°  X.  are  of  little  present 
commercial  value.  Forests  of  pitch  pine  (Pinus  Cubensi.t),  however,  extend  far  south  of  the  region  occupied  by  the 
more  valuable  long-leaved  pine  bordering  the  coast  and  covering  the  low  ridges  of  the  Everglades.  Great  areas  of 
swamp  occur  everywhere  through  northern  and  central  Florida,  covered  with  forests  of  cypress,  red  cedar,  gum,  and 
bordered  with  bays,  magnolias,  and  other  broad-leaved  evergreens ;  while  the  hummocks  or  low  elevations,  covered 
with  rich  soil  and  everywhere  common,  bear  oaks  and  other  deciduous  trees,  often  of  great  size. 

South  of  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay  the  character  of  the  vegetation  changes,  and  the  North  American 
arborescent  species  are  replaced  by  the  semi-tropical  trees  of  the  West  Indies.  These  occupy  a  narrow  strip  along 
the  coast,  cover  the  keys  and  reefs,  and  spread  over  some  of  the  hummocks  of  the  Everglades.  This  semi-tropical 
forest  is  confined  to  the  saline  shores  of  the  innumerable  bays  and  creeks  of  the  region,  or  to  the  coral  and  sedimentary 
calcareous  formation  of  the  keys  and  hummocks.  The  species  of  which  it  is  composed  are  here  at  the  northern 
limits  of  their  range;  individual  trees  are  comparatively  small  and  the  forests  of  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Florida  peninsula  are  commercially  unimportant,  although,  sufficiently  extensive  and  varied  to  supply  the  scanty 
population  of  this  region  with  lumber,  fuel,  and  material  for  boat-building  and  the  manufacture  of  fishing  apparatus. 

The  forests  of  Florida  have  not  suffered  greatly  from  fire.  Much  of  the  state  is  uninhabited  and  unfit  for 
agriculture  or  grazing.  The  danger,  therefore,  of  fires  set  in  clearing  land  for  farms  spreading  to  the  forest  is  less 
than  in  other  parts  of  the  south,  while  the  numerous  streams  and  swamps  everywhere  intersecting  the  pine  forests 
and  the  natural  dr.}  ness  of  the  sandy  ridges,  thinly  covered  with  vegetable  mold,  check  the  spread  of  fires 
when  started. 

During  the  census  year  105,320  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  as  burned  over,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$69,900.  The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  set  by  grazers  to  improve  the  pasturage  for  their  stock. 


DEPARTMENT   OF   THE    INTERIOR 


i       T       •     •  ,'-> 


MAI'     (IK 

GEORGIA 

:.M.TIII:  iii.sriuiiniiiNoM'iNK  HMI-.VIS. 

WITH  sn.riAi.  urnuiii.Nn;  in  mi: 
l.f.MHKH  IMlfSTHY. 

COMI-II  I  II  I  Mil. I:  'Mi  K  liH'.i:i-n..:v  uh 

C  S  SAIiCK.VT.  SI'KCIAI.  Alii'l.NT. 

utni . 


I.Kl.KXIl 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES." 


521 


The  following  estimates,  by  counties,  of  the  long-leaved  piue  still  standing  in  Florida  east  of  the  Apalachicola 
river  were  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss,  of  Jacksonville;  those  for  west  Ilorida  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile, 
Alabama : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINK  (Z'iH«*  ;>n7«s/m). 


Counties. 

Feet,  board 
meaMiiro. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

5'25,  000,  000  : 
144,000,000  | 
138  000  000 

150,  000,  000 
233,  000,  000 
23,  000,  000 
425,  000,  000 
346,  000,  000 
75,  000  000 

121,  000,  000 
66,  000,  000 
213,  000,  000 
103.000,000 
022,  000,  000 
218,  000,  000 
59,  000,  000 
72,  000,  000 
409,  000,  000 
187,  000,  000 

Baker 

Brevard  

(13,000,000 
81,000,000  ; 
77,000,000  ' 
455,  000,  000 
67,  000,  000 
00,  000,  000 
311,000,000 
142,  000,  000 
162,000,000 

r  ending  May  3 
•n  Florid:1.). 

Clay 

Taylor  

122,  000,  000 
200,  000,  000 
315,  000,  000 
104,  000,  000 
87,  000,  000 
210,  000,  000 

Wakulla  

Walton 

Hillsboruugh  

Cut  for  the  census  yes 
and  sawed  in  westei 

Polk  

6,  615,  000,  000 

,  It81  (excluding  77,500,000  feet,  estimated,  grown    iu  Alabama 

208,  054,  000 

Iii  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  timber  remaining  on  lands  which  have  been  cut  over,  or  of  that  injured 
by  the  manufacture  of  turpentine. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  Pensacola,  Millview,  and  Blackwater,  in  Escambia  and 
Santa  Eosa  counties.  The  logs  sawed  here  and  at  other  points  upon  Pensacola  bay  are  driven  down  the  streams 
from  the  forests  of  Alabama,  the  accessible  pine  in  this  part  of  Florida  having  been  long  exhausted.  A  large 
amount  of  pine  lumber  is  also  manufactured  at  Ellaville,  in  Madison  county,  upon  the  upper  Suwannee  river,  and 
at  Jacksonville,  Saint  Mary's,  and  at  various  points  upon  the  lower  Saint  John  river.  Logs  driven  from  the  lower 
Suwannee  river  are  sawed  at  Cedar  Keys,  where  are  situated  the  most  important  mills  in  the  United  States  devoted 
to  the  manufacture  of  red  cedar  into  pencil  stuff. 

Jacksonville,  Saint  Mary's,  and  Fernandiua  are  the  largest  centers  of  distribution  for  the  naval  stores 
manufactured  in  the  state. 

The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  Mr.  Curtiss'  report  upon  the  forests  of  Florida : 

"  In  visiting  western  Florida  I  have  had  particularly  in  view  the  examination  of  the  timber  of  a  part  of  the  state 
which  is  unlike  all  others  in  physical  conformation,  and  consequently  in  vegetation.  This  region  differs  but  little 
from  the  country  bordering  the  southern  Alleghanies,  and  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  the  southern  terminus  of 
the  Appalachian  range.  It  commences  about  40  miles  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  extends  northward  between 
the  Chipola  and  Okalokonee  rivers  into  southwestern  Georgia  and  southeastern  Alabama.  North  of  this  there  is 
little  to  connect  it  with  the  southern  mountains  except  the  rugged  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  river.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  hilly,  often  precipitous.  The  soil,  like  that  of  the  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia  and  Carolina, 
abounds  in  red  clay,  and  is  therefore  adapted  to  crops  which  do  not  succeed  in  other  portions  of  Florida.  The 
vegetation  is  extremely  varied  and  interesting,  comprising  most  of  the  plants  of  northeastern  Florida,  a  large 
portion  of  those  found  in  the  Piedmont  country  and  iu  the  rich  river  bottoms  of  the  interior,  and  a  considerable 
number  found  only  on  the  limestone  with  which  much  of  this  country  is  underlaid.  In  the  river  bottoms,  which  are 
inundated  at  seasons,  there  is  found  a  great  variety  of  trees,  some  of  which  attain  a  size  probably  not  equaled 
elsewhere.  In  this  small  portion  of  the  state  of  Florida  is  to  be  found  nearly  every  species  of  tree  growing 
within  the  limits  of  the  state,  except  those  semi-tropical  species  found  on  the  coast  south  of  Cedar  Keys  and  Mosquito 
inlet.  Fully  fifty  American  arborescent  species  here  reach  their  southern  limit.  A  few  species  show  marked 
diminution  iu  size,  and  all  northern  species  which  extend  southward  of  this  Chattahoochee  region  here  attain  in 
Florida  their  largest  dimensions. 

"There  are  two  trees  in  this  region  of  particular  interest,  as  they  are  not  known  to  grow  anywhere  else;  these 
are  the  stinking  cedar  (Torreya  taxifolia)  and  the  yew  (Taxus  Floridana).  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the 
Torreya  occurs  also  along  the  Wakulla  river,  and  perhaps  elsewhere  in  the  state,  but  there  is  no  positive  knowledge 
of  its  occurrence  except  along  the  Apalachicola  river,  on  the  limestone  hills  which  border  it  at  intervals  on  the  east 

"The  forests  of  this  region  are  still  almost  intact.  Some  poplar  and  tulip  wood  is  cut  from  the  river  banks 
for  northern  markets,  but  the  valuable  timber  on  these  rich  shores  is  as  yet  almost  untouched.  The  country 
southwest  of  this  region,  though  of  very  little  agricultural  value,  contains  an  immense  quantity  of  the  best  cypress 
timber,  hardly  yet  disturbed  by  the  lumberman. 

"Two  mills  have  recently  been  established  at  Apalachicola,  one  of  which  saws  nothing  but  cypress  lumber. 
The  product  of  this  mill  is  sent  to  New  Orleans.  As  white-pine  lumber  must  soon  become  scarce,  the  attention  of 
dealers  ought  to  be  directed  to  southern  cypress,  which  will  prove  a  good  substitute  for  it.  Although  there  is 
plenty  of  valuable  pine  in  this  country  the  swamps  render  it  somewhat  inaccessible,  and  the  mills  at  Apalachicola 


522  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

are  more  easily  supplied  with  logs  rafted  down  the  river  from  Georgia.  Many  hewed  logs  of  large  dimensions  are 
shipped  from  this  point.  The  country  near  Apalachicola  in  surface  and  timber  growth  is  much  like  that  of 
northeastern  Florida,  all  the  good  timber  having  been  cut. 

"PENCIL   CEDAR. 

"The  favorite  variety  of  red  cedar,  of  tall  and  straight  growth,  is  becoming  scarce,  but  there  remains  a  large 
quantity  of  quality  sufficiently  good  for  pencils  in  nearly  all  sections  of  the  state  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  cape 
Canaveral  to  the  north  end  of  Charlotte  harbor.  There  is  no  red  cedar  in  southern  Florida,  the  Dixon  mill  at, 
Tampa  having  exhausted  the  supply  within  reach  of  that  place;  but  new  mills  have  been  established  near  Webster, 
in  Sumter  county,  and  at  the  head  of  Crystal  river,  at  present  the  best  source  of  supply. 

"  CYPRESS. 

"The  main  body  of  cypress  in  southern  Florida  is  located  in  the  'Big  Cypress',  a  region  of  which  I  have  heard 
much  from  persons  who  were  in  an  expedition  which  went  through  it  during  the  last  Indian  war.  They  entered  it  at 
the  'Little  Palm  hummock',  18  miles  northeast  of  cape  Romano.  Traveling  east  about  12  miles  they  came  to  the 
'Big  Palm  hummock',  when  they  turned  and  traveled  nearly  due  north  for  six  days,  averaging  12  miles  a  day. 
Their  guide  then  informed  them  that  the  cypress  extended  12  miles  farther  north;  so  it  would  seem  that  the  main 
body  of  the  '  Big  Cypress '  has  a  length  of  about  85  miles  and  a  width,  as  they  think,  of  about  20  miles.  The  cypress 
grows  in  belts  running  north  and  south,  the  main  central  belt  being  about  6  miles  wide  and  consisting  of  large 
timber.  There  are  narrow  strips  of  cypress  and  pine  alternating  with  prairie,  although  probably  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  region  is  covered  with  cypress.  According  to  these  estimates  there  must  be  at  least  1,000  square  miles 
covered  with  cypress  timber  in  this  region,  which  in  times  of  high  water  could  be  floated  out  by  the  numerous 
creeks  and  inlets  flowing  toward  the  Gulf.  There  are  also  large  quantities  of  heavy  cypress  on  the  swampy  borders 
of  Peace  creek,  the  Hillsborough  river,  the  Withlacoochee,  etc.,  many  trees  squaring  from  2  to  4  feet. 

"The  long-leaved  pine  extends  south  to  Prairie  creek,  in  about  latitude  27°  N.  The  pine  between  Prairie  and 
Peace  creeks,  which  is  sawed  at  the  mill  near  Ogden,  belongs  to  this  species.  Timber  in  this  region  is  quite  shaky, 
and  from  all  reports  it  is  evident  that  the  yellow  pine  in  Manatee,  Orange,  and  Hillsborough  counties  is  quite 
inferior,  being  mostly  of  the  rough-barked,  sappy  variety  called  in  this  region  bastard  pine.  The  long-leaved  pine 
occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  interior  of  the  peninsula  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Charlotte  harbor  to  capo 
Malabar.  At  its  southern  limit  I  saw  trees  which  measured  over  2  feet  in  diameter  and  which  would  furnish  logs 
30  feet  long. 

"Pitch  pine  (Pinus  Cubensis)  appears  on  the  west  coast  at  Margo,  10  miles  north  of  cape  Romano,  and  extends 
northward  to  Prairie  and  Fishhead  creeks,  being  the  only  pine  of  this  region.  From  Charlotte  harbor  northward 
it  is  confined  to  a  belt  from  10  to  15  miles  wide,  bordering  the  Gulf,  extending  to  Tampa  and  as  far  northward 
as  Pensacola,  being  also  scattered  through  the  interior.  This  tree  seldom  exceeds  2  feet  in  diameter  or  50  feet  in 
height,  and  will  afford  a  great  quantity  of  framiug  timber,  although  it  will  be  probably  generally  used  in  the 
production  of  naval  stores,  for  which  it  is  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  long-leaved  pine. 

"  One  of  the  most  important  facts  in  regard  to  the  pine  forests  of  Florida  is  their  permanence.  Owing  to  the 
sterility  of  soil  and  the  liability  to  inundation  of  most  of  the  state,  it  is  certain  that  but  a  very  small  portion  of 
Florida  will  ever  be  cleared  of  its  forest  covering.  Taking  into  consideration  the  great  area  covered  with  valuable 
pine  forests,  and  the  fact  that  there  will  be  a  continuous  new  growth  if  the  spread  of  forest  fires  can  be  checked, 
only  trees  of  the  largest  size  being  cut,  it  is  evident  that  Florida  will  furnish  a  perpetual  supply  of  the  most 
valuable  pine  lumber." 

The  following  notes  upon  the  pine  forests  of  western  Florida  were  furnished  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile, 
Alabama :  • 

"The  pine  forests  occupying  the  region  between  the  valley  of  the  Apalachicola  river  and  the  banks  of  the 
Choctawhatchee,  and  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Chipola  to  the  bay  of  Saint  Andrew's,  are  yet  mostly  in  their 
primeval  condition  and  contain  a  vast  body  of  valuable  timber.  The  district  between  the  Choctawhatchee  and 
the  Perdido  is  the  seat  of  the  oldest  and  most  active  lumbering  industry  of  the  whole  Gulf  coast.  The  numerous 
streams  flowing  through  the  pine  forests  of  eastern  Alabama  to  the  large  bays  upon  the  coast  of  western  Florida 
make  fully  4,000  square  miles  of  southeastern  Alabama  comparatively  accessible  and  tributary  to  the  region  from 
which  the  lumber  finds  an  outlet  by  way  of  the  bay  of  Pensacola. 

"The  better  class  of  the  somewhat  elevated  and  undulating  timber-lands  which  surround  Escambia,  Blackwater, 
and  Saint  Mary  de  Galves  bay  were  long  since  stripped  of  their  valuable  timber.  These  forests  having  been  culled 
time  after  time  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  are  now  completely  exhausted.  The  low,  wet  pine  barrens, 
with  their  soil  of  almost  pure  sand,  which  trend  eastward  along  the  shores  of  Santa  Eosa  sound  and  Choetawhatchee 
bay,  have  never  borne  a  growth  of  pine  sufficiently  large  to  furnish  more  than  a  small  supply  of  timber  of  very 
inferior  quality.  The  ridges  between  the  Choctawhatchee  river  and  the  Yellow  river  are  also,  for  the  most  part, 
arid,  sandy  wastes,  never  yielding  more  than  a  few  hundred  feet  of  lumber  per  acre. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  523 

"  The  well-timbered  portion  of  west  Florida  commences  with  the  southern  border  of  Holmes  county.  This 
region  is  now,  however,  nearly  exhausted  along  water-courses  large  enough  for  rafting,  while  of  late  years  canals 
and  ditches  dug  into  the  forest  afford  facilities  for  floating  timber  growing  remote  from  streams  to  the  mills. 
According  to  those  best  informed  regarding  the  amount  of  timber  still  standing  in  this  section,  there  is  scarcely 
enough  left  between  the  Escambia  and  Choctawhatchee  rivers,  in  western  Florida,  to  keep  the  mills  on  the  coast 
supplied  for  another  half-dozen  years,  even  if  the  whole  of  the  pine  standing  could  be  made  available. 

"The  lumber  business  of  Perdido  bay  is  entirely  concentrated  at  Millview,  where  three  large  saw-mills  are 
established.  The  production  of  lumber  commenced  here  in  1865,  increasing  rapidly  from  10,000,000  feet,  board 
measure,  in  that  year,  to  three  and  four  times  that  amount.  All  the  lumber  manufactured  upon  Perdido  bay  is 
sent  to  Pensacola.  by  a  railroad  constructed  for  the  purpose.  Only  about  400  pieces  of  hewed  timber  are  shipped 
from  .Millview,  although  the  railroad  has  carried  an  average  of  37,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually  to  Pensacola, 
the  maximum  annual  yield  of  the  Millview  mills  having  been  45,000,000  feet. 

"  Pensacola  is  the  most  important  port  of  lumber  export  on  the  Gulf  coast.  During  the  year  ending  August 
30,  1870,  403  vessels,  of  a  combined  capacity  of  217,487  tons,  carried  from  the  harbor  of  Peusacola  3,090,469  cubic 
feet  of  hewed  square  timber,  3,769,527  cubic  feet  of  sJiwed  square  timber,  and  60,000,000  feet  of  sawed  lumber, 
board  measure.  Of  the  squared  timber  four-fifths  is  shipped  to  Great  Britain. 

u  The  peninsula  between  the  junction  of  the  Escambia  and  the  bay  of  Saint  Mary  de  Galves  is  low,  and,  along 
the  shore-line,  bordered  with  marshes.  The  timber  needed  to  supply  the  mills  located  upon  the  shores  of  these 
waters  lias  during  the  past  forty  years  been  drawn  from  this  region,  and  when  new  forests  have  replaci  d  the 
original  growth  they  have  been  cut  over  and  over  again,  and  still  furnish  a  small  amount  of  timber,  as  the 
turpentine-distiller  has  not  followed  the  log-getter  in  these  regions.  The  supply  of  timber  here,  however,  at  present 
is  ton  small  to  be  taken  into  account  in  view  of  the  enormously  increased  demands  of  the  mills.  There  are  three 
large  mills  on  Black  water  bay  producing  40,000,000  feet  of  lumber  a  year.  Three-fourths  of  this  lumber  is  produced 
in  the  establishment  of  Messrs.  Simpson  &  Co.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater  river,  at  Bagdad,  about  half  a 
niilc  below  Milton.  Mills  sawing  square  timber  are  situated  20  or  30  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater  and 
use  mostly  water-power.  The  mill  of  Messrs.  Milligau,  Cbaffin  &  Co.,  on  this  river,  20  miles  above  Milton,  sends 
28,000  pieces  of  square  sawed  timber  to  Pensacola,  averaging  32  cubic  feet  each ;  5,000  such  pieces  are  furnished  by  a 
few  very  small  water-mills  higher  up,  swelling  the  whole  amount  of  •square  timber  to  33,000  pieces.  The  last-named 
firm  has  acquired  by  purchase  large  tracts  of  public  land  along  Black  and  Coldwater  rivers.  To  reach  the  timber 
growing  on  their  laud  a  canal  20  miles  long,  with  sluices  that  intersect  the  small  tributaries  of  these  streams,  has 
been  dug.  By  means  of  this  canal  a  sufficient  supply  of  logs  is  secured  to  keep  the  mill  running  through  the  year. 
The  large  manufacturers  of  Bagdad  have  adopted  a  similar  system,  and  by  these  means,  and  by  the  construction  of 
tramways  tapping  the  more  remote  and  isolated  regions  tributary  to  the  waters  of  Black  and  Yellowwater  rivers 
toward  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  the  exhaustion  of  the  timber-lands  through  the  whole  breadth  of  western 
Florida,  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Choctawhatchee  river,  will  certainly  be  accomplished  before  the  end  of  the  next 
five  years.  A  sash,  door,  and  blind  factory  located  at  Bagdad  consumes  a  large  amount  of  cypress  lumber.  This 
is  procured  from  the  mills  situated  along  the  shores  of  the  upper  Choctawhatchee  bay,  and  is  grown  along  the  banks 
of  the  Choctawhatchee  river.  The  cypress  lumber  is  exclusively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sashes,  blinds,  doors, 
moldings,  and  particularly  in  the  construction  of  houses,  of  which  every  year  a  considerable  number  is  shipped 
by  the  way  of  New  Orleans  to  the  treeless  regions  of  western  Louisiana  and  Texas.  This  establishment  manufactures 
a  large  amount  of  fencing,  the  rails  of  cypress,  the  posts  of  red  and  white  cedar,  rounded  and  capped.  This  is 
shipped  to  New  Orleans  and  to  the  settlements  in  southern  Florida.  Of  late  years  it  has  commenced  sawing  pencil- 
boards  of  red  cedar.  The  logs,  of  very  superior  quality,  are  obtained  from  the  hummocks  and  bottom  lands  bordering 
upon  the  Choctawhatchee.  The  lumber  for  this  purpose  must  be  entirely  free  from  knots,  of  even,  close  grain,  the 
woody  fibers  perfectly  straight.  These  logs  are  cut  in  sections  6  inches  in  length,  and  the  carefully-selected  pieces 
sawed  into  slabs  2  inches  broad  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  Fifty  gross  of  these  slabs  are  packed  in  a 
case,  and  the  establishment  produces  about  six  hundred  cases  annually.  These  are  mostly  shipped  to  a  pencil 
factory  in  Jersey  City,  a  small  number  going  also  to  Germany. 

"  The  saw-mills  situated  on  the  shores  of  Choctawhatchee  bay  extend  from  the  mouth  of  Alaqua  creek  to 
Freeport,  and  westward  to  Point  Washington  ;  the  logs  sawed  at  these  mills  are  for  the,  most  part  brought  down 
by  raft  from  the  upper  waters  of  the  Choctawhatchee  and  its  tributaries.  The  lumber  sawed  here  is  mostly  long- 
leaved  pine,  with  a  small  amount  of  cypress.  The  product  of  these  mills  is  mostly  shipped  to  New  Orleans  in  small 
schooners  carrying  from  15,000  to  20,000  feet  each.  The  capacity  of  the  mills  upon  this  bay  is  in  excess  of  their 
production,  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  logs  causing  most  of  them  to  remain  shut  during  half  the  year. 

"  The  causes  which  up  to  the  present  time  have  prevented  the  destruction  of  the  pine  forests  about  Saint 
Andrew's  bay,  which  is  traversed  by  one  fine  river  and  bordered  by  another,  must  be  traced  to  the  difficulty  of 
navigating  these  streams  and  to  the  want  of  a  convenient  outlet  to  the  Gulf  at  Apalachicola.  There  are  few  saw- 
mills upon  this  bay,  supplying  only  the  local  demand,  and  even  these  are  furnished  with  logs  floated  down  the 
Chattahoochee  from  beyond  the  confines  of  the  state." 


524 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


SOUTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION. 


ALABAMA. 

The  northern  and  northeastern  portions  of  Alabama,  embracing  the  foot-hills  of  the  southern  Alleghauy 
mountains  and  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river,  are  covered  with  a  rich  and  varied  forest  growth  of  broad-leaved 
trees,  in  which  oaks,  hickories,  ashes,  walnuts,  and  cherries  abound.  South  of  the  Tennessee  river  the  rolling 
country  is  covered  with  oaks,  through  which  belts  of  short-leaved  pine  occur.  In  Cherokee  and  Saint  Clair. 
counties  isolated  bodies  of  long-leaved  pine  appear,  while-  a  narrow  strip  of  the  same  species  stretches  nearly 
across  the  state  between  the  thirty-third  and  thirty-second  degrees  of  north  latitude.  South  of  this  central  belt 
the  country  is  again  covered  with  forests  of  hard  woods,  which  farther  south,  in  the  rolling  pine-hill  region,  are  mixed 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  long-leaved  pine ;  and  this  species  occupies,  or  once  occupied,  almost  exclusively, 
outside  of  the  numerous  river  bottoms,  the  sandy  plain  extending  along  the  coast  and  reaching  nearly  100  miles 
inland  from  the  shores  of  the  Gulf.  Great  regions  of  swamp  covered  with  heavy  forests  of  cypress  occur  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  region  watered  by  the  lower  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers. 

The  forests  of  northern  Alabama  still  contain  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber,  although  the  demands  of  the 
rapidly-increasing  iron  industry  located  here  have  already  stripped  of  their  tree  covering  many  of  the  low  hills  of 
northeastern  Alabama.  The  best  pine  has  been  gathered  from  Mobile  and  Baldwin  counties,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Mobile  bay,  from  the  lines  of  railroads  and  the  banks  of  streams  heading  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and 
flowing  to  the  Gulf  through  western  Florida. 

The  pine  forests  of  southern  Alabama  have  long  suffered  from  the  reckless  manufacture  of  naval  stores. 

During  the  census  year  569,160  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$121,225.  Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  were  set  to  improve  grazing,  or  by  careless  farmers  and  hunters. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock,  furniture,  and  other  articles  of  wood  is  still  in  its  infancy  in 
Alabama  and  the  other  Gulf  states.  Snch  industries,  in  view  of  the  magnificent  forests  of  hard  wood  covering- 
great  areas  in  this  region  and  the  rapid  exhaustion  of  the  best  material  in  the  north  and  west,  must  in  the  near 
future  lie  largely  transferred  to  the  southern  states. 

The  cypress  'swamps  adjacent  to  Mobile  bay  yield  a  large  number  of  hand-split  shingles  and  give  employment 
to  many  persons,  principally  blacks. 

The  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  pine  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  1880,  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Charles 
Mohr,  of  Mobile,  who  carefully  examined  the  whole  pine  region  of  the  Gulf  states : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  paluatris). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

4  055  000  000 

West  of  Perdido  river            .          .      

2  000  000  000 

10  000  000  000 

In  the  Central  Pine  Belt                                            

1  750  000  000 

900  000  000 

180  000  000 

Total                                       -                    .                          

18,  885,  000,  000 

Cat  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (including  77,500,000 
feet,  estimated,  grown  in  Alabama  and  sawed  in  western  Florida). 

245,  396,  000 

SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  mitts). 


1,  875,  000,  000 

432,  000,  000 

Total                         .                     

2,  307,  000,  000 

Cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880,  none  reported. 

»  i 


'        • 


!,«.-  i«Mv.-,llm.-    I'm,,-  palustrial  will 


MAI'  OF 

ALABAMA 

SHOWING 

Tin-:  iiisTismrnoxoi'  TIIK  riM-:  H 

WITH  Sl'KCIAI.  HKFKIiKNCK  ToTlll: 

l.l'MitKI!  IMII'STItV. 

ruMrn.i:n  rNiii-:u  'i-in:  iiiiiKt-noN  UK 
.S.SAKliKVr,  SI'l-X'IAI.  ACK.NT. 

1881. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  525 

In  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  small  timber  standing  on  some  1,282,000  acres  which  have  been  cut 
over,  and  from  which  the  merchantable  pine  has  been  practically  removed,  or  on  600,000  acres  injured  by  the 
manufacture  of  turpentine. 

There  are  fewer  pine  trees  per  acre  in  the  region  of  mixed  growth  than  in  the  pine  belt  proper,  with  which  it 
mingles  on  the  north ;  but  the  individual  trees  being  larger,  the  average  amount  of  standing  pine  per  acre  is 
greater,  although  generally  of  poorer  quality. 

Mobile  is  still  the  principal  center  in  the  state  for  the  manufacture  of  pine  and  cypress  lumber ;  a  large  amount 
of  pine  lumber  is  manufactured  also  along  the  line  of  the  railroads  penetrating  the  pine  belt  in  Etowah  county,  and 
considerable  hard  wood  is  sawed  iu  counties  bordering  the  Tennessee  river  for  local  use  and  northern  shipment. 
Mobile  is  also  the  distributing  point  for  the  naval  stores  manufactured  iu  the  state. 

The  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Alabama  are  extracted  from  Dr.  Mohr's  report: 

"THE  MARITIME  PINE  REGION. 

"West  of  Mobile  the  road  traversed  for  a  distance  of  over  5  miles  the  plain,  or  so-called 'second  bottom', 
composed  of  a  more  or  less  tenacious  or  sandy  yellow  clay.  It  has  an  elevation  above  the  alluvial  of  the  river  of 
15  to  25  feet,  and  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  the  ridges  of  the  stratified  drift,  which  extend  to  within  C  to  18  miles 
of  the  shore-line.  Near  the  coast  this  plain,  flat  and  devoid  of  drainage,  forms  for  many  miles  the  low,  wet  savannas 
sparsely  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  long-leaved  pines ;  near  the  estuaries  it  is  interspersed  with  tracts 
covered  with  a  black,  light  soil,  rich  in  humus  and  bearing  a  luxuriant  growth  of  broad-leaved  trees  associated 
with  a  few  Coniferw,  and  with  the  wooded  swamps  which  extend  over  the  depressions  about  the  base  of  the  higher 
land,  and  follow  the  low,  inundated  banks  of  the  numerous  streams.  The  prevailing  forest  tree  of  this  plain,  now 
much  cultivated  in  the  vicinity  of  Mobile,  is  the  lonp-leaved  pine.  Situations  ottering  a  moister  and  somewhat 
richer  soil  along  the  hummocks  and  gentle  acclivities  bordering  the  swamps  and  the  bottoms  of  the  water-courses 
are  occupied  by  the  loblolly  pine.  With  this  is  often  associated  the  pitch  pine  (Finns  Cubensis),  which  prefers, 
however,  the  more  or  less  inundated  and  always  wet,  swampy  forest,  where  its  spreading  crown  towers  above 
the  gum  trees  and  white  cedars.  Wherever  in  the  plain  the  long-leaved  pine  has  been  cut  down,  this  pitch  pine 
principally  and  the  loblolly  pine  spring  up  to  replace  it. 

"Many  acres  can  be  seen  iu  this  region  covered  with  thrifty  seedlings  of  this  pitch  pine,  and  trees  have  sprung 
up,  to  my  own  knowledge,  since  1865,  which  are  now  from  20  to  25  feet  in  height  with  a  diameter  of  trunk  of 
from  4  to  6  inches ;  and  trees  from  50  to  60  feet  in  height  with  a  circumference  of  from  3  to  4  feet,  forming  quite 
extensive  forests,  may  be  seen  upon  the  shores  of  the  bay  from  which  the  primeval  forest  was  removed  about  fifty 
years  ago. 

"  Ascending  the  highlands  of  drift,  with  its  porous  soil  composed  of  irregular  strata  of  white  or  ferruginous 
sands,  gravels,  and  pebbles  interspersed  with  layers  of  clay,  the  home  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  which  here  arrives 
at  perfection  and  forms  the  entire  forest  growth  over  immense  areas,  is  entered.  Upon  this  formation,  after  the 
removal  of  the  original  forest,  either  the  long-leaved  pine  takes  possession  again  of  the  soil  or  is  replaced  by  a 
more  or  less  stunted  growth  of  various  species  of  oak  (Quercus  Catesb&i,  cinerea,  nigra,  obtusilob.i,  and  falcata),  the 
mocker-nut,  and  a  few  other  small  trees  and  shrubs.  What  the  conditions  are  by  which  such  a  rotation  is 
regulated  is  not  apparent.  It  is  no  doubt  much  influenced  by  the  conflagrations  which  auuually  sweep  through 
the  woods  and  which  are  particularly  destructive  to  the  young  pines,  but  it  cannot  be  explained  solely  upon  that 
ground.  I  have,  however,  observed  that  the  more  broken  lauds  with  the  same  sandy  character  of  surface  soil,  but 
with  a  more  argillaceous  subsoil  more  or  less  impervious  to  water,  are  mostly  covered  with  this  second  growth  of 
deciduous  trees,  and  that  the  flat  table-lands  with  either  a  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  are  invariably  covered  again  with 
a  second  growth  of  the  long-leaved  pine.  Among  such  young  growths  of  this  species  I  have  never  been  able  to 
discover  a  single  seedling  of  the  other  pines. 

"  CYPRESS  SWAMPS  OF  THE  TENSAS  RIVER. — The  river  was  extraordinarily  high,  the  lowlands  being  overflowed 
to  a  depth  of  more  than  10  feet.  The  torrents  which  had  fallen  during  the  past  three  weeks  caused  a  heavier  freshet 
than  any  that  had  been  experienced  since  the  spring  of  1875.  Since  that  year  no  such  opportunity  has  been  offered 
for  getting  heavy  cypress  timber  from  the  depths  of  these  swampy  forests.  No  idle  man  was  to  be  found  on  shore ; 
everybody  who  could  swing  an  ax,  paddle  a  boat,  or  pilot  a  log  was  in  the  swamp  engaged  in  felling  and  floating 
cypress  timber.  All  the  mill-hands  worked  in  the  swamps ;  fields  and  gardens  were  left  untouched,  and  even  clerks 
from  the  stores  were  sent  to  the  swamps  as  overseers. 

"We  soon  entered  the  deep,  dark  forest  stocked  with  some  fine  and  large  cypress  trees,  and  came  upon 
two  negroes,  each  standing  in  his  little  skiff,  engaged  in  felling  a  tree  of  the  largest  size.  It  was  astonishing 
to  witness  the  steadiness  and  celerity  with  which  they  performed  their  work,  considering  the  instability  of  their 
footholds  in  the  narrow  boats.  Every  stroke  of  the  ax  told  at  the  designated  place,  and  it  took  them  scarcely 
longer  to  cut  a  tree  in  this  way  than  if  they  had  been  working  upon  solid  ground.  The  top  of  the  tree  when 
felled  is  sawed  off  close  to  the  first  limbs  by  one  man  working  under  water  a  single-handled  cross-cut  saw. 
Another,  provided  with  a  long  pole  armed  with  a  sharp  iron  spike,  seizes  the  trunk  and  tows  it,  with  the  aid  of 


526  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

the  slow  current,  to  one  of  the  lake-like  sheets  of  still  water  which,  interspersed  with  streams,  are  so  common 
in  these  lowlands.  Here  the  trunks  are  made  into  rafts  and  can  be  floated  down  the  river  to  the  mills  along  the 
oanks  below  after  the  subsidence  of  the  flood.  The  greatest  part  of  this  large  timber  is  only  accessible  during  the 
time  of  a  high  stage  of  water,  so  that  th«  energies  of  the  whole  population  are  devoted  during  the  times  of  freshets 
to  getting  out  as  much  of  it  as  possible.  The  large  number  of  logs  harvested  shows  clearly  with  what  activity  the 
destruction  of  these  treasures  of  the  forest  is  being  pushed ;  and  the  reports,  as  of  heavy  thunder,  caused  by  the 
fall  of  the  mighty  trees,  resounding  at  short  intervals  from  near  and  far,  speak  of  its  rapid  progress. 

"  In  1831  Mr.  Vaughn  found  these  cypress  swamps  untouched  by  the  ax.  At  present  their  resources  are  so 
diminished  by  the  inroads  made  upon  them  during  the  last  twelve  years  that,  with  a  prospect  of  a  rapidly- 
increasing  demand  for  cypress  lumber  in  the  near  future,  he  judges  that  they  will  be  completely  exhausted  during 
the  next  ten  years.  This  opinion  is  shared  by  all  mill-owners  here,  who  believe  that  in  less  than  that  time  their 
business  must  come  to  an  end.  There  is  no  hope  that  the  supply  will  be  continued  by  the  natural  increase  of  young 
trees.  It  is  rare  to  find  small  trees  among  the  large  specimens.  Seedlings  and  saplings  are  not  found  in  these 
deep,  swampy  forests,  and  only  occur  in  the  openings  and  upon  the  banks  of  water-courses.  The  fact  that  the  almost 
impenetrable  shade,  excluding  the  admission  of  light  and  air  to  a  soil  almost  constantly  drenched  with  water,  is 
unfavorable  to  the  growth  of  a  new  generation  of  the  cypress,  threatens  to  exclude  it  from  localities  where  formerly 
this  tree  attained  its  greatest  perfection.  In  swamps- open  to  the  influences  of  light  and  air,  and  not  liable  to 
prolonged  periods  of  inundation,  a  growth  of  seedlings  and  small  trees,  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  smaller 
tributaries  of  the  larger  streams,  springs  up.  The  extremely  slow  growth  of  the  cypress,  however,  during  all  stages 
of  its  existence,  even  if  young  trees  spring  up,  destroys  all  hope  of  an  adequate  supply  of  this  timber  to  meet  the 
wants  of  coming  generations.  Trees  of  small  size  are  as  frequently  cut  as  large  ones.  Saplings  from  4  to  12 
inches  in  diameter  even  are  cut  and  supply  the  farmer,  the  builder,  and  the  mechanic  with  material  for  many  useful 
purposes.  Logs  not  over  30  inches  in  diameter,  however,  are  not  worked  up  in  the  Tensas  mills,  which  only  use 
logs  of  larger  size,  the  saplings  being  sent  in  rafts  with  pine  logs  to  the  saw-mills  of  Mobile.  It  is  rare  that  a 
tree  over  3  feet  in  diameter  is  found  perfectly  sound.  Trees  above  4  feet  through  are  almost  always  invested  with 
signs  of  decay.  No  timber  seems  to  be  open  to  so  many  defects  as  that  of  the  cypress.  Many  of  the  trees  are  '  wind- 
shaken  ' ;  that  is,  portions  of  the  body  of  the  wood  have  separated  in  the  direction  of  the  concentric  rings,  causing 
annual  splits  which  extend  throughout  a  great  length  of  the  trunk,  and  if  occurring  repeatedly  in  the  same  stick 
render  it  unfit  for  use.  A  considerable  number  of  the  larger  trees  are  rotten  in  sections.  Logs  cut  from  such 
trees  may  appear  perfectly  sound  at  both  ends,  but  are  found  hollow  and  rotten  in  the  interior.  The  inspection 
of  cypress  logs  requires  great  experience  and  care  to  protect  the  buyer  from  loss.  But  there  is  one  disease 
which  particularly  affects  this  timber,  the  cause  of  which  is  a  perfect  mystery  to  all  interested  in  the  matter,  (a) 
From  the  center  of  the  tree  outward,  although  never  extending  into  the  sap-wood,  occur  great  numbers  of 
spindle-shaped,  narrow  excavations  with  perfectly  smooth,  rounded  walls  more  or  less  tapering  toward  the  ends, 
parallel  with  the  bundles  of  woody  fibers  and  nearly  regularly  disposed  in  the  direction  of  the  annual  rings  of 
growth.  These  cavities  vary  from  one-half  an  inch  or  less  to  a  foot  in  length,  and  are  found  from  a  few  lines  to 
"an  inch  in  width.  They  are  filled  with  a  yellowish-brown  powder,  the  result  of  decayed,  woody  substance, 
although  the  walls  of  the  cavities  appear  perfectly  sound  and  unaffected  by  decay.  These  excavations  are  called 
'  pegs ',  and  timber  so  affected  '  peggy '  timber.  The  cavities  have  no  communication  with  the  surface  apparently, 
and  remaiu  always  inclosed  within  the  surrounding  belt  of  sap-wood.  It  is  only  in  the  case  of  very  old  trees  that  the 
larger  cavities  produced  by  the  junction  of  the  pegs  sometimes  reach  openings  produced  by  external  decay  or 
accident.  Undoubtedly  these  pegs  cause  the  large  hollows  so  often  found  in  the  center  of  large-sized  and 
apparently  perfectly  healthy  trees.  Some  of  the  timber  of  medium-sized  specimens  is  honey-combed  with  these 
pegs.  Such  peggy  stuff  is  useful  for  poles  and  pickets,  which  are  found  not  less  durable  than  if  made  from 
solid  lumber. 

"  Two  varieties  of  cypress  timber  are  recognized  according  to  the  color,  firmness,  and  heaviness  of  the  wood, 
and  are  known  as  white  cypress  and  black  cypress;  the  latter  has  darker,  closer  grained,  and  more  resinous  wood 
than  the  former,  and  will  sink  in  water.  Its  weight  makes  impossible  the  transportation  of  black-cypress  logs  by 
floating  under  ordinary  circumstances,  and  the  lumberman,  unable  always  to  recognize  these  peculiarities  of  the 
wood  in  the  standing  tree,  cuts  a  chip  before  felling,  which  thrown  into  the  water  indicates,  by  its  floating  or 
sinking,  whether  it  is  black  or  white  cypress.  Trees  of  the  heavy  variety  are  deadened  during  the  months  of  August 
and  September  by  cutting  a  deep  ring  through  the  bark,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  second  season  the  timber  is 
founjl  sufficiently  light  to  float. 

"The  cypress  region  of  southern  Alabama,  which  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  resources  of  its  forest 
wealth,  commences  upon  Mobile  river,  about  16  or  18  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Mobile  bay,  extending  through 
the  lowlands  upon  both  banks  of  this  river,  in  Baldwin  and  Mobile  counties,  where  it  covers  an  extreme  area  of  from 
75  to  80  square  miles.  It  extends  northward  to  the  junction  of  the  Alabama  and  Toinbigbee  rivers,  covering 


a  This  injury  to  the  cypress  is  caused  by  a  fungoid  plant  not  yet  determined,  although  widely  distributed  along  the  Gulf  coast. — 
C.  S.  S. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  527 

large  tracts  in  the  delta  between  them,  follows  uorthward  the  course  of  tliese  streams,  and  covers  the  extensive 
swamps  which  border  their  hanks  and  the  mouths  of  their  numerous  tributaries.  Upon  the  Alabama  the  cypress 
swamps  extend  to  the  lower  part  of  Clarke  county.  Next  to  the  Mobile  Itiver  region  the  largest  supply  of  cypress 
can  be  drawn  from  the  extensive  bottoms  of  the  Tombigbee,  about  the  mouth  of  Bassett  creek,  near  Jackson. 
During  the  freshet  of  the  present  year  (1880)  a  large  number  of  logs  from  this  vicinity  will  be  sent  to  the  mills  on 
the  Tensas. 

"BALDWIN  COUNTY. — A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  a  pine  forest,  unequaled  in  the  magnificence  of  its  tree  growth, 
and  supposed  at  that  time  to  contain  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  timber,  covered  Baldwin  county  through  its  whole 
extent.  To-day  this  forest,  from  the  line  of  the  Mobile  and  Montgomery  railroad,  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Mobile 
bay,  and  along  all  the  water-courses  as  far  as  Bonsecours  bay,  upon  the  Gulf,  is  entirely  destroyed,  and  presents  a 
picture  of  ruin  and  utter  desolation  painful  to  behold. 

"  The  production  of  naval  stores  has  been  carried  on  in  this  region  without  regard  to  any  of  its  future  interests, 
and,  the  forest  being  exhausted,  manufacturers  have  been  driven  to  seek  new  fields  of  operation.  In  the  old 
turpentine  orchards,  long  abandoned,  no  young  trees  have  sprung  up.  Too  far  remote  to  make  it  possible  to  get 
their  timber  to  the  saw-mills,  the  large  trees  which  have  sufficient  strength  to  withstand  the  effects  of  the  barbarous 
process  of  boxing  drag  out  their  precarious  existence  for  years  after  the  smaller  and  weaker  trees  have  been  laid  low, 
and  shade  the  ground  sufficiently  to  prevent  the  start  of  a  young  growth.  The  wood  of  these  old  boxes,  as  dead  pines 
are  called,  is,  after  the  loss  of  their  vitality,  charged  throughout  with  an  excess  of  resinous  matter,  and  is  in  that 
condition  sold  as  'fat'  or  'light'  wood,  being  greatly  esteemed  as  fuel  for  the  generation  of  steam.  For  this 
purpose  this  final  product  of  the  pine  forest  is  carried  to  the  city  of  Mobile  in  broad  flatboats,  propelled  by  one  huge 
square  sail,  and  steered  by  a  ponderous  horizontal  beam  serving  as  a  rudder.  In  a  few  years,  however,  this,  the  least 
valuable  and  the  last  product  of  the  pine  forest,  will  have  forever  disappeared,  and  with  it  the  last  remnant  of  the 
original  forest  growth  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Occasionally,  under  the  shade  of  the  trees  left  standing,  a  young 
growth  of  pine  is  found,  and  on  the  high  and  undulating  table-land  between  Mobile  bay  and  Fish  river,  where  the 
soil  is  light  and  very  porous,  a  low  and  scanty  oak  scrub  has  taken  possession  of  the  ground.  Toward  the  banks  of 
the  water-courses,  however,  where  the  largest  trees  were  first  cut  to  furnish  timber  to  the  mills  once  situated  on  Fish 
river,  thus  early  leaving  the  ground  open  to  atmospheric  influences,  fine  and  promising  groves  of  long-leaved  pine 
now  often  cover  areas  of  wide  extent.  I  measured  many  trees  in  these  young  second-growth  pine  forests,  grown  up 
within  the  last  twelve  to  twenty-five  years,  standing  from  15  to  30  feet  in  height  with  a  diameter  of  trunk  of  from 
4  to  G  inches,  of  thrifty  growth,  and  rapidly  overcoming  the  small  oak  growth  with  which  it  had  to  contend  for  the 
possession  of  the  soil.  It  is  the  turkey  and  the  upland  willow  oak  alone  which  occur  in  these  thin  soils,  too  poor  to 
support  the  Spanish  and  black  oaks. 

"  The  banks  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Fish  river  are  composed  of  marsh  or  white  drift  sand.  The  arid,  sandy 
ground  is  covered  with  a  dwarf  growth  of  live  oak  and  myrtle  live  oak,  observed  here  for  the  first  time,  and  which 
farther  east  formed  by  far  the  largest  part  of  the  oak  scrub  covering  the  shore-lines  of  the  large  bays  of  western 
Florida.  Two  or  three  miles  beyond  the  forks  of  Fish  river  a  belt  of  pine  forest  is  reached,  not  yet  destroyed  by 
the  mutilations  of  the  'box-cutter'  nor  bereft  of  its  best  growth  by  the  log-gatherer;  it  covers  the  highlands  and 
declivities  between  Fish  river  and  the  waters  which  find  their  way  into  Perdido  bay.  This  may  be  regarded  as  a 
virgin  forest,  only  slightly  invaded  up  to  the  present  time  along  the  Blackwater  creek,  Hollenger's  creek,  the 
Perdido  river,  and  the  bay  shore.  The  mills  situated  on  Perdido  river  and  bay  depend  entirely  for  their  present 
and  future  supply  of  logs  upon  this  forest  of  southern  Baldwin  county,  althoiigh  I  learn  that  it  is  expected  to  supply 
them  during  the  next  five  years  only,  even  if  their  production  of  lumber  does  not  increase.  This  fprest  extends 
over  six  townships  and  covers  an  area  estimated  at  from  125,000  to  150,000  acres. 

"THE  FORESTS  OP   THE   CHATTAHOOCHEE   IN   EASTERN   ALABAMA,  MIXED   FOREST   GROWTH,   ETC. 

"  The  forests  which  once  covered  the  wide  bottom  lands  of  the  Chattahoochee  in  the  neighborhood  of  Franklin, 
Alabama  (opposite  Fort  Games),  are.  now  reduced  to  small  patches  of  woodland  confined  to  the  base  of  ranges  of 
low  hills  bordering  the  plain  valley  to  the  southeast.  The  tree  growth  was  found  here  to  differ  in  no  way  from 
that  found  lower  down,  except  that  the  short-leaved  pine  (Pimts  mitis)  occurs  more  frequently.  The  crab  apple 
and  the  cockspur  thorn  are  frequent  along  the  borders  of  the  woods,  but  the  pond  pine  (Pimm  serotina),  which 
might  have  been  expected  here,  was  not  observed.  In  the  sandy,  wet,  and  deeply-shaded  bottoms  of  a  sluggish 
stream  winding  along  the  base  of  these  hills  I  found  the  spruce  pine  (Pinus  glabra)  abundantly  associated  with 
the  loblolly  bay,  red  and  sweet  bays,  and  stately  magnolias.  The  live  oak  is  not  found  here,  and  it  is  donbtlnl  if 
it  extends  in  this  part  of  the  Gulf  region  more  than  a  few  miles  north  of  the  thirty-first  degree  of  latitude.  The 
low  hills  do  not  rise  more  than  150  feet  above  the  plain;  in  entering  them  the  second  division  of  the  sylvan 
vegetation  characteristic  of  the  eastern  Gulf  states  is  reached — a  forest  of  mixed  growth,  which  must  be  regarded, 
on  account  of  its  extent  as  well  as  the  variety  of  its  vegetation,  as  one  of  the  important  natural  features  of  the 
region.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  have  an  equal  representation  in  this  forest  with  the 


528  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

conifers.  This  certainly  was  the  case  before  the  settlement  of  the  country,  but  as  the  broad  leaved  trees  occupy 
the  best  land,  the  areas  of  hard-wood  forest  have  been  more  reduced  by  the  demands  of  agriculture  than  have  the 
forests  of  pine. 

"The  distribution  of  the  different  species  of  trees  throughout  this  region  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  soil 
and  the  topographical  features  of  the  country.  In  general  it  can  be  stated  that  the  marls  and  calcareous 
Tertiary  strata  which  form  the  lower  ridges  and  more  or  less  undulating  uplands  and  plains  are  chiefly  occupied 
by  trees  with  deciduous  leaves,  and  by  a  few  yellow  pines.  Here  oaks  predominate,  and  especially  the  post 
oak  (Quercus  obtusiloba),  which  prefers  the  level  or  gently-swelling  ground  with  a  generous,  warm,  and  open  soil; 
with  it  is  frequently  found  the  black  oak  (Quercus  tinctoria),  the  Spanish  oak  and  black-jack  upon  soils  of  poorer 
quality,  the  last,  particularly,  preferring  one  of  closer,  more  argillaceous  character  mixed  with  fine  sand.  The 
black-jack  finds  here  its  best  development,  rivaling  often  in  size  the  post  oak ;  it  enters  largely  also  into  the 
undergrowth  of  the  post-oak  woods,  forming  dense  thickets  on  lands  too  poor  to  sustain  a  heavier  tree  growth. 

"The  hickories  are  unimportant  features  in  the  forests  of  this  region.  In  the  dry  uplands  they  seldom  attain 
more  than  medium  size,  although  in  the  more  shaded  and  richer  situations  the  mocker-nut  and  pig-nut  are  not  rare. 

"The  long-leaved  pine,  on  account  of  the  broad  extent  it  covers,  its  gregarious  habit,  and  the  splendid 
growth  it  attains  here,  must  be  regarded  as  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  this  region.  Confined  to  a  siliceous, 
dry,  and  porous  soil,  it  occupies  the  high  ridges  invariably  covered  with  a  deposit  of  drift,  often  found  widely 
spread  over  the  more  elevated  highlands.  For  this  reason  the  pine  forests  crown  the  hills  and  cover  the  more 
or  less  broken  plateaus.  They  are  found  also  toward  the  southern  boundaries  of  this  region,  where  the  sands 
and  gravels  of  the  drift  of  the  lower  pine  region  encroach  upon  arid  mingle  with  the  strata  of  older  formations. 
Under  these  circumstances  it  is  evident  that  the  line  of  demarkatiou  between  this  and  the  pine  region  of  the  coast 
is  difficult  to  determine.  The  best  distinction  is  found  in  the  fact  that  in  the  pine  forests  of  the  lower  pine 
region  the  growth  of  pines  upon  the  uplands  is  never  broken  by  patches  of  oak,  and  that  the  short-leaved  pine 
never  occurs  there.  Another  point  of  distinction  is  found  in  the  nature  of  the  second  growth,  which  springs  up 
after  the  large  pines  have  been  removed.  In  the  pine  woods  in  the  region  of  mixed  tree  growth  the  subsoil,  of 
Tertiary  origin,  seems  more  favorable  to  the  growth  of  oaks  than  to  a  second  growth  of  the  long-leaved  pine.  This 
is  replaced  generally  by  oaks  mixed  with  the  short-leaved  pine  and  various  deciduous  trees.  It  is  safe  to  assert  that 
the  southern  limits  of  this  region  coincide  with  a  line  following  the  northern  boundary  of  the  coast  drifts,  along 
which  the  lower  strata  have  completely  disappeared  be  neath  it.  « 

"PiKE  COUNTY. — On  the  broad  ridges  which  form  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Pea  and  Conecuh  rivers, 
upon  a  purely  sandy  soil,  are  found,  within  the  forest  of  long-leaved  pine,  tracts  with  strictly-defined  outlines  from 
a  half  mile  to  several  miles  in  width,  covered  with  a  dense  vegetation  of  small  trees  and  shrubs  peculiar  to  the 
perpetually  moist  and  cool  hummocks  of  the  coast.  The  soil  covered  with  this  growth  presents  no  unusual  features ; 
it  is  as  poor  and  arid  as  that  covering  the  rest  of  these  heights.  Hurrounded  on  all  sides  by  pine  forests,  not  a 
single  pine  tree  is  seen  within  the  limits  of  these  glades,  called  by  the  inhabitants  'pogosines',  an  Indian  name 
the  meaning  of  which  I  was  unable  to  learu. 

"  The  trees  are  of  small  growth,  the  willow  oak,  the  water  oak,  beech,  red  maple,  and  black  gum  rarely  rising  to 
a  height  of  more  than  30  feet  among  the  sourwoods,  junipers,  hornbeams,  hollies,  papaws,  fringe-trees,  red  bays, 
and  other  trees  of  the  coast.  These  glades  verge  upon  deep  ravines  from  which  issue  large  springs,  and  from 
this  fact  I  conclude  that,  below  their  sandy,  porous  soil,  strata  must  exist  perpetually  moistened  by  subterranean 
waters  near  enough  to  the  surface  to  supply  the  moisture  necessary  to  support  such  a  luxuriant  vegetation. 

"FOKESTS  OF  THE  TENNESSEE  VALLEY. 

"  The  character  of  the  forest  vegetation  changes  upon  the  limestone  formation  of  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee. 
This  new  region  of  tree  growth  extends  from  the  northeastern  confines  of  Alabama  to  a  short  distance  beyond  the 
Mississippi  state  line  with  a  width  of  from  35  to  40  miles,  and  reaching  beyond  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state. 
Its  prominent  feature  is  the  total  absence  of  pine  and  the  scarcity  of  other  evergreen  trees.  A  few  scattered 
saplings  of  the  loblolly  pine  are  found  on  its  lower  borders,  waifs  strayed  from  their  natural  habitats,  the  lower  part 
of  Morgan  county,  the  true  northern  limit  of  this  species,  in  Alabama  at  least.  The  red  cedar  is  the  only 
evergreen  tree  common  among  the  forest  growth  of  this  limestone  region,  and  the  durability  of  its  wood  combined 
with  its  beauty  places  this  tree  among  the  most  useful  produced  in  this  region.  The  red  cedar  forms  here  almost 
exclusively  the  second  growth  after  the  removal  of  the  original  forest,  covering  everywhere  with  extensive  groves 
the  dry,  rocky  hillsides  and  flats.  The  timber,  however,  of  this  second  growth  is  only  fit  for  the  most  ordinary 
purposes.  The  trees  branch  low,  and  the  trunks  are  consequently  full  of  knots  and  unfit  for  anything  except  fence 
posts.  The  fertile  portions  of  this  region  have  been  largely  denuded  of  their  forest  growth,  although  more  than 
half  is  still  covered  with  wood,  a  considerable  portion  with  almost  virgin  forest.  This  is  particularly  true  of 
Lauderdale  and  Colbert  counties  and  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  counties  of  Madison  and  Jackson.  The  vast 
quantities  of  oak,  ash,  walnut,  and  poplar  timber  contained  in  these  counties  can  be  sent  to  northern  markets  as 
soon  as  the  Tennessee  river  has  been  made  navigable  by  the  removal  of  the  obstacles  at  the  Mussel  shoals. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  529 

"  The  road  from  Decatur  to  Moulton,  in  Lawrence  county,  leads  through  broad  and  fertile  valley  lands,  broken, 
as  the  mountains  are  approached,  by  limestone  ridges  jutting  out  into  the  plain.  The  beautiful  Monlton  valley, 
.  inclosed  by  the  low  foot-hills  of  the  Sandy  Mountain  range  which  form  its  southern  boundary,  shows  only  along  the 
base  of  the  mountains  a  remnant  of  its  original  tree  covering.  Here  the  water  oak,  willow  oak,  red  oak,  mulberries, 
elms,  and  ashes  were  the  trees  found  in  the  lower  situations,  and  on  rolling,  higher  land  the  white  oak,  the  black 
oak,  post  oak,  sassafras,  and  dogwood  formed  the  prevailing  forest  growth.  The  lower  flank  of  the  steep  escarpment 
of  the  highlands,  a  terrace  of  limestone  cliffs  mostly  destitute  of  soil,  bears  a  stunted  tree  growth.  Here  the  red 
cedar  and  the  upland  hickory  abound,  and  where  the  surface  is  less  broken  and  a  deeper  soil  covers  the  rock, 
chestnuts  make  their  appearance  with  white  oaks  and  the  shell  bark  and  mocker-nut  hickories.  The  ascent  is  less 
precipitous  as  the  sandstone  ledges  are  reached,  and  here  the  yellow  pine  (Pimm  mitis)  and  the  scrub  pine  (Pinus 
inops)  are  prominent  among  the  oak  forests  of  the  mountains.  When  the  crest  of  this  abrupt  decline  is  passed  the 
oak  forest  is  reached.  It  covers  the  extensive  table-land  between  the  Coosa  and  the  eastern  tributaries  of  the 
Tombigbee,  and  extends  southward  from  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  to  the  lowlands  commencing  below  Tuscaloosa, 
occupying  an  area  of  nearly  6,000  square  miles. 

"  GENERAL  REMARKS. 

* 

"The  forests  of  long-leaved  pine  are  principally  confined  to  the  following  limited  regions  east  of  the  Mississippi 
river:  1.  The  Great  Maritime  Pine  region.  2.  The  Central  Pine  Belt  of  Alabama.  3.  The  Pine  Eegiou  of  the 
Coosa. 

"  Pine  forests  of  more  or  less  extent,  too,  mixed  with  woodlands  composed  of  deciduous-leaved  trees,  occupy 
the  ridges  covered  witli  a  porous  siliceous  soil  in  the  region  of  what  I  have  called  the  mixed  tree  growth,  and  which 
upon  its  southern  borders  verges  upon  the  Coast  Pine  Belt.  Upon  the  heights  of  the  low  ranges  of  the  metamorphic 
region  of  Alabama  are  also  found  more  or  less  extensive  tracts  of  this  pine,  generally,  however,  of  inferior  quality 
and  size,  while  as  far  north  as  the  thirty-fourth  degree  of  latitude  patches  of  thinly-scattered  pine  are  met  on  the 
brows  of  the  mountains,  and,  rarely,  on  the  plateau  of  the  carboniferous  sand. 

"  The  pine  forests  of  Alabama,  from  the  Escambia  to  the  Mississippi  state  line,  in  the  counties  of  Monroe, 
Baldwin,  Washington,  Mobile,  and  in  portions  of  Clarke  county,  cover  3,500  square  miles.  Of  these  about  1,000 
square  miles  have  already  been  more  or  less  destroyed  in  the  manufacture  of  naval  stores.  Allowing  25  per  cent, 
for  land  under  cultivation,  or  covered  by  a  forest  of  different  trees,  by  water,  etc.,  there  are  still  1,875  square  miles 
left  of  this  forest  to  supply  the  demands  of  the  future. 

"The  whole  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  lumber  received  at  the  port  of  Mobile  averages  about  60,000,000 
feet,  board  measure,  representing  the  product  of  mills  at  that  place  and  along  the  various  railroad  lines  leading 
to  it.  The  amount  of  hewed  square  timber  received  is  still  small,  but  the  business  of  exporting  timber  of  this  sort 
promises  to  assume  large  proportions  in  the  near  future. 

"THE  PINE  BELT  OF  CENTRAL  ALABAMA.— This  forest  occupies  the  deposits  of  drift  which,  in  a  strip  varying 
from  10  to  30  miles  in  width,  traverses  the  state  from  east  to  west.  Jt  is  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  line  connecting 
its  eastern  and  western  limits  that  its  greatest  width  is  found.  This  forest  is  estimated  to  cover  550  square  miles, 
no  allowance  being  made  for  lands  cultivated  or  covered  by  other  trees.  The  timber,  both  in  quality  and  quantity, 
is  unsurpassed  by  that  growing  on  the  best  sections  of  the  lower  pine  region.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  and  its 
export  to  northern  markets  has  only  been  carried  on  in  this  region  to  any  large  extent  during  the  last  three  or  four 
years,  and  it  is  now  rapidly  assuming  large  proportions.  The  most  important  saw-inills  in  this  region  are  situated 
on  the  line  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad,  between  Clear  creek  and  Elmore,  Elinore  county,  and  produced 
in  the  aggregate  67,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure,  during  the  years  1879-'SO.  Considerable  lumber  is  also 
produced  along  the  line  of  the  Selma,  Home  and  Dalton  railroad,  in  Chilton  county. 

"Naval  stores  are  not  yet  manufactured  in  this  region. 

"  THE  PINE  REGION  OP  THE  COOSA. — A  detached  belt  of  drift  largely  composed  of  coarse  pebbles  stretches 
from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Lookout  Mountain  range  through  the  valley  of  the  Coosa  river,  near  Gadsden,  covering 
nearly  the  whole  of  Cherokee  county,  to  the  Georgia  state  line.  This  forest  is  estimated  to  cover  from  400  to  450  square 
miles,  although  much  of  the  best  timber  nearest  to  the  river  has  already  been  exhausted.  Logs  are  driven  down  the 
Coosa  and  sawed  at  Gadsden.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  at  this  place  has  been  carried  on  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  amounts  to  an  average  of  20,000,000  feet. 

"NAVAL  STORES. 

"The  manufacture  of  naval  stores  in  the  central  Gulf  states  is  almost  entirely  restricted  for  the  present  to  the 
forest  contiguous  to  Mobile  and  to  the  railroad  lines  leading  to  that  port  and  to  the  southern  confines  of  the  pine  belt 
in  Mississippi.  It  is  only  during  the  past  two  seasons  that  turpentine  orchards  have  been  worked  near  Pascagoula, 
Mississippi,  Pearl  river,  and  in  eastern  Louisiana  above  Covington.  The  first  turpentine  distilleries  were  established 
on  the  Gulf  coast  a  little,  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  along  Fish  river  on  the  eastern  and  Dog  river  on  the 

western  shores  of  Mobile  bay.    The  business  soon  assumed  such  proportions  as  to  lead  to  the  destruction  of  the 
:.J4  rou 


530  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

forests  covering  hundreds  of  square  miles,  particularly  in  Baldwin  county.  The  production  of  uaval  stores  in  this 
,  county,  as  well  as  in  the  lower  part  of  Mobile  county,  has  at  present  nearly  ceased,  on  account  of  the  exhaustion  of 
the  forest.  It  is,  however,  now  carried  on  with  the  greatest  activity  on  the  line  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad. 
Between  Mobile  station,  in  Mobile  county,  and  Quitinan,  Mississippi,  there  are  at  this  date  not  less  than  thirty-three 
stills  in  operation,  while  along  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad  there  have  been  during  the  last  five  years  fifty- 
three  stills  established  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  These,  with  few  exceptions,  are  controlled  by  Mobile  capital, 
their  whole  product  being  handled  from  that  market,  so  that  the  returns  contained  in  the  annual  reports  of  the 
board  of  trade  of  Mobile  fairly  represent  the  whole  production  of  naval  stores  in  this  pine  region. 

"According  to  the  statements  contained  in  the  report  for  1880,  the  crops  amounted  in  the  years  1879-'80to  25,409 
barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and  158,482  barrels  of  rosin.  During  a  period  of  eight  years,  between  1873  and  the 
close  of  the  business  year  of  1880,  160,000  barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and  800,000  barrels  of  rosin  have  been 
produced  in  this  same  district,  (a) 

"  The  increase  in  prices  during  the  last  few  years  for  all  kinds  ef  naval  stores,  and  particularly  the  active  demand 
for  the  best  class  of  rosin,  have  given  an  increased  impetus  to  this  business,  in  consequence  of  which  many  of  the 
older  orchards  have  been  abandoned  and  new  ones  started,  while  the  number  of  new  boxes  cut  during  the  present 
season  is  greater  than  ever  before.  There  are  no  returns  to  be  obtained  of  the  production  prior  to  1875,  but  it  can 
be  safely  assumed  that  up  to  that  year  250  square  miles  of  pine  forest  had  been  boxed.  The  production  since  1875 
must  have  involved  a  further  destruction  of  640,000  acres,  or  1,000  square  miles  of  forest.  With  the  low  price  at 
which  pine  lauds  are  held  there  is  not  the  slightest  regard  paid  to  the  utilization  of  their  resources,  and  under 
the  present  system  they  are  rapidly  destroyed,  regardless  of  the  needs  of  the  future  and  with  the  sole  object  of 
obtaining  the  quickest  possible  returns  on  the  capital  invested. 

"It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention  here  the  results  obtained  by  a  practical  manufacturer  by  submitting  the 
refuse  of  saw-mills,  that  is,  slabs  and  sawdust,  to  a  process  of  combined  steam  and  dry  distillation,  with  the  view 
of  utilizing  the  volatile  products  of  such  waste.  He  obtained  from  one  cord  of  slabs  12  gallons  of  spirits  of 
turpentine,  25  gallons  of  tar,  120  gallons  of  weak  pyroligncous  acid,  and  12  barrels  of  charcoal.  From  one  cord  of 
lightwood  he  obtained  12  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpentine,  62£  gallons  of  tar,  and  60  gallons  of  pyroligueous  acid. 
The  sawdust  obtained  from  sawing  10,000  feet  of  pine  lumber,  subjected  to  distillation  during  one  day,  produced 
22  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpentine." 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  forests  of  Mississippi  originally  extended  over  nearly  the  entire  state.  Prairies  of  no  great  area,  situated 
in  the  northern  central  part  of  the  state,  presented  the  only  break  in  its  tree  covering.  The  forest  consisted  of  a 
belt  of  long-leaved  pine,  occupying  the  coast  plain  and  reaching  from  the  eastern  confines  of  the  state  to  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  from  the  coast  nearly  to  the  line  of  Vicksburg  and  Meridian.  The 
northeastern  portion  of  this  long-leaved  pine  forest  spread  over  a  high  rolling  country,  and  here  the  pines  were 
mixed  with  various  hard-wood  trees;  north  of  the  long-leaved  pine  forest  a  long  belt  gradually  narrowing  toward  the 
north  and  occupied  by  a  growth  of  short-leaved  pine  and  of  hard  woods  reached  nearly  to  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  state,  while  south  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  Tishomingo,  Preutiss,  and  Itawamba  counties,  a  considerable  area 
was  covered  with  forests  of  the  short-leaved  pine.  The  remainder  of  the  state  was  clothed  with  a  growth  of  hard 
woods,  which  in  the  swamps  of  the  Yazoo  delta  and  the  bottom  lauds  of  the  Mississippi  river  formed  vast  and 
almost  impenetrable  forests,  where  cypresses,  gums,  water  oaks,  ashes,  and  other  trees  which  find  their  home 
in  the  deep,  inundated  swamps  of  the  South  Atlantic  region  attained  noble  dimensions  and  great  value. 

The  pine  forests  have  been  removed  from  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Pascagoula  and  Pearl  rivers  and 
from  their  principal  tributaries  within  the  southern  tier  of  counties;  the  most  accessible  timber  has  been  cleared 
from  the  Biloxi,  Blind,  Jordan,  Wolf,  and  Tchefuncta  rivers,  flowing  into  Mississippi  sound,  and  from  the  line  of  the 
Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  Xew  Orleans  railroad.  The  long-leaved  pine  of  Mississippi  is,  however,  still  practically 
intact,  and  these  forests  are  capable  of  supplying  an  immense  amount  of  timber  as  soon  as  the  means  of 
transportation  can  be  furnished  for  it.  A  small  amount  of  pine  has  been  cut  in  the  northeastern  pine  region  from 
along  the  line  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad. 

The  hard-wood  forests  outside  of  the  bottom  lauds  have  been  largely  cleared  from  many  counties  in  providing 
for  the  requirements  of  agriculture.  Such  laud  when  abandoned  is  again  covered  in  the  central  part  of  the  state 
•with  a  growth  of  old-field  pine,  and  in  the  north,  and  especially  in  the  northeastern  counties,  by  a  vigorous  growth 
of  short-leaved  pine  (Pinus  mitis),  which  seems  destined  to  become  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  that  region. 
The  forests  which  cover  the  swamps  of  the  state  are  still  almost  intact,  although  the  most  accessible  cypress,  which 
has  long  been  cut  in  the  Yazoo  delta  and  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river  to  supply  the  Xew  Orleans  market,  has 
become  scarce. 

During  the  census  year  222,800  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $78,500.  Of 
these  fires  the  largest  number  was  set  by  hunters,  and  by  farmers  carelessly  starting  fires  in  clearing  land  or  to 
improve  pasturage. 

a  These  figures  differ  somewhat  from  those  prepared  by  Mr.  Van  Bokkelen.    See  page  493. — C.  S.  S. 


• 


MAI'  OK 

M  I  S  S  I  S  S  I  IT  I 

SIIOVlXtiTIIK  lUSTIUHITNINUF  Till;  I  'INK  I'OHKSTS. 


WITH  SPm.M,  Hh.TKHKMTTOTIII. 
U'MHKH  IXDI'STUV. 

COM!';  i    1'M'N  Df 

C.S  SARGENT,  SI'KCI.M.  A8ENT. 

Mini  . 


mn.-d  witli  ILnttw,  ,,-l- 


[.>j..:  LeavwlHiM    !' t<..K 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


531 


Establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  wagons,  win-el  stock,  cooperage,  etc.,  have  been  established  at  different 
times  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  industries,  however,  which  depend  upon  the  hard-wood  forests  for 
material  are  still  in  their  infancy  in  Mississippi,  and  are  capable  of  enormous  development. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  standing-pine  supply  of  Mississippi,  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by  Dr.  Charles 
Molir,  who  carefully  explored  the  forests  of  the  state : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Fi»ue  paluatri*). 


Koj-ions. 


Feet,  board 
mea«nre. 


In  region  west  of  Pearl  river,  tributary  to  the  Chicago,  Saint  Loins, 
and  New  Orleans  railroad. 

6,  800,  000,  000 
7,  600,  000,  000 

Region  of  mixed  growth,  exclusive  of  200,000  acres  injured  by  the 
manufactuie  of  turpentine. 

3,  800,  000,  000 

Total 

18  200  000  000 

108  000  000 

SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  mitts). 


1,  000,  000,  000 

5  175  000  000 

Total 

6  775  000  000 

7  775  000 

Iii  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  small  timber  standing  on  some  2,912,000  acres  which  have  been  cut 
over,  and  from  which  the  merchantable  pine  has  been  practically  removed. 

The  region  of  mixed  growth,  which  adjoins  the  pine  belt  upon  the  north,  contains  a  smaller  number  of  pine 
trees  per  acre  than  the  pine  belt  proper;  but,  the  individual  trees  being  larger,  the  average  amount  of  standing 
pine  per  acre  is  here  greater,  although  generally  of  poorer  quality,  than  nearer  the  coast. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  at  the  mouth  of  Pascagoula  river,  in  Jackson  county,  at 
Mississippi  City,  in  Harrison  county,  along  the  lower  Pearl  river,  upon  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and 
New  Orleans  railroad  in  Lincoln  county,  and  in  the  northeastern  counties,  where  are  located  many  small  railroad 
mills,  manufacturing  iu  the  aggregate  a  large  amount  of  yellow-pine  lumber  (Pinus  mitis). 

The  pine  forests  of  the  state  have  up  to  the  present  time  suffered  but  little  damage  from  the  manufacture  of 
naval  stores.  Turpentine  orchards,  however,  have  been  recently  established  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Pascagoula  river,  and  at  other  points  iu  the  coast  counties. 

The  following  remarks  are  extracted  from  Dr.  Charles  Mohr's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Mississippi : 

"  THE  PTNE  FORESTS  OF  SOUTHERN  MISSISSIPPI.— In  the  vicinity  of  Scranton,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Pascagoula  river,  little  is  left  of  the  original  pine  forest.  The  old  clearings  are  covered  with  fine  loblolly  pine, 
from  40  to  60  feet  high,  upon  rather  close,  dry  soil.  The  pitch  pine  (Pinus  Ctilensis)  forms  dense  groves,  with 
seedling  trees  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height  upon  lauds  of  lighter  soil  extending  to  the  sea-shore.  Oaks  are  not 
common.  Fine  groves  of  stately  live  oaks,  however,  line  the  banks  of  the  river  up  to  Moss  Point,  4  miles  distant. 

"  The  annual  export  of  lumber  during  the  last  four  or  five  years  has  averaged  45,000,000  feet  from  the  Pascagoula 
liver.  The  largest  percentage  of  this  lumber  is  manufactured  into  boards  and  scantling  for  ordinary  building 
purposes,  and  is  shipped  to  Cuba,  the  Windward  islands,  to  Mexico,  Brazil,  and  a  small  part,  in  the  form  of  deals 
2  or  3  inches  in  thickness,  intended  for  ship-building,  to  France,  Spain,  Holland,  Belgium,  and  Germany.  Large 
quantities  of  charcoal  burned  upon  the  banks  of  Black  and  Eed  creeks  are  sent  to  New  Orleans  in  small  coasting 
schooners,  which  run  also  from  the  bay  of  Biloxi  and  the  bay  of  Saint  Louis.  At  Moss  Point  eleven  saw-mills, 
which  furnish  the  lumber  manufactured  upon  it,  are  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  East  Pascagoula  river.  The 
combined  capacity  of  these  mills  amounts  to  220,000  feet  a  day,  although  the  annual  production  during  the  past 
years  has  scarcely  exceeded  40,000,000  feet.  The  timber  manufactured  in  these  mills  comes  from  the  Pascagoula 
and  its  tributaries,  the  Leaf  and  Chickasawha  rivers  and  their  sources,  the  Bogue  Homo,  Tallahala,  Bay,  and 
Okatuma  creeks,  as  far  up  as  the  southern  limits  of  Covington  and  Jones  counties.  A  small  number  of  logs  also, 
comes  from  the  Escatawpa.  The  logs  received  at  these  mills  average  20  inches  in  diameter  and  40  feet  in  length 
Sticks  of  such  average  dimensions  are  only  furnished  from  first-class  timber-lands,  which,  according  to  the  best 
judges,  produce  six  or  seven  trees  of  that  size  to  the  acre.  Only  lands  lining  the  streams  just  mentioned,  in  a 
belt  not  exceeding  3  miles  in  width  on  each  bank,  have  been  up  to  this  time  invaded  by  the  log-getter  to  supply 
these  mills. 


532  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"The  vastucss  of  the  timber  resources  yet  contained  in  the  region  embraced  in  the  northern  half  of  Harrison 
and  the  whole  of  Greene  and  Perry,  up  to  the  southern  confines  of  Marion  and  Jones  counties,  is  astonishing.  As 
is  the  case  in  Alabama,  however,  trees  furnishing  first-class  spars  for  masts  are  difficult  to  find;  they  have  been 
cut  by  spar  hunters  in  every  part  of  the  forest  which  could  be  reached  by  teams. 

''  Cypress  lumber  is  not  manufactured  in  this  region,  and  the  loblolly  pine  furnishes  so  small  a  part  of  the 
timber  manufactured  that  it  need  not  be  considered.  In  Jones  and  Covington  counties,  about  the  headwaters  of 
the  upper  tributaries  of  the  Pascagoula,  the  country  is  rolling,  intersected  by  numerous  small,  swift  streams  and 
rivulets.  This  region  is  magnificently  timbered,  and  devoid  of  the  barren  ridges  of  almost  pure  sand  so  frequently 
found  in  the  pine  belt  of  Alabama. 

''The  low,  flat,  more  or  Jess  wide  pine  lauds  bordering  upon  the  marshes  of  the  coast  are  sparsely  covered  with 
pine,  while  the  trees  growing  in  this  wet,  boggy  soil,  devoid  of  drainage  arid  overlying  a  subsoil  impervious  to 
water,  are  stunted  and  of  little  value.  The  lower  part  of  Harrison  county  is  covered  with  these  pine  meadows, 
which  fact  accounts  for  the  comparatively  small  importance  of  the  bay  of  Saint  Louis  as  a  lumber-producing  center. 

"At  Pearliugton,  on  the  Pearl  river,  is  established  the  large  saw-mill  of  Poitevent  &  Favre,  capable  of 
producing  100,000  feet  of  lumber  a  day;  at  Logton,  2  miles  farther  up  the  river,  are  two  mills,  and  5  miles  above 
these,  at  Gainesville,  there  is  another.  The  largest  part  of  the  logs  sawed  at  these  mills  is  cut  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Abolochitto  creek,  in  Hancock  county,  and  its  tributaries  extending  into  the  lower  part  of  Marion  county, 
50  or  CO  miles  distant.  The  remainder  comes  from  the  banks  of  the  Pearl  and  the  upper  and  lower  Little  rivers, 
which  empty  into  it  10  miles  above  Columbia. 

"  The  cypress  is  nearly  exhausted  from  the  lower  Pearl  river,  and  the  20,000  or  30,000  feet  of  this  lumber  which 
are  sawed  annually  at  Pearlington  are  derived  from  the  cypress  swamps  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Pearl  and 
Jackson  rivers,  where  there  is  still  a  large  amount  of  this  timber  of  good  size. 

"  The  eastern  bank  of  the  Pearl  river,  within  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt,  is  sparsely  settled,  and  forests,  the 
especially  in  Hancock  county  and  the  upper  part  of  Marion  county,  are  unsurpassed  in  the  quality  and  quantity  of 
their  pine  timber.  It  is  estimated  by  good  judges  that  these  forests  will  yield  an  average  of  2,000  feet  of  lumber, 
board  measure,  to  the  acre.  Up  to  the  present  time  a  strip  of  land  scarcely  3  miles  in  width,  embracing  the  banks 
of  the  water-courses,  has  been-  stripped  of  its  timber  growth,  and  fine  spar  timber  is  yet  to  be  found  here  a  few 
miles  back  from  all  th«  streams.  Almost  the  whole  of  these  rich  timber-lands  supplying  the  mills  on  Pearl  river 
form  a  part  of  the  public  domain. 

"  The  almost  unbroken  pine  forests  covering  the  upper  tier  of  counties  between  the  Pearl  and  Pascagoula  rivers, 
toward  tloe^horthern  confines  of  the  pine  region,  are  still  practically  intact.  The  wealth  of  these- forests  has  as  yet 
found  no  outlet  to  the  markets  of  the  world.  Thinly  settled,  they  are  still  largely  the  property  of  the  government, 
but  in  view  of  the  speedily -increasing  demand  for  lumber  and  the  profits  derived  from  the  lumber  business,  such  a 
condition  of  affairs  must  soon  come  to  an  end.  It  can  be  safely  asserted  that  by  far  the  largest  part  of  the  timber, 
felled  in  the  Abolochitto  region  is  taken  from  government  laud.  There  can  be  no  question  of  this  when  it  is  considered 
how  insignificantly  small  is  the  area  of  land  which  has  been  legally  entered  by  private  persons  along  that  stream. 
The  necessity  of  adopting  proper  measures  to  protect  the  timber  wealth  upon  the  public  domain  from  depredations  of 
such  enormous  extent  forces  itself  upon  the  most  casual  observer,  while  to  one  who  looks  closer  at  the  consequences 
of  the  continuance  of  the  existing  state  of  affairs  the  urgency  becomes  appallingly  apparent.  The  ever-increasing 
consumption  of  timber  at  the  mills  upon  Pearl  river,  of  which  one  alone  can  cut  100,000  feet  of  lumber  a  day,  will 
prove  a  powerful  stimulus  to  a  people  who,  since  the  development  of  the  lumber  business  in  these  regions,  have 
almost  completely  abandoned  their  former  agricultural  and  pastoral  pursuits  and  now  depend  entirely  for  their 
support  upon  cutting  pine  logs,  to  supply  this  enormous  demand  at  the  expense  of  the  public  property.  Already 
plans  have  been  made  to  invade  this  region  by  tramways  and  railroads,  in  order  that  its  timber  may  be  brought  to 
market.  This  is  true,  too,  of  the  region  between  the  Pearl  and  the  Amite  rivers,  down  to  the  marshy  lands  of 
eastern  Louisiana,  a  region  in  which  the  forests  are  also  particularly  good. 

"In  the  state  of  Mississippi  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that,  after  deducting  25  per  cent,  for  areas  of  swampy  and 
cleared  land,  9,000  square  miles  are  still  covered  by  forests  of  long-leaved  pine.  The  production  of  this  region 
during  the  census  year  amounts  to  108,000,000  feet;  of  this,  60,000,000  finds  its  outlet  at  Pascagoula,  30,000,000  by 
Pearl  river,  6,000,000  by  bay  of  Saint  Louis,  and  12,000,000  by  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  railroad 
to  northern  markets. 

"In  the  northern  part  of  Harrison  county  we  crossed  a  tract  from  which  twelve  years  ago  a  hurricane  swept 
a  belt  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide  of  all  tree  growth.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  growth  which  has  since  sprung  up 
among  the  prostrate  charred  trunks  of  the  pines  still  found  lying  about  in  large  numbers.  Black-jack  oaks,  the 
largest  not  over  12  feet  in  height,  are  mixed  in  almost  equal  numbers  with  stunted,  thin  saplings  of  the  long-leaved 
pine.  These  plainly  exhibit  the  helplessness  of  the  struggle  to  which  these  offspring  of  the  great  timber  tree  are 
subjected  under  the  influence  of  repeated  conflagrations  wherever  the  oak  scrub  has  sprung  up  and  added  fuel,  in  the 
abundance  of  its  leaves,  to  the  fires  which  annually  sweep  through  these  woods. 

"THE  NORTHEASTERN  COUNTIES. — After  crossing  the  Sucarnoochee  river  below  Scooba,  in  Kemper  county,  the 
pines  which  had  covered  the  ridges  near  the  borders  of  Lauderdale  county  disappear;  scarcely  a  stray  sapling 


THE  FORESfS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  533 

of  the  loblolly  pine  is  seen  as  Scooba  is  reached.  The  cold,  wet,  calcareous  soil  of  the  flatwoods  and  prairies  is 
nnsuited  to  the  growth  of  all  coniferous  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  cypress.  Along  the  railroad,  as  it  traverses 
the  flat  prairie  region,  the  country  is  sparsely  wooded;  large  tracts  of  the  prairie  lands  have  always  been  destitute 
of  trees,  and  the  woodlands  with  which  they  were  interspersed  were  cleared  at  the  first  settlement  of  the  country. 
"What  remains  of  the  original  forest  growth  is  now  confined  to  localities  too  difficult  of  drainage  to  make  agriculture 
profitable,  and  to  the  banks  of  streams  subject  to  inundation.  'More  or  less  extensive  patches  of  woods  are  found 
also  on  the  ledges  where  the  limestone  rock  comes  to  the  surface.  In  the  swampy  land  the  willow  oak,  the  water  oak, 
the  black  gum,  sweet  yum,  white  ash,  and  along  the  ponds  willows  and  cottonwoods,  prevail.  The  post  oaks,  white 
oaks,  and  cow  oaks  are  mingled  more  or  less  freely  with  these  trees  in  localities  enjoying  better  drainage.  Black-jack 
and  black  oaks,  mixed  with  various  haws,  viburnums,  and  persimmons,  occupy  the  rocky  flats.  No  magnolias  were 
seen  in  this  region.  The  red,  willow,  and  water  oaks,  the  sycamore,  and  the  sweet  gum  abound  along  the  streams 
here,  and  are  so  common  as  to  deserve  special  mention,  while  on  the  rolling  uplands  black  oaks,  post  oaks,  and 
white  oaks,  with  poplars,  shell-bark  and  pig-nut  hickories,  are  common.  From  Tupelo  toward  Corinth  the  country 
is  poorly  wooded.  The  ascent  is  constant,  reaching  the  point  of  highest  elevation  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Ohio  river  at  Booneville.  Corinth  is  situated  on  a  wide  pine  plain,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  valley  of  the  Tuscumbia 
river  and  east  by  the  ridges  which  mark  the  water-shed  of  the  Tennessee.  The  soil  is  here  a  deep  calcareous  clay, 
very  stiff  and  heavy,  hard  as  brick  in  warm,  dry  weather,  and  suddenly  becoming  a  bottomless,  stiff  mire  in  seasons 
of  rain.  Below  the  valley  of  the  Tuscumbia  river  the  road  passes  over  low  and  undulating  ridges,  of  which  the 
higher  and  steeper  are  yet  covered  with  the  remnants  of  the  old  oak  forest.  Here  the  Spanish  and  post  oaks 
predominate  in  numbers  ;  then  follow  the  black  oak  and  the  scarlet  oak,  while  the  shell-bark  hickory  and  the  mocker- 
nut  form  but  a  small  part  of  the  tree  growth  of  these  uplands.  The  bottoms  of  the  Tuscumbia,  although  subject 
to  frequent  overflows,  are  covered  with  'a  primeval  forest  not  inferior  in  luxuriance  and  variety  to  that  of  the 
Mississippi  river  bottom  lands.  White-oak  timber  of  the  finest  quality  is  found  here  in  the  greatest  abundance  and 
perfection.  The  most  common  species  is  the  cow  oak  (Quercm  Michanxii).  I  found  that  this  river-bottom  forest 
contained,  by  actual  count,  an  average  of  from  twelve  to  fourteen  trees  of  this  species,  from  30  to  35  inches  in 
diameter,  to  the  acre.  It  is  known  to  the  inhabitants  here  by  the  name  of  cow  oak  or  basket  oak,  being  easily  split 
into  narrow,  thin  strips.  The  wood  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets  used  by  the  negroes  in 
cotton-picking.  These  baskets  are  light,  and  of  considerable  strength  and  durability.  Next  in  frequency  follows 
the  willow  oak,  and  then  the  over-cup  swamp  oak  (Qucrcus  lyrata),  and  finally  the  red  oak,  found  especially  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  forest. 

"The  white  ash  is  not  so  frequently  seen  here  as  elsewhere  in  similar  localities,  and  does  not  seem  to  thrive 
on  these  stiff,  cold  soils.  It  is  in  part  replaced  by  the  green  ash,  which  here  attains  the  size  of  a  large  tree.  The 
black  gum  is  very  common,  and  where  the  soil  is  least  subjected  to  overflow  the  true  white  oak  is  found,  with  fine 
groups  of  beech,  overtowered  by  large  poplars.  Among  the  smaller  trees  the  mulberry,  hornbeam,  holly,  and 
abundant  papaws  must  be  mentioned. 

"The  pine  hills  in  the  eastern  part  of  Alcoru  county  are  reached  at  a  distance  of  6  or  7  miles  in  a  southerly 
direction  from  Corinth.  Pine  occurs  on  the  dividing  ridges  between  the  waters  of  the  Tuscumbia  river  and  Yellow 
creek,  or  toward  the  south  on  those  between  the  Tombigbee  and  the  Tennessee  rivers.  A  short  distance  west  of 
Glendale  station  the  Cretaceous  strata  disappear  under  the  ferruginous  sands,  and  mixed  with  a  stunted  growth  of 
post  oak  and  Spanish  oak,  pines  appear,  forming  vast  forests  on  the  crests  of  the  hills.  This  pine  (Pinus  mitis) 
takes  possession  of  all  the  old  clearings  and  fields  thrown  out  of  cultivation.  The  rapid  growth  of  the^  seedlings, 
which  spontaneously  spring  up  thickly  after  the  removal  of  the  broad-leaved  trees,  leaves  no  chance  for  the  seedling 
oaks.  It  is  therefore  a  certainty  that  in  the  future  the  short-leaved  pine  will  be  almost  the  sole  forest  tree  in  this 
part  of  the  state,  outside  of  the  bottom  lands,  and  that  it  will  probably  extend  its  domain  far  beyond  the  original 
limits  of  its  growth. 

"The  aspect  of  these  pine  woods  resembles  closely  that  of  the  lower  pine  region.  The  short-leaved  pine 
replaces  here  the  long-leaved  pine  of  the  coast,  the  scrubby  post  and  Spanish  oaks  take  the  place  of  the  turkey  and 
the  upland  willow  oaks,  while  the  black-jack  is  common  to  both  these  regions  of  identical  geological  formation. 
The  flora  of  the  two  regions  also  presents  the  same  general  features ;  the  asters,  goldenrods,  sunflowers,  and  various 
leguminous  plants  are  often  the  same  or  belong  to  closely-allied  species.  The  pine-clad  drift  hills  interspersed 
between  the  Carboniferous  and  Cretaceous  regions  are  parts  of  the  northern  interior  drift  belt  which  extends 
throughout  Alabama.  The  region  of  the  short-leaved  pine  of  northeastern  Mississippi  exlends  from  the  southern 
border  of  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river  to  the  southern  extremity  of  Itawamba  county,  and  is  on  an  average  10 
miles  in  width,  embracing  an  area  of  nearly  600  square  miles.  Of  this  region,  after  the  deduction  of  the  fertile 
bottoms  of  the  Tombigbeo  and  Yellow  Creek  valleys,  where  no  pines  are  found,  two-thirds  can  be  regarded  as 
occupied  by  the  pine  forest.  As  the  sole  supply  of  pine  lumber  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  this  region  is  of 
great  importance.  Several  saw-mills,  none  of  which  have  an  annual  capacity  of  more  than  3,000,000  feet,  are 
established  on  the  railroad  line  at  Glendale,  Burnsville,  and  near  luka ;  portable  saw-mills  are  worked  also  through 
this  forest  in  its  whole  extent,  their  product  being  hauled  in  wagons  for  miles  to  the  nearest  station  on  the  Mobile 
and  Ohio  and  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroads.  The  largest  shipments  are  made  from  Burnsville  and  Corinth. 


534  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"The  second  growth  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  which  is  already  growing  with  great  rapidity  in  northern 
Mississippi  upon  exhausted  fields  thrown  out  of  cultivation  and  wherever  the  forest  has  been  cut  from  the 
ridges,  should  be  protected  and  fostered  by  the  owners  of  the  soil.  The  care  bestowed  upon  the  natural  seeding 
of  this  useful  and  valuable  timber  tree,  and  in  assisting  it  to  gain  a  permanent  foothold  on  lands  regarded  as  unfit 
or  unprofitable  for  agriculture,  of  which  tens  of  thousands  of  acres  are  now  found  in  this  state,  would  lead  to 
results  of  great  benefit  to  the  community.  The  people  have  it  in  their  power  to  replenish  their  timber  resources,  fast 
failing  through  the  ever-progressing  destruction  of  the  original  forest,  without  other  outlay  than  simply  assisting 
nature  in  her  efforts  to  recover  from  injuries  sustained  in  the  wholesale  destruction  of  the  forest.  The  restoration 
of  the  forest  over  vast  areas,  now  barren  and  unproductive  wastes,  would  add  vastly  to  the  general  welfare  and 
prosperity  through  the  influence  such  forests  would  exert  upon  the  climate  and  salubrity  of  the  country,  by  the 
shelter  they  would  offer  to  insectivorous  birds  ever  busy  in  the  destruction  of  insects  injurious  to  farm  crops,  and 
by  the  formation  of  protective  screens  against  the  cotton-worm,  the  most  destructive  of  all  insects  in  this  part  of 
the  country;  for  it  must  be  admitted  as  an  undisputed  fact  that  the  destruction  caused  by  the  cotton-worm  is  far 
less  upon  the  small  farms  where  strips  of  woodland  divide  the  fields  than  upon  the  plantations  in  the  rich  prairie 
lands  where  large  areas  are  destitute  of  woods.  Such  forests  would  serve  as  windbreaks  for  crops  growing  in  field 
and  orchard,  and  as  protection  against  the  washing  away  of  the  light  soil  so  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  cultivation 
of  the  great  staple  of  the  country,  thus  preventing  the  ruin  of  many  productive  fields,  the  debris  from  which, 
carried  away  by  the  rain  and  floods,  fills  the  rivers  and  their  estuaries,  rendering  navigation  every  year  more 
dangerous. 

"CENTRAL  PINE  HILLS. — A  hilly  region,  the  northern  limit. of  which  is  near  the  center  of  Beuton  county, 
covered  with  upland  oaks  and  short-leaved  pines,  extends  eastward  to  the  flatwoods  in  a  belt  from  8  to  12  miles  in 
width.  Farther  south,  in  Calhoun  and  Suniter  counties,  this  pine  region  js  much  wider,  embracing  the  largest  part 
of  these  and  Choctaw  and  the  western  part  of  Oktibbeha  counties;  from  Kosciusko,  Attala  county,  it  extends  over 
the  whole  of  Winston  and  the  western  part  of  Noxnbee  counties,  being  merged,  south  of  Neshoba  in  the  western 
part  of  Kemper  county,  with  the  region  of  mixed  tree  growth.  This  pine  forest  supplies  a  sufficient  amount  of 
lumber  for  the  local  demand,  and  portable  saw-mills  are  found  near  the  large  settlements  from  Kosciusko  to  the 
southern  limits  of  the  region.  It  forms  a  prominent  feature  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states  by  its  geographical 
position,  and  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  distinct  divisions  which  might  be  designated  as  the  region  of  the  central 
pine  hills.  Botanically  this  region  differs  from  that  of  the  mixed  tree  growth,  upon  which  it  borders  toward  the 
south,  by  the  more  equal  distribution  of  the  pines  among  the  oaks,  and  particularly  by  the  total  absence  of  the 
long-leaved  pine  and  other  conifers,  with  the  exception  of  the  loblolly  pine  and  of  scattered  cypress  along  the  river 
banks,  and  by  the  absence  of  the  great  magnolia  (M.  grandiflora).  The  second  forest  growth  in  the  northern  part 
of  this  region  consists  almost  exclusively  of  the  short -leaved  pine,  which  southward  is  associated  with  the  loblolly 
pine.  The  short-leaved  pine  will  in  the  future  be  the  chief  forest  tree  of  this  region. 

"I  have  personally  seen  but  little  of  the  flatwoods  proper,  having  only  touched  their  southern  limits  in  Kemper 
county.  It  is  a  region  of  close,  cold  soil,  devoid  of  drainage,  and  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  post  oak;  and 
in  its  economic  aspects  as  a  timber  region,  or  botanically,  is  of  little  interest  or  importance. 

"WESTERN  MISSISSIPPI. — In  Copiah  county,  below  the  village  of  Terry,  fifteen  saw-mills  are  in  operation  along 
the  railroad,  obtaining  their  supply  of  logs  from  the  heavily-timbered  hills  in  the  neighborhood.  This  lumber  is 
shipped  by  rail  to  Saint  Louis  and  Chicago.  This  business  has  already  reached  large  proportions  and  is  still 
increasing  rapidly,  the  mills  running  without  intermission  at  their  full  capacity  throughout  the  year. 

"  Beyond  Crystal  Springs  the  country  loses  its  rolling  character ;  the  pine  hills  disappear,  and  a  short  distance 
above  the  northern  boundary  of  Copiah  county,  near  Terry,  a  different  geological  formation  is  entered,  and  a 
strongly-marked  change  in  the  vegetation  takes  place.  Horizontal  strata  of  loam,  inclosing  layers  of  what  appears 
a  whitish  sand,  stretch  northward  over  a  vast  extent  of  level  country,  and  the  long-leaved  pine  disappears  with 
the  gravels  and  sands  of  the  drift. 

"North  of  the  pine  region  a  large  amount  of  rich  land  between  the  Pearl  and  Mississippi  rivers  has  been 
brought  under  cultivation,  especially  along  the  bottoms  of  the  Pearl  river  and  along  the  principal  railway  lines.  At 
Jackson,  on  the  Pearl  river,  little  is  left  of  the  original  tree  growth  which  covered  its  banks.  Still  enough  is  left, 
however,  to  show  that  it  was  chiefly  composed  of  sweet  gnms,  white  oaks,  elms,  white  ashes,  etc.  The  railroad  from 
Jackson  to  Vicksburg  passes  through  a  fertile  agricultural  country,  where  only  small  strips  of  forest  remain  between 
the  large  plantations  and  farms.  Pines  are  not  seen  here,  and  the  black  walnut,  originally  so  abundant  among 
the  oak  and  hickory  forests  which  covered  this  region,  must  now  be  regarded  as  entirely  exterminated.  Beyond 
the  Blackwater,  in  the  hilly  region  of  the  bluff  formation,  the  great  magnolia  covers  the  hillsides,  although  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vicksburg  the  hills  for  miles  around  the  city  are  entirely  stripped  of  their  forests. 

"  Vicksburg  is  the  center  of  a  considerable  lumber  industry,  depending  for  its  supply  of  timber  upon  the  cypress 
rafted  down  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  river.  The  first  mill  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  cypress  lumber  was 
established  in  Vicksburg  in  1865.  Before  that  time  all  the  timber  from  the  Yazoo  valley  was  rafted  down  the 
Mississippi  river,  mostly  to  New  Orleans,  as  is  still  the  case  with  the  greatest  number  of  the  rafts.  A  second  mill 
has  lately  been  built  at  Vicksburg,  and  the  combined  annual  capacity  of  the  two  is  ten  or  twelve  million  feet.  No 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  535 

manufactured  lumber  is  shipped  from  here  farther  south  than  Baton  Rouge,  nearly  the  whole  production  being 
consumed  in  the  erection  of  small  dwellings  in  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo  bottoms.  The  logs  received  at  these  mills 
average  25  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  length  of  from  30  to  70  feet. 

"The  hillsides  in  the  neighborhood  of  Vicksburg,  when  thrown  out  of  cultivation,  are  seen  covered  with  a 
stunted  growth  of  locust,  Chickasaw  plums,  and  other  shrubs.  The  original  forests  of  the  bluff  hills  consist  of 
extensive  groves  of  stately  magnolias,  stretching  down  the  slopes  and  mixing  with  large  white  oaks,  Spanish  oaks, 
beeches,  and  towering  poplars,  covering  the  mossy  ground  of  the  small  valleys  with  delightful  shade.  Many  of  the 
magnolias  are  from  18  inches  to  2  feet  in  diameter.  The  full-grown  trees,  however,  show  that  they  have  already 
passed  their  prime ;  the  upper  limbs  have  begun  to  die,  the  base  of  their  trunks  being  often  rotten  and  hollow. 
Small  specimens  and  sapling  or  seedling  trees  I  could  not  find.  The  large  trees  are  cut  down  to  supply  the 
neighboring  city  with  fuel,  and  it  is  inevitable  that  in  a  comparatively  short  time  these  magnolia  groves  will  have 
disappeared,  and  that  these  delightfully-shaded  hills  must  share  the  desolation  which  surrounds  the  town. 

"  THE  YAZOO  DELTA. — Indian  bayou,  one  of  the  small  water-courses  between  Pearl  river,  Deer  creek,  and 
Sunflower  river,  has  a  sluggish  current  even  in  time  of  high  water.  As  is  the  case  with  all  the  streams  of  the 
Yazoo  delta,  its  banks  are  elevated  often  to  a  height  of  10  or  15  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  thus  affording 
excellent  natural  drainage  for  the  adjacent  country,  which  is  covered  with  a  yellow-brown  loam  of  unsurpassed 
fertility.  As  the  land,  however,  recedes  from  the  banks  it  gradually  sinks  down  again  toward  the  level  of  the  bed 
of  the  stream,  and  the  water-courses,  following  the  general  direction  of  the  Mississippi  river,  inclose  corresponding 
lines  of  depression  nearly  level  with  the  beds  of  the  streams.  These  troughs  between  the  bayous  and  rivers  are  one 
of  the  characteristic  features  in  the  topography  of  the  Yazoo  delta.  They  are  of  various  extent,  depth,  and  shape; 
flat  and  wide,  they  form  tracts  of  dark,  wet  forest  swamp,  more  or  less  dry  in  summer;  or,  narrower  and  deeper, 
they  form  swamps  rarely  ever  entirely  free  from  water;  sometimes  they  are  inundated  wooded  marshes  and  cane 
brakes,  or  ponds  and  lagoons  more  or  less  shallow  and  studded  with  the  mighty  trunks  of  the  cypress.  When 
these  depressions  are  of  considerable  depth,  lakes,  presenting  open  sheets  of  water  sometimes  miles  in  extent,  are 
formed,  their  margins,  only,  overgrown  with  the  cypress.  Upon  these  features  depend  the  great  diversity  of  the 
forest  growth  which  yet  covers  the  largest  part  of  the  Yazoo  valley.  Along  the  elevated  ridges  fronting  the 
streams  the  white  oak,  the  willow  oak,  the  shell-bark  and  mocker-nut  hickories,  the  black  walnut  in  great  numbers, 
the  yellow  poplar  and  the  sassafras  large  enough  to  furnish  canoes  of  great  size,  the  mulberry,  the  Spanish  oak, 
the  sweet  and  the  black  gums  are  the  principal  forest  trees,  with  an  undergrowth  in  the  openings  of  dogwood, 
various  haws,  crab  apples,  wild  grapes,  buckthorns,  etc.  In  the  forests  covering  the  lower  lands,  which  slope  back 
to  the  swamps  and  reservoirs,  the  cow  oak  takes  the  place  of  the  white  oak,  while  the  over-cup  white  oak  occurs 
everywhere  in  the  more  or  less  saturated  soil.  Here  the  sweet  gum  reaches  its  greatest  size,  and  here  grow  also 
in  great  perfection  the  bitter-nut,  the  elms,  hornbeams,  white  ash,  box-elder,  and  red  maples  of  enormous  size.  The 
honey  locust,  water  oaks,  and  red  and  Spanish  oaks  are  equally  common.  Here,  among  the  smaller  trees,  the  holly 
attains  its  greatest  development,  with  hornbeans  and  wahoo  elms,  while  papaws,  haws,  and  privets  form  the  mass 
of  the  dense  undergrowth,  which,  interspersed  with  dense  cane-brakes,  covers  the  ground  under  the  large  trees. 

"  The  region  covered  by  these  splendid  forests  of  hard  woods  possesses  a  wealth  of  timber  of  the  most  valuable 
kinds  and  in  surprising  variety.  They  occupy  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  Sunflower  and  the  adjoining  counties 
between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  hills  which  border  upon  tke  Yazoo  to  the  east.  Most  of  the  clearings  made 
in  this  region  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  by  the  planters  settled  lower  down,  have  since  been  abandoned  and 
are  again  densely  covered  with  the  young  growth  of  the  trees  of  which  the  forest  was  originally  composed.  During 
the  last  few  years,  however,  the  country  has  been  entered  again  for  cultivation  by  a  class  of  small  farmers,  who 
from  being  farm  hands  have  now  risen  to  the  position  of  independent  landholders.  It  is  astonishing  to  see  the 
utter  disregard  of  these  settlers  for  the  forest  wealth  of  the  country,  which  in  a  short  time  could  not  fail  to  be  of 
great  commercial  value.  On  the  shores  of  Indian  bayou  may  be  seen  clearings  with  hundreds  of  the  finest 
black  walnuts  among  the  deadened  trees,  while  many  of  the  noblest  specimens  of  this  valuable  timber  tree  are 
felled  for  fence  rails  or  trifling  purposes.  The  amount  of  oak  and  hickory  timber  destroyed  here  annually  is 
amazing.  It  is  generally  believed,  however,  that  not  one  acre  in  fifty  over  this  whole  region  of  hard-wood  forest 
has  yet  been  stripped  of  its  tree  covering.  Quite  different  is  the  condition  of  the  cypress  growth  in  the  great  Yazoo 
valley.  This  tree,  confined  to  low  and  more  or  less  inundated  bottoms  bordering  on  the  Mississippi,  the  Lower 
Yazoo,  Big  Sunflower,  and  their  numerous  tributaries,  was  once  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  this  region,  and 
immense  quantities  of  cypress  lumber  have  been  furnished  by  the  lower  parts  of  Issaquena  and  Washington  and 
the  western  parts  of  Warren  and  Yazoo  counties.  The  most  valuable  timber  has  now,  however,  disappeared  from 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  low  river  banks  easily  accessible  at  seasons  of  high  water  during  every  winter 
and  spring.  Only  groves  .standing  remote  from  the  banks  of  the  water  courses,  and  which  are  only  accessible  to 
the  raftsman  during  exceptionally  high  stages  of  water,  now  supply  this  lumber.  In  the  upper  portions  of  die 
valley,  however,  in  the  low  depressions  described  as  extending  between  the  elevated  banks  of  the  streams,  more  or 
less  limited  areas  of  undisturbed  cypress  forest  are  found.  The  shallow  lagoons,  covered  with  water  except  during 
seasons  of  prolonged  drought,  and  called  cypress  creeks,  present  in  the  spring  of  the  year  a  strange  sight.  No 
object  meets  the  eye  between  the  immense  trunks  of  the  mighty  trees,  as  in  these  cypress  groves  no  other  tree  nor 


536  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

shrub  can  live  iu  the  dark,  shaded,  water-covered  soil.  These  reservoirs  of  drainage,  generally  without  outlet, 
are  called  cypress  lakes  if  the  water  iu  any  part  of  them,  too  deep  to  allow  the  growth  of  trees,  confines  the 
cypress  to  their  more  shallow  borders.  Here  the  cypress  arrives  at  its  greatest  dimensions  and  produces  timber 
of  the  finest  quality.  These  cypress  lakes  and  cypress  brakes,  remote  from  streams,  at  no  time  of  the  year 
connected  with  them,  and  always  surrounded  with  a  mire  of  forest  swamp  impassable  to  wagons,  still  retain  their 
best  timber.  Of  late  years,  since  swamp  and  overflowed  lauds  have  become  the  property  of  the  state,  planters 
have  added  many  of  these  cypress  tracts  to  their  estates  by  purchase ;  many  others  have  been  acquired  by  companies 
formed  to  construct  artificial  channels  by  which  the  timber  may  be  floated  to  the  nearest  streams.  The  richest 
and  most  extensive  of  these  groves  of  cypress,  already  more  or  less  in  the  hands  of  capitalists,  are  found  along 
Steele's  bayou,  between  Deer  creek  and  the  Sunflower  river,  in  Washington  county ;  between  that  stream  and 
the  lower  course  of  Bogue  Phalia,  aud  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  Black  creek  above  Greenville.  There  is 
also  a  very  large  body  of  cypress  inclosing  the  'California  brake',  upon  the  Little  Sunflower,  in  the  counties  of 
Bolivar  and  Coahoma,  extending  through  Tallahatchie  county  to  the  Yazoo  river. 

"The  traffic  in  cypress  lumber  in  the  Yazoo  region  dates  from  1830.  In  1838  it  was  commenced  upon  the 
Sunflower  river  and  Deer  creek,  ten  years  after  the  fiist  settlements  were  established  upon  the  banks  of  these 
streams;  since  that  time  rafts  have  been  sent  regularly  to  New  Orleans,  and  camps  of  lumbermen  have  been 
established  in  every  direction,  the  forests,  particularly  those  upon  the  public  domains,  being  regarded  as  the 
undisputed  property  and  lawful  prey  of  the  log-getter.  In  consequence  the  cypress  groves  have  been,  if  not  entirely 
destroyed,  largely  culled  of  their  best  timber  wherever  it  could  be  obtained  without  investment  of  capital,  that  is  by 
simply  floating  the  logs  to  the  streams  at  times  of  freshet  and  overflow. 

"The  cutting  of  these  cypress  forests  is  not  wisely  regulated  under  the  ownership  of  the  state.  Thesc'lands 
have  been  thrown  into  the  market  at  50  cents  an  acre  with  the  condition  of  settlement.  Beneficial  as  such  a  law 
might  prove  in  the  disposal  of  lands  fit  for  cultivation,  it  results,  in  the  case  of  timber-land  unfit  for  the  plow,  in 
the  reckless  destruction  of  one  of  the  surest  sources  of  public  revenue.  The  state  thus  sells  for  50  cents  what  on 
its  face  is  worth  to  the  purchaser  hundreds  of  dollars,  and  which,  when  deprived  of  its  value  and  rendered  forever 
worthless,  will  be  turned  back  to  the  state  again. 

"Much  of  the  destruction  of  the  timber  can  be  traced  to  wasteful  methods  practiced  by  the  negroes.  Under 
present  methods  any  one  having  rented  a  plantation  will,  for  the  most  trifling  wants,  cut  down  a  tree,  regardless  of 
size,  and  without  any  effort  to  preserve  for  future  use  the  parts  not  immediately  wanted,  so  that  the  next  quarter 
of  a  century  will  probably  see  the  entire  destruction  of  the  vast  quantities  of  timber  stored  in  the  whole  of  this 
great  territory." 

LOUISIANA. 

The  coast  of  Louisiana  is  bordered  by  saliue  marshes  and  savannas  extending  inland  from  10  to  40  miles,  or  is 
covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of  cypress  occupying  extensive  fresh-water  swamps  peculiar  to  the  region.  In 
Vermillion,  Calcasieu,  Saint  Martin's,  and  Saint  Landry  parishes  considerable  treeless  areas,  open  grassy  prairies  in 
the  borders  of  theforest,  occur.  With  these  exceptions  Louisiana  was  originally  covered  with  a  dense  and  varied  forest 
growth.  The  Maritime  Pine  Belt  covered  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  nearly  to  the  Amite  river,  or  until  checked 
from  further  western  development  by  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  Mississippi.  Forests  of  pine,  too,  occupied  the 
western  part  of  the  state  north  and  south  of  the  Eed  river.  The  pine  flats  of  Calcasieu  were  covered  with  forests 
formed  almost  exclusively  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  which,  farther  north,  mixed  with  oaks  and  various  hard-wood 
trees,  extends  over  the  high  rolling  country  which  stretches  from  the  Sabiue  northeasterly  nearly  to  the  Ouachita 
river.  The  northeastern  part  of  the  state  was  covered,  outside  of  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the  rivers,  with  a 
heavy  forest  of  short-leaved  pine  (Finns  mitis)  mixed  with  upland  oaks,  hickories,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  The 
bottom  lands  and  all  that  part  of  the  state  bordering  the  Mississippi  were  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  trees 
peculiar  to  such  low,  rich  soil  throughout  the  Gulf  region.  The  high  bluffs  which  occur  at  different  points  along 
the  Mississippi,  the  Atchafalaya,  and  other  streams  flowing  through  the  western  part  of  the  state  were  covered 
with  a  noble  forest  of  evergreen  magnolias  mingled  with  beeches,  water  oaks,  and  gums. 

The  most  valuable  forests  of  the  state  are  still  almost  intact,  although  the  pine  has  been  cut  from  the  banks  of 
the  Pearl  river  and  some  of  its  tributaries,  and  from  along  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  New  Orleans 
railroad,  to  furnish  the  New  Orleans  market  with  lumber.  Pine  has  also  been  cut  along  the  Sabine  river,  from 
both  forks  of  the  Calcasieu,  along  the  Red  river  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alexandria  and  Shreveport,  and  more 
recently  in  Catahoula  parish,  along  Little  river.  The  river  swamps  and  rolling  hills  in  the  eastern  and  northern 
parts  of  the  state  still  contain  vast  bodies  of  valuable  hard-wood  forest  yet  untouched  by  the  ax. 

The  forests  of  Louisiana,  uninvaded  as  yet  by  the  manufacturers  of  naval  stores,  have  not  greatly  suffered 
from  forest  fires.  During  the  census  year  only  64,410  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  as  burned  over  by  fire,  with 
a  loss  of  only  $0,800.  These  fires  were  generally  set  to  improve  pasturage,  or  by  careless  hunters  camping  in  the 
forest. 

A  small  amount  of  cooperage  stock  is  made  in  New  Orleans  almost  entirely  from  cypress  aud  pine,  although 
that  city  has  long  been  an  important  point  of  export  for  oak  staves  and  headings  brought  there  from  Arkansas  and 


•mi 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


537 


Tennessee  by  river.  The  magnificent  hard  woods  common  over  much  of  the  state  can  supply  abundant  material  for 
many  important  industries  which  already  at  the  north  sailer  from  the  exhaustion  and  deterioration  of  the  local 
timber  supply. 

The  following  rough  estimates  of  the  amount  of  the  long-leaved  and  short-leaved  pine  standing  iu  the  state  have 
been  prepared  by  measuring  upon  a  large-scale  map  areas  occupied  by  the  pine  forests,  which  coincide  almost  exactly 
with  geological  formations.  From  these  areas  the  totals  of  clearings  as  returned  by  enumerators  and  all  areas  of 
swamp,  bottom  lands,  and  prairies  are  deducted  to  obtain  the  extent  of  territory  covered  with  pine  forests.  By 
multiplying  this  area  by  the  average  stand  of  timber  per  acre,  obtained  by  numerous  observations  in  different 
parts  of  the  state,  the  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  merchantable  pine  standing  May  31, 1880,  is  reached: 


PamkeM. 

Long-lcuvf.l  p'mi 
(Pinit*  palittitrix). 

Short-leaved  pine 
(I'imtg  milts). 

Feet,  board  measure. 
•JIG  000  000 

Feet,  board  measure. 

1  S'i7  000  000 

1  574  000  000 

Caddo              .   -.        

1  0%  000  000 

4,  219  000,  000 

Caldwell                                      

G02  000  000 

3G9  000  000 

1  9'>'t  000  000 

Do  Soto 

1  971  000  000 

• 

157  000  000 

198  000  000 

886  000  000 

1  574  000  000 

493  000  000 

1  670  000  000 

300  000  000 

797  000  000 

1,  792,  000,  COO 

618,  000,  000 

16  000  000 

J   12G  000  000 

2,422,000  000 

Red  River 

043  000  000 

!598  000  000 

1  974  000  000 

Saint  Helena                 

749  000  000 

579  000,  000 

1  398  000  000 

Tangipahoa  

1,  537,  000,  000 

0  522  000  000 

3  741  000  000 

1  734  000  000 

"Webster 

1  443  000  000 

West  Feliciana.. 

122  000  000 

Winii  .  . 

2  662,  000,  000 

Total  

26  588  000  000 

21  625  000  000 

Cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  .  .  . 

61,882,000 

22,  709,  000 

The  principal  point  of  lumber  manufacture  is  Saint  Charles,  in  Calcasieu  parish,  on  the  southern  border  of  the 
western  pine  forest.  Lumber  manufactured  here  is  shipped  east  and  west  by  rail,  and  in  small  schooners  to  Mexican 
and  West  Indian  ports.  A  comparatively  small  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  at  New  Orleans  from  logs  cut 
in  eastern  Louisiana  and  towed  through  lake  Pontchartraiu  and  the  canals  to  the  city,  and  along  the  river  front 
from  logs  rafted  out  of  the  Red,  Little,  Black,  and  other  streams  of  northern  Louisiana.  New  Orleans,  however,  is 
principally  supplied  with  lumber  sawed  at  Gulf  ports,  in  spite  of  its  position  with  reference  to  the  most  valuable 
hard-pine  forests  upon  the  continent,  its  large  local  demand  for  lumber  and  all  saw-mill  refuse,  and  its  facilities  for 
export,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it  must  become  the  most  important  center  of  lumber  manufacture  and 
distribution  in  the  south.  Small  quantities  of  pine  lumber  have  long  been  manufactured  upon  the  Eed  river  near 
Alexandria;  short-leaved  pine  (Pinus  mitis)  is  sawed  at  Shreveport,  and  in  small  quantities  for  local  consumption  at 
other  points  in  the  northern  parishes. 

MOSS   GINNING. 

New  Orleans  is  the  center  of  the  "  rnoss-ginning "  industry  of  the  United  States.  The  "moss"  (Tillandsia 
usneoides),  a  common  epiphyte,  growing  in  great  quantities  upon  the  cypress,  live  oak,  and  other  southern  trees, 
is  gathered,  by  men  known  as  "  swampers",  in  the  swamps  of  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  and  Florida.  The 
moss  when  gathered  is  piled  near  the  swamps  and  allowed  to  rot  during  ten  or  twelve  months.  It  loses  in  this 
process  about  90  per  cent,  of  its  weight,  and  is  then  shipped  to  New  Orleans,  where  it  is  cleaned,  dried,  and  ginned, 
losing  in  this  latter  operation  35  per  cent,  in  weight.  The  prepared  moss  is  used  in  upholstery,  either  alone  or 


538  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

mixed  with  hair.  The  product  of  the  New  Orleans  factories  is  principally  shipped  to  the  western  states,  a 
comparatively  small  amount  being  sent  to  Europe.  Six  moss  factories  are  located  in  Xew  Orleans,  and  there  are 
also  small  establishments  at  Plaquemine  and  at  Morgan  City,  Louisiana,  and  at  Pcnsacola,  Florida.  New  Orleans 
received  during  the  year  ending  August  31, 1881, 3,500 bales  of  rough  moss,  weighing  10,000,000  pounds,  and  valued 
at  $315,000.  A  considerable  amount,  however,  is  ginned  in  the  country  and  shipped  direct  to  consumers,  or  is 
prepared  by  the  consumers  themselves.  Persons  most  familiar  with  the  volume  of  this  industry  estimate  that  the 
value  of  the  prepared  moss  gathered  annually  in  Louisiana,  the  principal  region  of  supply,  is  not  far  from  $550,000. 
The  amount  gathered,  however,  varies  considerably  from  year  to  year.  Moss  can  only  be  profitably  collected  at 
times  of  high  floods,  when  the  swamps  are  navigable  to  small  boats,  and  the  moss,  hanging  from  the  branches  of 
the  trees,  can  be  easily  gathered.  The  wages  earned  by  the  swampers,  too,  are  not  large,  and  the  gathering  of 
moss  is  only  resorted  to  when  more  profitable  employment  upon  farms  cannot  be  obtained. 

The  following  extracts  are  from  notes  of  a  hasty  journey  made  through  the  forest  region  of  western  Louisiana 
by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr : 

"  For  the  investigation  of  the  important  pine  region  of  western  Louisiana  I  selected  Alexandria  as  my  starting 
point.  Situated  almost  centrally  between  the  forests  of  long-leaved  pine  which  skirt  both  sides  of  the  Eed  River 
valley,  Alexandria  is  the  seat  of  the  actual  lumber  trade  and  the  point  where  the  lumber  interests  of  this  great 
timber  region  must  be  developed  in  the  future.  Little  is  left  of  the  vast  cypress  swamps  which  once  covered  the 
alluvial  lands  on  the  Mississippi  river  below  the  mouth  of  the  Red  river  and  the  lower  basin  of  that  stream.  It  is 
only  in  the  most  inaccessble  swamps,  cut  off  from  all  communication  with  the  rivers,  that  patches  of  this  timber 
remain.  The  ever-increasing  demand  for  this  lumber  has  almost  exhausted  the  available  cypress  of  the  Red  River 
country,  and  cypress  is  now  drawn  from  the  forest  farther  north  bordering  the  Black  and  Ouachita  rivers.  The 
lowlands  along  the  river  front,  subject  to  inundation  and  devoid  of  drainage,  present  in  their  tree  growth  the  same 
features  as  the  low  forests  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Yazoo  valleys.  The  bitter  pecan  flourishes  here  luxuriantly, 
and  with  it  the  white  ash,  the  swamp  over-cup  oak,  the  persimmon,  sycamore,  sassafras,  sweet  gum,  and  cottonw.ood. 
The  green  ash  is  common,  and  in  better-drained  localities  the  willow,  white,  cow,  and  red  oaks  appear,  with  elms  and 
occasional  pecans.  Twelve  or  15  miles  below  Alexandria  the  first  pines  are  seen  looming  up  in  the  forest;  upon 
a  nearer  approach  they  are  recognized  as  the  loblolly.  A  short  distance  farther  up  the  river,  upon  sandy  bluffs 
fronting  the  western  shore,  fine  specimens  of  the  short-leaved  pine  are  observed,  associated  with  black  oaks, 
Spanish  oak,  the  black-jack,  and  many  of  the  shrubs  peculiar  to  the  drift  of  the  coast  pine  region  east  of  the 
Mississippi."  The  wide  bottom  lands  of  the  river  upon  which  Alexandria  is  situated  extend  west  to  bayou  Boeuf. 
This  district,  unsurpassed  in  fertility  and  regarded  as  the  garden  of  Louisiana,  has  but  little  left  of  the  forest  with 
which  it  was  once  covered.  The  pecan  trees  alone  of  the  original  forest  growth  have  been  spared  from  the  general 
destruction.  Of  these,  fine  specimens  line  the  roadsides  and  dot  the  fields.  The  unsightly  honey  locust  occupies 
the  waste  low  places,  in  company  with  a  second  growth  of  willows,  hackberries,  and  catalpas.  The  shores  of 
bayou  Boeuf  are  covered  with  a  variety  of  trees.  Cypresses  line  the  brink  of  the  water;  beyond  these,  sycamores, 
bitter  gums,  sweet  and  white  gums,  pecans,  water  and  willow  oaks,  red  and  white  elms,  red  maple,  and 
ash  occupy  the  gentle  acclivities,  with  a  dense  undergrowth  of  smaller  trees — the  dogwood,  several  haws,  wahoos, 
catalpas,  Carolina  buckthorn,  southern  prickly  ash,  etc.  Ascending  the  ridge  to  the  uplands  the  deep  alluvial 
soil  is  left  behind,  and  the  light  sandy  loams  of  the  Tertiary  strata  make  their  appearance,  and  with  this  change 
of  soil  the  vegetation  changes  as  suddenly.  Stately  loblolly  pines  rise  above  the  groves  of  post,  black,  and  Spanish 
oaks,  and  where  the  ridge  descends  again  to  what  might  be  called  the  second  bottom  of  bayou  Bceuf,  a  forest  of 
white  oak  is  entered,  which  contains  a  stand  of  timber  seldom  equaled.  On  the  long,  gentle  swells  these  are 
associated  with  fine  Spanish  oaks,  a  few  pig-nuts  and  mocker-nuts,  and  in  the  depressions  with  red  oak,  elms,  ash, 
and  other  trees  found  on  soil  of  good  quality  in  the  same  latitude  east  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

"The  hills  formed  by  the  sandstone  drift  gravels  rise  suddenly  from  the  plain  covered  with  the  forest  of 
the  long-leaved  pine,  comparing  favorably  both  in  the  size  and  number  of  the  trees  with  the  best  timber  districts 
in  the  Coast  Pine  Belt  of  the  eastern  Gulf  states.  Trees  under  12  inches  in  diameter  are  rarely  seen,  as  is  the  case 
everywhere  in  these  undisturbed  primeval  pine  forests.  The  soil  of  this  region  is  closer,  more  retentive  of  moisture, 
and  richer  in  plant-food  than  that  in  the  Maritime  Pine  Region  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  pines  here  are 
therefore  of  more  rapid  growth  and  below  the  standard  of  quality  for  which  the  pine  produced  on  the  poor,  siliceous 
ridges  of  lower  Mississippi  and  Alabama  is  so  highly  valued.  The  numerous  streams  which  cut  their  way  through 
these  pine  hills  are  fringed  with  many  of  the  evergreens  peculiar  to  the  eastern  Gulf  coast;  and  magnolias,  the 
red  and  white  bay,  wax  myrtles,  willows,  and  the  devilwood  are  common. 

"The  pine  region  west  of  the  Red  River  valley  spreads  westward  to  the  Sabine,  forming  part  of  the  great  pine 
forest  which  extends  far  into  eastern  Texas.  Southward  it  constantly  increases  in  width ;  and  its  length  from 
north  to  south,  where  it  verges  upon  the  lower  maritime  prairies  of  the  Calcasieu,  is  not  less  than  100  miles.  It 
includes  the  whole  of  the  parish  of  Vernon,  the  largest  part  of  Calcasieu,  and  portions  of  the  parishes  of  Natchitoches 
and  Rapides,  covering  an  area  of  about  4,500  square  miles.  The  northern  portion  of  this  belt  is  one  vast  primeval 
forest.  The  small  inroads  made  by  the  scattered  settlers  and  the  few  small  saw-mills  which  supply  a  small  local 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  539 

demand  are  too  insignificant  to  ho  taken  into  account.  In  tlio  southern  portion  of  this  forest  the  saw-mills  on  the 
Sabine  river  and  at  Lake  Charles  have  already  removed  some  timber  from  the  banks  of  the  principal  streams. 

"The  region  of  long-leaved  pine  which  skirts  the  eastern  confines  of  the  Eed  River  valley,  and  which  at  its 
southern  extremity  almost  touches  the  river  hanks,  may  he  called  the  central  pine  region  of  west  Louisiana.  The 
village  of  Pineville,  opposite  the  city  of  Alexandria,  is  the  center  of  the  lumber  trade  of  this  region.  The  high, 
undulating  uplands  formed  of  the  Pliocene-Tertiary  strata  which  here  front  the,  river  bear  a  growth  of  loblolly  and 
short-leaved  pine,  mixed  with  upland  oaks.  A  few  miles  to  the  eastward,  however,  upon  the  hills  covered  with  drift, 
the  forest  of  long-leaved  pine  appears.  The  surface  in  this  central  pine  region  is  more  broken,  the  soil  poorer, 
more  porous  and  siliceous  than  west  of  the  Eed  River  valley,  and  the  timber  produced  here  is  of  unsurpassed 
quality.  An  average  of  not  less  than  fifteen  trees  to  the  acre,  with  a  diameter  of  over  15  inches  3  feet  from  the 
ground,  grow  here.  The  production  of  lumber  is  limited  to  saw-mills  situated  7  or  8  miles  from  the  river.  They  have 
been  gradually  removed  from  its  banks  as  the  timber  was  exhausted  on  a  line  7  or  8  miles  in  length  north  and 
south  from  Pineville.  -  The  production  of  these  mills  amounts  in  the  aggregate  to  40,000  feet  a  day.  The  lumber 
manufactured  here  supplies  the  population  of  the  Red  River  valley  as  far  west  as  Shreveport. 

"The  rolling  uplands  which  extend  to  the  edge  of  the  river  at  Shreveport  are  covered  with  a  heavy,  cold,  clayey 
soil  almost  impervious  to  water ;  they  bear  an  open  growth  of  oaks,  among  which  the  post  oak  is  the  prevailing 
species,  finding  here  the  conditions  most  favorable  to  its  growth.  The  Spanish  oak,  invariably  called  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river  red  oak,  with  fine  black-jack  makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  tree  growth.  Hickories,  represented 
by  the  pig-nut  and  mocker-nut,  are  not  frequent,  and  are  of  small  size.  The  black  oak  is  found  in  localities  with 
somewhat  rocky  surface  and  loose  subsoil,  while  white  oaks  occur  along  the  base  of  declivities  where  an  accumulation 
of  vegetable  matter  has  been  deposited.  The  undergrowth  in  these  woods  is  scanty,  and  consists  for  the  most  part 
of  seedling  oaks.  Where,  however,  the  forest  has  been  entirely  removed,  the  loblolly  pine  takes  exclusive  possession 
of  the  soil.  These  oak  forests  reach  to  the  northern  confines  of  the  state  and  extend  west  into  Texas.  In  their 
southern  extremity  toward  the  pine  region  the  soil  is  better,  and  the  white  oak  becomes  the  prevailing  forest  tree. 
My  attention  was  directed  to  the  fact  that  since  the  removal  of  the  raft  of  the  Red  river  the  drainage  of  the  npper 
part  of  the  valley  has  been  greatly  improved,  and  many  of  the  lakes  and  swamps  formerly  continually  inundated 
are  now  dry,  while  the  swamp  forest  growth,  including  the  cypress,  is  dying,  or  has  already  died. 

"Opposite  Shreveport  the  valley  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain  from  8  to  10  miles  in  width,  descending 
imperceptibly  as  it  recedes  from  the  bank  of  the  river.  These  lowlands  are  mere  swamps,  often  deeply  overflowed 
by  the  backwater  of  the  river,  which  finds  its  way  through  the  numerous  bayous  and  inlets  which  intersect  this 
plain.  The  forest  growth  covering  these  swamps  is  of  inferior  size,  and  consists  of  but  few  species.  The  cypress 
occupies  the  overflowed  swamps,  but  it  is  always  below  medium  size,  and  I  did  not  notice  a  single  specimen  2  feet 
in  diameter.  The  saline,  gypsum  soil  does  not  seem  suited  to  its  full  development.  The  water  locust  finds  here  its 
favorite  home.  It  is  very  common  in  moist  localities  not  subject  to  constant  inundation.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is 
as  hard  and  durable  as  that  of  the  common  honey  locust,  and  is  employed  for  the  same  purposes;  that  is,  in  the 
manufacture  of  stirrups,  blocks,  hubs.  etc.  The  green  ash  is  frequently  seen  here  growing  with  the  wahoo,  hornbeam, 
holly,  and  privet,  and  forming  broad  clumps  of  great  luxuriance  beneath  the  larger  trees.  After  passing  Cross 
bayou  the  land  gently  rises,  and,  with  better  drainage,  the  trees  of  the  swamps  disappear  and  are  replaced  by  a 
more  varied  and  valuable  timber  growth.  The  white  ash  and  white  and  red  oaks  are  the  more  common  trees  in  the 
woods  which  skirt  the  base  of  the  ridges  forming  the  eastern  limits  of  the  valley  of  the  Red  river.  At  this  point 
they  are  separated  from  the  low  hills  of  the  Pliocene  sandy  loams  by  a  pretty,  clear  stream,  the  Red  Chute,  which 
runs  swiftly  over  its  bed  along  the  base  of  the  uplands;  these  form  long,  gentle,  swelling  slopes,  or  spread  out  into 
broad  flats  more  or  less  deficient  of  drainage.  The  ridges  are  all  wooded  with  upland  oaks  and  short-leaved  pines, 
while  the  loblolly  pine,  with  water  and  willow  oaks,  sweet  and  black  gums,  cover  the  depressions  and  damp  flats. 
The  tree  growth  upon  these  ridges  is  vigorous.  I  have  nowhere  found  the  short-leaved  pine  of  finer  proportions, 
equaling  in  size  and  length  of  clear  trunk  the  long-leaved  species.  This  region  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  with  its 
low,  heavily-timbered  ridges,  is  similar  in  character  of  soil  and  vegetation  to  the  pine  hills  of  central  and  northern 
Mississippi,  and  might  be  designated  as  the  region  of  the  pine  hills  of  northern  Louisiana.  Between  lake  Bodcau 
and  lake  Bistineau  the  surface  of  the  country  is  very  often  imperfectly  drained,  and  there  the  loblolly  pine  is 
the  prevailing  tree.  A  few  miles  back  of  Bellcvue,  in  Bossier  parish,  the  level  forest  is  interrupted  by  a  strip  of 
prairie  from  1  mile  to  3  miles  wide,  covered  with  a  cold,  soapy,  gray  soil  impervious  to  water.  On  these  natural 
meadows  no  tree  or  shrub  is  growing,  except  a  peculiar  Cratcegus,  new  to  me.  (a)  It  is  a  small  tree  or  large  shrub, 
forming  strictly-defined,  impenetrable,  dense  thickets  a  few  rods  or  of  several  acres  in  extent.  In  its  arborescent 
form  it  rises  to  a  height  of  frem  15  to  20  feet,  with  a  more  or  less  bent  trunk  6  or  7  inches  in  diameter,  spreading  its 
crooked  limbs  at  a  height  of  from  4  to  6  feet  above  the  ground.  The  fruit  is  said  to  be  as  large  as  that  of  the  apple 
haw,  sweet  and  edible ;  it  is  eagerly  eaten  by  swine,  which  fatten  upon  it.  This  tree  is  here  called  by  the  people 
'hogs'  haw'. 

a  Cratcegus  brachyacantta,  Sargent  and  Engeliiiaun. 


540  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"On  the  decline  which  leads  to  the  valley  of  bayou  Dauchitta,  the  flatwoods  give  way  to  a  flue  growth  of 
Spanish  and  post  oaks,  elms,  and  gums. 

"The  western  bank  of  the  bayou  is  confronted  by  hills  of  the  post-Tertiary  sands  and  gravels  which  westward 
form  a  succession  of  steep  ridges  heavily  wooded  with  the  upland  oaks  and  short-leaved  pine.  The  narrow  creek 
bottoms  inclosed  between  these  ridges  are  watered  abundantly  by  springs  and  clear  streams  shaded  by  white  and  red 
bay,  hollies,  azaleas,  and  kalmias.  The  great  magnolia  is  not  seen  here,  and  the  American  olive  is  missing.  In  these 
gravelly  hills,  extending  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Ouachita  river,  the  short:leaved  pine  is  very  common  and 
the  characteristics  of  the  pine-hill  region  are  prominent.  These  hills  cover  a  large  area  extending  northward  into 
Arkansas,  and  toward  the  south  merging  gradually  into  the  oak  woods  which  border  upon  the  bottoms  of  the 
numerous  tributaries  of  the  Eed  river.  This  pine-hill  region  is  sparsely  settled,  and,  remote  from  water  and  rail 
communication,  its  original  stores  of  pine  and  hard-wood  timber  have  scarcely  been  touched. 

"An  intimate  knowledge  of  the  forest  growth  in  this  section  was  obtained  by  an  excursion  over  the  hills  to 
bayou  Dauchitta  above  its  entrance  to  lake  Bistineau.  In  the  localities  of  the  best  drainage  in  this  valley  the 
cow  oak  is  very  common,  mixed  with  the  white  and  post  oaks,  while  sweet  gums,  black  gums,  water  and  willow 
oaks,  and  hackberries  occupy  lower  situations.  On  the  immediate  banks  and  in  the  sloughs  small  cypress  trees 
are  common,  mixed  with  the  bitter  pecan,  the  hornbeam,  the  water  locust,  and  the  sycamore.  The  loblolly  pine 
takes  possession  of  every  opening  in  the  forest,  descending  the  high  hills,  while  numerous  haws  border  the  edges 
of  the  forest.  In  the  bottoms  and  along  the  declivities,  the  Chickasaw  and  the  American  plum  are  found  of  larger 
size  than  farther  east.  Loblollies  and  hickories  with  the  black  and  post  oaks  occupy  the  lower  declivities,  and 
upon  the  heights  the  yellow  pine  mixed  with  upland  oaks  forms  fine  forests." 

TEXAS. 

The  most  important  forests  of  Texas  are  found  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  state,  where  the  Maritime 
Pine  Belt  of  the  south  Atlantic  region  extends  to  about  midway  between  the  Trinity  and  the  Brazos  rivers.  A 
forest  of  long-leaved  pine  occupies  most  of  the  territory  between  the  Sabiue  and  the  Brazos  south  of  the  thirty-first 
degree  of  north  latitude,  reaching  south  to  within  20  miles  of  the  coast.  Beyond  the  long-leaved  pine  forests, 
forests  of  the  loblolly  pine,  mixed  with  hard  woods,  stretch  westward  50  or  60  miles,  while  north  of  these  two 
regions  a  third  division  of  the  pine  belt,  composed  of  a  heavy  growth  of  short-leaved  pine  mingled  with  upland  oaks, 
occupies  the  rolling  ridges  which  extend  northward  to  beyond  the  Eed  river.  The  swamps  which  line  the  larger 
streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf,  especially  within  the  limits  of  the  pine  belt,  still  contain  large  bodies  of  cypress. 
The  quality  of  the  Texas  cypress,  however,  is  inferior  to  that  grown  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  probably 
one-third  of  the  timber  growing  in  the  valleys  of  the  Sabine  and  the  Xueces  rivers  is  "peggy  "  or  affected  by  dry  rot. 

West  of  the  pine  belt  open  forests  largely  composed  of  post  and  blackjack  oaks  occur,  gradually  decreasing 
in  density,  and  finally,  west  of  the  ninety-seventh  degree  of  longitude,  entirely  disappearing.  Farther  west, 
however,  the  "lower"  and  "upper  cross-timbers",  two  remarkable  bodies  of  timber,  composed  of  small  and  stunted 
specimens  of  these  oaks,  extend  from  the  Indian  territory  far  south  into  the  prairie  region,  occupying  long,  narrow, 
irregular  belts  where  sandy  or  gravelly  alluvial  deposits  overlie  the  limestone  of  the  prairie  region.  A  belt  of 
forest,  largely  composed  of  post  and  black-jack  oaks^  varying  from  20  to  50  miles  in  width  extends  southwest  of 
the  Trinity  nearly  to  the  Nueces  river,  its  eastern  border  following  generally,  at  a  distance  of  from  50  to  00  miles 
inland,  the  trend  of  the  coast.  The  bottom  lands  east  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian  are  lined  with  the  deciduous 
trees  which  occupy  similar  situations  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states.  !Near  the  coast  the  bottom  lands  of  the  large 
rivers,  often  several  miles  in  width,  are  covered  with  dense  forests  composed  of  enormous  trees.  Farther  west  the 
bottoms  gradually  narrow,  the  number  of  arborescent  species  covering  them  decreases,  and  individual  trees  are 
small  and  stunted. 

West  of  the  Colorado  river  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  are  replaced  outside  of  the  bottom  lands  by 
Mexican  forms  of  vegetation  ;  the  hills  are  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  mesquit,  Mexican  persimmon,  various 
acacias,  and  other  small  trees  of  little  value  except  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

An  important  tree  in  the  forest  of  western  Texas  is  the  cedar  covering  the  low  limestone  hills  which  occupy 
hundreds  of  square  miles  north  and  west  of  the  Colorado  river,  in  Travis,  Bastrop,  Hays,  Comal,  and  adjacent 
counties.  West  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian  all  forest  growth  disappears,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered 
cottonwoods,  elms,  and  hackberries,  confined  to  the  narrow  bottoms,  and  a  shrubby  growth  of  mesquit,  which  coveis 
the  plains  of  western  Texas,  furnishing  the  only  fuel  of  the  region.  The  mountain  ranges,  outlying  ridges  of  the 
Eocky  mountains,  which  occupy  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state,  are  covered  with  an  open,  stunted  forest  of 
western  pines  and  cedars,  with  which  mingle  the  post  oak,  the  yellow  oak,  and  other  species  of  the  Atlantic  region. 

The  pine  belt  covering  the  eastern  counties  of  the  state  is  alone  important  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply. 
Areas  of  river-bottom  land  covered  with  trees  are,  as  compared  with  the  area  of  the  state,  insignificant  in  extent,  and 
these  river  belts  of  forest  are  entirely  insufficient  to  supply  even  the  mere  local  wants  of  the  nearest  settlements. 
The  oak  forests,  which  stretch  more  or  less  continuously  between  the  eastern  pine  belt  and  the  treeless  western 
prairies  and  plains,  are,  except  along  their  extreme  eastern  borders,  composed  of  small,  stunted  trees,  often  hollow, 
defective,  and  of  little  value  except  for  fuel,  fence  rails,  and  railway  ties.  The  forests  of  the  western  mountains  are 


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THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


541 


not  luxuriant,  and  at  the  best  can  only  supply  a  limited  local  demand  with  inferior  lumber.  It  is  probably  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  west  of  the  pine  belt,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  small  amount  of  hard  wood  found  on 
the  bottom  lands  near  the  coast,  the  forests  of  Texas  do  not  contain  a  single  tree  fit  to  manufacture  into  first-class 
lumber.  The  pine  forests,  therefore,  of  eastern  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  are  important  factors  in  the  future 
development  of  Texas,  as  well  as  of  the  treeless  northeastern  provinces  of  Mexico,  which  must  draw  their  building 
material  from  these  pineries.  The  position  of  these  forests,  therefore,  with  reference  to  an  enormous  territory 
destitute  of  timber,  although  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing,  and  which  must  soon  be  covered  with  a  considerable 
population  and  a  net-work  of  railroads,  their  richness  of  composition,  and  the  facility  with  which  they  can  be 
worked,  give  to  them  perhaps  a  greater  prospective  value  than  that  possessed  by  any  body  of  timber  of  similar 
extent  in  the  United  States. 

During  the  census  year  599,359  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  damaged  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$273,990.  Of  these  fires  the  larger  number  was  set  to  improve  pasturage,  in  clearing  land,  or  through  malice.  These 
returns  do  not  include  the  large  areas  burned  in  western  Texas  by  prairie  fires,  checking  the  growth  of  the  mesquit 
over  a  great  extent  of  territory. 

Small  amounts  of  cooperage  stock  and  woodenware,  principally  for  local  consumption,  are  manufactured  in  the 
eastern  counties  from  oak  and  cypress.  Manufacturers  report  an  abundant  supply  of  material. 

The  following  rough  estimates  of  the  amounts  of  the  three  kinds  of  pine  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  1880, 
were  made  by  multiplying  the  average  stand  of  timber  per  acre  by  the  county  areas  occupied  by  the  pine  forests, 
these  being  obtained  by  deducting,  from  total  areas  of  the  county,  estimated  areas  covered  by  clearings,  bottom 
lands,  swamps,  etc. : 


Counties. 

Long-leavpd  pino 
(Pinuspalustris). 

Short-leaved  pine 
(Pinu*  mitis)  . 

Lobloll  v  pine 
(Pinus  Tceda). 

Anderson  

Feet,  board  measure. 

Feet,  board  measure, 
336  000  000 

Feet,  board  measure. 
1  763  600  000  • 

1  340  ?00  000 

1  190  400  000 

2  380  800  000 

Camp...  .     .. 

579  200  000 

Cass  

2  470  400  000 

2  230  400  000 

Franklin  

448  000  000 

Gregg  

598  400  000 

Grimes  

211  200  000 

1  244  800  000 

697  200  000 

Harris  

1  827  200  000 

Harrison  

2  326  400  000 

Henderson  

521  600  000 

483  200  000 

Houston  

3  216  000  000 

Jasper  

2  534  400  000 

Jefferson  

288  000  000 

41  600  000 

2  147  *>00  000 

Madison  

233  600  000 

Marion  

1  187  200  000 

Montgomery  

2  326  400  000 

Morris  

729  600  000 

Nacogdoches  

1  216  000  000 

1  555  200  000 

35  500  000 

2  ll'J  000  000 

Orange  

>       i       i 
230  000  000 

518  400  000 

Panola  

1  193  600  000 

1  107  200    *00 

Polk  

2  7°0  000  000 

Red  River  

272  000  000 

Rusk  

115  200  000 

2  492  800  000 

Sabine  

1  648  000  000 

San  Augustine  

1,  6^5  600  000 

San  Jacinto  

1  833  600  000 

Shelby 

Smith.  

2  035  200  000 

Titus  

806  000  000 

Trinity  

51  000  000 

1  987  200  000 

Tyler 

2  550  400  000 

1  39^  006  000 

Van  Zandt                          ... 

26  000  000 

"Walker  

1  590  400  000 

:    Waller  

19  000  000 

Wood 

1  600  000  000 

Total                                                         .  . 

20  508  200  000 

26  093  200  000 

20  907  100  000 

Amount  cut  for  the  year  ending  May  31,  1880  

66,  450,  000 

a  146,  420,  000 

61,  570,  000 

a  Including  30,290,000  shingles. 


542  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  iu  Texas  are  Orange  and  Beaumont,  oil  the  Sabiue  and  Nueces 
rivers,  above  Sa'*iue  pass.  Loug-leaved  pine  and  cypress  are  sawed  here  and  shipped  east  and  west  by  rail, 
and  in  small  quantities  by  schooner  to  Texan  and  Mexican  ports.  Loblolly  pine  is  sawed  at  a  number  of  small 
mills  upon  the  line  of  the  International  and  Great  Northern  railroad  in  the  counties  south  of  the  Trinity  river, 
and  a  large  amount  of  short-leaved  pine  is  manufactured  in  the  mills  upon  the  line  of  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad  in 
the  northeastern  counties,  Lougview,  in  Gregg  county,  being  the  principal  center  of  this  industry.  The  product  of 
these  mills  is  shipped  west  by  rail  to  supply  settlers  upon  the  prairies  of  northern  Texas  with  building  material. 

The  following  extracts  are  derived  from  the  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Texas  made  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of 
Mobile : 

"  West  of  Marshall,  upon  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad,  the  surface  of  the  land  becomes  more  broken ;  the  soil  is 
lighter,  more  porous,  and  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  which  soon  becomes  the  prevailing  forest 
tree  in  the  woods  extending  toward  the  west.  Longview,  a  small  town  at  the  junction  of  the  International  and  Great 
Northern  and  Texas  Pacific  railroads,  is  situated  almost  in  the  center  of  the  short-leaved  pine  region,  and  is  the 
seat  of  an  active  lumber  business.  These  forests  of  short-leaved  pine,  more  or  less  interspersed  with  oaks,  extend 
to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  and  southward  with  an  easterly  trend  to  the  confines  of  the  region  of  the 
long-leaved  pine.  The  short-leaved  pine  finds  its  western  limits  near  Mineola. 

At  Palestine,  in  Anderson  county,  the  uplands  are  covered  with  a  loamy,  somewhat  sandy,  soil  underlaid  with, 
a  heavy  clay.  Here  a  more  or  less  open  oak  forest  is  common.  The  black  oak  abounds,  with  the  Spanish,  black- 
jack, blue-jack,  and  post  oak,  the  last,  however,  always  the  prevailing  species.  Next  to  the  post  oak  the  black- 
jack is  the  species  of  widest  distribution  in  Texas,  the  two  species  being  always  found  associated  together  from 
the  northern  confines  of  the  state  to  the  prairies  of  the  coast,  and  from  the  east  to  the  treeless  regions  of  western 
Texas.  The  bois  d'arc  (Madura  aurantiaca)  is  common  along  the  banks  of  the  water-courses  in  eastern  Texas, 
attaining  a  size  large  enough  to  be  economically  valuable.  It  is  here,  however,  most  probably  adventitious  from 
the  region  in  the  northwest,  where  it  forms  an  almost  uninterrupted  belt  of  woods  from  4  to  10  miles  wide,  extending 
from  a  short  distance  south  of  the  city  of  Dallas  to  the  northern  frontier  of  the  state,  entering  the  Indian  territory 
between  Sherman  and  Paris.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  from  45  to  50  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  from  1  foot  to  2 
feet,  and  is  of  great  value. 

"  The  timber  growth  immediately  west  of  the  Brazos  is  stunted  and  scanty ;  large  areas  of  grass  land  intervene 
between  the  scrubby  woods  until  all  at  once  ligneous  growth  disappears,  and  the  seemingly  boundless  prairie,  in 
gently  undulating  swells,  expands  before  the  view  on  all  sides.  Near  the  center  of  Milam  county  a  belt  of  open 
post-oak  woods  from  20  to  25  miles  in  width  is  entered.  It  extends  from  Belton,  in  Bell  county,  southward  to  the 
upper  confines  of  Gonzales  county.  Post  oaks  stand  here  from  20  to  30  feet  apart,  with  black-jacks  and  blue-jacks 
between  them,  the  trees  being  all  of  small  size.  The  soil  of  these  oak  hills  is  of  poor  quality,  sandy,  gravelly, 
and  more  or  less  broken,  arid,  and  devoid  of  vegetable  mold.  Toward  the  southern  limit  of  this  belt,  near  Bastrop; 
a  tract  of  loblolly  pine  is  found  covering  nearly  four  townships,  or  about  90,000  acres.  During  the  last  twelve 
years  all  the  useful  timber  on  this  isolated  tract  has  been  cut  down.  A  second  growth  of  pine,  however,  has 
sprung  up,  and  is  now  growing  vigorously  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  owners  of  the  land,  and  promises  in  a 
short  time  to  afford  a  new  supply  of  timber.  A  belt  of  post  oak  is  found  intersecting  the  prairie  from  the  upper 
part  of  McLennan  county,  near  Waco,  and  extending  to  the  northern  frontier  of  the  state,  where  it  joins  the  cross- 
timbers  of  the  Wichita.  It  is  known  as  the  'lower  cross  timbers'.  This  belt  of  oak  wood  is  nearly  150  miles  long, 
with  its  greatest  width  of  about  20  miles  between  Dallas  and  Fort  Worth.  At  a  distance  of  from  20  to  40  miles 
west  of  the  lower  cross-timbers  another  belt  of  oak  extends  from  Comanche  county  to  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  state,  with  a  long  western  spur  following  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  as  far  as  the  ninety -ninth  meridian.  This  oak 
forest  is  known  as  '  the  cross-timbers '. 

"  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  country  west  of  the  Brazos  river,  except  the  basin  of  the  Colorado,  is  a  poorly-timbered 
region.  The  inesquit  was  first  met  with  on  the  declivities  of  the  prairie,  which  verge  here  upon  the  valley  of  the 
Colorado.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  hard,  fine-grained,  tough,  heavy,  and  of  great  durability.  In  the  western 
portions  of  the  state,  almost  entirely  destitute  of  other  timber  growth,  it  serves,  according  to  its  size,  a  variety  of 
purposes  in  the  economy  of  the  stock  ranch,  and  is  there  invaluable  for  fencing.  Burning  with  a  clear,  smokeless 
flame  and  possessing  great  heating-powers,  it  is  unsurpassed  as  fuel  by  any  other  Texas  wood.  It  serves,  moreover, 
another  important  purpose  in  furnishing  an  abundance  of  wholesome  and  nutritious  food  to  large  herds  of  cattle, 
at  a  season  of  the  year  when  long-continued  droughts  have  destroyed  the  grass  upon  the  prairie.  With  the 
increasing  settlement  of  the  treeless-prairie  region  during  the  last  15  or  20  years,  this  tree  has  spread  rapidly  east  and 
north.  Near  San  Antonio  I  saw  extensive  districts,  reported  to  have  been,  a  few  years  ago,  entirely  destitute  of  even 
a  trace  of  ligneous  growth,  and  which  are  now  covered  with  copses  of  mesqnit.  Similar  growths  have  sprung  up 
everywhere  in  the  prairies  of  western  Texas.  The  appearance  of  this  new  growth  may  be  traced  to  the  influence 
of  the  vast  herds  of  stock  which  range  over  the  prairies,  and  which,  in  voiding  the  seeds  of  this  tree,  assist  its 
wider  distribution,  and,  in  keeping  down  the  grass,  diminish  the  quantity  of  combustible  material  which  feeds  the 
prairie  fires,  and  thus  check  and  finally  prevent  the  spread  of  the  frequent  conflagrations  which  swept  year  after 
year  over  these  grassy  plains. 


19 


DEPARTMENT   OF  THE  INTERIOR 


i  i  j — >. 

a    V    i  FIlLMO^Tr^A  LI 


DENSITY  OF  FORESTS 


COMPILED  UNDKHIHK  DIRECTION  OF 

C.S.SARGENT,  SPECIAI.  AGENT 
1883. 


I j  Under  i  cord  per  acre 

II 


TENTI: 


_,j  wooDsou!  vauEw  i  3^HBI 

si.  !TOB 


JubusBicn&CeJJfb 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  543 

"  West  of  the  Colorado  river  the  pecan-nut  is  an  important  product,  forming  one  of  the  staple  articles  of  export. 
Shipments  of  this  nut  from  San  Antonio  average  annually  1,250,000  pounds,  obtained  from  the  bottom  lauds  of 
the  Nueces,  the  llio  Frio,  Medina,  and  liio  Ooncho.  A  million  pounds,  obtained  from  the  Colorado,  Guadalupe, 
Itio  Blanco,  Pierderelis,  Sabiual,  Llano,  and  Sau  Saba  rivers,  are  shipped  from  Austin,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a 
million  more  from  Indiauola,  gathered  on  the  lower  Guadalupe,  San  Antonio,  Colorado,  and  other  streams  flowing 
into  the  Gulf.  The  nuts  are  worth,  on  an  average,  5  cents  a  pound  to  the  gatherer. 

''  On  the  range  of  low  hills  extending  from  San  Antonio  to  Austin,  which  rise  at  some  points  to  a  height  of 
over  500  feet  above  the  plain,  forming  the  base  of  the  terraces  leading  to  the  table-land  of  northern  Mexico,  the 
woods  are  confined  to  the  barrens  and  the  declivities  bordering  upon  them.  The  open  plains  on  these  table-lands  are 
either  entirely  destitute  of  ligneous  growth,  or,  when  covered  with  deeper  and  more  fertile  soil,  support  low  copses 
of  mesquit.  The  western  juniper  is  observed  here  for  the  first  time.  It  is  a  tree  of  low  growth,  seldom  exceeding 
35  feet  in  height,  or  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter.  It  branches  at  a  short  distance  from  the  base,  forming  a 
bro.id,  round  head.  The  wood  is  of  a  dingy,  reddish  color,  fine-grained,  hard,  and  heavy,  and  in  density  and 
durability  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  the  red  cedar.  It  is  knotty,  however,  from  near  the  base,  and  furnishes  no  sticks 
sufficiently  long  to  allow  its  use  in  cabinet-making,  and  can  only  be  employed  for  rough  construction,  posts,  palings, 
etc.,  for  which  purposes  it  is  invaluable.  The  home  of  the  western  cedar  is  found  on  the  rugged  highlands  which 
surround  the  channels  of  the  headwaters  of  the  numerous  streams  which  flow  from  the  eastern  declivity  of  these 
hills.  Here  it  forms  open  groves,  with  scarcely  any  other  woody  growth  among  the  somewhat  scattered  trees. 
These  cedar  woods  are  particularly  common  upon  the  brows  of  the  steep  escarpments  from  the  base  of  which  issue 
the  large  springs  which  form  such  a  striking  feature  in  this  part  of  the  state.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  settlements  few 
of  the  filll-grown  trees  have  been  left.  The  improvidence  of  the  first  settlers  in  obtaining  their  timber  supplies 
and  the  prairie  fires  which  ran  through  these  cedar  woods  in  former  years  have  caused  the  destruction  of  large  areas 
once  covered  by  this  valuable  tree.  According  to  my  observation,  the  western  cedar  prefers  a  calcareous,  dry  soil. 
Its  range  of  distribution  seems  limited  to  the  hilly  region  bordering  upon  the  upper  part  ef  the  Colorado  valley, 
extending  toward  the  south  a  short  distance  below  New  Brauufels.  and  westward  to  the  sources  of  the  Nueces  and 
Guadalupe  rivers.  Well-timbered  tracts  of  this  tree  are  still  found  west  of  New  Braunfels  as  far  as  Boerne,  in 
Kendall  county,  and  on  the  terraces  of  the  higher  ranges  in  Bandera  and  Kerr  counties." 

INDIAN  TEERITOEY. 

The  forests  of  the  Indian  territory  are  confined  to  its  eastern  portion.  West  of  the  ninety-ninth  meridian  trees 
are  only  found  along  the  narrow  river  bottoms,  the  intervening  ridges  being  bare  of  all  forest  growth.  The  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  the  territory  contains  numerous  extensive  open  prairies,  south  of  which  a  heavy  body  of  forest 
composed  of  hard  woods,  mixed  on  the  high  ridges  with  the  short-leaved  pine,  extends  southward  into  Texas,  with 
a  maximum  width  in  the  Choctaw  nation  of  CO  miles.  In  the  Cherokee  nation  six  considerable  bodies  of  pine, 
varying  from  10  to  30  miles  in  length  and  2  to  4  miles  in  width,  occur  on  Spavina  creek,  Illinois  river,  Salina  river, 
Spring  creek,  and  Bowman's  Fork,  tributaries  of  Grand  river.  A  large  body  of  pine  occurs  also  25  miles  west  of 
Beams,  a  station  upon  the  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  railroad.  Smaller  bodies  of  pine  are  found,  too,  east  of 
Beams,  and  at  Striugtown,  where  lumber  is  manufactured  and  shipped  southward  by  rail  into  northern  Texas.  % 

The  bottom  lauds  of  all  the  streams  flowing  through  the  eastern  portion  of  the  territory  are  heavily  timbered 
with  hard  woods,  and  especially  those  of  the  Neosho,  Verdigris,  Arkansas,  and  Canadian  rivers  contain  great  bodies 
of  the  finest  black  walnut  now  growing.  A  particularly  fine  growth  of  this  timber  extends  along  the  Verdigris  river 
for  50  miles  above  Coffeeville. 

West  of  the  region  of  heavy  forest  the  country  is  covered  with  an  open  growth  of  upland  oaks,  among  which 
the  most  prominent  are  the  post  oak  and  the  black-jack.  These  forests  are  interspersed  with  prairies,  often  of 
considerable  extent,  which  gradually  occupy  the  whole  country  outside  the  bottom  lands.  Farther  west,  between 
the  ninety-seventh  and  ninety -ninth  degrees  of  west  longitude,  the  "cross-timbers"  enter  the  territory  from  the 
south.  They  are  composed,  as  in  Texas,  of  a  stunted  growth  of  post  oak  and  black-jack,  and  extend  northward 
across  the  territory  in  straggling  patches  into  southern  Kansas.  The  main  belt  of  the  "cross-timbers",  about  70 
miles  wide  at  the  Texas  boundary,  gradually  becomes  narrower  toward  the  north  and  northwest,  disappearing,  at 
about  longitude  99°  west,  upon  the  ridges  south  of  the  Cimarron  river. 

No  returns  of  the  amount  of  lumber  manufactured  in  the  territory  have  been  received,  nor  other  than  the  most 
general  information  in  regard  to  its  forest  covering. 

ARKANSAS. 

Heavy  forests  cover  the  state  of  Arkansas,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated  prairies  principally  confined 
to  Prairie  and  Arkansas  counties,  north  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and  the  western  borders  of  the  state. 
North  of  the  Arkansas  river  the  forests  are  mostly  composed  of  the  deciduous  trees  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  through 
•which  isolated  belts  occur,  often  of  considerable  extent,  in  which  the  short-leaved  pine,  the  only  species  found  in 


544 


TPIE  FORESTS  OF  T^E  UNITED  STATES. 


northern  Arkansas,  is  mixed  with  the  hard  woods.  The  southwestern  part  of  the  state  south  of  the  Arkansas 
river  and  west  of  the  broad,  level  plain  of  the  Mississippi  is  covered  outside  the  river-bottom  lands  with  an  almost 
continuous  forest  of  pine,  in  which  the  short-leaved  species  occupies  the  high,  dry  ridges  and  the  loblolly  the 
moist  soil  above  the  bottoms.  Great  bodies  of  cypress  cover  the  extensive  swamps  that  stretch  along  the  eastern 
border  of  the  state  or  line  the  bottoms  of  the  White,  Arkansas,  Washita,  and  Eed  rivers.  The  hard-wood  forests 
of  the  state  are  hardly  surpassed  in  variety  and  richness,  and  contain  inestimable  bodies  of  the  finest  oak,  walnut, 
hickory,  and  ash  timber.  Black  walnut  of  large  size  is  still  widely  scattered  over  the  state,  and  is  particularly 
abundant  in  the  valley  of  the  Eed  and  other  southern  rivers.  The  pine  forests  are  almost  intact.  Settlements 
made  for  agricultural  purposes  have  been  confined  to  bottom  lands,  and  only  during  the  last  few  years  has 
pine  lumber  been  manufactured  in  the  state,  except  to  supply  a  very  limited  local  demand.  Recently,  however, 
comparatively  small  quantities  of  lumber  manufactured  at  numerous  railroad  mills,  principally  established  south  of 
the  Arkansas  river,  have  been  shipped  north  and  south  out  of  the  state. 

The  forests  of  Arkansas  have  received  comparatively  little  damage  from  fire.  Pine  generally  succeeds  pine 
even  on  burned  land,  although  upon  certain  gravel  and  clay  soils  the  second  growth  is  largely  composed  of  black 
and  red  oaks,  or,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  the  sweet  gum  replaces  other  trees  on  bottom  lands.  During 
the  census  year  858,115  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $259,470. 
The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  due  to  the  carelessness  of  farmers  in  clearing  laud,  or  to  hunters  camping 
in  the  forest. 

Industries  consuming  hard  woods  are  still  in  their  infancy  in  Arkansas,  although  doubtless  destined  to  attain 
an  important  development.  Eough  white-oak  staves  are  largely  manufactured  in  the  White  Elver  country  and  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  for  eastern  and  European  markets. 

A  considerable  traffic  exists  in  the  southwestern  counties  in  the  wood  of  the  Osage  orange,  used  for  wheel 
stock,  and  more  recently  as  pavement  in  Saint  Louis  and  other  northern  cities. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  short-leaved  pine  standing  in  Arkansas  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared 
by  Professor  F.  L.  Harvey,  of  Fayetteville : 

SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  mitfs). 


Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Counties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Ashley 

1,  555,  000,  000 
187,  000,  000 
124,  000,  000 
1,  140,  000,  000 
1,  519,  000,  000 
159,  000,  000 
1,  280,  000,  000 
3,  000,  000 
1,  866,  000,  000 
18,  000,  000 
54,  000,  000 
1,  659,  000,  000 
726,  000,  000 
482,  000,  000 
42,  000,  000 
146,  000,  000 
1,  865,  000,  000 
207,  000,  000 
38,  000,  000 
1,  176,  000,  000 

Hot  Spring 

1,  348,  000,  000 
1,  254,  000,  000 
93,  000,  000 
242,  000,  000 
518,  000,  000 
248,  000,  000 
586,  000,  000 
14,  000,  000 
105,  000,  000 
690,  000,  000 
554,  000,  000 
20,  000,  000 
55,  000,  COO 
207,  000,  000 
622,  000,  000 
180,  000,  000 
2,  281,  000,  000 
1,453,000,000 
767,  000,  000 
1,  384,  000,  000 

Perry  

1,  023,  000,  000 
21,  000,  600 
1,  695,  000,  000 
45,  000,  COO 
2,  592,  000,  000 
208,  000,  000 
668,  000,  000 
7,  000,  000 
933,  000,  000 
1,  516,  000,  000 
166,  000,  000 
243,  000,  000 
909,  000,  COO 
35,  000,  000 
179,  000,  000 
2,  364,  000,  000 
435,  000,  080 
23,  000,  000 
1,  306,  000,  000 

Baxter 

I'htllips      

Pike 

Bradley 

Polk 

Carroll 

Pope 

Clarke 

Pulaski 

Clay 

Lee 

Scott 

Dallas 

;  Sharp 

Miller 

Fulton 

Garland  

Grant  

White  

Tell  

Hempstoad  

Ouachita  

Total 

41,  315,  000,  000 

Cnt  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (including  57,943,000  shingles  and  2,891,C 

00  laths) 

129,  781,  000 

TENNESSEE. 

The  western  counties  of  Tennessee  are  covered  with  heavy  forests,  similar  in  distribution  and  density  to  those 
which  occupy  the  Yazoo  region  of  western  Mississippi.  The  river  swamps  in  this  part  of  the  state  still  contain  large 
bodies  of  cypress,  while  the  hills  are  covered  with  oaks,  hickories,  and  other  hard- wood  trees.  The  central  portion 
of  the  state,  now  largely  cleared  for  cultivation,  was  once  covered  with  forests  of  hard  wood,  remnants  of  which 
are  still  found  upon  rocky  ridges  or  land  unfit  for  agriculture.  Nearly  through  the  center  of  this  middle  district, 
extending  north  and  south,  "the  cedar  glades"  occupy  an  extensive  region  of  Silurian  limestone.  Here  the 
characteristic  growth  consists  of  red  cedar  (Juniperus  Virginiana),  often  forming  stunted  forests  of  considerable 
extent,  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or  is  mixed  with  the  honey  locust,  a  characteristic  species,  also,  of  this 
well-marked  region. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  545 

The  eastern  part  of  the  state,  occupied  by  the  Cumberland  plateau  and  the  high  ranges  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  mountains,  is  covered  with  a  heavy  forest  of  oak  and  other  hard  woods,  mixed  at  high  elevations  with, 
hemlock,  pine,  and  spruce,  and  constituting  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  timber  now  standing  in  the  United  States. 
It  contains,  besides  white  and  chestnut  oak  of  fine  quality,  much  yellow  poplar,  black  walnut,  and  cherry.  In  the 
southeastern  counties,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river,  the  hard-wood  forests  have  been,  however, 
already  destroyed  over  large  areas  to  furnish  charcoal  for  the  iron-manufacturing  industry  established  here. 

During  the  census  year  '.).S5,430  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  65,254,980. 
Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  was  set  ;n  the  careless  clearing  of  land  for  agriculture  or  to  improve  grazing, 
and  by  hunters,  locomotives,  etc. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Willey,  of  Manchester,  Tennessee,  has  supplied  the  following  statement  in  regard  to  the  effects 
produced  upon  the  forest  growth  by  the  annual  burning  of  dead  herbage  to  improve  pasturage : 

"EFFECT  OF  FIRES  UPON  THE  FOREST. 

"The  practice  of  burning  timber-land,  said  to  have  been  of  Indian  origin,  has  been  continued  by  the  white 
settlers.  The  native  grasses  do  not  die  down  when  killed  by  frost;  they  simply  die  standing,  and  the  young  grass 
in  the  spring  has  to  push  through  the  old  tuft,  which  is  often  Q  or  8  inches  high.  The  fires  are  set  in  the  timber 
and  old  fields  to  burn  these  tufts,  that  stock  may  graze  four  or  six  weeks  earlier  than  if  the  old  herbage  had  been 
left  upon  the  ground.  In  the  barrens  and  on  the  Cumberland  plateau  the  timber  is  principally  oak  of  various 
kinds,  which  do  not  shed  their  leaves  at  once  when  killed  by  frost,  or  rot  when  partially  green,  but  remain  dry 
upon  the  trees  and  fall  gradually  during  winter  and  spring.  The  largest  portion,  therefore,  are  on  the  ground  in 
February,  the  time  when  fires  are  set.  The  effect  of  these  fires  is  to  destroy  all  the  natural  sources  of  fertility,  grass, 
leaves,  and  fallen  timber.  Had  these  been  allowed  to  accumulate,  what  are  now  called  barren  lands  would  be  the 
most  fertile  in  the  state.  The  practice  kills,  too,  the  young  trees,  so  that  some  of  the  most  valuable  timber  that 
the  land  is  suitable  to  produce  is  unable  to  stand.  The  black-jack,  post  oak,  black  oak,  etc.,  however,  on  account 
of  the  protection  afforded  by  their  thick  bark,  are  able  to  gain  some  headway,  and  so  crowd  out  more  valuable 
trees.  The  state  law  makes  it  a  misdemeanor  with  heavy  penalty  for  any  one  to  set  fire  to  and  burn  a  neighbor's 
land ;  but  the  difficulty  of  detection  and  conviction  in  such  cases  makes  this  law  non-effective.  These  are  the  causes 
and  effects  of  forest  fires  in  this  section ;  they  never  occur  here  in  summer." 

Considerable  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  is  manufactured  in  Tennessee,  but,  except  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state,  manufacturers  report  a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  the  best  hard  woods,  especially  white  oak.  In  the 
eastern  counties  the  manufacture  of  oak  staves  and  other  industries  using  hard  woods  are  capable  of  large 
development. 

The  principal  center  of  lumber  manufacture  in  the  state  is  Nashville,  where  several  mills  saw  large  quantities 
of  black  walnut,  poplar,  cherry,  ash,  oak,  etc.,  received  by  raft  from  the  upper  Cumberland  river  in  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky.  The  local  market  takes  about  one-third  of  the  lumber  manufactured  here,  the  remainder  being  sent 
north  and  east  by  rail.  Memphis,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  is  also  an  important  manufacturing  center.  The  mills 
here  are  largely  supplied  by  rafts  from  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee,  and  saw  large  quantities  of  cypress,  ash, 
poplar,  hickory,  gum,  and  black  walnut.  Considerable  hard-wood  lumber  manufactured  in  Dyer,  Lincoln,  Obion, 
and  Smith  counties,  and  pine  and  hard-wood  lumber  in  Knox  and  Jefferson,  largely  from  logs  obtained  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  mills,  is  principally  consumed  locally. 

KENTUCKY. 

The  forests  of  Kentucky  resemble  in  general  features  those  of  Tennessee.  Cypress,  gum,  and  various  water 
oaks  occupy  the  river  swamps  of  the  western  counties.  The  central  region,  now  largely  cleared  and  devoted  to 
agriculture,  was  once  covered  with  the  oaks,  walnuts,  and  hickories  of  the  Atlantic  region,  while  over  the  eastern  and 
southeastern  counties  the  dense  forests  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  extended.  The  eastern  counties  still  contain 
great  bodies  of  the  best  hard  wood,  especially  black  walnut,  white  oak,  cherry,  and  yellow  poplar,  which  are 
particularly  fine  and  abundant  in  Bell,  Harlan,  and  other  southeastern  counties.  These  forests,  protected  by  the 
falls  of  the  Cumberland  river,  which  have  prevented  the  driving  of  logs  from  its  upper  waters,  and  inaccessible  to 
rail  communication,  are  still  practically  uninjured,  and  probably  unsurpassed  in  the  amount,  quality,  and  value  of 
the  timber  which  they  contain.  The  destruction  of  forests  to  supply  numerous  iron  furnaces  with  charcoal  has  been 
great  in  the  northeastern  counties,  and  no  small  part  of  this  region  has  already  been  cut  over. 

During  the  census  year  550,647  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$237,635.  Of  these  fires  by  far  the  largest  number  was  traced  to  farmers  carelessly  clearing  land  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

In  Barren,  Bdmouson,  and  other  central  counties  extensive  tracts  of  prairie  existed  at  the  time  of  the 
earliest  settlement  of  the  state.  The  presence  of  these  prairies  in  the  midst  of  a  heavily-timbered  region  is 
ascribed  to  the  annual  burning  to  which  thev  were  subjected  by  the  aborigines.  With  the  disappearance  of  the 
35  FOR 


546  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Indians  trees  sprang  up,  and  this  region  is  now  well  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  black  oaks  of  different 
species.  White  oaks,  however,  are  not  abundant,  and  other  species  common  to  the  region,  such  as  the  walnuts, 
the  yellow  poplar,  and  the  beech,  are  wanting  in  these  young  forests,  indicating  perhaps  the  effect  of  fires  in 
checking  the  subsequent  growth  or  development  of  many  useful  timber  trees. 

PASTURAGE   OF   WOODLANDS. 

The  forests  of  Kentucky,  as  well  as  those  of  all  the  central  and  southern  portion  of  the  United  States,  suffer 
severely  from  the  almost  universal  custom  of  using  woodlands  for  pasturage.  The  evil  resulting  from  this  practice 
is  only  more  apparent  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  because  in  these  states  the  amount  of  live  stock  is  proportionately 
larger  than  in  other  parts  of  the  south,  while  in  the  thickly-settled  agricultural  sections  of  these  states  the 
ratio  of  woodland  to  total  area  is  smaller.  The  pasturage  of  woodlands  necessitates,  or  at  least  induces,  the  annual 
burning  of  the  dead  herbage,  by  which  underbrush,  young  trees,  seedlings,  and  seeds  are  destroyed  and  the 
succession  and  permanence  of  the  forest  endangered.  What  the  fires  spare,  browsing  animals  devour ;  hogs  root 
out  seedlings,  and  by  selecting  the  sweet  acorns  of  the  white  oak  in  preference  to  the  bitter  fruit  of  the  black  oaks, 
are  gradually  changing  the  composition  of  the  oak  forests.  Comparatively  few  white  oaks  spring  up  in  the  forests 
of  the  more  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  central  Atlantic  region,  and  this  change  of  forest  composition  must  be 
ascribed  to  the  preference  of  domestic  animals  for  the  palatable  fruit  of  what,  as  regards  their  timber,  are  the 
most  valuable  species.  The  injury,  too,  inflicted  by  .the  constant  stamping  of  animals  and  consequent  packing  of  the 
land  about  the  stems  of  old  trees  is  very  great,  and  all  reports  speak  of  the  gradual  dying  of  old  trees  left  standing 
in  the  grazing  regions  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

The  spread  of  the  mistletoe  (Phoradendronflavescens),  consequent  upon  the  removal  of  the  forest  and  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  birds  (the  mistletoe  seems  to  require  a  certain  amount  of  light  and  air  for  its  development;  it 
does  not  flourish  or  increase  rapidly  in  the  dense  forest,  and  cannot  spread  except  by  the  agency  of  birds),  is  a  cause 
of  serious  injury  to  the  forest  of  this  whole  region.  It  slowly  but  surely  destroys  the  trees  upon  which  it  obtains  a 
foothold.  The  black  walnut  especially  suffers  from  the  growth  of  this  parasite,  which  seems  destined  to  destroy  the 
finest  walnut  timber  left  standing  in  the  settled  portions  of  the  southern  central  region. 

Large  quantities  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  are  produced  all  over  the  state,  and  manufacturers  generally 
report  no  scarcity  or  deterioration  of  timber,  with  the  exception  of  white  oak.  The  principal  centers  of  lumber 
manufacture  are  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  McCracken  county,  where  a  large  amount  of  cypress, 
sycamore,  gum,  oak,  walnut,  and  other  hard  wood  is  manufactured  for  the  northern  market  from  logs  rafted  down 
the  Tennessee  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the  Mississippi;  at  Frankfort,  where  poplar,  oak,  ash,  walnut,  pine, 
cherry,  hickory,  and  maple  logs,  rafted  from  the  upper  waters  of  the.  Kentucky  river,  are  sawed,  the  lumber  being- 
shipped  north  and  east  by  rail;  and  at  Louisville,  where  walnut,  poplar,  and  oak  lumber  is  manufactured  for  local 
consumption.  The  manufacture  of  pumps  and  water-pipes  from  logs  of  the  Jersey  pine  (Pinus  inops),  at  one  time 
an  important  industry  at  Louisville,  has,  since  the  general  introduction  of  city  and  town  water-works,  become 
unremuuerative  and  unimportant. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  547 


NORTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION. 


onio. 

The  forests  of  Ohio  were  originally  composed  of  deciduous  species.  among  which,  iii  the  eastern  and  especially 
in  the  northeastern  counties,  white  pine  and  hemlock  existed  in  isolated  bodies  of  no  great  extent. 

The  original  forest  has  now  been  generally  removed,  except  from  Ottawa,  Miami,  Montgomery,  and  a  few 
other  western  counties,  and  from  swamps  and  other  lauds  unfit  for  agriculture;  everywhere  the  walnut  and  other 
valuable  timbers  have  been  culled,  and  Ohio  must  soou  depend  almost  exclusively  for  the  lumber  which  it  consumes 
upon  the  northern  pineries  and  the  hard-wood  forests  of  the  south. 

During  the  census  year  74,114  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$797,170.  Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  was  traced  to  carelessness  in  clearing  land,  to  hunters,  sparks  from 
locomotives,  etc. 

The  production  of  cooperage  stock  has  long  been  an  important  industry  in  the  state;  it  has  already  suffered  from 
a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  white  oak,  for  which  elm,  beech,  maple,  and  poplar  are  now  often  substituted. 
Manufacturers  of  wheel  stock,  furniture,  woodenware,  etc.,  report  abundant  material  for  present  consumption. 

Ohio  is  sixth  among  the  states  in  the  volume  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  The  business  is  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  state,  generally  in  the  hands  of  small  manufacturers  operating  portable  mills,  which 
threaten  the  rapid  destruction  of  the  remnants  of  her  forests. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana  was  once  almost  entirely  covered  with  noble  forests  of  deciduous  trees.  Along  its  western  bordi-rs 
these  were  interrupted,  however,  by  numerous  small  prairies,  the  extreme  eastern  outposts  of  the  great  treeless 
region  which,  toward  the  north,  extended  over  the  counties  of  Benton,  Newton,  and  Jasper,  and  over  considerable 
portions  of  Lake,  Porter,  La  Porte,  Pulaski,  White,  Tippecanoe,  and  Warren  counties.  These  prairies  have 
gradually  decreased  in  area  with  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  those  originally  of  small  extent  are  now  covered 
with  a  vigorous  growth  of  the  forest  trees  of  the  region. 

The  forests  of  Indiana  are  characterized  by  an  almost  entire  absence  of  coniferous  trees.  Stunted  white  and 
gray  pines  occupy  the  sand-dunes  which  border  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and  "the  knobs" — low, 
gravelly  hills  of  small  extent,  in  the  southeastern  river  counties — are  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  Jersey 
pine.  Swamps  in  the  southwestern  counties  contain  cypress,  which  finds  here  the  northern  limit  of  its  distribution. 
The  broad  bottom  lands  and  low  ridges  of  this  part  of  the  state  are  covered  with  a  forest  growth  probably 
unsurpassed  in  the  development  of  individual  trees,  and  rarely  equaled  in  the  richness  of  its  composition. 

The  forests  of  the  state  have  been  largely  removed  in  the  development  of  its  agriculture.  No  large  bodies 
of  the  original  timber  remain.  The  black  walnut  with  which  the  forests  of  Indiana  once  abounded  has  been 
everywhere  culled  and  is  now  rare,  while  the  best  yellow  poplar,  oak,  and  other  valuable  timbers  have  been  largely 
consumed. 

During  the  census  year  90,427  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  injured  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$130.335.  These  fires  were  set  by  farmers  carelessly  clearing  land,  by  hunters,  and  by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  forests  of  Indiana  have  long  supplied  material  for  a  large  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock,  furniture, 
wagon  stock,  woodenware,  etc.  The  cooperage  and  furniture  manufacturers  already  feel  the  scarcity  and  deterioration 
of  the  highest  grades  of  oak  and  walnut,  and  very  generally  predict  the  entire  exhaustion  at  no  very  distant  day  of 
the  forests  of  the  state. 

Indiana  is  fifth  among  the  states  in  the  value  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  Evansville,  upon  the 
Ohio  river,  in  'Vauderburgh  county,  is  an  important  manufacturing  center  on  account  of  the  capital  invested  there  in 
he  lumber  business  and  the  amount  of  its  product.  The  business,  however,  as  in  Ohio,  is  generally  in  the  hands 
of  small  manufacturers  operating  portable  mills  and  sawing  logs  hauled  to  them  by  farmers.  At  the  present  rate 
of  destruction  the  forests  of  the  state  must  soon  lose  all  commercial  importance. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  forests  of  Illinois  were  originally  confined  to  the  southern  portion  of  the  state,  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Illinois,  and  the  southern  third  of  the  delta  formed  by  these  rivers.  The  remainder  of  the  state 
was  covered  by  broad,  rolling  prairies.  The  forest  growth  in  this  prairie  region  was  confined  to  the  narrow  river 
bottoms  and  occasional  open  park-like  groves  of  burr,  scarlet,  red,  black-jack,  or  post  oaks,  known  as  "  oak  openings  ", 


548 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


through  which  the  prairie  fires  swept,  destroying  all  nuclei-growth,  without  doing  great  injury  to  the  full-grown 
trees.  Prairie  fires  have  gradually  decreased  in  frequency  and  violence  since  the  settlement  of  the  state,  and 
these  open  groves  are  now  filled  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  young  seedlings  and  shoots ;  their  characteristic  features 
have  disappeared,  and  the  area  of  the  forest  is  gradually  increasing. 

The  shores  of  lake  Michigan  are  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  white  pine;  the  dry,  rocky  hillsides  in  the 
western  part  of  Union  county,  one  of  the  southern  counties  of  the  state,  bear  a  few  yellow  pines  (Pinus  mitis),  and 
cypress  is  found  in  the  southern  river  swamps.  With  these  exceptions,  of  little  importance  commercially,  the 
forests  of  Illinois  are  composed  of  deciduous  species. 

During  the  census  year  only  48,691  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$45,775.  These  fires  were  generally  traced  to  hunters,  and  to  farmers  permitting  brush  fires  to  escape  to  the  forest. 

The  production  of  cooperage  stock  was  once  an  important  industry  in  southern  Illinois.  The  business  has 
greatly  diminished,  owing  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  local  supply  of  the  best  hard  woods.  Bass,  gum,  hackberry, 
elm,  sycamore,  and  other  woods  formerly  considered  of  little  value,  are  substituted  for  oak,  and  Illinois  now  receives 
most  of  its  hard  wood  from  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  other  southern  states. 

Illinois  is  eleventh  among  the  states  in  the  volume  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  It  owes  this  position 
to  the  fact  that  many  large  mills  sawing  pine  logs  rafted  down  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  forests  of  Wisconsin 
are  established  within  its  borders,  and  not  to  the  extent  and  value  of  the  forests  of  the  state.  The  manufacture 
of  Illinois-grown  lumber  is  small  and  totally  inadequate  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  present  population  of  the  state. 

Chicago,  owing  to  its  general  commercial  importance  and  its  position  with  reference  to  the  great  pine  forests 
of  the  northwest,  has  become  the  greatest  lumber-distributing  center  in  the  world. 

According  to  the  statistics  gathered  by  the  Northwestern  Lumberman  of  Chicago,  and  published  in  that  journal 
January  29,  1881,  there  were  received  in  Chicago  during  the  year  1880  1.419,974,000  feet  of  lumber  by  lake  and 
145,563,118  feet  by  rail,  a  total  of  1,565,537,118  feet,  an  increase  of  96,817,127  feet  over  the  total  receipts  of  1879; 
650,022,500  shingles  were  received  during  the  same  year. 

Lumber  was  received  from  the  lake  ports  during  the  year  1880,  as  follows  : 


Points  of  shipment. 

Lumber. 

Shingles. 

Points  of  shipment 

Lumber. 

Shingles. 

Feet. 
150,  000 
4,  517,  000 
5,  200,  000 
3,  670,  000 
980,  000 
3,  876,  000 
4,  825,  000 
6,  858,  000 
755,  000 
200,  000 
17,  383,  000 
1,  541,  000 
33,  250,  000 

Number. 

Feet. 
?L'5,  110,000 
202,  000 
451,  854,  000 
110,  000 
11,003,000 
2,  503,  000 
739,  000 
2,  681,  000 
SCO,  000 
G,  8C6,  000 
9,  596,  000 
45,  000 
51,  600,  000 
3,  355,  000 
12,  985,  000 
735,000 
314,  000 
180,  000 
200,  000 
1,  966,  000 
11,926,800 
1,662,000 
4,  014,  000 
522,  000 
2,  185,  000 
3,  650,  000 
11,  640,  000 
3,  065,  000 
23,  280,  000 
730,  000 
C6,  603,  000 

Number. 
700,  000 

1,  311,  000 

23,  660,  000 

Bay  tie  Noquet  '. 

North  Bay  
Oconto  

liayfield 

395,  OCO 
2,  886,  000 

Black  Creflk  

Black  River  

Canada  ports  

3,  190,  000 
25,  572,  000 

Cedar  Elver  

100,  000 

Charlovoix  

Chebovgan  

Peshti^o 

7,  920,  000 

Clav  Bank  

650,  000 

Copper  Harbor  

70,000 
233,  000 
2f,0,  000 
1,  340,  000 
5,  182,  000 
17,  850,  000 
9,  565,  000 
90,  166,  000 
1,  577,  000 
12,  822,  000 
300,  000 
857,  000 
110,  000 
9,  430,  000 
970,  000 
1,  295,  000 
103,713,000 
125,000 
275,  000 
1C5,  217,  000 
70,  000 
2,411,000 
1,  030,  000 

Cross  Village  

1,611,000 

Portage  Lake  

Depere  

Duck  lake  

Port  Sheldon 

Escanaba  

3,  457,  COO 
6,  915,  000 

114,  000,  000 
22,  562,  000 
11,  026,  000 

Red  River 

3,  857,  000 

Ford  River  

Rogers  City 

Frankfort  

Saginaw  River  

Grand  Haven  

Green  Bay  

4,  000,  000 

Uamlin  

Sanlt  Ste  Marie 

Hancock  

Silver  Lake  

600,000 
300,  000 
19,  978,  000 
2,  480,  000 

Holland  

Kewaunee  

5,  881,  000 
170,  000 

300,  000 
34,330,000 

L'Anse  

Lclnnd  

Traverse  

Whitensh  Bay 

Lincoln  

Ludington  

White  Lake 

24,  756,  000 

Total  

259,  911,  000 
300,  000 
522,  000 

1,  419,  H74,  000 
145,  563,  118 

583,  340,  000 
67,  582,  500 

Mamsteo  

Receipts  by  rail  

Mauitovroc  

Grand  total  

1,565,537,118 

650,  922,  500 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Lumber  was  received  by  rail  during  the  year  1880,  as  follows  : 


549 


Nantes  of  lines. 

Lumber. 

Shinies. 

Feet. 
9  096  000 

tfttmbtr. 

988  000 

70  000 

26,  799  000 

I,  50C,  418 

80,  000 

11  727  900 

44  642  000 

3  716  800 

Chicago,  MilwimlciT,  .mil  Siiint  I'iiul  railway  

12,  473,  000 
2  "24  000 

13,  180,  500 

2  040  000 

18  636  000 

1,  385,  000 

°4  798  000 

8  175  000 

12  481  000 

17,567  000 

50,000 

610  900 

Total                         

145,563,118 

67,  582,  500 

The  following  account  of  the  early  lumber  trade  of  Chicago  is  condensed  from  a  paper  prepared  by  Mr.  George 
W.  Hotchkiss,  secretary  of  the  Chicago  lumber  exchange,  and  printed  in  the  Northwestern  Lumberman  under 
date  of  March  19,  1881 : 

"Colonel  Maun,  residing  at  Calumet,  brought  the  first  raft  of  lumber  to  Chicago.  It  was  square  building 
timber,  poled  from  the  mouth  of  the  Calumet  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  river.  The  value  of  this  raft  was  $100, 
aud  its  owner  found  considerable  difficulty  in  disposing  of  it.  In  1834  or  1835  Captain  Carver  opened  a  lumber- 
yard ou  the  river  bank,  near  the  present  site  of  the  State-street  bridge,  and  about  the  same  time  a  man  named 
Harrison  owned  a  small  schooner  which  went  to  some  point  across  the  lake  and  brought  in  white  wood.  This  little 
vessel  could  not  enter  the  river,  on  account  of  the  bar  across  its  mouth,  and  her  cargo  was  unloaded  upon  scows 
and  rafts,  which  were  floated  southward  for  half  a  mile  or  more,  around  the  end  of  the  bar,  before  they  could  be 
headed  for  the  deep  water  of  the  river.  In  1835  or  183G  a  man  named  Eossiter  had  a  small  dock  and  yard  on  the 
river,  between  Clark  and  La  Salle  streets,  and  by  this  time  other  yards  were  started  on  the  river.  About  the  year 
1836  a  mail  named  Cammack  had  a  pit-mill  on  the  north  branch  of  the  river.  His  son  acted  as  pit-mau,  the  old 
man  being  the  top  sawyer.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  first  lumber  used  in  Chicago  was  manufactured  by  this  method, 
although  about  the  same  time  a  wind  saw-mill  was  located  not  far  from  the  present  Kinzie-street  bridge,  which  found 
abundant  occupation  in  sawing  white-wood  timber,  which  then  grew  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  mixed  with 
elm,  ash,  busswood,  and  a  few  oak  trees.  History  does  not  record,  however,  that  the  market  was  overstocked  by 
the  product  of  this  mill,  or  that  the  lumber  dealers  of  that  day  hurried  to  issue  a  new  price-list  low  enough  to  crush 
the  aspirations  of  their  dangerous  competitor.  In  fact,  history  is  so  perfectly  silent  upon  the  subject  of  this  saw-mill 
that  it  is  probable  its  work  did  not  cut  much  of  a  figure  iu  the  lumber  trade  of  that  day,  and  that,  in  fact,  it 
proved  a  veritable  windmill,  of  less  caliber  than  the  muscle  of  the  Cainmacks,  who  no  doubt  found  greater  profit, 
if  harder  work,  in  driving  their  pit-saw.  Captain  Carver's  lumber-yard  was  on  the  river  bank,  just  west  of  the 
present  State-street  bridge,  having  a  light,  temporary  dock,  upon  which  the  small  vessels  bringing  lumber  to  the 
river  unloaded.  There  was  at  this  time  (1836  or  1837)  no  other  lumber-yard  in  the  village  upon  the  river. 
Captain  Carver  afterward  (about  1839)  sold  out  to  George  W.  Snow,  who  occupied  the  same  ground  for  a  number 
of  years. 

"  The  earliest  lumber  of  which  Mr.  Hilliard  has  any  recollection  came  from  Saint  Joseph,  Michigan ;  but  shortly 
after  his  arrival  at  Chicago  a  man  named  Conroe  built  a  mill  at  Manitowoc,  Wisconsin,  and  Jones,  King  &  Co., 
who  were  then  doing  a  hardware  and  general  business,  received  and  handled  his  lumber  as  a  side  issue.  A  small 
pocket  saw-mill,  built  by  a  man  named  Huntoon,  iu  1836,  was  located  on  the  river  bank  not  far  from  the  present 
Chicago  avenue  bridge.  It  was  too  small  to  do  much  work,  but  was  esteemed  a  very  useful  and  really  wonderful 
mill  at  that  time.  The  North  Side  was  pretty  well  timbered  with  elm,  oak,  and  white  wood,  and  from  this  timber 
the,  mill  obtained  its  stock.  After  the  streets  were  cut  out  the  wet  nature  of  the  ground  compelled  one  who  would 
visit  this  saw-mill  to  pick  his  way  to  it  by  jumping  from  log  to  log.  It  was  so  far  from  the  village  to  the  mill  that 
it  was  seldom  visited,  except  by  those  who  enjoyed  a  Sunday  walk  and  could  find  no  objective  point  of  greater 
interest  for  their  stroll.  The  lumber-yard  of  Tuckerman  &  Rigginsou  was  located  in  1843  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  near  the  present  northwest  end  of  Clark-street  bridge.  Clark  street  above  Kiuzie  street  had  been  cleared 
of  timber,  and  a  clear  view  was  to  be  had  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach  in  a  western  direction,  broken  only  by  a 
few  scattering  trees  which  had  been  left  as  sentinels  upon  the  plain.  At  this  time  George  W.  Suow  had  a  yard 
on  the  river,  near  State  street,  and  a  Mr.  Rossiter  had  also  a  yard  between  Newberry  &  Doles'  warehouse,  on  the 
south  branch  of  the  river,  west  of  what  is  now  Clark  street.  Barber  &  Mason  had  a  yard  a  little  farther  west,  near 
Wells  street.  J.  M.  Underwood  and  Sylvester  Lind  each  had  a  yard  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  near  Randolph 


550  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

street.  This  was  in  1844.  Mr.  Higginson  obtained  liis  supply  of  lumber  in  those  days  from  Hall  &  Jerome,  of 
Menomiuee,  Michigan,  Elisha  Bailey,  of  Peshtigo,  Wisconsin,  and  -  -  Fisk,  of  Depere.  In  1845  he  had  a 
contract  for  1,000,000  feet  with  William  F.  Ferry,  of  Grand  Haven.  Lumber  came  also  from  Kalarnazoo  river, 
Saint  Joseph,  and  Muskegon.  hi  1844  Mr.  Higginsou  purchased  a  cargo  from  Mr.  Kose,  of  Muskegou,  and,  as  it 
was  a  beautiful  lot  of  lumber,  running  W\  per  cent,  upper  grades,  he  was  willing  to  pay  a  good  price,  obtaining 
it  at  $5  75  per  thousand  feet.  The  first  cargo  of  Saginaw  lumber  which  reached  Chicago  was  brought  by  James 
Fraser,  one  of  the  original  proprietors,  of  the  plat  of  Bay  City,  who  built  two  mills  at  Kawkawlin,  in  latter  years 
known  as  the  Ballon  mills.  This  was  in  the  year  1847  or  1848,  and  the  cargo  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention, 
because  it  was  the  first  lot  of  circular-sawed  lumber  that  had  ever  been  seen  by  any  of  the  dealers,  and  because  of 
its  general  cleanness  of  appearance,  the  attractiveness  of  a  lot  of  circular-sawed  sidings  among  it,  and  its  excellent 
quality.  All  these  combined  to  make  the  cargo  a  novelty  in  its  way,  and  it  found  a  sale  at  $8  per  thousand  feet, 
an  extra  good  price  for  those  days.  Average  cargoes  at  this  time  were  quoted  at  $6  50  to  $7  for  mill-run  lumber, 
culls  out,  and  it  did  not  need  a  very  coarse  piece  to  rank  as  a  cull.  Culls  were  rated  at  half  price.  The  retail 
market  held  common  lumber  at  about  $8  during  the  summer,  and  $9  was  asked  for  dry  lumber  through  the 
winter.  Common  included  everything  below  first  and  second  clear ;  third  clear,  selects,  picks,  'and  finishing  grades 
generally,  being  an  invention  of  a  later  day.  First  clear  sold  at  from  $12  to  $16,  and  second  clear  at  $10  to  $12  ;  clear, 
undressed  flooring  brought  $12,  and  common  flooring  $10.  The  lath  trade  was  mostly  in  what  was  known  as  board 
lath,  although  narrow  lath  arrived  in  small  quantities.  The  trade  of  the  city  in  1843  was  about  12,000,000  feet,  and 
this  was  considered  as  remarkable  as  to  us  were  last  year's  sales  of  1,500,000,000  feet,  or  about  140  times  as  much 
more." 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan  once  possessed  a  tree  covering  of  great  density,  richness,  and  variety.  The  hard-wood  forests  of  the 
Ohio  valley  covered  the  southern  portion  of  the  state,  extending  to  just  north  of  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude. 
North  of  this  hard-wood  belt  the  character  of  the  forest  changed ;  the  white  pine  appeared,  occupying  the  drier 
and  more  gravelly  ridges,  and,  gradually  increasing  in  size  and  frequency,  became  the  most  important  element  in 
the  forests  of  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  southern  peninsula.  In  the  northern  peninsula,  especially 
in  the  basin  of  the  Meuominee  river,  it  covered  the  sandy  plains  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species.  The 
forests  of  hard  wood,  occupying  low,  rich  soil  between  the  pine-covered  ridges,  were  valuable  in  their  stores  of 
sugar  maple,  birch,  ash,  beech,  oak,  and  other  northern  trees,  while  the  swamps  common  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  abounded  in  tamarack  and  yellow  cedar  of  large  size  and  excellent  quality. 

Forth  of  the  central  portion  of  the  lower  peninsula  large  tracts  of  barren  plains  exist.  One  of  the  most 
extensive  of  these  tracts  occupies  a  considerable  portion  of  Crawford  county,  covering  an  area  of  several  hundred 
square  miles.  A  second  barren  region  exists  in  Lake  county,  and  there  are  others  in  Ogemaw  and  losco  counties ; 
similar  barrens  occur  in  the  northern  peninsula,  the  largest  in  Schoolcraft  and  Marquette  counties.  The  soil 
covering  these  barrens  is  a  light  sandy  loam,  supporting  a  stunted  growth  of  gray  pine,  birches,  poplars,  and  scrub 
oak.  These  sandy  plains  owe  their  existence,  perhaps,  to  the  continual  burning  of  the  forest,  prostrated 
possibly,  in  the  first  instance,  by  tornadoes,  and  thus  affording  abundant  material  for  a  fire  hot  enough  to  consume 
the  vegetable  mold  of  the  surface  and  render  the  soil  unfit  to  produce  a  second  growth  of  heavy  timber,  or  in 
many  instances  any  tree  growth  whatever. 

Serious  inroads  have  already  been  made  upon  the  forests  of  Michigan.  The  hard  wood  has  been  generally 
cleared  from  the  southern  counties,  now  largely  occupied  by  farms,  and  the  timber  remaining  in  this  part  of  the 
state,  in  small,  scattered  bodies,  can  hardly  suffice  for  the  wants  of  its  agricultural  population.  The  merchantable 
white  pine  has  been  cut  from  the  banks  of  the  principal  streams  and  the  shores  of  the  lakes,  and  what  now 
remains  is  remote  from  water  transportation  or  scattered  in  isolated  bodies  of  comparatively  small  extent.  The 
hard-wood  forests  of  the  pine  belt,  however,  although  greatly  injured  by  fire  in  parts  of  the  state  from  which  the 
pine  has  been  cut,  and  invaded  along  their  southern  borders  by  agricultural  settlements,  contain,  especially  in  the 
northern  third  of  the  lower  peninsula  and  through  the  northern  peninsula,  vast  quantities  of  valuable  timber. 

FOREST   FIRES. 

The  forests  of  Michigan  have  long  suffered  from  destructive  fires.  These  have  generally  originated  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  loggers'  camps  or  upon  the  farms  of  the  agricultural  pioneer,  while  the  virgin  forest  has 
generally,  although  not  always,  escaped  serious  conflagrations.  The  timber-prospector  and  the  hunter  are 
responsible  for  many  fires  in  the  primeval  pine  forest  of  the  northwest ;  but,  as  a  rule,  fires  follow  and  do  not 
precede  the  lumberman.  The  reason  is  obvious:  The  logger  in  his  operations  leaves  the  resinous  tops,  brandies, 
and  chips  of  the  pine  trees  scattered  far  and  wide;  these  by  the  following  midsummer  become  dry  as  tinder,  and 
afford  abundant  material  to  feed  a  fire  started  by  a  careless  hunter,  log-cutter,  or  farmer  clearing  land  near  the 
forest.  Such  fires,  which  too  often  follow  the  cutting  of  pine  forests  of  the  northwest,  have  inflicted  incalculable 
injury  upon  the  country.  They  have  destroyed  vast  quantities  of  hard-wood  timber;  they  have  consumed  the  >  ouug 


DEPARTMENT    OF  THE  INTERIOR 


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LEGEND. 

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DENSITY  OF  FORESTS 


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LOWER  PENINSULA  m  MICHIGAN 


TEE  DISTKIBlTrOX  D¥  .FOJfKSTS,WJTB  S.PKC1.M. 
REFEKKM'K  TO  THK  LUMBKI!  1NDUSTRV. 


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Ililil 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


551 


pine  trees  left  by  the  logger;  they  have  robbed  the  soil  of  its  fertility,  ami  made  it  unfit  to  produce  another 
crop  of  pine  until  the  growth  and  decay  of  generations  of  other  plants  shall  have  restored  its  lost  constituents. 
In  the  dense,  unwilled  forest,  on  the  other  hand,  fires,  although  often  destructive,  are  less  dangerous  in  the  absence 
of  dead  material  to  feed  the  flames  than  when  the  ground  is  strewn  with  dead  branches,  tops,  and  resinous  chips. 

During  the  census  year  only  23S,271  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss 
of  s9S5,9S5.  Of  the  207  fires  reported,  101  were  traced  to  (ires  set  in  clearing  land  for  agricultural  purposes,  and 
which  escaped  to  the  forests;  59  to  hunters,  43  to  sparks  from  locomotives, .'!  to  smokers,  while  only  1  was  reported 
set  by  Indians. 

The  hard-wood  forests  of  Michigan  have  long  afforded  abundant  material  for  large  and  important  industries 
engaged  in  the  production  of  cooperage  stock,  handles,  oars,  agricultural  implements,  excelsior,  wood  pulp,  etc. 
Manufacturers,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  now  report,  however,  a  scarcity  and  general  deterioration 
of  stock.  The  best  oak  timber  has  been  everywhere  culled  to  supply  the  wants  of  railroads  or  the  demands  of  the 
Canadian  market.  Elm,  bass,  and  other  soft  woods,  which  a  few  years  ago  were  considered  of  little  value,  are  now 
in  great  demand  and  are  fast  disappearing,  except  from  regions  remote  from  railroads.  Much  hard  wood,  especially 
in  the  southern  peninsula,  has  been  destroyed  by  fire,  or,  if  not  destroyed,  rendered  almost  worthless  for 
manufacturing  purposes  by  partial  burning. 

Next  to  Vermont  and  New  York,  Michigan  produces  a  larger  amount  of  maple  sugar  than  any  other  state. 
During  the  year  1879  3,423,149  pounds  were  manufactured  in  the  state. 


STATISTICS   OF   GROWING   TIMBER. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  merchantable  timber  standing  in  Michigan  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by 
Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam,  of  Eau  Claire,  Wisconsin,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  lower  peninsula  especially,  of  Mr.  G.  W. 
Hotchkiss.  These,  as  well  as  the  estimates  of  the  timber  resources  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  were  obtained 
by  compiling  the  results  of  actual  surveys,  and  have  been  further  verified  by  a  large  number  of  persons  familiar 
with  the  forests  in  the  different  regions  of  these  states.  It  must  not,  however,  be  forgotten  that  the  figures  given 
represent  estimates,  and  not  facts.  -Statistics  of  the  volume  of  any  growing  crop  are  difficult  to  obtain  and 
always  liable  to  considerable  error,  and  the  forest,  from  its  very  nature  and  the  extent  over  which  it  is  spread, 
presents  greater  difficulties  to  the  collector  of  statistics  of  productive  capacity  than  the  more  compact  and  more 
easily  studied  crops  of  the  field.  The  estimates  of  pine  include  all  trees  12  inches  in  diameter  24  feet  from  the 
ground.  Since  they  were  prepared  the  scarcity  of  white  pine  has  changed  the  methods  of  the  lumberman,  and 
trees  are  now  generally  estimated  and  cut  as  small  as  8  inches  in  diameter  24  feet  from  the  ground.  If  the  amount 
of  standing  pine  had  been  estimated  upon  the  8-inch  basis  it  would  have  added  (roughly)  10  per  cent,  to  Mr.  Putnam's 
figures.  Small  bodies  of  pine  remote  from  streams  no  doubt  exist  in  different  parts  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota,  in  the  aggregate  of  some  commercial  importance,  which  are  not  included  in  these  estimates.  The 
following  figures,  however,  are  believed  to  represent  with  as  great  accuracy  as  is  attainable  the  productive  capacity 
of  the  northwestern  pineries.  They  cover  the  entire  region,  and  these  pine  forests  now  contain  no  great  body  of 
unexplored  timber,  an  unknown  factor  in  the  country's  lumber  supply: 

WHITE  PINE  {Pinna  Strobus). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

LOWEK  PENINSULA. 

Basins  of  streams  flowing  into  Sagiaawbay,  including  Saginaw  river 
and  tributaries. 

7,  000,  000,  000 

8,  000,  000,  COO 
14,  000,  000,  000 

Total                                                                  

29,  000,  000,  000 

Cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (including  2,9P8,600,000 
shingles  nnd  428,445,000  laths,  but  exclusive  of  36,000,000  staves 
and  3,330,000  sets  headings). 

ITI'EK  PENINSULA. 

Basin  of  Menominee  river  and  tributaries  (Marquette  and  Menomi- 
neo  counties). 
Ontonagon,  Houphton,  Keweenaw,  Baraga,  Marqnette   (west  and 
north  of  Menominee  basin),  and  Mrnommcc  (east  of  Menominee 
basin)  counties. 

4,  068,  773,  000 

1,  600,  000,  000 
2,  400,  000,  000 

2,  COO,  000,  000 

Total                »    

6,  000,  000,  000 

Cut  for  tin-  census  vrar  endingMay  31,  1880  (including  106,482,000  shin- 
gles and  S4,2(iG.()('ml;:1li.-.). 

328,  438,  000 

552 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Aii  estimated  amount  of  575,500,000  cords  of  liard  wood  is  distributed  over  some  20,000,000  acres  in  the  lower 
peninsula.  Of  this  about  20  per  cent,  is  suitable  for  lumber  and  cooperage  stock.  The  cut  of  hard  wood  for  the 
census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of  163,821,000  staves  and  18,567,000  sets  headings,  and  including 
6,038,000  feet  of  spool  stock),  was  440,944,000  feet.  In  scattered  swamps  there  are  standing  some  5,000,000  cords 
of  yellow  cedar  (Thuya  occidental-is). 

From  Meuominee  and  Delta  counties  the  merchantable  pine  has  been  almost  entirely  removed.  Baraga  county 
contains  little  pine,  and  Keweenaw  county  a  single  considerable  body  some  30,000  acres  in  extent. 

The  northern  portion  of  Ontonagou  and  Marquette  counties  is  chiefly  covered  with  hard  wood. 

An  estimated  amount  of  124,500,000  cords  of  hard  wood  is  distributed  ov.  r  some  10,000,000  acres  in  the  upper 
peninsula.  The  cut  of  hard  wood  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of  fuel  and  railroad  ties), 
was  1,145,000  feet. 

The  southern  counties  of  the  upper  peninsula  contain  large  areas  of  swamp,  covered  with  tamarack  and  yellow 
cedar  (Thuya  octidentalis),  estimated,  in  the  aggregate,  at  62,500,000  cords. 

Some  7,000,000,000  feet  of  hemlock  lumber  and  7,000,000  cords  of  bark  still  remain  in  the  state. 

Michigan  is  first  among  the  states  in  the  volume  and  value  of  its  lumber  product.  Its  principal  centers  of 
lumber  manufacture  are  Muskegon,  on  the  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  the  shores  of  Saginaw  bay,  in  Bay  county,  the 
Saginaw  river,  in  Saginaw  county,  Manistee,  and  Menorniuee,  in  the  upper  peninsula.  The  valley  of  the  Saginaw  was 
long  the  seat  of  the  most  important  lumber-manufacturing  operations  in  the  United  States.  Its  supremacy,  however, 
has  departed  with  the  destruction  of  the  splendid  pine  forest  which  covered  its  water-shed,  and  the  center  of 
manufacture  has  moved  westward  from  the  shores  of  lake  Huron  across  the  peninsula  to  the  waters  flowing  into 
lake  Michigan. 

Lumber  -was  first  manufactured  in  the  Sagiuaw  valley  as  early  as  1832.  Three  years  later  a  second  mill,  with 
an  annual  capacity  of  3,000,000  feet,  was  built  upon  the  Sagiuaw.  In  1836  the  first  shipments  of  lumber  were  made 
from  this  mill,  and  from  that  time  forward  great  attention  was  given  to  the  manufacture  of  lumber  for  shipment. 
The  commercial  panic  of  1837,  however,  seriously  interfered  with  the  development  of  this  business,  and  it  was 
not  until  1849  that  mills  began  to  multiply.  In  1844  there  were  23  mills  upon  the  Sagiuaw,  with  an  aggregate 
capacity  of  60,000,000  feet.  Ten  years  later  the  number  of  mills  had  increased  to  82,  manufacturing  425,000,000  feet 
of  lumber,  while  in  1873  there  were  83  mills,  which  produced  that  year  567,000,000  feet.  Since  1870  tliere  has  been  an 
almost  steady  decrease  in  the  number  of  mills  operating  in  the  Saginaw  valley ;  the  number  finishing  their  "cut  out" 
is  fast  iucreasing,  and  those  destroyed  by  fire  are  not  rebuilt.  But,  although  the  number  of  mills  has  decreased, 
their  production  has  increased,  their  present  capacity  being  estimated  at  923,000,000  feet.  A  large  part  of  the  lumber 
manufactured  upon  the  Saginaw  is  transported  by  lake  to  Ohio  and  New  York  ports,  and  thence  to  the  principal 
eastern  markets,  although  a  considerable  amount  is  shipped  by  vessel  to  Chicago  and  Milwaukee,  and  thence 
distributed  by  rail  through  the  west.  The  wide  market  open  to  this  lumber  is  due  to  its  excellent  quality.  Twenty 
years  ago  logs  which  would  run  25  per  cent.  "  uppers"  were  considered  common ;  40  per  cent,  was  the  rule,  and  as 
high  as  75  per  cent.  ''  uppers  "  was  sometimes  obtained.  Logs  were  then  cut  from  the  lower  trunk  of  the  tree  below 
the  tops,  and  only  the  largest  trees  were  selected.  Now  land  which  has  been  cut  over  three  times  is  gone  over 
again,  and  lumbermen  are  satisfied  if  logs  yield  10  per  cent.  "  uppers  ". 

Of  late  years  considerable  changes  have  been  introduced  into  Michigan  lumbering  operations  by  railroad 
logging;  by  this  means  mills  are  able  to  obtain  a  constant  supply  of  logs  by  railroads  built  into  the  forest  for  the 
purpose,  and  this  supply  can  be  regulated  almost  entirely  by  the  demand.  There  are  several  roads  in  different 
parts  of  the  state  doing  this  business,  the  principal  being  the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  and  the  Lake  George  and 
Muskegon  Eiver  railroads.  The  growth  of  this  business  in  the  Saginaw  valley  and  at  Muskegon,  Manistee,  and  on 
the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  road  is  shown  by  the  following  table  extracted  from  Bradstreet-s  of  February 
6,  1881 : 


Teara. 

Saginaw  valley. 

Muskegon. 

Manistee. 

Flint  nml  Pere 
Marquette  railroad. 

1865 

200  000  000 

108  505  700 

1866 

209  000  000 

157  468  300 

1867 

419  207  808 

288  502  200 

1868 

446  960  583 

213  692  600 

1869 

3'?1  3"0  G63 

267  789  900 

1870 

6°3  397  353 

198  862  600 

1°1  2*>1  395 

1871 

521  796  927 

250  000  000 

142  369  817 

1872 

645  285  278 

315  OCO  000 

155  556  729 

1873 

680  979  461 

376  035  037 

179  8°0  243 

1874 

589  225  404 

2Q4  571  5°7 

18°  218  383 

1875 

584  843  701 

309  C38  418 

168  9°6  197 

1876 

572  2°9  472 

299  5°5  919 

147,724  241 

1877 

651  567  948 

312  285  951 

152  221  548 

1878 

5r)8  079  674 

340  990  055 

178  549  869 

1879 

780  182  286 

432  431  679 

211,722,030 

14,  357,  670 

1880 

948,  174  274 

380  000  GOO 

211,971,000 

87,  485,  547 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  553 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Micbigau: 

"The  southern  boundary  of  the  piuo  forest  in  Michigan  maybe  represented  by  a  line  drawn  from  Samia 
westward  across  the  state  nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kalamazoo  river.  Originally  the  pine  forest  covered 
(lie  northern  two-thirds  of  the  state,  and  estimates  made  in  1S35  gave  the  amount  of  pine  then  standing  as 
150,000,000,000  feet.  This  estimate  included  the  northern  peninsula.  The  present  estimate  of  the  pine  standing 
in  the  whole  state,  the  northern  peninsula  also  included,  is  35,000,000,000  feet.  There  are  now  remaining  no  large 
bodies  of  standing  pine  in  the  state  which  have  not  been  more  or  less  cut  into,  and  the  timber  adjacent  to  streams 
lias  all  beeu  cut.  The  pine  now  remaining  is  scattered  generally  through  the  northern  half  of  the  state,  lying  back 
at  a  distance  of  from  2  to  10  miles  from  streams  large  enough  to  float  the  logs.  The  best  pine  in  the  state  has  been 
<MU.  The  belt  of  pine  which  ran  through  the  center  of  the  state,  extending  north  from  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  original  pine  forest  for  some  75  miles,  contained  the  best  pine  in  tie  northwest.  This  pine  was  what  was  called 
by  lumbermen  'cork  pine',  a  soft  white  pine,  large  and  sound,  with  a  thick  bark.  The  quality  of  the  pine  of  the 
Saginaw  valley  was  particularly  flue,  too ;  that  on  the  west  shore  was  of  smaller  size. 

"The  standing  pine  on  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  estimated  at  29,000,000,000  feet,  of  which  there  are 
in  the  Saginaw  valley  about  7,000,000,000  feet,  including  the  pine  upon  the  Saginaw,  Au  Sable,  and  Cheboygan 
rivers  and  their  tributaries;  on  the  streams  flowing  directly  into  lake  Huron  there  are  some  8,000,000,000  feet 
more;  making  15,000,000,000  feet  upon  the  streams  of  the  east  shore.  On  the  western  shore  of  the  state  there  are 
14,000,000,000  feet,  including  the  pine  upon  the  Kalamazoo,  Black,  Grand,  Muskegon,  White,  Pentwater,  Aux  Bee 
Scies,  Boardinan,  and  Pine  rivers.  As  before  stated,  the  quality  of  the  timber  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  is 
better  than  that  upon  the  west  shore ;  this  is  smaller  and  partakes  more  of  the  sapling  nature,  while  that  on  the 
east  shore  is  largely  cork  pine.  The  pine  of  the  east  shore  and  Sagiuaw  valley  is  largely  used  for  finishing  lumber, 
and  should  be  transported  to  the  east;  indeed  all  the  pine  in  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  wanted  at  the 
east,  and  none  should  be  sent  west.  The  pine  of  the  western  shore  is  suited  for  fencing,  flooring,  and  dimension 
stuff,  being  smaller  and  containing  more  knots  and  sap. 

"The  largest  bodies  of  pine  left  in  the  lower  peninsula  are  in  the  counties  of  Presque  Isle,  Montmorenci, 
Alpena,  Alcona,  Ogemaw,  Eoscommon,  Crawford,  Missaukee,  Wexford,  Manistee,  Grand  Traverse,  Lake,  Osceola, 
Clare;  Giadwin,  and  Charlevoix.  There  are  bodies  of  pine  also  in  other  counties  from  15,000  to  20,000  acres  in 
extent  which  have  not  yet  been  cut.  The  pine  left  in  the  lower  peninsula  is  generally  scattered  through  hard-wood 
timber,  into  which  the  settlers  are  now  entering,  clearing  the  hard-wood  forests  and  exposing  the  pine  to  destruction 
by  fire  and  windfall.  This  destruction  has  largely  increased  with  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  will  increase 
still  more  unless  stringent  measures  can  be  taken  to  protect  the  pine  forests  from  waste. 

"The  southern  part  of  the  state  outside  the  pine  belt  was  originally  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  hard-wood 
timber;  this  region  is  now  largely  settled  and  is  the  farming  region  of  Michigan.  There  is  a  large  amount  of 
hard-wood  timber  of  commercial  value  still  scattered  through  this  farming  country,  particularly  in  its  middle  and 
northern  parts.  Along  the  west  shore  as  far  north  as  the  straits  of  Mackinaw  the  pine  has  been  cut  in  large 
quantities,  but  there  is  still  a  large  amount  of  hard-wood  timber  left  upon  this  area. 

"The  pine  of  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  estimated  at  6,000,000,000  feet.  This  includes  the  piue 
from  the  Saint  Mary's  river  westward  to  the  Wisconsin  line  and  the  mouth  of  the  Montreal  river,  and  upon  the 
south  shore  of  lake  Superior.  It  is  divided  as  follows: 

"  1.  On  the  Meuominee  river  and  tributaries,  1,600,000,000  feet. 

"2.  In  the  western  portion  of  the  peninsula,  not  including  the  Menominee  and  tributaries,  but  including  all 
west  of  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway  between  Escanaba  and  Marquette,  2,400,000,000  feet. 

"3.  East  of  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway,  2,000,000,000  feet. 

"  The  largest  bodies  of  piue  in  the  northern  peninsula  are  in  the  counties  of  Chippewa,  Mackinac,  Schoolcraft, 
Marquette,  Houghton,  and  Outonagon.  There  is  also  quite  a  large  body  in  Keweenaw  county,  covering  perhaps 
30,000  acres.  Ontonagon  county,  which  extends  along  the  south  shore  of  lake  Superior  for  nearly  100  miles,  for 
35  miles  back  from  the  lake  is  mostly  covered  with  hard-wood  timber,  with  a  little  pine  along  the  streams,  but  not 
in  suflicient  quantities  to  estimate.  This  is  also  true  of  the  northern  part  of  Baraga  and  Marquette  counties, 
extending  along  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  a  distance  of  125  miles  from  L'Anse  to  Onota,  in  Schoolcraft 
county.  There  are  here  a  few  small  bodies  of  pine  scattered  through  the  hard  wood,  but  it  is  needed  by  the 
settlers,  and  has  no  export  value.  The  quality  of  the  timber  upon  the  Outonagou  and  Presque  Isle  rivers  and  the 
upper  Menominee,  growing  among  the  hard  woods  along  the  south  slope  of  the  Penokee  iron  range,  is  similar  to 
that  on  the  western  shore  of  the  lower  peninsula.  This  timber  is,  however,  somewhat  difficult  of  access.  The 
streams  over  which  it  must  be  driven  (the  Ontonagon  and  Presque  Isle)  are  rough,  broken,  and  require  considerable 
improvement.  The  pine  east  of  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway  between  Marquette  and  Escanaba, 
on  the  east  half  of  the  northern  peninsula,  is  of  poor  quality,  and  may  be  classed  as  'sapling  pine',  with  occasional 
groves  of  what  is  called  'big  sapling'  scattered  through  the  hard  woods. 

"  In  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  according  to  the  Lake  Superior  Canal  Company's  reports  of  examination 
and  estimates  of  cord-wood,  there  is  an  average  of  about  eighteen  cords  of  wood  per  acre  over  the  whole  area  oi 
the  peninsula,  of  which  two-thirds  is  hard  wood  and  one-third  soft  wood. 


554 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


"  ILL  Menominee  and  Delta  counties,  the  southern  part  of  Schoolcraft  county,  and  the  extreme  southern  part 
of  Marquette  county  are  quite  large  quantities  of  tamarack  and  yellow  cedar.  From  most  of  these  lands  the 
merchantable  pine  has  been  removed,  and  where  the  fires  have  not  destroyed  the  cedar  and  tamarack  the  railroad 
companies  are  cutting  the  timber  and  shipping  it  to  the  prairies  for  telegraph  poles,  ties,  and  posts.  It  i.s  stated 
by  the  owners  of  the  lands,  who  long  since  cut  the  pine  from  them,  that  the  cedar  and  tamarack  trees  left  upon  the 
land  have  netted  them  more  than  the  original  pine  harvested.  What  makes  this  timber  so  valuable  is  its  close 
proximity  to  the  railroads  and  the  ease  with  which  it  can  be  shipped  by  rail  or  over  the  waters  of  Green  bay.  This 
shows  the  necessity  of  preserving  this  kind  of  timber  for  future  use,  and  of  not  abandoning  it  for  taxes,  as  has 
heretofore  been  done,  or  allowing  it  to  be  destroyed  by  fires  and  windfalls. 

"  There  are  on  the  Menorninee  river  some  9,000,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine,  one  of  the  largest  bodies  left  in 
the  northwest.  More  than  half  of  this,  however,  lies  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin.  About  200,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
are  manufactured  annually  upon  the  Menominee.  All  the  mills  upon  the  river  are  located  at  its  mouth,  in  the  towns 
of  Marinette  and  Menomonee,  in  Wisconsin,  and  it  is  considered  next  to  impossible  to  build  more  mills  at  that 
point.  The  river  is  here  narrow,  and  the  facilities  for  holding  logs,  shipping  lumber,  dockage,  etc.,  are  quite 
limited  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  timber  left  in  the  region  tributary  to  this  stream ;  and  this  body  of  pine 
may  therefore  be  considered  to  a  certain  extent  in  reserve,  and  likely  to  outlast  many  larger  ones.  There  is 
little  danger  from  fire  on  this  river ;  the  pine  which  is  left  grows  upon  the  hard- wood  ridges,  interspersed  with 
broad  areas  of  swamp.'' 

WISCONSIN. 

The  great  prairies  of  the  central  Atlantic  region  once  found  their  northeastern  limits  in  southern  Wisconsin. 
The  forest  covering  of  all  the  southern  part  of  the  state  was  confined  to  the  bottom  lands  or  open  upland  groves  of 
stunted  oaks  of  no  great  extent  or  of  .more  than  local  importance.  The  central  part  of  the  state  was  covered  with 
a  dense  forest  of  hard  woods,  oaks,  ash,  maple,  cherry,  birch,  and  the  other  trees  of  the  northern  forest,  through 
which,  upon  gravelly  or  sandy  ridges,  great  bodies  of  white  pine  were  scattered.  These  pine  forests  gradually 
change  in  character  and  decrease  in  productiveness  as  they  reach  northward.  Lakes  are  more  common,  and 
swamps  of  tamarack,  cedar,  and  spruce  occupy  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
forest  area.  The  pine  trees  in  these  northern  forests  are  smaller  and  more  scattered  than  those  farther  south, 
although  generally  less  intermixed  with  hard  woods,  and  affording  lumber  of  poorer  quality. 

The  forest  area  has  somewhat  increased  in  the  prairie  region  of  the  state  since  its  first  settlement  and  the 
consequent  decrease  of  destructive  prairie  fires.  The  growth  of  trees  has  gradually  spread  from  the  bottom  lands 
of  the  streams  to  the  hills,  and  the  oak  forests  upon  the  uplands  have  gradually  encroached  upon  the  prairie,  losing 
their  open,  park-like  character  by  the  appearance  of  a  young  growth  which  has  sprung  up  among  the  old  trees. 

The  pine  has  been  destroyed  along  the  entire  southern  borders  of  the  pine  belt,  along  the  banks  of  the 
principal  streams,  and  from  the  lines  of  railroad,  while  the  hard  wood  has  been  often  greatly  injured  or  destroyed 
by  fire  in  those  parts  of  the  state  where  pine  has  been  cut.  The  amount  of  pine  still  growing  in  Wisconsin  is 
nevertheless  large,  although  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  best  and  most  easily  accessible  has  already  been 
harvested.  What  remains  is  generally  remote  from  actual  lines  of  transportation,  and  often,  especially  in  the 
extreme  northern  part  of  the  state,  of  comparatively  poor  quality. 

During  the  census  year  406,298  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$725,010.  The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  set  by  farmers  in  clearing  land,  or  by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  general  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  the  best  varieties  of  hard 
woods,  and  the  substitution  of  beech,  elm,  and  other  woods  for  oak. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  timber  standing  in  Wisconsin  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by  Mr. 
.H.  C.  Putnam : 

WHITE  PINE  (Pinus  Strobvs). 


Regions. 


Feet,  board 
measure. 


Basin  of  Saint  Croix  river  and  tributaries !      2,  500, 000, 000 

Basin  of  Chippewa  river  and  tributaries !    15, 000, 000, 000 

000,  000,  000 
10,  000,  000,  000 
600,  000,  000 
500,  000,  000 

:,  500,  ooo,  ooo 

6,  400,  000,  000 


Basin  of  Black  river  and  tributaries : 

Basin  of  Wisconsin  river  and  tributaries 

Basin  of  Wolf  river  and  tributaries 

Basin  of  Oconto  river  and  tributaries  

Basin  of  Feshtigo  river  and  tributaries 

Basin  of  Menomouie  river  and  tributaries  (in  Wisconsin) . 


Shore  of  lake  Superior !      3,  GOO,  000,  000 


Total 41,000,000,000 


Cut  for  censns  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (including 
shingles  and  348,301.0(10  laths). ' 


1,007,039,000         2,  097,  299,  000 


MAP  OK 

WISCONSIN. 


NV,  TIIK    DISTKIMITKIN    OK    KOKKSTS. 
\VITII    SI'IM'iAI.   KKKKIiK.NCK  TO  TIIK 
U'MIIKK  INDI'STItY 

C(IM!'l!.i:i.  r.MiKHTHK  DIIIKCTION  OK 

C.S.SAIUiK.VT,  STKl'lAI.  AKKXT 

1881 


" 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  555 

Of  this  amount  485,552,000  feet  were  manufactured  along  the  Mississippi  river  in  Illinois.  Iowa,  and  Missouri 
as  far  south  as  Saint  Louis. 

The  wooded  region  in  Crawford,  Eichland,  Sank,  and  Vernon  counties  is  estimated  to  contain  12,000,000  cords 
of  hard  wood  in  addition  to  some  timber  of  commercial  value.  The  cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880 
(exclusive  of  86,545,000  staves  and  7,4!)S,000  sets  of  headings),  was  117,041,000  feet. 

"Valuable  oak  timber  exists  in  large  quantities  in  Dunn,  Pierce,  and  Saint  Oroix  counties. 

The  cedar  swamps  scattered  through  the  pine  belt  of  the  state  cover  an  area  of  some  1,365,000  acres,  and  are 
estimated  to  contain  02,800,000  posts,  telegraph  poles,  and  railroad  ties,  in  addition  to  huge  quantities  of  tamarack 
and  spruce. 

Wisconsin  is  the  third  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  The  great  centers  of 
manufacture  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  Eau  Claire  upon  the  Chippewa  river,  upon  the  Wisconsin  river,  and  upon 
the  shores  of  Green  bay  and  lake  Superior.  Logs  cut  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  supply  also  mills  located  on  the 
Mississippi  river  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Missouri  with  material  equivalent  to  nearly  500,000,000  feet  of  lumber. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Wisconsin : 

"The  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  coincides  with  a  line  extending  northwesterly  from  near  the  city  of 
Milwaukee  on  lake  Michigan,  to  the  falls  of  Saint  Croix  on  the  Saint  Croix  river,  and  the  western  boundary  of  the 
state.  This  includes  the  heavy  hard-wood  as  well  as  the  pine  forest.  There  is  also,  or  there  has  been,  a  large 
amount  of  hard-wood  timber  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  south  of  this  line,  but  as  no  large  bodies  of  forest 
of  commercial  value  are  now  standing  there,  it  will  not  be  considered  here.  Large  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber 
exist  in  Vernon,  Crawford,  Eichland,  and  Sauk  counties,  covering  in  the  aggregate  fully  400;000  acres  and 
containing  at  least  12,000,000  cords  of  wood.  This  region,  however,  is  already  thickly  settled,  and  the  forests  are 
being  rapidly  cleared  for  agricultural  purposes.  Xo  estimate  has  ever  been  made  of  the  amount  of  pine  timber 
standing  in  Wisconsin  at  the  time  of  its  original  settlement;  at  the  present  time  it  is  estimated  that  41,000.000,000 
feet  of  merchantable  pine  remain  in  the  state,  situated  as  follows^  river  basins  being  taken  as  the  natural  divisions 
of  these  pineries : 

"1.  iSorth  of  the  Saint  Croix  river  and  upon  the  lands  tributary  to  that  stream  there  are  2,500,000,000  feet, 
covering  2,000,000  acres. 

"2.  On  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  including  all  the  waters  tributary  to  the  lake  in  the  state  of 
Wisconsin,  extending  from  the  Montreal  river  on  the  Michigan  line  westward  to  the  western  boundary  of  the 
state,  and  embracing  the  Wisconsin  pine  on  the  Montreal  river  and  upon  the  Bad,  White,  Bois-Brule,  Black,  and 
Left-Hand  rivers,  3,600,000,000  feet,  covering  1,800,000  acres. 

"  3.  On  the  Chippewa  river  and  its  principal  tributaries,  the  Ked  Cedar,  West  Branch,  East  Branch,  Flambeau, 
Jump,  Yellow,  and  Eau  Claire,  covering  an  area  of  some  6,253,000  acres,  with  an  estimated  stand  of  pine  of 
15,000,000,000  feet. 

"  4.  In  the  Black  Eiver  basin,  with  an  area  of  1,000,000  acres,  containing  an  estimated  stand  of  900,000,000  feet. 

"5.  In  the  Wisconsin  Eiver  basin,  with  an  area  of  4,500,000  acres,  with  an  estimated  stand  of  10,000,000  feet. 

"  The  remainder  of  the  state,  lying  east  of  the  east  line  of  the  Wisconsin  Eiver  division  and  north  of  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  original  forest,  is  divided  by  rivers  as  follows :  (1)  Wolf  river,  with  600,000,000  feet  of 
pine;  (2)  the  Ocoato  river,  with  500,000,000  feet  of  pine;  (3)  the  Peshtigo  river,  wjth  1,500,000,000  feet;  (4)  the 
Menomonee  in  Wisconsin,  6,400,000,000:  making  a  total  in  the  division  east  of  the  Wisconsin  of  some  7,000,000  acres, 
with  an  estimated  stand  of  9,000,000,000  feet  of  pine.  This  makes  a  grand  total  of  pine  forest  area  in  the  state  of 
nearly  23,000,000  acres,  still  containing  41,000,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine.  This  includes  about  200,000,000  feet 
upon  the  Menomonee  Indian  reservation,  in  the  county  of  Shawano,  where  very  little  pine  has  ever  been  cut; 
100,000,000  feet  on  the  Flambeau  reservation,  and  200,000,000  feet  upon  the  Court  Oreilles  reservation.  There  is 
no  merchantable  pine  standing  on  any  of  the  other  Indian  reservations  in  the  state. 

"  The  quality  of  the  pine  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin  varies  largely  with  the  differences  in  soil.  The  quality  of 
the  pine  growing  mixed  with  hard  woods  upon  the  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  and  bordering  on  the  prairies  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  best  Michigan  pine.  This  is  especially  true  of  timber  cut  on  the  Wolf,  Oconto,  and  Peshtigo 
rivers.  The  timber  originally  on  the  Wolf  and  Oconto  rivers  was  especially  fine.  This  has  been  largely  cut,  although 
there  are  still  some  very  fine  bodies  of  the  best  pine  left  on  the  Oconto  and  the  western  branch  of  the  Peshtigo  and 
northern  branch  of  the  Wolf  rivers.  The  Black  Eiver  district  contained  also  a  large  amount  of  the  best  upper  quality 
of  pine,  of  which,  however,  more  than  half  has  been  cut.  The  Eau  de  Galle  Eiver  basin,  in  the  counties  of  Pierce, 
Dunn,  and  Saint  Croix,  also  contained  at  one  time  a  large  amount  of  the  upper  grade  of  pine,  now,  however,  all 
removed.  This  grew  among  hard-wood  timber,  on  good  soil,  which,  when  the  timber  is  cut  off,  is  valuable  for 
farming  purposes.  The  pine  in  this  part  of  the  state  did  not  grow  in  extensive  tracts.  It  was  scattered  through 
the  hard-wood  timber,  from  1  to  10  large  pine  trees  growing  on  an  acre — trees  which  would  scale  from  1,000  to  3,500 
feet  of  lumber  each.  There  are  still  small  bodies  of  this  large  pine  left,  but  the  great  bulk  of  it  is  gone. 

"  As  we  go  north  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  we  enter  a  lighter  soil,  where  cedar  and  tamarack 
swamps  are  interspersed  between  the  hard-wood  ridges.  Many  of  these  swamps  are  natural  peat-bogs,  covered 
with  cedar,  tamarack,  and  spruce.  The  tree  growth  upon  them  is  heaviest  near  the  outer  edges,  the  centers 


556  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

often  being  covered  with  grass  or  cranberry  plants.  These  swamps,  originally  the  beds  of  lakes,  are  now  tilling  up 
and  becoming  gradually  covered  with  timber.  On  the  Wolf  river  the  timber  was  Very  heavy.  Instances  are  known 
of  10,000,000  or  12,000,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  having  been  cut  from  one  section  of  640  acres  in  the  Lower  "Wolf 
River  region. 

"In  the  piiie  forest,  away  from  the  large  bodies  of  mixed  hard  wood  and  pine  previously  described,  the  general 
character  of  the  timber  is  about  the  same,  varying  somewhat  in  different  localities,  but  still  possessing  the  same 
general  characteristics  and  qualities.  Where  the  pine  grows  in  large  solid  bodies  there  are  many  young  trees 
mixed  with  the  older,  and  the  timber  is  generally  of  inferior  or  lower  grade.  This  is  true  of  pine  growing  about 
the  head  of  the  Flambeau  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  and  the  Menoinouee  river  in  Wisconsin.  Large  pine  cannot  grow 
and  mature  upon  very  poor  soil,  and  where  the  soil  is  poor  the  trees,  after  reaching  a  certain  size  or  age,  decay  and 
are  thrown  down  by  wind  or  destroyed  by  fire.  The  white  pine  in  Wisconsin  does  not  mature  except  upon  the  rich 
gravelly  loam  of  the  ridges. 

"The  principal  points  of  lumber  manufacture  at  present  in  Wisconsin  are  on  lake  Winuebago,  at  the  cities  of 
Oshkosh  and  Meuasha,  which  take  largely  the  product  of  the  Wolf  and  Fox  Eiver  pineries ;  at  Green  Bay  and 
Ocouto,  which  derive  their  logs  principally  from  the  Ocoiito  river;  at  Pei-htigo,  on  the  Peshtigo  river;  at  Marinette, 
on  the  Menomonee  river;  on  the  Wisconsin  river,  at  Grand  Rapids,  Stevens  Point,  Mosiuee,  Wausau,  and  Jenny, 
the  terminus  of  the  Wisconsin  Valley  railroad,  and  at  Necedah,  on  the  Yellow  river.  Along  the  Wisconsin  Central 
railroad,  from  Junction  City  to  Ashland,  are  mills  of  more  or  less  capacity  at  every  station,  the  most  important  being 
at  Ogema,  Ashland,  Medford,  and  Unity.  Upon  the  Black  river  the  principal  manufacturing  points  are  La  Crosse 
and  Black  Eiver  Falls.  On  the  Chicago,  Saint  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Omaha  railway,  at  Fairchild,  are  the  large 
mills  of  Foster  &  Co.,  who  are  engaged  in  manufacturing  the  timber  lying  between  the  Black  river  and  the  waters  of 
the  Chippewa,  included  in  the  Chippewa  estimate.  On  the  Chippewa  river  the  largest  manufacturing  establishment 
is  the  Mississippi  Eiver  Logging  Company,  composed  of  fifteen  of  the  heaviest  concerns  upon  the  Mississippi  river. 
These  firms  obtain  their  stock  mostly  from  the  Chippewa  river,  the  logs  being  driven  down  to  its  mouth  into  what 
is  called  the  'Beef  Slough  boom',  where  they  are  separated  and  formed  into  rafts  and  towed  to  the  different  mills 
below.  This  company  cuts  on  the  Chippewa  about  40!>,000,000  feet  a  year.  The  principal  manufacturing  points 
on  the  Chippewa  deriving  their  logs  from  its  basin  are  situated  at  Wanbeck,  Dunnville,  Menomonee,  Meridian,  and 
Eau  Claire,  where  several  large  and  important  manufacturing  establishments  are  located.  Higher  up  the  river 
the  Badger  State  Lumber  Company  and  the  Grand  Island  Lumber  Company  are  located,  and  at  Chippewa  Falls, 
the  county-seat  of  Chippewa  county,  the  Chippewa  Lumber  and  Boom  Company  has  a  large  water-mill,  with  a 
capacity  of  65,000,000  feet  a  year,  besides  several  smaller  concerns.  The  railroad  extending  from  Chippewa  Falls 
eastward  through  Chippewa  and  Clark  counties  into  Marathon  county,  ami  joining  the  Wisconsin  Central  railroad 
at  Abbottsford,  passes  through  a  hard-wood  country.  Several  firms  are  already  established  upon  tins  line  and 
have  commenced  the  manufacture  of  staves  and  the  production  of  hard-wood  lumber  for  wagons,  etc.,  and  are 
developing  a  large  business.  This  road  runs  through  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  hard  wood  in  the  state,  containing 
large  amounts  of  oak  and  maple  growing  on  a  fine  soil  suitable  for  farming.  The  Chippewa  River  country  now 
contains  the  largest  body  of  white  pine  of  the  best  quality  left,  in  the  states  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 
It  is,  however,  being  very  rapidly  cut. 

"It  is  found  in  going  north  toward  the  heads  of  the  streams  that  the  timber  stands  more  in  large  grovesr 
and  that  there  is  less  hard-wood  timber  mixed  with  the  pine.  When  the  loggers  attack  these  forests  they  cut 
clean  as  they  go,  the  timber  being  of  more  uniform  size  and  age,  and  there  being  less  undergrowth  than  farther 
down  the  streams.  It  is  found,  also,  that  the  pineries  on  the  heads  of  the  streams  do  not  hold  out  as  well  or  yield 
as  large  an  amount  of  timber  as  those  farther  south,  where  the  forests  border  on  the  prairie  lauds  and  where  the- 
pines  grow  on  better  soil.  This  is  true  both  of  the  Wisconsin  and  of  the  Michigan  pineries.  The  poorer  soils  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  state  do  not  grow  and  mature  the  large  sapling  forests  of  pine  found  in  the  southern 
portions  of  the  pine  belt.  So  that,  while  there  is  still  a  large  area  which  has  not  been  cut  and  which  may  appear 
inexhaustible,  yet,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  timber  lies  more  in  groves,  and  that  there  are  here  wide  extents  of 
tamarack  and  cedar,  swamps  and  t;pen  spaces,  the  ground  will  be  cut  over  more  rapidly  than  when  the  forest  was 
first  entered.  This  is  true  of  the  pine  standing  upon  all  the  streams  of  northern  Wisconsin  in  the  Menomonee 
district — the  Wisconsin,  the  Chippewa,  Saint  Croix — and  on  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Superior.  Commencing  at 
Menomonee,  on  the  Chicago,  Saint  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Omaha  railway,  and  running  west  through  the  30  miles 
of '  big  woods',  large  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  hard- wood  timber  and  of  what  little  scattered  pine  there  is  left  are 
established  at  Kuapp, Wilson,  Hersey,  Woodville,  and  Baldwin  stations.  The  principal  manufactories  in  the  Saint 
Crojx  district  are  at  Hudson,  on  the  Willow  river,  and  at  Stilhvater,  in  Minnesota,  which  receives  its  logs  from  the 
Saint  Croix,  in  Wisconsin,  and  which,  therefore,  should  be  treated  as  one  of  the  Wisconsin  pinery  manufactories. 
At  Somerset,  on  Apple  river,  there  is  one  mill ;  there  is  one  at  Osceola,  upon  the  Saint  Croix,  and  upon  the  Northern 
Wisconsin  railroad,  which  runs  through  the  Saint  Croix  division;  at  Clayton,  Granite  Lake,  and  Shell  Lake  are 
large  mills.  There  are  also  other  mills  along  this  road  on  the  Lake  Superior  shore.  There  are  mills  of  small 
eapacity  at  Superior  City,  Bayfield,  and  Ashland ;  the  latter  receive  their  logs  by  the  Wisconsin  Central  railroad 
from  the  Bad  River  pinery. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  557 

uOn  the  Eau  Claire  river  the  timber  is  small  and  sound,  growing  very  thick  and  long;  there  are  frequent 
instances  where  1,200,000  or  even  1,500,000  feet  of  lumber  have  been  cut  upon  a  40-acrc  lot.  One  tree  was  cut 
on  Jump  river  some  years  ago  which  scaled  7,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  general  character  of  thi.s  timber,  especially 
upon  the  main  Chippewa  or  West  Branch  and  a  portion  of  the  Flambeau,  is  called  'big  sapling  pine'.  Of  the  true 
eork  pine  very  little  is  fouud  iu  the  northern  part  of  Wisconsin,  probably  because  the  soil  is  not  strong  enough  to 
permit  its  full  development.  The  general  character  of  the  timber  upon  the  Wisconsin  river  is  very  much  the  same 
as  that  upon  the  main  Chippewa.  There  are  instances  of  very  flue  pine  having  been  cut  iu  the  hard-wood  forest 
upon  the  lower  part  of  the  river,  and  some  fine  groves  are  found  even  as  far  north  as  the  Tomahawk  and  East 
Branch.  The  Flambeau  river,  or  East  Branch  of  the  Chippewa,  has  also,  in  ranges  2  and  3  east,  extending  from 
townships  35  to  41  north,  inclusive,  some  excellent  bodies  of  upper-grade  pine. 

"  On  the  Jump  river  are  some  fine  bodies  of  pine,  nearly  approaching  iu  quality  Michigan  cork  pine  and  running 
largely  to  '  uppers '.  This  is  true  also  of  the  pine  upon  the  Yellow  river,  where  the  timber  grows  largely  scattered 
among  hard  woods  and  is  of  fine  quality.  One  of  the  finest  bodies  of  pine  in  Wisconsin  is  that  which  belongs  to 
Cornell  university,  lying  in  townships  33  to  38,  ranges  8  and  9,  in  the  highest  part  of  Chippewa  county,  on  the 
divide  between  the  Chippewa  and  Red  Cedar  rivers.  On  this  body  frequent  estimates  of  1,000,000  feet  to  40  acres 
have  been  made.  On  the  Saint  Croix  river  are  many  barren  areas  timbered  with  scrub  pine,  patches  of  Norway 
pine,  and  small  black  and  white  oak.  These  barrens  cover  about  700,000  acres  of  the  Saint  Croix  region.  The  soil  is 
sandy,  and  fires  run  over  the  country  every  year.  South  of  these  barrens,  in  Poik,  Barren,  Saint  Croix,  Dunn,  and 
Pierce  counties,  is  a  tract  of  very  valuable  hard-wood  land,  upon  which  the  greatest  portion  of  the  timber  is  now 
standing,  although  settlements  are  already  largely  scattered  through  this  region.  This  body  of  hard  wood  contains 
a  large  amount  of  valuable  white-oak  stave  timber  and  much  timber  suitable  for  general  manufacturing  purposes. 
It  is  being,  however,  rapidly  destroyed  by  settlers  and  by  the  fires  incident  to  agricultural  and  logging  operations. 

"In  Clark  county,  which  lies  partly  in  the  Chippewa  and  partly  in  the  Black  Eiver  region,  are  large  bodies 
of  hard-wood  timber  as  yet  uncut  and  growing  upon  land  valuable  for  farming  purposes.  This  growth  extends  as 
far  north  as  the  northern  line  of  the  county.  The  same  body  of  timber  extends  east  through  Marathon  and  Wood 
counties,  and  is  particularly  fine  in  the  western  portions.  The  same  body  of  hard-wood  timber  continues  east 
toward  lake  Michigan,  including  the  counties  of  Portage,  Waupaca,  Shawano,  Outagamie,  Winnebago,  Brown, 
Kewauuee,  Manitowoc,  Calumet,  Fond  du  Lac,  Sheboygan,  and  Ozaukee.  Large  tracts  in  these  counties  are,  of 
course,  cleared  and  settled ;  still  they  contain  large  bodies  of  unoccupied  hard- wood  timber,  and  the  opportunities 
for  cheap  farms  are  plenty. 

"  Of  the  forest  region  proper  of  Wisconsin,  fully  5  per  cent,  is  not  covered  with  timber;  this  includes  swamps, 
lakes,  rivers,  bottoms,  etc.  In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  forest  area,  over  a  region  from  35  to  50  miles  in 
width,  the  hard  wood  predominates,  only  about  one-fifth  of  the  forest  growth  being  pine.  North  of  this  hard-wood 
region  proper,  perhaps  one-half  of  the  forest  growth  is  pine  and  other  soft  woods  and  the  rest  hard  woods.  Hemlock 
is  scattered  through  the  pine  forest  outside  of  the  heavy  hard-wood  areas.  A  careful  estimate  of  the  hemlock  timber 
now  standing  gives  the  following  results,  the  divisions  agreeing  with  those  used  in  estimating  the  standing  pine : 
On  the  Chippewa  river,  upon  3,000,000  acres,  2,500,0110,000  feet  of  hemlock;  on  the  Saint  Croix  river,  upon  1,000,000 
acres,  500,000,000  feet  of  hemlock;  on  the  Black  river,  upon  350,000  acres,  100,000,000  feet  of  hemlock;  in  the 
country  east  of  the  Wisconsin  River  division,  and  including  the  Wolf,  Oconto,  Peshtigo,  and  Menomonee  rivers 
and  their  tributaries,  upon  3,000,000  acres,  1,500,000,000  feet. 

••  The  total  area  in  the  state  on  which  hemlock  timber  grows  is  about  10,500,000  acres,  containing,  roughly, 
5.500,000,000  feet.  The  quality  of  the  hemlock  timber  in  Wisconsin  is  not  so  good  as  that  grown  in  New  York  and 
northern  Pennsylvania,  although  it  is  valuable  for  its  bark,  and  the  timber  when  peeled  can  be  driven  down  with 
the  pine  and  sawed  at  the  mills  into  dimension  stuff  for  use  where  coarse  lumber  is  required. 

"  Generally,  therefore,  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  may  be  divided  into  the  hard- wood  lands  already  described, 
along  the  southern  borders,  from  which  the  pine  has  been  mostly  cut ;  north  of  this,  and  extending  northward 
somewhat  indefinitely,  the  mixed  growth  of  hard  wood  and  pine,  growing  upon  soil  adapted  for  agricultural  purposes. 
The  open  meadows  in  this  region  are  covered  either  with  grass  or  cranberry  marshes,  alike  valuable  to  the  lumber 
and  farming  interests.  About  the  head  of  the  Flambeau  river  are  large  open  spaces  running  into  groves  of  heavy 
pine  timber.  These  open  spaces,  once  lakes  or  swamps,  are  drying  up  and  the  timber  is  gradually  spreading  over 
them.  There  are  bodies  of  timber  scattered  through  the  southern  portions  of  the  state  outside  of  the  original  forest 
area,  but  the  amount  of  this  timber  is  relatively  so  small  that  it  cannot  be  considered  of  commercial  importance, 
and  hardly  supplies  the  wants  of  the  population  occupying  the  thickly -settled  southern  counties. 

"  Five  thousand  men  are  employed  in  the  pineries  of  the  Chippewa  river.  They  are  expected  to  cut  during 
the  logging  season  about  600,000.000  feet  of  logs,  or  an  average  per  man  of  over  100,000  feet.  This  rule  is  not 
applicable  to  the  northwestern  pineries  generally,  for  in  Michigan,  as  the  timber  is  now  farther  from  the  streams, 
the  average  cut  per  man  is  not  as  great,  and  80,000  feet  per  man  would  perhaps  be  a  fair  average,  taking  the 
pineries  of  the  whole  northwest. 


558 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


"The  annual  increase  or  growth  of  timber  is  counterbalanced  by  the  annual  waste  by  windfalls  and  the  natural 
decay  of  the  old  trees.  The  loss  to  the  forest  by  fire,  is  an  unknown  quantity,  but  it  is  quite  a  large  amount, 
probably  5  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  The  lumbermen  waste  the  log  which  runs  into  the  top  of  the  tree;  this  is 
knotty,  but  usually  sound,  and  would  make  good  merchantable  lumber.  It  is  left  in  the  woods,  however,  because 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  work  in  trimming-  the  knots  and  cutting  off  the  limbs.  From  an  ordinary-sized  tree  four 
16-foot  logs  are  usually  taken,  the  rest  being  left.  Often  this  top  log  is  22  inches  in  diameter  at  the  butt  and  will 
scale  from  100  to  120  feet.  Loggers  are  paid  so  mucli  per  thousand  feet  by  the  lumberman,  and  the  amount  they 
receive  is  so  small  that  they  cannot  afford  to  spend  the  time  to  finish  up  and  take  out  the  fifth  or  last  log,  which  is 
therefore  left  in  the  woods  and  lost.  Nearly  one-tenth  of  the  timber,  therefore,  is  left  in  the  woods  and  lost.  The 
fires  about  the  old  choppiugs,  or  where  lumber  operations  are  going  on,  are  principally  caused  by  the  carelessness 
of  woodsmen  in  hunting  up  laud-lines,  or  of  driving-crews  011  the  river  in  the  spring  who  leave  their  tires,  or  by 
explorers  in  the  forest  during  the  month  of  May  or  June  leaving  their  camp  fires  burning.  In  all  the  old  cuttings 
the  dried  pine  boughs  and  other  timber  left  on  the  ground  get  very  dry,  and' fire  once  started  burns  with  great 
rapidity  and  violence. 

"  As  a  matter  of  fact,  more  than  half  the  area  from  which  pine  forests  have  been  cut  in  the  northwest  is  sooner 
or  later  burned  over.  The  fire  destroys  the  young  trees  and  changes  the  nature  of  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  that 
the  next  crop  which  comes  up  consists  of  briers  and  poplars,  and  then  hard  woods.  When  pine  is  cut  off  or  burned 
it  does  not  come  in  again,  and  I  have  never  seen  any  old  choppiugs  of  pine  come  up  with  pine  again,  even  when  some 
trees  were  left  and  the  ground  had  not  been  burned,  although  where  a  few  large  trees  only  are  removed  from  a 
pine  forest  growing  on  good  soil  the  small  trees  left  standing,  if  protected  from  fire,  will  continue  to  grow." 


MINNESOTA. 

The  Northern  Pine  Belt  finds  in  Minnesota  its  extreme  western  limit  in  the  United  States  in  longitude 
and  its  southwestern  limit  near  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  latitude.  Along  its  southern  and  western  borders  a 
narrow  territory  covered  with  an  open  growth  of  hard  wood  separates  the  forests  of  pine  from  the  prairie,  which 
occupies  all  the  southern  and  western  portions  of  the  state. 

The  same  general  features  which  characterize  the  piue  belt  of  Wisconsin  extend  into  Minnesota.  The  pine  in 
the  southern  portion,  confined  to  gravelly  ridges,  is  scattered  through  forests  of  hard  wood.  Farther  north  the 
forest  changes  in  character,  the  pine  being  small  and  of  inferior  quality.  Broad  areas  of  barren  land  covered  with 
stunted  birch,  gray  pine,  and  scrub  oak  occur,  while  the  whole  country  is  thickly  studded  with  lakes  and  with 
tamarack  and  cedar  swamps.  North  of  the  Mississippi  River  divide  the  country  is  more  open;  the  forest  is  stunted 
and  of  little  value,  and  pine  is  only  found  in  small,  scattered  clumps  mixed  with  spruce,  tamarack,  and  yellow  cedar. 
The  forest  growth  here  occupies  perhaps  two-thirds  of  the  rocky  or  swampy  surface  of  the  ground.  Its  productive 
capacity  is  not  large,  and  the  northern  part  of  the  state  is  not  adapted  to  lumbering  operations. 

The  pine  has  been  removed  from  the  principal  streams  of  the  state,  and  that  which  remains,  except  in  the 
region  tributary  to  lake  Superior  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Eed  lake,  is  now  inaccessible  or  of  comparatively  inferior 
quality.  The  best  hard-wood  forests  of  the  state,  as  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  have  suffered  seriously  by  fires 
started  in  abandoned  pineries,  or  in  clearing  land  for  agriculture. 

During  the  census  year  250,805  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$1,395,110.  The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  set  in  clearing  land  or  by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  to  supply  the  large  flouring-inills  of  the  state  is  an  important  industry. 
Manufacturers  report  a  growing  scarcity  and  general  deterioration  of  material.  Basswood,  elm,  and  ash  are  largely 
used ;  oak  is  inferior  in  quality  to  that  grown  farther  east  and  south. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  pine  timber  standing  in  Minnesota  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by 
Mr.  H.  C.Putnam: 

WHITE  PINE  (I'inns  Strobus). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

2  900  000  000 

300  000  000 

Red  Lake  river  and  other  tributaries  of  th<*  Eed  river  

600,  000,  000 

3  500  000  000 

870  000  000 

Total  

8  170  000  000 

Cat  for  the  census  year,  endina  May  31,  1880  (including  187,836,000 
shingles  and  88,088,000  laths). 

540,  997,  000 

In  the  belt  of  hard  wood  extending  west  and  south  of  the  pine  region,  and  consisting  of  white,  red,  and  burr ' 
«ak,  sugar  maple,  poplar,  etc.,  it  is  estimated  that  3,840,000  acres  of  forest  remain,  capable  of  yielding  an  average 


MAI'  OK 

MINNESOTA. 


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THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  559 

of  15  cords  of  w,ood  to  the  acre,  or  57,000,000  cords.  Tbe  cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of 
7,825,000  staves  and  517,000  sets  of  headings),  was  ;!<i,x,S4,000  feet. 

.Minnesota  is  the  eighth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  The  principal  centers 
of  manufacture  are  Minneapolis,  upon  the  Mississippi  river,  the  Saint  Croix  river  in  Washington  county,  the 
Mississippi  river  in  Anoka  county,  and  Duluth,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Saint  Louis  river. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Minnesota  : 

"The  great  hard-wood  forest  of  Minnesota  lies  to  the  south  and  west  of  the  pine  forest,  extending  north  and 
northwest  from  Freeborn  and  Mower  counties  on  the  southeast  into  Marshall  county,  and  to  within  50  or  (JO  miles  of 
the  boundary-line  between  Canada  and  the  United  States.  This  body  of  hard  wood,  which  is  SOUK;  :JOO  miles  long 
by  about  20  miles  wide,  borders  upon  the  prairie,  and  is  the  extreme  western  body  of  timber  of  any  commercial 
value  east  of  the  Eocky  mountains.  This  forest  covers  about  3,840,000  acres  of  land  generally  valuable  for 
agricultural  purposes,  besides  its  timber,  which  will  average  about  15  cords  to  the  acre.  The.  surface  of  the  laud 
is  level  or  geutly  uudulating,  well  watered,  particularly  the  so-called  'park  region  '  which  lies  in  Becker,  Otter  Tail, 
Douglas,  Steams,  and  Todd  counties,  and  in  fact  extends  through  Wright,  lleimepin.  Carver,  Le  Sueur,  Rice,  and 
Steele  counties. 

"Xorth  and  east  of  this  belt  of  hard  wood  the  pine  forests  commence  at  a  point  where  the  southern  line  of  the 
Wisconsin  forest  crosses  the  Saint  Croix  river,  near  Taylor's  Falls.  They  extend  northwesterly  through  the  counties 
of  Chisago,  Isanti,  Mille  Lacs,  Benton,  Morrison,  Todd,  Otter  Tail,  Becker,  Polk,  and  Beltrami,  nearly  parallel  to 
the  line  of  the  hard-wood  forest,  and,  crossing  Red  Lake  river,  extend  round  to  the  north  of  Red  lake,  and  thence 
easterly,  reaching  the  shore  of  lake  Superior  at  the  Grand  Portage. 

"  The  general  character  of  the  pine  in  Minnesota  is  similar  to  that  of  northern  Wisconsin,  although  it  contains 
more  sapling  pine  and  a  smaller  percentage  of '  uppers.'  It  is  generally  somewhat  scattering  and  in  smaller  groves. 
Large  areas  of  barren  land  within  the  forest  proper  are  covered  with  birch,  through,  which  are  scattered  patches  of 
small  pine,  while  large  areas  of  swamp  bear  only  tamarack  and  cedar.  The  pine  of  Minnesota  is  estimated  as 
follows : 

"1.  On  the  portion  tributary  to  the  Rainy  lake  and  Rainy  Lake  river,  including  the  Big  Fork,  the  Little  Fork, 
and  the  Verrnillion  rivers,  300,000,000  feet.  This  stands  upon  streams  which  flow  northward.  This  pine  will 
naturally  be  sent  to  Manitoba. 

"2.  On  the  northern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  east  of  Duluth,  and  covering  the  waters  tributary  to  lake  Superior, 
of  which  very  little  is  surveyed  and  no  area  is  given,  870,000,000  feet. 

"3.  On  the  waters  of  the  Saint  Louis,  including  the  Cloquet,  White  Face,  and  other  small  streams,  3,500,000,000 
feet. 

"4.  On  Red  Lake  river  and  its  tributaries.  The  great  body  of  pine  in  this  division  is  principally  upon  Red  lake 
and  Red  Lake  river.  It  is  estimated  to  contain  600,000,000  feet,  although  it  is  nearly  all  unsurveyed. 

"5.  On  the  Mississippi  river  and  tributaries  above  Minneapolis,  2,900,000,000  feet. 

"About  one-half  of  the  pine  has  been  cut  in  Carltou  county;  it  has  all  been  cut  in  Pine  county  with  the 
exception  of  that  growing  in  a  few  townships.  It  has  nearly  all  been  cut  in  Chisago,  Kauabec,  Morrison,  and 
Crow  Wing  counties.  A  great  deal  of  pine,  too,  has  been  cut  in  Cass  county,  while  Todd,  Otter  Tail,  and  Wadena 
have  all  been  cut  over.  The  principal  bodies  of  pine  now  remaining  are  located  in  Cook,  Lake,  Saint  Louis,  Cass, 
Itasca,  and  Beltrami  counties.  There  were  a  few  thousand  acres  growing  on  the  Roseau  river,  where  it  runs  into 
northwestern  Minnesota,  but  this  has  all  been  cut  by  the  Canadians.  There  is  no  hemlock  or  spruce  in  Minnesota. 
There  are  occasional  ridges  of  hard  wood  within  the  pine  forest,  as  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

"A  large  portion  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  is  as  yet  unsurveyed  and  but  little  known,  except  that,  in 
the  region  extending  from  30  to  100  miles  south  from  the  international  line,  there  is  little  pine  of  commercial  value. 
It  is  an  open  country,  full  of  bogs,  swamps,  rocks,  and  wide  areas  of  worthless  land ;  this  region  extends  from  the 
Arrow  river  clear  through  to  the  international  line,  south  and  west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  to  the  Vermillion 
lake. 

"Along  the  line  of  the  Xorthern  Pacific  railroad  and  north  and  east  of  the  Mille  Lacs  country  are  large  swamps 
covered  with  tamarack  timber  of  commercial  value.  Through  this  country  are  many  marshy  lakes  containing  floating 
islands,  lands  in  process  of  formation  by  the  accumulation  of  vegetation.  The  timber  in  this  district  is  growing  and 
increasing,  and  if  fires  can  be  kept  out  of  the  tamarack  and  cedar  timber  the  small  pine  will  grow  rapidly. 

"The  timber  which  grew  on  the  Saint  Croix  river  in  Minnesota  was  tributary  to  Stillwater,  and  has  all  been 
cut  and  manufactured  there. 

"  The  principal  manufactories  of  pine  on  the  Mississippi  river  are  at  Minneapolis. 

"FOKESTS    ON    INDIAN    RESERVATIONS. 

"Referring  to  the  Red  Lake  Indian  reservation  in  Minnesota,  and  other  Indian  reservations  on  which  the  pine 
remains  uncut,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  1.000,000,000  feet,  it  may  be  said  that  they  are  nearly  all  unsurveyed, 
and  are  generally  covered  with  a  heavy  pine  forest,  and  that  the  lauds  are  unfit  for  agricultural  purposes  and  only 


560  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

valuable  for  the  pine  timber  which  grows  upon  them.  These  reservations  should  be  luld  as  long  a*>  possible  by  the 
government  as  a  timber  reserve.  They  should  not  be  surveyed  and  subdivided  except  so  far  as  may  be  necessary 
for  their  protection,  and  they  should  not  be  offered  for  sale  until  some  necessity,  now  unforeseen,  arises  for  their 
disposal.  The  1,000,000,000  feet  of  pine  should  be  held  until  the  amount  for  which  it  can  be  sold  is  needed  by  the 
Indians,  or  until  a  price  near  its  value  can  be  obtained  for  it.  By  selling-  the  land  now  the  value  of  the  timber 
cannot  be  realized,  while  the  interest  of  the  settlers  who  may  hereafter  enter  upon  the  prairies  would  seem  to 
demand  that  some  reservation  of  pine  should  be  made  for  them,  if  possible.  The  proposition  to  bring  these  lauds 
into  market,  subject  to  pre-emption  and  homestead  entry,  is  against  the  interest  of  every  one  except  the  few  worthless 
tramps  and  irresponsible  persons  who  may  seek  to  enter  and  procure  a  title  to  these  lauds;  and  even  if  the  land 
was  so  open  to  homestead  and  pre-emption  entry,  the  aim  and  purpose  of  these  laws  could  not  be  carried  out,  for 
no  farms  will  be  made  nor  homesteads  improved  in  this  Indian  country. 

"The  White  Earth  Indian  reservation  is  largely  covered  with  hard  wood,  there  being  no  pine  upon  more  than 
a  quarter  of  its  area.  The  land  is  desirable  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  may  be  utilized  for  the  settlement  of 
Indians,  or  under  the  homestead  and  pre-emption  laws  by  whites,  but  the  pine  lands  are  unfit  for  cultivation,  and 
the  homesteading  or  pre-empting  of  them  should  not  be  allowed." 

IOWA. 

Iowa  lies  within  the  prairie  region.  The  broad  bottom  lands  along  the  river  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  state 
once  bore  heavy  forests  of  broad-leaved  trees.  Farther  west  the  tree  growth  was  less  heavy  in  the  narrower 
bottoms.  All  over  the  state,  however,  forests  lined  the  streams  and  often  spread,  especially  in  the  southwestern 
counties,  over  the  uplands.  Since  the  first  settlement  of  the  state  the  forest  area  has  increased  by  the  natural 
spread  of  trees  over  ground  protected  from  fire,  and  by  considerable  plantations  of  cottonwood,  maple,  and  other 
trees  of  rapid  growth  made  by  farmers  to  supply  fuel  and  shelter. 

The  natural  forests  have  been  everywhere  largely  culled  of  their  most  valuable  timber,  and  in  spite  of  their 
increased  acreage  are,  in  their  commercial  aspect,  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination.  Manufacturers  of  cooperage 
stock  and  others  using  Iowa  timber  report  great  scarcity  and  general  deterioration  of  stock. 

During  the  census  year  11,017  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$-15,470.  These  fires  were  largely  the  result  of  carelessness  in  clearing  land. 

Iowa  is  the  ninth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  It  owes  its  position  to 
numerous  large  mills  situated  along  the  Mississippi  river  entirely  supplied  with  logs  from  the  pineries  of  Wisconsin. 
The  amount  of  Iowa-grown  lumber  manufactured  is  insignificant. 

MISSOURI. 

Southern  and  southwestern  Missouri  was  originally  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  hard  woods,  through  which 
in  the  southern  counties  extensive  areas  of  the  short-leaved  pine  (Pinus  mitis),  covering  gravelly  ridges  and  the  low 
Ozark  hills,  were  common.  The  northern  and  western  limits  of  the  true  forest  region  may  be  defined  by  a  line 
entering  the  state  from  the  southwest,  in  the  southern  part  of  Jasper  county,  and  passing  northeasterly  through 
Dade,  Cedar,  Saint  Clair,  Henry,  Benton,  Morgan,  and  Cooper  counties,  and  then  northward  to  the  borders  of  the 
state.  West  of  this  line  the  timber  is  largely  confined  to  the  broad  bottom  lands,  in  belts  often  2  or  3  iniles  in 
width.  Farther  west  these  become  narrower  and  less  heavily  timbered.  The  extreme  northwestern  counties, 
Atchison  and  Nodaway,  are  almost  destitute  of  timber. 

The  forests  of  southeastern  Missouri  still  contain  great  stores  of  valuable  timber,  although  the  best  trees  have 
been  cut  in  the  neighborhood  of  all  settlements,  and  for  a  distance  varying  from  5  to  20  miles  back  from  all  iine.s 
of  railroad.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  best  white  oak  and  of  black  walnut,  once  common,  but  now  almost 
exterminated  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  growing  scarcity  of  material  everywhere,  and  are  now  forced  to 
obtain  oak  from  Arkansas  and  elm  and  basswood  from  the  rivers  of  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana.  The  further 
development,  however,  of  the  railroad  system  of  southern  Missouri  will  make  available  for  manufacturing  purposes 
a  large  amount  of  valuable  timber  now  remote  from  transportation. 

During  the  census  year  783,646  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$294,865.  These  fires  were  traced  to  careless  hunters,  to  fires  set  in  clearing  farming  land,  to  sparks  from 
locomotives,  etc. 

A  gratifying  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  forest  in  the  parts  of  the  state  first  settled  has  followed  the 

enactment  of  a  fence  law  preventing  the  general  ranging  of  stock  through  the  timber-land.     A  young  growth  has 

sprung  up  among  the  older  trees  and  along  the  borders  of  woodlands  protected  from  browsing  animals,  and  these 

.  young  forests  are  valuable  in  their  prospective  yield  and  as  an  indication  of  the  methods  which  must  be  adopted 

to  preserve  and  perpetuate  the  forests  of  the  whole  Atlantic  region. 


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DAKOTA 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  561 

Missouri  is  the  tenth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  It  owes  its  position  in 
part  to  large  mills  located  upon  the  Mississippi  river  manufacturing  logs  cut  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin.  A  much 
larger  amount  of  lumber,  however,  in  the  aggregate,  both  pine  and  hard  wood,  is  produced  in  numerous  small 
railroad  mills  located  along  the  line  of  the  Iron  Mountain  and  other  railroads  running  through  the  southern  part 
of  the  state. 

Saint  Louis  is  an  important  center  of  lumber  distribution.  It  receives  a  large  portion  of  the  Wisconsin  pine 
crop  by  raft,  Michigan  pine  by  rail,  and  southern  pine  and  hard  woods  by  rail  and  river. 

DAKOTA. 

Dakota,  with  the  exception  of  its  river  lands  and  the  small  territory  between  the  north  and  south  forks  of 
the  Cheyenne  river,  is  p7-actically  destitute  of  timber.  The  bottoms  of  the  principal  streams  contain  extensive 
groves  of  hard  wood.  As  far  west  as  the  James  river  timber  exists  about  the  shores  of  the  larger  lakes,  and  upon 
the  Low  Turtle  and  Pembina  mountains  of  the  northern  boundary,  occasionally  ascending  the  cotes  or  sides  of  low 
tables  rising  from  the  prairie.  The  Black  hills,  an  extreme  outpost  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  system,  were  once 
heavily  timbered.  The  yellow  pine  of  the  Pacific  region  is  here  mingled  with  the  white  spruce,  the  canoe  birch, 
the  burr  oak,  and  the  elm  of  the  eastern  forests,  while  poplars  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions  grow  side  by 
side. 

Much  timber  has  already  been  cut  along  the  eastern  rivers  to  supply  the  wants  of  a  rapidly-increasing 
agricultural  population,  and  the  isolated  pine  forests  of  the  Black  hills,  separated  by  hundreds  of  miles  from 
any  equally  large  or  valuable  body  of  building  timber,  have  already  suffered  serious  inroads.  The  best  and  most 
accessible  pine  has  been  cut  and  manufactured  into  lumber  or  consumed  as  fuel  in  the  silver  mines  and  stamping 
mills  to  which  this  region  owes  its  population,  and  much  timber  has  been  allowed  to  perish  in  the  fires  which  of 
late  years  have  often  swept  through  these  forests. 

The  principal  center  of  lumber  manufacture  is  Deadwood,  in  the  Black  hills,  where  a  comparatively  large 
amount  of  pine  is  sawed.  In  the  eastern  counties  a  little  oak  and  elm  is  manufactured,  for  the  most  part  in  small 
portable  mills. 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  eastern  portions  of  the  territory : 

"  Along  the  whole  length  of  the  Missouri  river  in  Dakota  there  is  a  belt  of  hard-wood  timber  in  the  bottoms 
in  bodies  of  from  100  to  500  acres  in  extent.  This  timber  sometimes  grows  continuously,  but  more  often  there  are 
open  spaces  between  the  groves.  About  three-fourths  of  the  trees  are  burr  oak,  the  remainder  sycamore,  cottonwood, 
green  ash,  box-elder,  poplar,  willow,  etc.  A  similar  forest  growth  lines  the  banks  of  the  Bed  river  north  of  Fort 
Abercroinbie  as  far  as  Fort  Pembina,  near  the  international  line.  This  strip  of  timber  averages  perhaps  forty 
rods  in  width,  and  consists  of  the  same  varieties  of  trees  that  grow  upon  the  Missouri  river. 

"In  the  Pembiua  mountains  and  west  of  Fort  Pembina,  on  the  Tongue  and  Pembina  rivers,  there  are  bodies  of 
timber,  generally  of  stunted  growth,  lying  mostly  along  the  streams  or  about  the  Pembina  mountains  in  groves  of  from 
160  to  3,000  acres  in  extent.  This  timber  is  situated  principally  in  the  two  northern  tiers  of  townships  of  Pembina 
county.  It  has  no  value  except  as  fuel.  The  next  body  of  timber  in  Dakota  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  Devil  lake ; 
it  aggregates  some  25,000  acres,  distributed  as  follows :  At  Wood  lake,  some  20  miles  north  of  Devil  lake,  there 
are  1,000  acres;  on  Graham's  island,  a  promontory  on  the  north  shore  of  Devil  lake,  near  the  northwest  end,  are 
2,500  acres  of  timber ;  east  of  this,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  are  two  groves  of  about  500  acres ;  at  Eock 
island,  which  is  really  a  promontory  running  into  the"  lake,  are  3,800  acres  of  timber ;  around  the  east  and  north 
shores,  and  around  the  whole  southern  shore  of  the  lake,  past  Fort  Totten  to  the  extreme  west  end,  are  some  15,000 
acres  of  forest  adjacent  to  Devil  lake;  at  Stump  lake,  a  lake  some  15  miles  in  diameter  on  the  north  side  of 
Devil  lake,  there  are  1,400  acres  of  timber;  and  commencing  some  10  miles  south  of  Fort  Totten,  and  extending 
down  along  Cheyenne  river  into  township  146,  range  56,  in  Trail),  Foster,  and  Grand  Forks  counties,  are  about 
10,000  acres  of  timber.  The  valley  here  is  only  1  or  2  miles  in  width,  and  the  timber  is  generally  distributed 
through  it.  Probably  seven-eighths  of  all  this  Devil  Lake  timber  is  burr  oak ;  the  remainder  is  sycamore,  green 
ash,  etc.  This  timber  in  many  places  grows  large,  sometimes  30  or  40  feet  to  the  first  limb,  and  is  Valuable  for  fuel, 
for  the  construction  of  log  houses,  and  for  general  use  by  settlers  in  the  absence  of  other  and  better  material. 

"  In  the  Turtle  mountains,  in  Bottineau  and  Eolette  counties,  arid  extending  into  the  British  possessions,  is 
quite  a  large  tract  of  timber,  principally  oak  of  short,  scrubby  growth,  and  only  valuable  as  fire- wood.  A  body  of 
timber  from  1  mile  to  5  miles  in  width  extends  for  150  miles  along  the  Mouse  river,  in  the  counties  of  Bottineau, 
McHenry,  Stevens,  and  Eenville.  This  timber  is  composed  of  burr  oak,  box-elder,  sycamore,  green  ash,  etc.,  and 
is  suitable  for  fire-wood,  house-building,  and  rough  construction. " 

Mr.  Eobert  Douglas,  of  Waukegan,  Illinois,  contributes  the  following  remarks  upon  the  forests  of  the  Black 
Hills  region,  of  which  he  made  a  critical  examination : 

"  From  Fort  Meade  the  stage  road  runs  about  2  miles  along  the  base  of  the  hills,  and  then  follows  up  through 

heavy  timber,  gaining  an  altitude  of  over  1,500  feet  above  the  fort  when  within  2  miles  of  Deadwood ;  thence  down  a 
36  FOR 


562  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

steep  grade  of  about  a  mile  until  the  valley  is  reached,  and  then  up  the  valley  by  an  easy  grade  to  Deadwood.  Five- 
days'  driving  through  the  hills  from  the  base  of  the  foot  hills  to  one  of  the  highest  peaks  shows  little  variation  in  the 
species  of  forest  trees.  The  yellow  pine  (Pinus ponderosa)  is  the  only  tree  of  much  value  in  the  hills,  and  composes 
nineteen  twentieths  of  the  forest,  generally  covering  the  hills  from  base  to  summit.  The  trees  are  larger  and 
stand  closer  together  than  in  Colorado,  and  grow  here,  too,  more  rapidly  than  farther  south,  as  is  shown  by  the 
•width  of  the  annual  rings  of  growth  and  the  shoots  upon  the  standing  trees.  This  is  the  only  tree  used  for  lumber 
at  the  saw-mills,  and  no  other  is  used  in  the  mines.  The  white  spruce  (Picea  alba)  grows  principally  near  the  water- 
courses, and  here  the  largest  trees  of  that  species  are  to  be  found.  It  is  scattered,  however,  through  the  pines  even 
•within  50  feet  of  the  summit  of  Terry's  peak.  It  is  condemned  by  both  saw-mill  proprietors  and  miners  as  lacking 
strength  and  being  very  knotty,  which  cannot  be  doubted,  as  it  retains  its  lower  branches  with  wonderful  tenacity, 
even  when  growing  closely  and  in  dense  shade.  These  two  species  comprise  all  the  Coniferw  in  the  Black  hills, 
•with  the  exception  of  a  prostrate  juniper  and  rare  specimens  of  the  red  cedar.  The  burr  oak  is  found  in  the  valleys 
extending  into  the  foot-hills  and  along  the  creeks  for  40  or  50  miles  into  the  plains.  It  is  short,  gnarly,  and 
apparently  of  little  value,  although  exceptional  trees  in  the  valley  are  of  fair  size.  In  the  narrow  valleys  and  along 
water-courses  are  found  the  common  cottonwood,  black  willow,  narrow-leaved  cottonwood,  green  ash,  white  elm, 
box-elder,  ironwood,  canoe  birch,  and  quaking  aspen ;  in  the  hills  canoe  birch,  mountain  ash,  hazel,  choke  cherry, 
and  juneberry  are  found  growing  side  by  side  with  the  snowberry  and  mahonia  of  the  Pacific  region.  The 
little  aspen  and  the  canoe  birch  perform  the  same  service,  the  aspen  does  in  Colorado,  and  cover  the  ground  after 
the  timber  is  burned  off,  thus  making  a  shade  in  which  the  pine  seedlings  find  protection  from  sun  and  wind,  and 
finally  repossess  the  hills.  On  the  banks  of  the  numerous  creeks  intersecting  the  'bad  lands'  and  plains  from  the 
Missouri  river  to  the  Black  hills,  box-elder,  white  elm,  green  ash,  black  willow,  cottonwood,  choke  cherry,  wild 
plum,  and  buffalo-berry  occur,  but  the  canoe  birch  is  not  found  below  the  foot-hills,  where  it  grows  along  the  creeks 
6  or  8  inches  in  diameter,  or  as  a  low  shrub  upon  the  hillsides. 

•'The  region  occupied  by  the  Black  Hills  forests  is  80  miles  in  length  north  and  south,  and  about  30  miles  wide 
from  east  to  west.  Forest  fires  are  not  so  frequent  nor  so  disastrous  as  in  Colorado,  although  the  'big  burning'  of 
1865,  near  Custer's  peak,  is  estimated  to  have  extended  over  400  square  miles.  The  yellow  pine  is  largely  reproducing 
itself  over  the  whole  of  this  area,  the  trees  being  now  3  or  4  feet  high.  As  far  as  my  observation  went,  this  reproduction 
of'the  yellow  pine  over  the  old  'deadeuings'  is  almost  universal  through  the  hills,  although  rarely  or  never  seen  in 
Colorado,  and  even  in  northern  Wisconsin  and  the  Michigan  peninsula  scarcely  a  single  young  pine  has  appeared 
in  the  whole  burned  district  of  1871. 

"The  timber  is  disappearing  rapidly  in  the  vicinity  of  Deadwood,  Lead  City,  Terryville,  and  Central." 

NEBRASKA. 

The  forest  growth  of  Nebraska  was  once  confined  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  state;  the  broad  bottom  lauds  of  the 
Missouri  and  the  lower  Platte  rivers  contained  groves  of  large  oak,  walnut,  ash,  and  box-elder  of  considerable  extent. 
These,  under  favorable  conditions,  spread  to  the  bluffs  and  uplands.  Westward  the  tree  growth  gradually  became 
more  scanty  and  stunted,  until,  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  only  the  large  streams  were  lined  with  a  few 
small  cottonwoods  and  willows. 

The  best  trees  have  already  been  culled  from  the  scanty  forest  growth  of  the  state,  and  if  the  area  of  natural 
woodland  has  somewhat  increased  along  its  eastern  borders  since  the  settlement  of  the  country  and  the  diminution 
of  prairie  fires,  these  forests  are,  in  their  commercial  aspect,  of  little  importance.  Many  small  plantations  of 
cottonwood  and  other  trees  of  rapid  growth  have  been  made  in  connection  with  farms  in  the  eastern  counties,  and 
these  in  some  cases  already  furnish  much-needed  shelter  to  buildings  and  crops,  and  supply  domestic  fuel. 

The  lumber-manufacturing  interests  of  Nebraska  are  not  importan  t.  Mills  at  Omaha,  the  principal  manufacturing 
center,  saw  cottonwood  and  a  little  walnut  and  oak,  hauled  to  them  from  the  neighborhood  of  .the  city,  and  small 
portable  mills  at  other  points  along  the  Missouri  saw  a  little  cottonwood  and  such  logs  as  the  country  tributary  to 
them  can  furnish.  The  product  of  all  the  Nebraska  mills  is  consumed  in  supplying  the  local  demand. 

KANSAS. 

The  heavy  forest  of  the  Mississippi  basin  just  reaches  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  Kansas,  covering 
nearly  one-third  of  Cherokee  county.  North  of  this,  and  occupying  the  remaining  eastern  border  of  the  state,  a. 
prairie  region  varying  in  width  from  30  to  100  miles  is  still  heavily  wooded  with  valuable  timber  along  the  streams, 
the  forest  growth  occasionally  extending  and  covering  areas  of  upland.  WTest  of  this  region  of  mixed  prairie  and 
woodland  the  timber  is  confined  to  the  banks  of  streams.  It  is  often,  east  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian,  of 
considerable  size  and  value,  occurring  in  sufficient  quantity  to  supply  the  most  pressing  wants  of  the  agricultural 
population  of  this  part  of  the  state.  West  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian  the  tree  growth  gradually  diminishes  in 
vigor.  Trees  are  here  confined  to  the  immediate  banks  of  the  large  streams,  and  are  small  and  of  little  value.  West 
of  the  ninety-ninth  meridian  a  few  small  stunted  willows  and  cottonwoods,  scattered  at  wide  intervals  along  the 
large  streams,  represent  the  only  forest  growth  of  this  arid  region. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  5G3 

A  large  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  eastern  counties  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their  forest 
area;  but  much  of  the  best  timber  of  the  state  has  been  cut,  and  Kansas  must  soon  depend,  even  more  than  at 
present,  upon  the  forests  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  for  its  lumber  supply. 

Considerable  plantations  made  in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  counties  by  railroads  and  in  connection  with 
farms  promise  abundant  success.  All  attempts,  however,  to  raise  trees  iu  the  arid  central  and  western  parts  of  the 
state  have  resulted  in  failure. 

During  the  census  year  7,080  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$14,700.  The  largest  number  of  these  fires  originated  upon  the  prairie. 


564  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WESTERN    DIVISION. 


MONTANA. 

The  forests  of  Montana  are  confined  to  the  high  mountain  ranges  which  occupy  the  western  part  of  the  territory 
They  are  dense  and  important  upon  the  slopes  of  the  Cceur  d'Alene  and  other  high  ranges.  Farther  east,  along  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and  their  outlying  eastern  ranges,  the  Big  Belt,  the  Little  Belt,  the  Crazy, 
the  Snow,  and  the  Bear  mountains,  and  the  ranges  south  of  the  Yellowstone  river,  the  Yellowstone,  Shoshonee, 
and  Big  Horn  mountains,  the  forests  are  more  open,  stunted,  and  generally  confined  to  the  highest  slopes,  the 
borders  of  streams,  or  the  sides  of  canons.  A  narrow  fringe  of  cottonwood,  green  ash,  and  willow  lines  the  bottoms 
of  the  Missouri,  Yellowstone,  Tongue,  Eosebud,  Milk,  and  of  the  other  large  streams  of  the  territory;  and  a  few 
stunted  pines  and  cedars  are  scattered  along  the  river  bluffs  and  the  highest  ridges  of  the  Powder  Eiver,  the  Wolf, 
and  other  ranges  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  territory.  The  remainder  of  the  territory,  the  eastern,  northern, 
and  southern  portions,  are  destitute  of  timber. 

The  heavy  forests  of  northwestern  Montana,  largely  composed  of  red  fir,  yellow  pine,  and  tamarack,  and 
containing  great  bodies  of  white  pine  (Pinus  monticola)  and  considerable  valuable  spruce  (Picca  Engelmanni  and 
P.  alba)  constitute,  with  those  covering  the  adjacent  mountains  of  Idaho,  one  of  the  most  important  bodies  of  timber 
in  the  United  States.  East  and  west  of  this  forest  a  treeless  country,  adapted  to  grazing  and  agriculture,  and 
destined  to  support  a  large  population  which  must  obtain  its  building  material  and  railroad  supplies  from  it,  extends 
over  thousands  of  square  miles.  The  development,  too,  of  the  important  mining  interests  of  southern  Montana 
and  Idaho  is  dependent  upon  these  forests,  their  only  valuable  source  of  timber  and  fuel  supply.  These  forests 
guard  the  headwaters  of  two  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  continent,  and  in  regulating  their  flow  make  possible 
through  irrigation  the  devotion  to  profitable  agriculture  of  a  vast  territory  now  an  almost  arid  waste.  The  forests, 
largely  composed  of  the  lodge-pole  pine  (Pinus  Murray  ana),  which  cover  the  outlying  eastern  ranges  of  the  Eocky 
mountains  at  an  elevation  of  from  5,000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  ocean  level  with  a  dense  growth  of  slender  trees 
or  on  poor  soil  and  in  exposed  situations  with  an  open,  scattered  forest,  are,  as  sources  of  lumber  supply,  of 
comparatively  little  value.  These  forests,  however,  contain  valuable  supplies  of  fuel  and  abundant  material  for 
railway  ties.  They  guard,  too,  the  flow  of  numberless  small  streams,  and  their  importance  in  this  connection  should 
not  be  overlooked. 

The  most  important  forests,  commercially,  of  the  territory  are  found  along  the  valley  of  Clarke's  Fork  of  the 
Columbia  river,  between  the  Horse  Plains  and  the  Idaho  line ;  here  the  western  white  pine  reaches  its  greatest 
development,  becoming  an  important  part  of  the  forest  growth.  Tho  valleys  of  the  Saint  Eegis  de  Borgia  and 
Missoula  rivers  contain  great  bodies  of  valuable  fir  and  pine,  which  spread  also  in  great  luxuriance  over  the 
mountains  east  and  south  of  Flathead  lake. 

Fires  destroy  every  year  large  areas  of  the  forest  covering  the  mountains  of  the  western  division.  The  long, 
dry  summers  and  the  character  of  the  forest,  composed  as  it  is  almost  entirely  of  coniferous  resinous  trees,  favor 
the  spread  of  forest  fires.  They  increase  rapidly  in  number  with  the  increase  of  population,  and  threaten  the  entire 
extermination  of  the  forests  of  the  whole  interior  Pacific  region.  During  the  census  year  88,020  acres  of  forest 
were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $1,128,000.  These  fires,  few  in  number,  were  traced  for  the  most 
part  to  careless  hunters,  prospectors,  and  smokers. 

Little  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  territory.  Bed  fir  and  spruce  are  sawed  at  Missoula  and  in  the 
neighborhood  of  nearly  all  the  mining  centers  in  the  western  part  of  the  territory.  The  product  of  the  Montana 
mills  is  entirely  used  to  supply  the  local  demand. 

The  following  report  upon  the  forests  of  the  northern  Eocky  Mountain  region  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Sereno 
Watson,  of  Cambridge,  a  special  agent  of  the  Census  Office,  in  the  division  of  Forestry : 

"The  territory  whose  forest  resources  I  attempted  under  your  instructions  to  examine  includes  an  area  of 
about  150,000  square  miles,  extending  from  the  one  hundred  and  thirteenth  meridian  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascade 
mountains  and  from  the  parallel  of  44J°  to  the  British  boundary;  or,  according  to  political  divisions,  the  western 
fifth  of  Montana,  the  northern  two-fifths  of  Idaho,  the  eastern  three-fifths  of  Washington  territory,  and  the 
northeastern  portion  (or  nearly  one-half)  of  Oregon.  It  comprises  a  central  treeless  plateau  of  some  30,000  square 
miles  in  extent,  the  great  'plain  of  the  Columbia',  surrounded  by  more  or  less  extensively  timbered  mountain 
systems.  This  tract  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  broad  mountain  range  which  separates  Montana  from  Idaho,  on 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  5G5 

the  north  by  the  irregularly-broken  country  which  lies  north  of  the  Spokane  river  and  of  that  portion  of  the 
Columbia  which  has  a  westerly  course  in  the  same  latitude,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Cascade  range,  while  on  the 
south  the  circuit  is  less  completely  closed  by  the  somewhat  complicated  system  known  as  the  Bluo  and  Salmon 
River  mountains. 

"With  the  exception  of  a  single  county  (Beaver  Head)  in  Montana  this  entire  region  is  drained  by  the  Columbia 
river,  since  the  Rocky  Mountain  divide,  or  the  main  central  divide  between  the  headwaters  of  the  Columbia  and  of 
the  Missouri,  forms  the  boundary  between  Idaho  and  Montana  only  as  far  north  as  45°  40',  when  it  turns  abruptly 
<  ast  ward  for  75  miles  and  then  again  northwestward  to  the  British  boundary  in  continuation  of  the  line  of  the 
Wind  River  mountains  of  Wyoming. 

"As  will  be  seen  from  the  detailed  account  which  is  to  follow,  the  general  character  of  the  forest  growth 
throughout  this  region  is  remarkably  uniform,  both  in  the  kinds  of  trees  found  and  in  their  manner  of  distribution. 
The  trees  of  the  most  constant  occurrence  and  that  form  the  mass  of  the  forests  generally  are,  first,  the  red  fir 
(Pseudotsuga  Douglani)  and  yellow  pine  (Pinm  ponderosa).  gradually  giving  place  at  higher  altitudes  to  Picea 
Engelmanni  and  Abies  mbalpina  or  Pinus  Miu-rni/ann  ;  while  of  only  somewhat  less  extended  range,  though 
sometimes  more  local  in  their  distribution,  are  the  larch  (Larix  occidental™),  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea),  the  white  pine 
(Pinus  monticola),  the  hemlocks  (Tsiuja  Mertensiana  and,  less  frequently,  Tmyn  r/ittoniana),  Abies  grand  is,  and  the 
balsam  poplars.  Abies  amabilis  only  is  confined  to  the  Cascade  mountains.  ZSTo  other  species  occur  of  sufficient 
size  to  be  of  importance  as  timber  trees. 

"In  order  to  indicate  more  particularly  the  extent  and  distribution  of  the  tree  growth,  the  territories  will  be 
taken  up  in  order  by  counties,  and  an  estimate  given  of  the  area  covered  in  each,  though  necessarily  of  the  actual 
density  of  growth  and  amount  of  available  timber  (varying  from  square  mile  to  square  mile,  and  much  of  it  never 
seen)  no  estimate  can  be  given  of  such  probably  approximate  accuracy  as  to  be  of  any  value  whatever: 

"  MONTANA. 

"  BEAVER  HEAD  COUNTY  (4,230  square  miles). — This  county,  nearly  equally  divided  by  the  one  hundred  and 
thirteenth  meridian,  is  surrounded  on  three  sides,  north,  south,  and  west,  by  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  is  divided 
into  two  portions  by  a  lofty  spur  which  sets  off  in  a  northeasterly  direction  from  the  middle  of  the  western  side. 
The  valleys  of  Beaver  Head  river  and  Red  Rock  creek  to  the  east  and  south  of  this  spur  are  treeless,  except  that 
the  latter  stream  is  bordered  with  a  considerable  growth  of  Populus  angustifolia,  often  CO  feet  high  and  a  foot  or  two 
in  diameter.  The  region  to  the  east  is  scantily  supplied  with  timber  of  any  kind,  while  the  northern  flanks  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  range  as  far  as  the  head  of  Horse  Plains  creek  are  only  sparingly  timbered  on  the  ridges  and  in 
some  of  the  canons,  the  trees  small  and  mainly  red  fir,  with  some  Pinus  albicaulis,  the  summits  and  exposed  ridges 
wholly  bare. 

"The  broad  dividing  spur,  which  includes  Bald  mountain  and  several  other  peaks  from  10,000  to  11,000  feet  high, 
is  about  30  miles  in  length  by  20  in  breadth.  The  peaks  are  bare  above  9,000  feet,  and  the  western  slopes  have  some 
timber  in  the  upper  ravines  alone.  The  trees  at  7,000  feet  are  mainly  red  fir,  giving  place  above  to  a  small  growth 
of  Pinus  Murrayana  and  P.  albicaulis.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  spur  there  are  deep,  densely- wooded  valleys,  the 
timber  said  to  be  chiefly  red  fir,  Picea  Engelmanni  and  Pinus  Murrayana.  On  Rattlesnake  creek  in  this  region 
there  is  a  single  saw-mill,  12  miles  from  Bannock  City,  which  supplies  the  town  and  neighboring  mining  camps  with 
lumber.  When  a  better  quality  is  needed  it  is  brought  across  the  mountains  from  the  Lemhi  River  district  in  Idaho 
by  a  road  crossing  the  range  at  the  head  of  Horse  Plains  creek.  The  fuel  used  in  Bannock  City  is  hauled  some 
12  or  15  miles,  chiefly  from  the  Rocky  mountains.  Beyond  the  head  of  Horse  Plains  creek  (where  the  Bald  Mountain 
spur  commences)  the  range  for  about  40  miles  changes  in  character  greatly,  becoming  higher,  broader,  and  more 
rocky,  with  rugged,  snow-clad  peaks  from  ]  0,000  to  12,000  feet  high,  and  with  high,  rocky  spurs  to  the  east,  separating 
densely-wooded  valleys  difficult  of  access  and  rarely  visited.  The  forests  here  come  down  to  the  western  edge  of 
Big  Hole  valley,  and  are  continuous.  The  trees  are  said  to  be  largely  Pinus  Murrayana,  but  there  is  probably  a 
considerable  proportion  of  red  fir,  Picea  Engelmanni  and  Abies  subalpina.  The  range  now  takes  its  turn  to  the  east, 
forming  the  northern  line  of  the  county,  and  rises  again  into  some  high,  snowy  peaks,  but  is  much  less  densely 
wooded.  Where  the  pass  crosses  the  range  from  the  Big  Hole  valley  to  the  Bitter  Root,  the  prevalent  tree  is  found 
to  be  Pinus  Murrayana,  mixed  toward  the  summit  of  the  divide  (at  7,000  feet  altitude)  with  some  red  fir  and  a  small 
proportion  of  Picea  Engelmanni  and  Pinus  albicaulis.  The  trees  are  mostly  young  and  small,  evidently  frequently 
overrun  by  fires,  a  dense  new  growth  immediately  in  most  cases  replacing  the  old.  The  trunks  very  rarely  reached 
a  diameter  of  15  or  20  inches.  The  timbered  area  of  the  county  may  be  estimated  at  1,000  square  miles.  No  yellow 
pine  was  seen  or  heard  of  within  its  limits. 

"  DEER  LODGE  COUNTY  (0,500  square  miles). — This  county,  also  nearly  bisected  by  the  one  hundred  and  thirteenth 
meridian,  is  occupied  by  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  which  form  its  southern  and  eastern  border,  with  the 
intervening  open  valleys  of  Deer  Lodge  river,  Flint  creek,  and  Big  Blackfoot  river.  These  spurs  are  to  a  large 
extent  wholly  bare  of  trees,  only  some  of  the  ravines  and  ridges  being  covered  by  a  more  or  less  scattered  growth 
of  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  of  moderate  size,  and  the  higher  northern  slopes  by  a  denser  growth  of  Pinus  Murrayana. 
2sortli  of  the  Big  Blackfoot  the  timber  is  more  dense,  coming  down  into  the  valley,  and  consisting  principally  of 


566  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

yellow  pine,  with  some  red  fir  and  larch,  and  at  the  higher  elevations  (above  5,000  feet)  of  red  fir,  larch,  and  scrub 
piue.  In  the  higher  canons  of  the  main  range  to  the  south  it  is  probable  that  Abies  sulalpina  and  Picea  Engelmanni 
also  occur,  as  I  heard  of  a  soft  tamarack  found  at  Gwendale,  which  appeared  from  the  description  to  be  the  latter 
species.  Total  timbered  area  of  the  county  is  estimated  at  2,250  square  miles. 

"  MISSOULA  COUNTY  (21,000  square  miles). — The  Bitter  Root  mountains,  which  separate  this  county  from  Idaho, 
are  a  direct  continuation  of  the  Rocky  mountains  north  from  the  point  of  divergence  of  that  range  in  latitude  45° 
40'.  While  broadening  out  until  they  cover  a  base  of  100  miles  or  more;  they  rarely  reach  a  height  of  8,000  feet. 
There  is  nothing  alpine  in  the  character  of  their  higher  vegetation,  nor  do  they  anywhere  rise  above  the  limit  of 
forest  growth.  The  summits  are  not  often  very  rugged,  and  though  the  slopes  may  be  steep  they  are  not  generally 
greatly  broken.  For  the  most  part  they  are  well  wooded  upon  both  sides,  with  no  meadows  along  the  streams  and 
little  grass  anywhere  until  the  foot-hills  are  reached.  Upon  the  Montana  side  it  is  from  20  to  40  miles  from  the 
base  to  the  summit  of  the  divides,  and  the  Bitter  Root  valley,  which  skirts  their  feet  for  60  miles,  separates  them 
from  the  low  and  comparatively  bare  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains  on  the  east. 

"  Upon  crossing  the  main  divide  upon  the  southern  border,  between  the  Big  Hole  and  the  Bitter  Root  valleys, 
at  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  the  yellow  pine  immediately  appears,  of  large  size,  and  with  its  usual  massive  habit, 
and  is  henceforth  the  most  conspicuous  forest  tree  along  the  usual  routes  of  travel,  coming  farther  down  into  the 
valleys  than  any  other  tree,  and  more  frequently  attaining  a  large  size,  probably  from  its  less  liability  to  serious 
injury  from  fires.  The  descent  from  this  southern  divide  to  the  Bitter  Root  valley  is  well  wooded  with  large  trees 
of  the  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  (with  at  first  some  small  Pinus  Murrayana),  which  continue  to  be  the  only  trees 
seen  bordering  the  valley.  These  mountains  were  crossed  by  me  on  the  Lolo  trail  up  the  Lolo  creek,  and  by  the 
Mullan  road,  which  follows  the  Saint  Regis  de  Borgia  river.  In  the  lower  caiions  only  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  are 
found,  of  the  usual  scattered  growth — the  tree*  rarely  much  over  2  feet  in  diameter — with  larch  and  Abies  subalpina 
coming  down  the  side  gulches,  and  white  pine  in  the  middle  canon.  The  yellow  pine  gradually  gives  place  to  Picea 
Enyelmanni,  Abies  subalpina,  and  A.  grandis,  though  none  of  these  reach  the  size  which  they  attain  on  the  Idaho 
side  of  the  range.  The  large  timber  is  mostly  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  streams,  where  the  larch  and 
white  pine  sometimes  reach  a  diameter  of  3  or  4  feet,  but  it  becomes  much  smaller  upon  the  ridges,  and  in  the  upper 
caiions  rarely  is  more  than  a  foot  or  18  inches  through,  while  the  mountain  slopes  are  usually  much  burned  over 
and  covered  with  fallen  timber,  largely  of  Pinus  Mnrrayima.  The  largest  and  most  abundant  tree  in  the  upper 
canons  is  probably  the  Picea  Engelmanni.  Small  trees  of  the  Thuya  gigantea  are  also  occasional,  but  nowhere  in 
northern  Montana  does  it  become  large  enough  to  be  of  importance.  The  Thuya  and  Abies  grandis  extend  as  far 
south  as  the  Nez  Perc6  creek.  I  think  that  no  hemlocks  were  seen  on  the  Montana  side  of  the  range,  but  they 
may  occur. 

"North  of  the  Mullan  road  to  Clarke's  Fork  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  range  continue  well  wooded.  On  the 
eastern  side  of  the  county  the  low  spur  of  the  Rocky  mountains  lying  to  the  east  of  Bitter  Root  valley  is  to  a  large 
extent  bare,  but  has  some  young  yellow  pine  (known  as  'scrub  pine'  or  'blackjack  pine')  and  Pinus  Murrayana. 
Approaching  Hellgate  river  the  timber  becomes  more  prevalent  in  the  ravines;  and  in  the  government  timber 
reservation  near  Missoula,  where  there  is  a  saw-mill  run  for  government  purposes,  the  timber  was  found  to  be 
yellow  pine  and  red  fir  (not  large)  and  considerable  larch — fine  trees  2  feet  in  diameter  or  more  and  100  feet  high. 
In  Granite  canon,  in  the  mountains  north  of  Missoula,  where  there  is  also  a  saw-mill,  the  lower  canon  was  occupied 
by  yellow  pine  and  larch,  with  some  red  fir  rarely  over  a  foot  through,  and  in  the  upper  canon  Abies  subalpina  and 
Picea  Engelmanni  a  foot  in  diameter.  On  the  mountain  sides  above  the  canon  the  timber  is,  as  usual,  small  and 
worthless  for  lumber.  In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Flathead  Indian  reservation  a  very  high  and  rugged  range  of 
mountains  extends  nearly  as  far  north  as  the  head  of  Flathead  lake,  and  parallel  with  the  main  Rocky  Mountain 
range,  which  here  enters  the  county  and  continues  across  the  northern  boundary.  Both  of  these  ranges  are 
throughout  densely  wooded,  though  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  mountains  the  timber  wholly  ceases  a  few 
miles  (8  or  10)  below  the  summit,  giving  place  to  the  open  grazing  region  of  the  upper  Missouri.  On  crossing  over 
the  lower  end  of  the  western  range,  from  the  Big  Blackfoot  to  the  Jocko  river,  the  timber  was  found  to  be  at  first 
almost  entirely  yellow  pine,  with  red  fir  and  larch  in  the  gulches,  the  yellow  pine  ceasing  toward  the  divide  (at 
6,000  feet  altitude)  and  Pinus  Murrayana  taking  its  place,  but  reappearing  on  the  northern  side,  with  occasional 
Picea  Engelmanni  and  even  small  Thuya  giganlea.  No  white  pine  was  seen.  The  same  trees  probably  continue 
northward  to  the  boundary  (the  larch  is  reported  from  about  30  miles  south  of  the  boundary). 

"The  remainder  of  the  county,  lying  west  of  the  Flathead  River  valley,  is  wholly  occupied  by  mountains,  of 
less  altitude,  but,  so  far  as  is  known,  generally  densely  wooded,  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the  spurs  toward 
the  Flathead  river  and  Clarke's  Fork  and  some  small  prairies  bordering  the  streams. 

"The  total  timbered  area  of  the  county  is  estimated  at  17,000  square  miles." 

• 

WYOMING. 

The  highest,  mountain  ranges  in  Wyoming  only  are  well  timbered.  The  high  rolling  table-land  which  occupies 
the  central  part  of  the  territory  is  destitute  of  all  tree  growth,  while  the  low  ranges  which  rise  from  this  plateau 


TUP:  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

iind  border  it  on  the  soulli  are  eitlier  treeless  or  only  support  a  few  stunted  yellow  pines  or  firs  widely  scattered  or 
forming  small,  isolated  patches  of  open  forest  upon  the  highest  slopes  of  the  most  sheltered  ravines.  The  most 
important  forests  of  the  territory  are,  those  in  the  northeastern  corner  covering  the  western  extension  of  the  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  those  upon  the  foot-hills  and  slopes  of  the  canons  of  the  Big  Horn  mountains,  and  the  dense 
•forests  of  small  lodge-pole  pine  (Pinus  Murrayana)  which  occupy  all  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  territory 
studded  by  the  system  of  mountains  surrounding  the  Yellowstone  park. 

The  most  valuable  timber  of  the  Big  Horn  mountains  consists  of  yellow  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa),  attaining  on  the 
foot-hills  sufficient  size  to  furnish  saw-logs.  Probably  one-third  of  this  timber  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains 
has  already  been  cut  to  supply  mills  located  upon  the  streams  from  Crazy  Woman  creek  to  Tongue  river.  The 
table-land  on  both  sides  of  the  range  between  the  crests  of  the  foot-hills  and  the  base  of  the  Snow  range  is  covered 
with  a  belt,  from  8  to  10  miles  in  width,  of  small  white  fir  (Abies  subalpina).  The  trees  are  small,  rarely  exceeding  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  They  afford,  however,  useful  material  for  fuel  and  fence  and  telegraph  poles.  This  forest 
has  suffered  seriously  from  wind  storms  and  fire.  A  heavy  growth  of  cotton  wood,  with  which  is  mingled  a  little 
green  ash,  occupies  the  banks  of  all  the  streams  of  the  Big  Horn  region,  with  the  exception  of  No- Wood  creek, 
flowing  from  the  western  flank. 

The  forests  of  the  Yellowstone  region,  composed  for  the  most  part  of  small  lodge  pole  pine,  are  confined  to  the 
mountain  slopes  and  high  valleys,  at  an  elevation  of  between  5,000  and  10,000  feet.  These  forests  are  capable  of 
supplying  great  quantities  of  fuel  and  fencing  material.  They  contain,  however,  little  timber  suitable  to  manufacture 
into  lumber. 

The  forests  of  all  this  arid  central  region  suffer  seriously  from  fire.  These  increase  with  the  settlement  of  the 
country  and  inflict  great  damage  upon  the  forest.  In  northwestern  Wyoming,  however,  the  forests  of  lodge-pole  pine 
•(Pinus  Murrayana)  destroyed  by  fire  reproduce  themselves,  and  the  area  occupied  by  this  species  in  all  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  is  increasing.  This  is  due  no  doubt  to  the  fact  that  fire  does  not  destroy  the  seeds  of  this  species, 
protected  in  the  cones,  which  remain  closed  upon  the  trees  for  years.  The  heat  of  the  fire  causes  the  cones  to  open 
and  shed  their  seeds  upon  the  burned  surface  of  the  soil,  where  they  germinate  quickly  and  freely. 

During  the  census  year  83,780  acres  of  'woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$3,255,000.  These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  trappers,  and  prospectors. 

A  little  lumber,  in  addition  to  that  manufactured  in  the  Big  Horn  region,  of  which  no  returns  have  been 
received,  is  sawed  in  the  Medicine  Bow  and  other  ranges  in  the  southern  part  of  the  territory.  A  large  amount  of 
fire-wood  and  many  railroad  ties  are  cut  in  the  southern  mountains  and  delivered  by  chutes  along  the  line  of  the 
Union  Pacific  railroad. 

COLORADO. 

The  forests  of  Colorado  are  confined  to  the  mountain  ran  ges  and  high  valleys  which  cover  the  western  half  of  the 
state ;  the  elevated,  rolling  plateau  which  extends  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  to  the  eastern  boundary 
•of  the  state  is  entirely  destitute  of  tree  growth,  with  the  exception  of  an  occasional  stunted  willow  or  cottonwood 
found  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  large  streams.  The  important  forests  of  the  state  cover  the  mountain  slopes 
between  10,000  and  12.500  feet  elevation,  and  are  almost  exclusively  composed  of  spruce  (Picea  Engelmanni),  with 
which  are  mingled  different  alpine  pines  of  little  economic  value.  Below  the  spruce  belt  a  more  open  forest  of  red 
fir  and  yellow  pine,  occupying  ravines  or  scattered  over  the  ridges,  extends  down  to  the  foot-hills.  These  are 
covered  with  an  open  growth  in  which  the  nut  pine  and  the  western  juniper  are  the  prevailing  trees,  while  the 
borders  of  streams  and  bottoms  of  the  canons  are  occupied  by  cottonwoods,  willows,  cherries,  oaks,  and  other 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  of  little  economic  importance.  Large  areas  upon  the  sides  of  the  high  Colorado 
mountains  are  exclusively  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  the  quaking  aspen.  This  tree,  very  generally  takes 
possession  here  of  ground  from  which  the  coniferous  forest  has  been  removed  by  fire,  and,  as  the  number  of  forest 
fires  is  rapidly  increasing  in  Colorado,  it  seems  destined  to  become  the  only  widely-distributed  forest  tree  of  this 
region.  The  high  valleys,  or  "parks"  as  they  are  here  locally  called,  when  timbered  at  all,  are  covered  with  a  dense 
forest  growth  in  which  the  lodge  pole  pine  (Pinus  Murrayana),  also  common  at  high  elevations  in  the  spruce  forests, 
is  the  prevailing  and  often  the  only  species,  disputing  with  the  aspen  the  possession  of  the  burned  soil.  The  high 
plateau  of  southwestern  Colorado  is  either  treeless  or  is  thinly  covered  with  an  open  growth  of  small,  stunted 
junipers. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  forest  fires  raging  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  is  alarming  in  a  region  where 
the  forest  once  destroyed  cannot  easily  reproduce  itself,  and  upon  mountains  where  forest  covering  is  necessary  to 
preserve  the  integrity  of  the  channels  and  the  constant  flow  of  numerous  important  streams  essential  to  the 
irrigation  of  wide  areas  of  arid  territory. 

During  the  census  year  113,820  acres  of  forest  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$1)35,500.  These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  miners,  and  prospectors,  and  by  Indians  or  whites  through  malice. 

The  forests  of  the  Colorado  foot-hills  afford  abundant  fuel  and  fencing  material  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
present  population  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Coarse  lumber,  suitable  for  the  timbering  of  mines  and  railroad 


568  THE  FORESTS  OF  THK  UNITED  STATES. 

construction,  is  manufactured  from  the  fir  and  pines  of  the  lower  mountain  slopes,  which  have  also  furnished 
immense  quantities  of  fuel  and  railway  ties.  The  timber,  however,  of  this  forest  most  accessible  to  mining  centers 
and  the  lines  of  railroads  has  already  been  destroyed,  while  its  productive  capacity  is  everywhere  impaired  by 
wasteful  methods  of  lumbering  and  destructive  conflagrations.  The  elevated  spruce  forests,  which  contain  the 
only  great  bodies  of  heavy  timber  found  in  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  region,  have  thus  far,  on  account  of  the 
difficulties  of  operating  in  them,  escaped  all  serious  inroads  from  the  ax  of  the  lumberman.  Small  portable  mills, 
however,  have  been  established  in  these  forests  to  supply  the  wants  of  some  of  the  most  elevated  mining  centers, 
and  fires  every  year  reduce  their  extent  and  value. 

Colorado  is  principally  supplied  with  lumber  from  Chicago;  a  small  amount  is  manufactured,  however,  in  the- 
state,  mostly  upon  the  waters  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte  river,  in  Jefferson  county,  and  in  the  extensive 
pineries  which  cover  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  .Sooth  Platte  and  the  Arkansas  rivers.  A  little  lumber 
is  also  manufactured  in  small  portable  mills  in  nearly  every  county. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

The  forests  of  New  Mexico  are  confined  to  the  slopes  and  cafions  of  the  high  mountain  ranges.  The  elevated 
plateau  which  occupies  the  whole  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  territory  is  treeless,  with  the  exception  of  occasional 
willows  and  cottouwoods  bordering  the  large  streams,  while  the  high  mesas  of  the  southwest  and  west  are  sometimes 
dotted  with  an  open  growth  of  dwarf  junipers  and  nut  pines  of  considerable  local  importance  as  a  source  of  fuel 
and  fencing  supply.  The  high  mountain  ranges  extending  southward  into  the  northern  part  of  the  territory  are 
covered  with  forests  very  similar  in  composition,  density,  and  distribution  to  those  covering  the  mountains  of 
Colorado.  Engeluianu's  spruce  is  here  the  important  timber  tree  at  high  elevations;  lower,  open  forests  of  red. 
fir  and  yellow  pine  occupy  the  sides  of  canons  and  the  lower  mountain  slopes,  and  the  nut  pine  and  juniper  cover  • 
the  foot  hills  with  an  open,  scattered  growth.  The  detached  mountain  ranges  which  spring  from  the  central 
plateau  of  the  territory  are  less  heavily  timbered  than  the  higher  mountains  north  and  south.  The  yellow  pine  is 
here  the  most  common  and  important  tree,  mingled  in  sheltered  canons  and  at  highest  elevations  with  occasional 
red  firs. 

The  most  important  forests  of  the  territory  cover  the  high  group  of  mountain  ranges  west  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  south  of  the  thirty-fourth  degree  of  latitude — the  San  Francisco,  the  Tulerosa,  Sierra  Blanca,  Sierra  Diablo, 
Mogollon,  Pinos  Altos,  and  Mimbres.  The  foot-hills  and  lower  slopes  of  these  mountains,  between  0,000  and  7,000 
feet  elevation,  are  coverexl  with  a  heavy  growth  of  junipers,  nut  pines,  and  different  evergreen  oaks.  The  banks 
of  streams  are  here  lined  with  immense  cotton  woods,  sycamores,  cherries,  ashes,  and  hackberries,  while  the  arroijos 
or  depressions  in  the  menus  contain  fine  groves  of  mesquit.  Above  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet  the  yellow  pine  appears,, 
and  mingled  with  it  on  north  slopes  the  red  fir  and  white  pine  (Finns  reflexa) ;  the  elevated  valleys  contain  fine 
groves  of  cottonwood,  box-elder,  alder,  and  small  oaks,  wl'ile  the  most  inaccessible  slopes  of  some  of  the  highest 
ranges  are  covered  with  forests  of  cypress  (Cuprcxntin  (lurttltilupensis). 

The  coniferous  forests  of  these  mountains  are  dense  and  valuable,  and,  although  not  yet  accessible  for  lumbering 
operations  except  at  a  few  points,  they  seem  destined  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  future  development  of 
the  whole  region.  They  can,  if  properly  protected,  supply  with  lumber  indefinitely  a  larger  population  than  will 
probably  occupy  this  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  deciduous  trees  of  this  entire  southwestern  region,  often  of  considerable  size,  are  generally  hollow,  especially 
the  oaks;  they  are  of  little  value  for  any  mechanical  purpose,  although  affording  abundant  and  excellent  fuel. 

During  the  census  year  64,034  acres  of  woodland  only  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss 
of  $142,075. 

A  small  amount  of  coarse  lumber,  principally  yellow  pine,  is  manufactured  in  the  territory,  mostly  in  the 
counties  of  San  Miguel  and  Santa  Fe.  New  Mexico,  however,  like  Colorado,  obtains  most  of  its  lumber  by  rail 
from  Chicago. 

ARIZONA. 

Northern,  western,  and  southwestern  Arizona  are  destitute  of  true  forests.  Ravines  in  the  mesas  of  the  high 
Colorado  plateau  of  northern  Arizona  are  occasionally  covered,  however,  with  stunted  junipers.  Cottonwoods  and 
willows  line  the  banks  of  the  Colorado  river,  and  the  ironwood,  the  palo  verde,  the  mesqnit,  the  suwarrow,  and 
other  Mexican  forms  of  arborescent  vegetation  are  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila  and  the  deserts  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  territory  ;  individual  trees  are,  however,  widely  scattered,  nowhere  forming  forests  in  the  true  meaning 
of  the  word.  The  low  lava  ridges  and  arid  lake  beds  with  which  the  southwestern  part  of  the  territory  is  covered 
are  entirely  destitute  of  tree  growth. 

The  mountain  system  culminating  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau  in  the  San  Francisco  mountains,  and 
extending  southeasterly  through  the  middle  of  the  territory  into  New  Mexico,  is  well  timbered.  The  high  ranges 
•which  spring  from  this  central  elevated  plateau  bear  heavy  forests  of  yellow  pine  and  red  fir,  the  plateau  itself 


I 


DENSITY  OF  FORESTS 

roMPIUJI)  fNDKRTHK  FUHKCTKIN  OF 

C.S.SAROKXT.  Sl'KCIAI.  AliK.NT 

1883. 

Scale 


MEXICO 


Jobuttn 


DEPARTMENT    Of   THE    INTER.'OR 


TENT 


In   i  cord    |.rr   a 


.    5    .  .  .If 


?1ESER  VAiTION 


COMPILED  IT>DER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

C.S.SAROENT,  SPECIAL  AGENT. 
1883. 

Sfiile    (if   Slat.  Miles 
0         10         20        3O        40        &(>  1OO 


M     ' 

.     "    -  IV 


ARIZONA 


JidiuaBten&Co.UUi 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

being  covered,  over  thousands  of  square  miles,  with  an  open  growth  of  yellow  pine  of  considerable  size.  The 
streams  and  bottoms  of  the  high  mountains  are  lined  with  deciduous  trees,  of  which  the  cotton  wood,  the  cherry, 
the  ash,  the  alder,  and  the  walnut  arc  the  largest  and  most  important.  The  group  of  short,  detached  mountain 
ranges  which  occupies  with  a  general  north  and  south  trend  the  southeastern  part  of  the  territory  is  covered  with  a 
rich  and  varied  forest  growth.  The  highest  slopes  are  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  in  which,  in  the  Santa  Catalina 
range  at  least,  great  bodies  of  splendid  cypress  (Gupressus  Guadalupensis)  are  found;  a  little  lower  the  red  fir 
and  white  pine  (Pinus  reflexa),  different  oaks  and  junipers  with  a  madrona,  are  scattered  over  the  dry,  gravelly 
slopes  and  ridges  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation.  These  in  turn  are  replaced  below  5,000  feet  with  an  open 
growth  of  small  evergreen  oaks.  The  bottoms  of  the  canons  and  the  borders  of  the  streams  between  4,000  and 
8,000  feet  elevation  are  lined  in  these  mountains  with  hackberry,  sycamore,  cottouwood,  willows,  cherries,  and 
ashes.  The  arroyos  in  the  mesas  are  often  covered,  as  in  southern  New  Mexico,  with  noble  groves  of  mesquit,  or  iu 
drier  situations  support  a  stunted  growth  of  acacias,  yuccas,  cacti,  and  other  desert  plants. 

The  yellow  pine  is  the  only  tree  of  Arizona  of  great  importance  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply.  Oaks  and 
other  hard-wood  trees  are  invariably  defective  and  of  little  value  except  for  fuel.  The  red  fir,  white  pine,  and 
cypress  occur  only  at  high  elevations,  and  are  generally  too  scattered  and  too  difficult  of  access  to  make  their 
manufacture  into  lumber  practicable  for  the  present  at  least. 

The  pine  forests  of  central  Arizona  and  southwestern  New  Mexico  are  of  great  importance  to  the  development 
of  the  treeless  regions  which  surround  them.  No  other  body  of  timber  of  any  extent  or  value  exists  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  United  States  between  the  pine  belt  of  eastern  Texas  and  the  forests  of  the  California 
mountains.  These  southern  interior  forests  have  nowhere  yet  greatly  suffered.  Their  inaccessibility  has  protected 
them.  Railroads,  however,  now  either  penetrate  this  forest  region,  or  will  soon  do  so,  and  these,  with  the  rapid 
development  of  the  mining  industry  now  going  on  in  the  southwest,  threaten  these  forests  with  the  dangers  which 
are  fast  exterminating  those  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

During  the  census  year  10,240  acres  of  woodland  were  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $56,000. 
These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  prospectors,  and  Indians. 

Pine  lumber  is  sawed  in  Pima  and  Final  counties,  principally  upon  the  Santa  Catalina,  Santa  Rita,  and  Huachuca 
mountains,  to  supply  important  mining  centers  in  this  part  of  the  territory.  It  is  also  manufactured  iu  small 
quantities  in  portable  mills  near  Indian  reservations  and  other  centers  of  population  throughout  the  forest  region. 
Returns  from  13  mills  only,  situated  iu  Pima,  Final,  Apache,  and  Yavapai  counties,  have  been  received.  Southern 
Arizona  is  now,  in  spite  of  its  fine  forests  of  pine,  almost  entirely  supplied  by  rail  with  lumber  manufactured  iu 
California. 

UTAH. 

The  Uintah  range,  occupying  with  an  east  and  west  trend  the  whole  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  territory, 
the  Wahsatch  mountains  and  their  southern  extension,  the  San  Pitch  and  the  Sanpete  ranges,  extending  north 
and  south  nearly  through  the  center  of  the  territory,  and  the  mountains  which  bound  on  the  east  the  great 
Colorado  plateau,  bear  at  high  elevations  fir,  spruce,  and  pine  forests  of  considerable  extent.  The  foot-hills  of 
these  mountains  and  their  high  valleys  are  dotted  with  an  open  growth  of  nut  pine,  juniper,  and  mountain  mahogany 
(Cercocarpus).  The  high  Colorado  plateau  and  the  arid  deserts  of  western  and  southern  Utah  are  treeless,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  stunted  junipers  and  nut  pines  which  struggle  for  existence  upon  some  of  the  low  mountain 
ranges,  and  of  willows  and  cottonwoods  which  line  the  banks  of  the  infrequent  and  scanty  streams. 

The  western  flank  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains  north  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude  has  already  been  almost 
denuded  of  its  best  timber  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  agricultural  and  mining  settlements  of  the  Salt  Lake  region, 
and  the  scanty  forests  of  the  territory  have  everywhere  suffered  serious  loss  from  fire  and  wasteful  methods  of 
cutting  timber  and  railway  ties  and  of  manufacturing  charcoal. 

During  the  census  year  42,865  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$1,042,800.  These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  wood-cutters,  careless  hunters,  and  prospectors. 

Small  quantities  of  lumber — pine,  cottonwood,  and  a  little  spruce — are  manufactured  through  the  Wahsatch 
region,  the  principal  centers  of  manufacture  being  Beaver  City  and  Cedar  City,  in  the  south,  the  neighborhood  of 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  Cache  county  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  territory.  Utah  is,  however,  almost  entirely 
supplied  with  lumber  from  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  California  sierras  and  from  Chicago.  Small  tanneries  in  Salt 
Lake  City  obtain  a  supply  of  red  fir  and  spruce  bark  from  the  neighboring  mountains. 

The  following  notes  upon  Utah  forests,  made  during  the  prosecution  of  a  special  investigation  into  the  meat- 
producing  capacity  of  the  territory,  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Hall,  a  special  agent  of  the  Census,  in  the 
division  of  " Meat  Production  in  the  Grazing  States  and  Territories" : 

"The  timber  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains,  in  Cache,  Rich,  Morgan,  and  Weber  counties  of  Utah,  hardly  suffices 
for  the  wants  of  the  settlers.  The  trees  from  which  lumber  is  obtained  are  cedar  and  a  variety  of  white  pine 
(Pinus  flexilis).  Some  fir  (Pseudotsuga  Douglasii)  is  found,  but  it  is  not  common  north  of  the  latitude  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  This  tree  likewise  furnishes  an  inferior  kind  of  lumber.  In  general,  in  Utah,  north  of  latitude  40°,  the  west 


.570  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

base  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains  has  been  stripped  of  tbe  available  timber,  so  that  in  the  accessible  canons, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  settlements,  it  is  laborious  and  expensive  obtaining  posts  and  poles  for  fencing, 
to  say  nothing  of  smooth  planks,  etc.,  for  building.  Cottonwood  and  occasionally  box-elder  are  found  fringing 
the  river  bottoms  of  the  sections  described. 

"  The  Oquirrh  mountains,  on  the  east  of  Toocle  county,  and  the  Onaqui  mountains,  30  miles  west,  contain  cedar 
and  considerable  red  fir,  the  latter  a  tree  which  I  am  told  is  not  frequent  in  the  Wahsatch  range.  The  mining  camps  of 
Salt  Lake  and  Tooele  counties  have  largely  depleted  the  timber  areas  of  these  mountains.  More  timber  is  standing 
on  the  Onaqui  hills  than  on  the  Oquirrh  range.  From  the  vicinity  of  the  latter  to  Cottonwood  and  Bingham  Canon 
mining  districts  the  dearth  of  good  fencing  material  is  very  noticeable  throughout  Box  Elder,  Cache,  Eich,  Weber, 
Morgan,  and  Salt  Lake  counties.  Willow  withes,  stone  walls,  cottonwood  poles,  and  sod  walls  flanked  by  ditches 
.are  among  the  devices  for  barriers  against  stock  incursion,  all  pointing  to  the  lack  and  costliness  of  lumber. 

"LAKE  RANGE,  WEST  OP  UTAH  LAKE. — This  range  of  low  mountains  contains  scattered  black  balsam  and  red 
fir.  In  winter  this  range  is  visited  from  the  settlements  of  Utah  valley,  and  the  trees  felled  and  sledded  across  the 
lake  on  the  ice,  to  be  used  by  the  railroad  and  by  farmers.  No  pifion  pine  was  found  in  the  Oquirrh  or  Onaqui 
mountains. 

"The  San  Pitch  mountains,  in  latitude  39°  30',  longitude  111°  52',  contain  sparse  timber — a  so-called  white  pine 
(Finns  JJexilis),  scrubby  cedar,  and  some  other  evergreen  trees — at  a  high  elevation  and  unavailable  as  lumber.  No 
good  clear  planking  suitable  for  building  is  obtained  from  these  cuts. 

"The  low  ranges  west  of  Juab  valley  and  flanking  Dog  valley,  Dry  valley,  and  Ferner  valley,  in  latitude  39° 
30',  longitude  112°,  contain  stiaggling  cedar  and  some  red  fir  difficult  of  access.  The  timber  of  the  whole  region 
north  of  latitude  39°  and  west  of  the  main  Wahsatch  mountains  is  meager  and  inadequate  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Mormon  settlers. 

"Fencing  about  Salt  Lake  City  is  of  poor  construction  and  costs  $200  per  mile  of  pine  poles  and  cedar  posts. 
I  saw  some  posts  of  white  balsam  (Abies  concolor)  50  feet  long,  obtained  from  the  canons  of  the  San  Pitch  range, 
•used  for  fencing.  At  Springville,  in  Utah  valley,  posts  of  cedar  were  pointed  out  which  were  in  good  condition 
after  fourteen  years  standing.  Were  it  not  for  the  existence  of  the  'no-fence' law,  which  enables  a  farmer  to 
cultivate  unfeiiced  ground  and  claim  damages  from  incursions  of  stock,  the  Utah  farmer  would  be  very  badly  off,  not 
having  means  to  purchase  fencing  material  in  a  country  so  ill  supplied  with  timber.  The  cedar  which  abounds 
here  affords  a  lasting  supply  of  fire- wood  and  posts,  but  lor  poles  or  plank  the  region  depends  largely  upon  imported 
lumber,  especially  for  building  plank,  joists,  etc. 

"Upon  ranges  flanking  East  and  West  Tiutic  valleys,  Juab  county,  in  latitude  39°  50',  longitude  112°  30',  the 
timber  is  not  abundant;  it  consists  of  red  fir  and  black  and  white  balsam,  from  which  rough  lumber  for  the  mining 
•camps  of  Mammoth,  Tintic,  and  Silver  City  has  been  extensively  taken.  Cedar  of  the  usual  dwarfed  kind  grows 
abundantly  along  the  upper  slopes  of  the  foot-hills,  and  is  used  for  braces  and  posts  in  shafts  of  mines. 

"  SANPETE  VALLEY  RANGE  (longitude  111°  30',  latitude  39°  20'). — The  Wahsatch  mountains,  on  the  east  of 
Sanpete  valley,  carry  on  their  spurs  and  through  the  deep  canons  facing  the  valley  some  of  the  best  timber  found 
in  Utah.  It  is  largely  used  by  the  Sanpete  settlers.  Yellow  pine,  black  and  white  balsam,  red  fir,  cedar,  and 
poplar  constitute  the  varieties  of  trees  found.  The  yellow  pine,  less  abundant  now  in  accessible  canons,  furnishes, 
it  is  claimed,  a  clear  and  firm  lumber,  fit  for  building,  and  not  surpassed  by  any  variety  in  Utah.  The  range  west 
of  the  Sanpete  mountains — i.  c ,  the  San  Pitch  mountains  before  spoken  of— carries  on  its  eastern  slopes  and  canons 
considerable  balsam  of  both  varieties  and  some  red  fir  and  poplar  about  the  headwaters  of  creeks.  Little  yellow 
pine  is  found  on  the  San  Pitch  range ;  at  least,  none  is  taken  out  at  present,  although  I  was  told  considerable  had 
already  been  lumbered  from  such  canons  as  were  penetrable.  Fencing  of  cedar  posts  and  poplar  and  balsam  poles 
is  largely  used  iu  the  valley  ;  cedar  posts  and  pine  plank  are  also  used  in  fencing  meadows  and  fields.  In  no  other 
valley  of  Utah  are  the  Mormons  so  well  supplied,'apparently,  with  fair  lumber  of  native  growth.  Except  for  furniture 
and  house  trimmings,  no  imported  wood  is  used  here. 

"SEVIER  RIVER  MOUNTAINS  (latitude  38°  30'  to  39°  10',  longitude  112°). — TheTushar  mountains  and  the  Valley 
range,  on  the.  west  of  the  Sevier  valley,  are  supplied  with  meager  timber,  especially  the  Valley  range.  In  no  part 
of  Utah  have  I  noticed  so  few  and  so  limited  areas  inclosed.  Timber  is  said  to  exist  in  inaccessible  places  only 
on  the  Wahsatch  range  to  the  east  of  the  valley.  This  is  true  in  regard  to  the  ranges  west  of  the  Sevier  valley, 
where  the  character  of  the  tree  growth  is  inferior  to  even  the  average  poor  quality  of  Utah  forests.  Black  balsam, 
white  balsam  and  red  fir  grow  in  both  ranges,  but  are  approached  with  great  difficulty.  The  indigenous  scrub 
cedar  prevails  often  in  thick  groves  along  the  foot-hills,  especially  on  the  Valley  and  Tushar  ranges  to  the  west  of 
the  valley.  Several  saw-mills  at  the  mouths  of  canon  streams  on  the  East  Wahsatch  range  have  for  several  years 
worked  up  all  the  available  lumber,  but  the  prices  asked  for  lumber— from  $35  to  $45  per  1,000  feet— place  fencing 
material  beyond  the  reach  of  the  Sevier  farmer. 

"  All  the  way  up  the  Sevier  valley,  and  along  its  south  and  east  forks,  fencing  is  limited  and  lumber  high,  a 
sure  proof  of  the  inadequate  supply  of  trees  on  accessible  mountains. 

"  Fish  Lake  plateau  and  mountains  (latitude  38°  33',  longitude  111°  50')  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  the 
prevailing  timber  of  Utah,  as  do  also  Thousand  Springs  mountains. 


DEPAK.TME 1 


DKNSITY  OF  FORKS TS 


i ''  >.M!'ll.K!>  I  'M  )KH  1 1  IK  I IIIIK  '  ril  IN  .  >K 

r.S.SAKOKNT.  SPKCIAI.  .M'.I.M 


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DENSITY  OF  FORES 


COMPUJH)  l?>D?Ji  THE  D1HKCTIOK  OF 

C.S.SARGKXT.  SI'KCIAI.  AGENT 
1883. 


LEGEND. 

9 

\     I     |  Under  i  cord  per 


IVADA 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  571 

"The  Aquarius  plateau  is  said  by  Sevier  Valley  stockmen  to  be  abundantly  timbered  with  pine,  balsam,  and 
spruce,  but  Boulder  valley  (latitude  37°  55',  longitude  110°  30')  was  destitute  of  standing  timber,  save  cedar  and 
poplar  on  its  foot-hill  fringe.  The  country  was  visited  by  fires,  the  Mormons  told  me,  in  1872-73,  which 
destroyed  large  areas  of  the  forests  in  the  region  southeast  of  the  Grass  Valley  country.  The  whole  section  of 
Utah  lying  east  of  the  Sevier  valley  to  the  Rio  Colorado  is  better  timbered,  but  from  its  rough  and  impenetrable 
location  the  timber  is  of  no  avail  to  most  of  the  settlers,  but  only  to  such  as  penetrate  the  high  valleys  of  Grass, 
Boulder,  Potato,  etc*,  lying  adjacent  to  the  timber.  Fencing  on  Grass  and  Rabbit  valleys,  western  Pinto  county, 
is  cheaper  than  in  Sevier  valley,  but  farmers  and  stockmen  are  so  poor  that  they  are  forced  to  avail  themselves  of 
the  no- fence  law  when  breaking  ground  for  crops. 

"  In  the  Paria  River  region  fencing  is  very  limited  and  lumber  expensive,  as  timber  is  hard  to  get  out  of  the 
mountain  canons. 

"In  the  Kanab  River  region  fencing  at  the  settlements  of  Upper  Kanab  and  Lower  Kanab,  Kane  county,  is 
said  to  be  expensive,  as  material  is  difficult  to  obtain,  the  canons  leading  to  the  valley  affording  a  meager  supply 
of  cedar  and  black  and  white  balsam,  while  some  red  fir  and  yellow  pine  is  said  to  grow  on  the  Sevier  plateau 
(latitude  37°  30');  this,  however,  seldom  reaches  a  market  in  the  settlements,  owing  to  the  isolated  situation  of 
these  forests. 

"Considerable  scrub  oak  is  found  on  the  slopes  of  the  Oqnirrh  and  Onaqui  mountains,  above  referred  to,  in 
Tooele  county,  and  many  cedar  thickets  of  considerable  extent.  In  Tooele  valley  some  fencing  with  cedar  and  panels 
of  balsam  occurs.  Ensh  valley  contains  some  bull  fences  of  trunks  of  cedar,  costing  81  25  per  rod,  showing  the 
cost  of  even  poor  material. 

"It  will  be  observed  that  outside  of  the  "VVahsatch  mountains  no  building  timber  of  value  has  been  noted  in 
Utah.  The  supply  in  this  range  has  been  largely  consumed  from  the  easily-approached  canons  and  slopes. 

"In  summing  up  my  observations,  which  were  made  wholly  with  a  view  of  investigating  the  fencing  of  pasture 
areas  and  cost  of  same,  it  may  be  stated  that  Utah  seemed  very  generally  lacking  in  serviceable  material  for  fencing 
or  building.  The  country  settled  for  thirty  years  has  drawn  upon  the  near  supply  of  standing  timber,  so  that  now 
lumber  is  obtained  by  great  exertion  and  expense  in  most  of  the  valley  settlements.  The  labor  and  cost  of  fencing 
caused  Brigham  Young  to  enact  the  no-fence  law,  which  enabled  the  destitute  settlers  to  break  ground,  irrigate, 
and  raise  grain  without  the  provision  of  any  barrier  against  stock  inroads,  the  cattleman  being  held  responsible 
for  the  damages  of  his  herd.  This  law  in  itself  is  a  commentary  on  the  scarcity  of  timber  in  Utah." 

NEVADA. 

The  tree  growth  of  Nevada,  except  in  a  portion  of  Douglas  county,  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state, 
which  the  forests  of  the  California  sierras  just  reach,  is  confined  to  the  low  ridges  of  the  central  and  southern 
part  of  the  state.  The  most  important  of  these— the  Humboldt,  Toiyabe,  Monitor  Creek,  Timpiute,  Hot  Creek, 
Kawich,  and  probably  others — bear  near  their  summits,  in  sheltered  ravines,  scattered  patches  of  stunted  white 
pine  (Pinus  fiexilis]  of  sufficient  size  to  furnish  saw-logs.  The  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  this  region  are 
often  quite  thickly  covered  with  small  nut-pines  and  groves  of  the  mountain  mahogany  ( Cereoc&rpus),  here  attaining 
its  greatest  development.  Below  the  nut-pine  low,  stunted  junipers  cover  the  foot-hills,  often  extending,  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state,  across  the  narrow  elevated  valleys  which  separate  the  low  mountain  ranges. 

The  great  development  of  the  mining  interests  of  Nevada  has  already  nearly  exterminated  its  scanty  and 
stunted  forests.  The  white  pine  has  been  cut  in  the  neighborhood  of  mines  from  all  the  mountain  ranges,  and 
the  most  accessible  nut-pine,  juniper,  and  mountain  mahogany  have  been  converted  into  cord-wood  or  made  into 
charcoal.  The  forests  of  Nevada  are  nowhere  reproducing  themselves,  and  a  scarcity  of  fuel,  even  for  domestic 
purposes,  must  soon  be  felt. 

A  considerable  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  neighborhood  of  lake  Tahoe,  in  Douglas  county,  and 
sent  in  flumes  down  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  sierras  to  supply  Carson  City  and  Virginia  City.  The  lumber- 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  remainder  of  the  state  are  necessarily  small  and  unimportant.  Their  entire 
extermination,  with  the  forests  which  furnish  them  material,  cannot  be  long  delayed. 

During  the  census  year  8,710  acres  of  woodland  were  devastated  by  tire,  with  a  loss  of  $19,000.  The  fires 
-were  traced  to  hunters  and  Indians. 

IDAHO. 

The  western  slopes  of  the  Bitter  Root  and  Cceur  d'Alene  mountains,  which  form  north  of  latitude  46°  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  territory  of  Idaho,  are  covered  with  dense,  extensive,  and  valuable  forests  of  fir,  pine,  and 
larch.  The  ridges  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  which  below  latitude  46°  occupy  the  eastern  border  of  the  territory, 
and  the  extreme  eastern  development  of  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon,  just  entering  it  from  the  west,  are  less 
heavily  timbered  with  a  scattered  growth,  in  which  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  are  still  the  prevailing  trees.  The 
great  central  region  occupied  by  the  Salmon  River  mountains  is  unexplored.  These  mountains  are  more  or  less 
timbered,  but  nothing  is  known  of  the  composition  or  character  of  the  forests  which  cover  them.  Judging, 
however,  from  the  general  elevation  and  climate  of  this  region,  its  forests  cannot  be  very  important,  nor  capable  of 


572  TUP]  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

supplying  more  than  the  local  wants  of  its  mining  population.  The  great  plains  south  and  southeast  of  Hie 
Salmon  River  mountains,  comprising  fully  one-third  of  the  territory,  are  entirely  destitute  of  tree  covering,  while 
the  Snake  River  range  and  the  ranges  of  the  Bear  River  country  contain  in  their  more  sheltered  canons  only  small 
areas  of  open,  stunted  forest. 

During  the  census  year  21,000  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$202,000.  These  fires  originated  in  the  carelessness  of  hunters,  prospectors,  Indians,  etc. 

A  small  amount  of  pine  and  fir  lumber  is  manufactured  at  Bois6  City  and  near  other  centers  of  population. 
The  great  forests  of  cedar,  fir,  and  pine,  however,  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  region  are  still  almost  intact.  These  forests, 
•with  proper  care,  are  capable  of  furnishing  indefinitely  tlie  treeless  agricultural  region  of  eastern  Washington; 
territory  and  Oregon  with  an  abundant  supply  of  excellent  building  material. 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  Mr.  Sereno  Watson's  report  upon  the  forests  of  the  territory: 

"This  territory  north  of  latitude  44|°  is  occupied  by  the  Rocky  and  the  Bitter  Root  mountains,  forming  it* 
eastern  boundary,  with  their  broad,  timbered,  interlacing  spurs,  which  terminate  in  the  high,  mostly  treeless 
plateau  which  extends  from  near  the  Spokane  river  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  this  parallel  of  latitude.  The 
southern  and  southwestern  portions  were  not  visited  by  me,  and  the  statements  regarding  them  are  to  some  extent 
conjectural. 

"  LEMHI  COUNTY  (5,530  square  miles). — In  the  extreme  eastern  portion  of  this  county,  where  the  mountains 
are  crossed  by  the  Utah  and  Northern  railroad,  scattered  trees  of  red  fir  are  first  met  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet. 
Beaver  canon,  up  which  the  railroad  passes,  is  well  timbered  on  both  sides  nearly  to  its  head  at  0,600  feet  altitude 
with  red  fir  only,  but  the  broad  plateau  at  the  summit  (6,869  feet)  is  treeless,  lii  the  lateral  canons  (8  to  10  miles 
long),  coming  out  near  the  mouth  of  Beaver  canon,  there  are  two  saw-mills,  one  of  which  was  visited.  The  timber 
was  here  found  to  be  confined  to  the  south  side  of  the  eaflou,  and  consisted  almost  wholly  of  red  fir  (here  called 
'red  pine'),  averaging  from  20  to  22  inches  in  diameter.  The  largest  log  seen  measured  32  inches  at  the  butt.  A 
'white  pine'  proved  to  be  Picea  Enyelmanni,  and  a  •  bird's  eye  pine'  was  Pimis  Murrayana^  both  small,  as  was  also 
the  balsam  (Abies  subalpina),  which  was  found  some  3  or  4  miles  up  the  canon.  The  yellow  pine  did  not  occur  here. 

"It  is  probable  that  the  canons  westward  along  the  range  are  similarly  timbered  as  far  as  the  Lemhi  agency. 
Here  the  character  of  the  range  changes  (as  stated  under  Beaver  Head  county,  Montana),  becoming  higher  and 
more  rugged,  and  the  Pinus  Murrayana  is  probably  more  abundant,  at  least  at  the  higher  altitudes.  The  yellow 
pine  also  appears,  but  at  what  point  is  uncertain ;  it  is  certainly  found  at  Gibbonsville,  on  the  North  Fork  of  the 
Salmon  river,  and  it  probably  extends  still  farther  southward.  The  Salmon  River  mountains,  lying  between  the 
Lemhi  river  and  Rock  creek,  are  reported  to  be  well  timbered.  The  southwestern  portion  of  the  county  I  presume 
to  be  much  more  open. 

"The  total  timbered  area  is  estimated  at  from  1,500  to  2,000  square  miles. 

"IDAHO  COUNTY  (10.100  square  miles). — The  high  and  crowded  spurs  of  the  Bitter  Root  mountains  fill  the 
entire  northeastern  portion  of  this  county,  extending  to  the  line  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Clearwater,  mostly  densely 
wooded  from  base  to  summit.  The  foot-hills  and  plateaus  between  the  streams  are  more  or  less  covered  with 
scattered  yellow  pine  and  red  fir.  The  valley  of  the  Salmon  river  is  probably  comparatively  treeless,  and  the  low 
mountain  range  between  that  river  and  the  Snake  is  scantily  timbered. 

"Estimated  timber  area,  4,000  square  miles. 

"WASHINGTON  COUNTY  (3,000  square  miles). — I  have  but  little  information  in  regard  to  this  county.  The 
southern  portion  has  been  surveyed,  and  is  probably  nearly  treeless.  The  rest  appears  to  be  more  mountainous, 
and  may  be  scantily  timbered. 

"Wooded  area  (say)  300  square  miles. 

"NEZ  PERC£  COUNTY  (3,400  square  miles).— Mainly  high  plateau,  at  about  3,000  feet  altitude,  in  the 
southeast  more  or  less  covered  with  scattered  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  of  good  size,  on  the  western  side  nearly 
without  timber  or  with  occasional  yellow  pine.  Toward  the  head  of  Potluck  creek  some  yellow  pine  and  red 
fir  are  found  in  the  valleys,  and  in  the  northeast  the  spurs  from  the  Rocky  mountains  enter  the  county,  covered 
iu  addition  with  the  larch  and  Thuya  yigantea.  East  of  the  Indian  reservation  the  county  extends  up  into  the 
mountains  in  the  form  of  a  narrow  gore,  and  is  heavily  timbered.  The  portion  lying  south  of  the  reservation  in 
the  angle  between  the  Snake  and  Salmon  rivers  is  occupied  by  low  mountains,  mostly  bare. 

"Total  timbered  area  estimated  at  750  square  miles. 

"  SHOSHONE  COUNTY  (5,950  square  miles). — Wholly  mountainous  and  covered  with  forests,  with  the  exception 
of  some  prairies  and  open  country  near  the  Clearwater  and  lower  portion  of  the  Lolo  Fork. 

"Immediately  after  crossing  the  divide  by  the  Lolo  trail  from  Montana,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet,  the  forest 
consisted  of  Abies  subalpina  and  Picea  JEnfjelmanm,  with  young  Abies  grandin  and  Tsuga  Mertemiana,  and  occasional 
larch  and  red  fir,  and  upon  the  creeks  some  small  Thuya  and  Taxus.  The  trail  soon  ascended  the  ridges  and 
followed  them  for  about  100  miles  at  an  altitude  of  from  5,000  to  over  7,000  feet,  doubtless  to  avoid  the  fallen 
timber  which  made  the  canons  impassable,  though  enough  of  it  was  found  on  the  route  followed.  The  timber  on 
these  ridges  was  often  small  and  scattered — Abies  subalpina  and  Picea  Engelmanni,  with  Pinus  Murrayana  and  P. 
i'm — or  on  the  damper  northern  slopes  with  larch  and  red  fir,  balsam,  hemlock,  and  sometimes  the  mountain 


DENSITY  OF  FORESTS 


CIIMl-II.Kl)  DKDEII  THE  IllllErnciN  OP 

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IDAHO 


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THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  573 

hemlock  ( Tsuga  Pattoniana),  the  trees  larger  (occasionally  2  feet  through,  the  Abies  grandis  being  the  largest).  The 
white  pine  (Pinus  monticola)  also  frequently  occurred.  During  the  last  day  upon  this  ridge  the  trail  was  through 
heavy  timber,  chiefly  of  hemlock  sometimes  3  feet  in  diameter,  with  some  Abies  and  rarely  Pinitx  Murrayana  and 
P.  monticola,  the  ridge  eveu  at  7,000  feet  being  covered  with  the  same  dense  growth.  Descending  quite  abruptly  from 
the  drier  extremity  of  the  spur,  which  was  covered  with  Abies,  Tsuga.  and  Pinus  (Murrayana,  albicaulis,  and 
monticola),  we  passed  through  a  forest  of  heavy  balsam  (Abies  grandis),  with  a  few  larch  and  some  red  fir,  and  at  about 
4,000  feet  came  upon  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea)  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else — the  trees  from  2  to  4  feet  in  diameter. 
On  the  stream  banks  at  the  base  were  found  the  Thuya,  Pinus  monticola,  Abies  subalpina  and  A.  grandis,  Picea 
Engelmanni,  and  Txitga  Mertensiana,  all  growing  together,  with  an  undergrowth  of  maple,  mountain  ash,  Vac- 
cinium,  Ceanothus,  Cratccgus,  Pachystima,  Primus,  etc.  With  timber  of  this  character  upon  the  high  ridges  it  is 
evident  that  there  must  be  much  very  heavy  timber  in  the  canons. 

"After  crossing  a  low  ridge  covered  with  cedar,  larch,  and  red  fir,  and  following  a  narrow  meadow  frequently 
interrupted  by  clumps  of  timber,  the  trail  at  length  came  out  upon  an  open  camass  prairie  25  miles  northeast  of 
Kamai.  From  this  point  the  timber  covering  the  plateau  is  an  open  growth  of  yellow  pine  and  red  fir,  often  quite 
large,  with  young  trees  intermixed,  and  some  Picea  Engelmanni  and  the  two  Abies  in  the  wetter  places. 
Considerable  timber  is  cut  upon  the  Lolo  Fork  and  Clearwater  and  floated  down  to  the  mills  at  Lewistou.  It  is 
uncertain  how  far  south  along  the  main  range  the  above  large  variety  of  trees  continues.  It  is  probable,  in  my 
opinion,  that  the  Thuya,  Abies  grand  in,  Tsuga,  Pinus  monticola,  and  Taxus  do  not  pass  beyond  the  headwaters  of 
the  Clearwater,  or,  at  the  farthest,  that  some  of  them  may  reach  the  North  Fork  of  the  Salmon  river,  while  the 
larch  may  possibly  be  found  in  the  Salmon  Itiver  mountains. 

"  At  the  northern  extremity  of  the  county,  along  the  Mullan  road,  which  from  the  Coeur  d'A16ne  mission 
follows  up  the  canon  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river,  instead  of  following  the  spurs,  a  distance  of  37  miles,  the  swampy 
bottoms  were  found  heavily  timbered  with  Thuya,  red  fir,  Abies  grandis,  and  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  with  some  larch 
and  Pinus  monticola.  Some  of  the  drier  bottoms  had  been  burned  over,  and  were  mostly  covered  with  Pinus 
Murrayana.  Some  Populus  baltsamifcra  occurs,  3  feet  through,  or  more  (as  also  on  the  Montana  side).  The  sides  of 
the  ridge  were  also  nearly  bare.  The  Thuya,  which  exclusively  occupies  some  of  the  swamps,  attaining  a  large 
size,  ceases  at  the  base  of  the  dividing  ridge,  where  also  the  Picea  Engelmanni  and  Abies  subatyina  come  in.  The 
range  above  Cceur  d'Alene  canon,  and  bounding  the  county  on  the  north,  is  uot  heavily  timbered,  much  of  its  upper 
slopes  being  bare. 

"Total  timbered  area  estimated  at  5,000  square  miles. 

"KooTENAi  COUNTY  (5,530  square  miles). — The  portion  south  of  the  Coeur  d'Aleue  and  Spokane  rivers 
belongs  mostly  to  the  Cceur  d'AltJne  Indian  reservation,  and  is  timbered,  with  the  exception  of  open  meadows  upon 
the  Co3ur  d'Alene  and  Saint  Joseph  rivers  and  upon  Hangman  creek.  The  timber  is  principally  yellow  pine  and 
red  fir,  with  some  Pinus  Murrayana,  and  fine  bodies  of  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea)  near  the  western  borders  of  the  lake. 
North  of  the  Creur  d'Alene  river  the  road  from  the  mission  to  the  fort  passes  through  a  cedar  ( Thuya)  swamp,  with 
many  large  trees,  from  3  to  5  feet  through,  traversing  canons  filled  with  a  mixed  growth  of  Abies  subalpina  and 
A.  grandis,  larch,  hemlock,  Picea  Engelmanni,  and  red  fir.  This  latter  growth  continues  for  some  miles  below  the  fort, 
where  the  valley  opens  out  into  the  broad  Spokane  plain,  which  extends  northeastward  toward  Pend  d'Oreille  lake 
without  trees.  The  mountains  south  of  the  lake  are  low  and  not  heavily  timbered.  The  portion  of  the  county 
north  of  Clarke's  Fork  and  of  Pend  d'Oreille  lake  has,  so  far  as  I  know,  never  been  explored,  but  is  probably 
mountainous  and  for  the  most  part  well  timbered. 

"Estimated  timber  area  of  the  county,  4,500  square  miles."  • 

WASHINGTON. 

Washington  territory  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  range  is  covered  with  the  heaviest  continuous  belt 
of  forest  growth  in  the  United  States.  This  forest  extends  over  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges,  and 
occupies  the  entire  drift  plain  surrounding  the  waters  of  Puget  sound.  The  highest  mountain  peaks  and  the  sand- 
dunes  of  the  coast  are  treeless.  The  narrow  valleys  of  -the  Cowlitz  and  Chehalis  rivers  are  dotted  with  small  oaks 
and  other  deciduous  trees,  and  oaks  and  stunted  yellow  pines  occupy  with  an  open  growth  the  barren  Steilacoom 
plain  south  of  Puget  sound;  with  these  exceptions  western  Washington  territory  is  covered  with  a  magnificent 
coniferous  forest.  The  most  valuable  and  generally  distributed  timber  tree  of  this  region  is  the  red  or  yellow  fir 
(Pseudotsuga  Douglasii),  forming  about  seven-eighths  of  the  forest  growth.  The  valuable  red  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea) 
and  the  hemlock  (Tsuga  Mertensiana),  often  covering  extensive  tracts,  especially  near  the  base  of  the  Cascade 
mountains,  are  common ;  the  noble  tide-land  spruce  adds  value  and  importance  to  the  forests  bordering  the  coast. 
The  forests  which  cover  the  upper  ridges  of  the  Cascade  mountains  are  principally  composed  of  firs  (Abies  amabilis 
and  A.  nobilis),  spruces  (Picea  Engelmanni),  various  small  pines,  hemlocks,  etc.  These  elevated  forests,  often  of 
great  beauty,  are  of  little  economic  importance. 

East  of  the  Cascade  mountains  the  forests  are  less  dense,  and  are  confined  to  the  mountain  ranges.  The  great 
plains  watered  by  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers  are  entirely  destitute  of  tree  covering. 


574  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Stevens  connty,  which  is  broken  and  mountainous,  with  the  exception  of  the  narrow  valleys  and  occasional) 
small  prairies,  is  covered  with  a  heavy,  open  forest  growth.  The  most  valuable  trees  of  the  forests  of  this  county 
are  the  red  iir,  the  yellow  pine  (Pinm  jjondcroftft),  the  white  pine  (Pinus  monticola),  the  larch  (Larix  f>cci(lentalis)r 
and  the  red  cedar. 

The  forests  of  Spokane  county  are  confined  to  the  spurs  and  ridges  of  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  county, 
and  consist  of  the  yellow  pine,  red  fir,  and  larch  of  small  size  and  inferior  quality. 

The  forests  of  Yakima  county  cover  about  one  half  of  its  area,  being  confined  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Cascade  range.  The  forests  covering  the  eastern  slopes  of  these  mountains  are  only  surpassed  in  density  and 
value  by  those  extending  over  their  western  flanks.  The  yellow  pine  occupies  the  lowest  slopes  with  an  open 
growth  of  large  trees.  Above  the  pine  the  red  fir  is  the  prevailing  tree.  This  at  a  greater  elevation  is  succeeded 
by  hemlock  and  larch,  with  which  are  mingled  fine  bodies  of  spruce  (Picca  Enfjetmanni)  and  hemlock,  while  th& 
forest  growth  below  the  timber-line  consists  of  firs,  pines,  and  mountain  hemlock. 

The  western  portion  of  Rlikitat  county  is  covered  with  heavy  forest  growth,  similar  in  composition  nnd  density 
to  that  of  Yakima. 

Walla  Walla  county  is  destitute  of  timber  except  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner,  where  the  spurs  of  the 
mountains  are  thinly  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  yellow  pine  and  larch. 

Columbia  county  is  without  forest  except  along  the  ridges  and  summit  of  the  Bine  mountains,  which  are- 
covered  with  yellow  pine,  larch,  and,  above  5,000  feet  elevation,  with  a  continuous  growth  of  lodge-pole  pine 
(Pimm  Murrayana). 

Whitman  county  is  destitute  of  forest  except  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner,  where  there  is  a  scattered 
growth  of  small  yellow  pine. 

An  estimate  of  the  actual  amount  of  timber  standing  in  the  territory  is  not  possible  with  the  existing  knowledge 
of  the  country,  and  none  has  been  attempted.  The  quantity  of  merchantable  timber,  however,  standing  in  western 
Washington  territory  is  enormous  ;  a  yield  of  200,000  feet  of  lumber  to  the  acre  is  not  at  all  exceptional,  while  over 
fully  20,000  square  miles  a  yield  of  2."), 000  feet  to  the  acre  might  be  expected ;  such  estimates  certainly  would  not 
exaggerate,  the  productive  capacity  of  these  noble  forests. 

The  forests  of  Washington  territory,  especially  in  the  more  thickly  .-ettled  portions  west  of  the  Cascade- 
mountains,  have  long  suffered  from  destructive  fires.  The  injury  inflicted  by  such  fires  is  proportionately  less, 
however,  in  the  hnmid  coast  region  than  east  of  the  mountains,  where  the  dryness  of  the  climate  prevents  the 
reproduction  of  the  forest  once  destroyed.  West  of  the  mountains  young  trees  of  the  species  of  the  original  forest, 
and  especially  the  red  fir,  soon  densely  cover  the  burned  surface  and  grow  with  astonishing  rapidity  and  vigor.  It 
seems  reasonably  certain,  therefore,  that,  whatever  may  be  the  fate  of  the  forests  which  now  cover  western 
Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  they  will  be  succeeded  by  forests  of  similar  composition,  and  that  this  whole 
region,  ill  adapted  in  soil  and  topography  to  agriculture,  will  retain  a  permanent  forest  covering  long  after  the 
other  great  forests  of  the  continent  have  disappeared. 

During  the  census  year  37,910  acres  of  woodland  were  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $713,200. 
These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  by  whites  in  clearing  land,  by  hunters,  prospectors,  etc. 

The  forests  bordering  the  shores  of  Pnget  sound,  the  strait  of  Jnan  de  Fuca,  and  the  lower  Columbia  river 
have  been  culled  of  their  best  trees  for  a  distance  inland  of  1  or  2  miles  to  supply  the  important  lumber- 
manufacturing  interests  of  this  part  of  the  territory.  The  product  of  western  Washington  territory  during  the 
census  year  was  153,98(5,000  feet  of  lumber,  6,550.000  laths,  910,000  shingles,  and  23,000,000  staves— by  far  the 
largest  part  being  manufactured  in  the  mills  located  on  the  waters  of  Puget  sound. 

The  first  saw-mill  built  upon  Puget  sound  was  erected  in  1851.  It  was  a  small  water-power  mill,  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  about  1,000  feet.  Two  years  later  a  similar  mill  was  erected  at  Seattle,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  from 
8,000  to  10,000  leet. 

The  centers  of  manufactnres  now  are  Port  Gamble,  Port  Madison,  Port  Blakely,  Port  Discovery,  Seabeck, 
Utsaladdy,  Tacoma,  and  Seattle.  At  the  last-named  place  there  is  a  large  establishment  manufacturing  sugar-barrel 
staves  from  cottonwood  for  the  San  Francisco  market. 

The  lumber  manufactured  upon  Puget  sound  is  largely  shipped  to  San  Francisco  and  directly  to  China, 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  Mexican  and  South  American  Pacific  ports. 

The  population  of  the,  southeastern  part  of  the  territory  is  principally  supplied  with  lumber,  largely  coarse 
yellow  pine  of  inferior  quality,  cut  on  the  Blue  mountains  in  small  portable  mills,  and  delivered  at  Dayton,  in 
Walla  Walla  county,  by  a  flurne  several  miles  in  length.  No  statistics,  however,  have  been  received  of  the  amount 
of  lumber  manufactured  in  this  county. 

The  methods  adopted  by  the  lumbermen  of  western  Washington  territory  are  wasteful  in  the  extreme.  Loggers 
cut  only  timber  growing  within  a  mile  or  a  mile  and  a  half  of  shores  accessible  to  good  booming  or  shipping  points, 
or  which  will  yield  not  less  than  30.000  feet  of  lumber  to  the  acre.  Only  trees  are  cut  which  will  produce  at  least 
three  logs  24  feet  long,  with  a  minimum  diameter  of  30  inches.  Trees  are  cut  not  less  than  12  and  often  20 
feet  from  the  ground,  in  order  that  the  labor  of  cutting  through  the  thick  bark  and  enlarged  base  may  be  avoided, 
while  40  or  50  feet  of  the  top  of  the  tree  are  entirely  wasted. 


36 


DEPARTMENT    OF  THE  IN 


125' 


WASHINGTC 


DENSITY  OF  FORF.STS 


COMPILED  C'MiKR  rilK  ullttli 
S  SAKCKNT.  SHKC1.M.  ACh'.N'T 

L883. 


THE  FOKESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  f,7.-> 

The  following  notes  upon  tbe  forests  of  eastern  Washington  territory  are  extracted  from  Mr.  Watson's  report : 

"WALLA  WALLA  COUNTY  (1,200  square  miles). — This  county  is  wholly  without  timber,  which  is  supplied  from 
the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon. 

"COLUMBIA  COXTNTY  (2,100  square  miles). — A  spur  of  the  Blue  mountains  traverses  the  southern  portion  of 
this  county,  occupying  about  a  fourth  of  its  area,  which  is  partially  timbered,  chiefly  with  red  fir  (Pxeudotxuga),  pine 
(Pinus ponderosa),  and  some  Picea  EHtjelmanni,  none  of  it  large.  Elsewhere  the  county  is  nearly  destitute  of  trees, 
though  some  of  the  streams,  especially  the  Touchet,  were  at  the  first  settling  of  the  county  bordered  by  scattered 
pines. 

"WHITMAN  COUNTY  (5,000  square  miles). — This  county  is  destitute  of  timber.  Some  of  the  townships  along 
the  Idaho  line  were  originally  sparingly  wooded  with  scattered  pines  upon  the  ridges,  but  these  have  nearly  or 
wholly  disappeared,  and  the  supplies  for  fencing  and  fuel  are  brought  from  the  neighboring  mountains  of  Idaho. 
There  is  a  saw-mill  on  the  Palouse  river,  at  Talouse,  the  logs  for  which  are  floated  down  from  about  !l  miles  above. 

"SPOKANE  COUNTY  (8,500  square  miles). — The  portion  of  this  county  to  the  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Spokane 
river  is  wholly  destitute  of  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  high  point  or  plateau  opposite  to  the  month  of  the 
Okinakaue  river.  Here,  there  is  a  small  area  thinly  wooded,  probably  with  yellow  pine  and  red  fir.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  county  spurs  from  the  mountains  bordering  Cceur  d'Alcne  lake  enter  between  l.'ock  creek  and  Spokane 
river,  and  are  covered  more  or  less  densely  with  a  growth  of  yellow  pine,  often  small,  with  some  Douglas  spruce  and 
tamarack  in  the  ravines.  There  is  a  saw-mill  at  Rock  creek  supplied  from  its  immediate  neighborhood.  Crossing 
Hangman's  creek  a  scattered  growth  of  pine  appears  upon  the  ridges  between  Deep  creek  and  the  Spokane  river, 
and  as  far  west  as  the  head  of  Crab  creek.  Trees  also  border  the  Spokane  river  below  the  falls  and  to  within  a  few 
miles  of  its  month.  The  region  between  the  Spokane  and  Little  Spokane  rivers  is  mostly  a  broad,  open  valley,  the- 
hills  bordering  it  upon  the  north  being  very  thinly  wooded.  There  are  two  saw  mills  at  Spokane  Falls,  but  the  logs- 
tor  them  are  floated  down  from  near  Coeur  d'Alene  lake. 

"The  total  area  more  or  less  covered  with  trees  may  be  estimated  at  from  400  to  500  square  miles. 

"STEVENS  COUNTY  (14,760  square  miles). — This  county  is  broken  and  mountainous  throughout,  but  with  no- 
high  ranges  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains.  The  portion  lying  east  of  the  upper  Columbia  and  north  of  the  Spokane 
river  has  several  small  prairies  upon  Chamokaue  creek  and  Colville  river,  and  there  is  a  narrow,  open  valley  along 
the  Columbia  for  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Colville.  The  mountains  are  all  low,  the  ridges  most  frequently 
thinly  wooded  or  nearly  bare,  with  the  timber  becoming  denser  in  the  ravines,  especially  northward.  The  most 
common  tree  is  the  yellow  pine,  but  in  the  ravines  red  fir  is  frequent,  with  tamarack  and  lodge-pole  pine.  ISTear  the 
Colville  river  were  seen  Picea  Engelmanni,  Abies  grandis,  small  Thuyas,  and  fine  specimens  of  Pinus  monticola,  as  well 
as  Popuhts  balsamifera,  Betulapapyracea,  and  Abuts  of  considerable  size.  The  hills  bordering  the  Columbia  above 
Old  Fort  Colville  are  treeless.  The  drift-wood  brought  down  by  the  river  is  said  to  be  chiefly  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea). 

"The  Colville  Indian  reservation,  lying  between  the  Okinakuue  and  the  Columbia  eastward,  is  comparatively 
little  known,  being  crossed  by  but  two  trails,  one  leading  directly  westward  from  (JL1  Fort  Colville,  the  other  following 
the  Kettle  river,  and  for  much  of  the  way  not  far  distant  from  the  British  boundary.  As  seen  from  the  Columbia- 
and  from  the  heights  bordering  the  Okiuakane,  this  portion  appears  to  be  more  open  and  grassy  than  that  east  of 
the  Columbia,  and,  especially  toward  the  south,  more  like  the  bare  plateau  of  Spokane  county.  Okiuakane  valley 
itself  is  narrow,  with  mainly  a  desert  vegetation  of  sage-brush,  Purnhia,  and  other  like  representatives  of  the  Great 
Basin  flora,  which  seems  to  find  here  its  only  passageway  northward  to  the  British  boundary.  The  hills  eastward 
have  thinly-scattered  pines,  which  occasionally  descend  into  the  valley.  The  northern  trail  from  Old  Fort  Colville 
shows  the  lower  valley  of  Kettle  river  to  be  well  wooded,  but  above,  opening  out  into  grassy  prairies  and  bordered 
by  grass-covered  hills  or  with  scattered  yellow  pine,  red  fir,  and  larch.  Upon  the  more  densely  wooded  ridges  and 
ravines  were  also  found  Picea  Engelmanni,  Abies  subalpina,  Pinus  Murrayana,  and  Thuya. 

"  The  main  ridge  separating  Kettle  river  from  the  Okinakaue  (about  5,000  feet  high  and  12  miles  from  the  latter 
stream)  was  well  grassed  upon  both  sides  with  large  Picea,  Pseudotsuga,  Pinus  ponderona,  and  Larix  along  the  creeks 
upon  the  eastern  side,  and  on  the  west  the  Pinus  ponderosa  only.  The  ridges  above  the  Okiuakane  to  the  north  appeared 
treeless,  while  the  northern  slopes  of  the  nearer  hills  to  the  south  were  pretty  well  covered  with  underbrush.  West 
of  the  Okiuakane,  between  that  river  and  the  Methow,  the  country  is  much  like  that  to  the  east — high  and  broken, 
with  scattered  patches  of  timber,  which  becomes  more  general  toward  the  northern  boundary.  Upon  the  Methow 
and  Similkameen  creeks  there  are  open,  grassy  valleys  of  considerable  extent,  but  for  12  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Methow  the  hills  close  in  upon  it  and  are  considerably  wooded.  The  rest  of  the  county,  from  the  Methow  to 
the  Wenatchee,  is  occupied  by  spurs  from  the  Cascade  mountains,  which  reach  the  banks  of  the  Columbia;  these 
are  exceedingly  rugged  and  almost  impassable,  being  seldom  traversed,  even  by  Indians.  A  foot-trail  leads  from 
the  headwaters  of  the  Methow  over  to  the  Skagit,  and  a  trail  which  has  been  passable  for  horses  crosses  the  ridges 
between  the  upper  Chelan  lake  and  the  Wenatchee,  but  it  is  described  by  the  Indians  as  dangerous  and  long  disused 
by  them.  The  whole  region  is  probably  for  the  most  part  well  timbered  except  along  the  Columbia  river,  where  the 
mountains  for  from  10  to  15  miles  back  are  but  scantily  wooded,  the  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  and  red  fii  occasionally 
reaching  to  the  river.  Heavy  timber  is  reported  about  the  head  of  Chelan  lake,  commencing  at  about  15  miles  from 


570  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

the  foot,  mostly  yellow  pine,  but  also  red  fir,  some  Larix,  and  small  Thuya.  The  outlet  to  this  lake  is  through  a 
deep  cafiou,  and  is  obstructed  by  falls  and  rapids.  The  Wenatchee  flows  through  a  more  open  valley,  and,  at  '.east 
in  high  water,  could  be  used  for  floating  timber  to  the  Columbia.  For  7  miles  from  its  mouth  the  ridges  on  each 
side  are  only  scantily  wooded,  but  from  that  point  the  trees  (yellow  pine  and  red  fir,  mostly  young)  occupy  the 
valley,  and  at  20  miles  the  thick  timber  begins — pine,  fir,  red  fir,  larch,  white  pine  (Pinus  monticoln),  and  cedar,  the 
white  pine  sometimes  4  feet  through,  the  cedar  not  large. 

"YAKIMA  COUNTY  (S,900  square  miles).— Immediately  south  of  the  Wenatchee  the  highest  of  the  eastern  spurs 
of  the  Cascade  mountains  extends  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  the  Columbia,  forcing  that  river  to  make  a  bend 
eastward.  This  spur  has  an  altitude  of  about  5,000  feet,  and  its  higher  northern  slopes,  overlooking  the  mouth  of 
the  Wenatchee  and  eastward,  are  somewhat  densely  covered  with  pine,  red  fir,  and  larch.  The  southern  slope,  as 
seen  from  Ellensburg,  appeared  nearly  bare.  I  crossed  the  ridge  about  17  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wenatchee 
and  a  few  miles  east  of  the  high,  exceedingly  rocky,  aud  snow-covered  peaks  called  by  McClellau  '  Mount  Stuart'. 
It  was  found  mostly  well  wooded,  but  the  trees  not  exceeding  1  or  2  feet  in  diameter,  and  usually  small  red  fir  and 
yellow  pine,  with  at  length  some  Abies  grandis  and  Pinus  monticola,  rarely  a  small  Thuya,  on  the  higher  rocky 
ridges  small  larches,  and  at  the  summit  some  Pinus  Murrayana.  The  same  trees  were  found  on  the  southern 
descent,  excepting  the  Pinus  monUcola.  Large  cottonwoods  (Populux  trldiomrpa)  occurred  on  the  creeks.  South 
of  this  range  the  spurs  recede,  leaving  a  comparatively  level  sage-brush  region,  wholly  treeless,  from  50  to  70  miles 
broad,  between  the  Columbia  and  Yakima,  and  crossing  the  lower  portion  of  the  latter  river. 

"Below  the  mouth  of  the  Schwank,  which  is  at  the  head  of  what  is  known  as  '  Killitas  valley',  on  the  Yakima, 
the  foot-hills  of  the  Cascade  mountains  extend  to  the  Yakima  river,  a  distance  of  about  50  miles  from  the  summit 
of  the  range;  but  the  lower  portions  of  these  spurs  are  bare,  or  with  only  scattered  pines  on  their  northern  slopes, 
and  the  chief  reliance  of  the  settlers  for  fencing  aud  fuel  is  upon  the  aspens  and  cottonwoods  bordering  the  streams. 
Following  up  the  Yakima  from  the  mouth  of  the.Scliwank,  the  valley  for  10  or  12  miles  is  thinly  timbered  with  pine 
and  red  fir.  For  17  miles  more  there  is  some  larch  on  the  ridges,  and  in  the  bottoms  some  Abies  grand  is,  and 
rarely  a  small  Thuya.  Timber  and  ties  had  been  extensively  cut  here  for  the  railroad  and  floated  down  the  river. 
At  this  point  the  yellow  pine  and  tamarack  ceased,  and  a  dense,  heavy  growth  began  aud  continued  for  most  of  the 
way  to  the  summit  (20  or  25  miles),  consisting  of  red  fir,  hemlock,  Alien  (/nnidia  and  A.  amdbilis  (all  these  from  3  to 
5  feet  through  and  200  feet  high  or  more),  Pinus  monUcola  (18  inches'  through),  and  Thuya  (2  feet  in  diameter). 
One  spruce,  not  over  2J  feet  through,  had  a  height  of  225  feet. 

"  In  like  manner,  upon  the  Nachess  river,  the  open  sage-brush  country  extended  about  10  or  12  miles  from  its 
mouth,  with  only  cottonwood  along  the  stream.  Scattered  pines  then  commence,  with  at  length  red  fir,  but  it  is 
some  25  or  30  miles  more  before  heavy  timber  is  reached.  A  small  grove  of  oak  (tyuercus  Garry  ana)  is  found  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Schwank,  the  only  point  upon  the  Yakima  where  it  occurs.  It  is  also  frequent  along  the  Nachess 
for  3  or  4  miles,  commencing  at  about  12  miles  from  its  mouth,  but  small  and  rarely  over  (i  inches  in  diameter  or  15 
feet  in  height.  In  Satas  valley  it  is  abundant.  Along  the  southern  border  of  the  county  there  is  again  a  long 
spur  extending  east  from  mount  Adams  to  within  about  40  miles  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima.  This  spur  has  an 
altitude  of  about  1,500  feet,  and  is  mostly  covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of  yellow  pine,  red  fir,  aud  Abies  grandis. 

"The  entire  wooded  area  of  the  county  may  be  estimated  at  about  4,500  square  miles. 

"  KLIKITAT  COUNTY  (2,300  square  miles). — The  spur  eastward  from  mount  Adams,  just  spoken  of,  covers 
much  of  the  northern  portion  of  this  county  and  affords  a  good  supply  of  excellent  timber.  The  area  may  be 
estimated  at  750  square  miles.  The  high  ridge  overlooking  the  Columbia  from  The  Dalles  eastward  is  perfectly 
bare  of  trees." 

OREGON. 

The  heavy  forest  of  western  Washington  territory  extends  through  western  Oregon.  The  most  valuable  timber 
tree  of  the  regiou  is  the  red  or  yellow  fir  (Pseudolsuga  Douglasii),  which  forms  fully  seven-eighths  of  the  forest.  The 
tide-land  spruce  (Picea  Sitchensis)  abounds  along  the  coast,  and  the  red  cedar  (Thuya  giganlea)  and  the  hemlock 
(Tsuga  Mcrtensiana)  are  common  and  of  large  size.  South  of  Coos  bay  an  important  forest  of  Port  Orford  cedar 
(Chamcecyparis  Laicsoniana),  mixed  with  the  red  fir  and  the  tide-land  spruce,  occurs. 

The  valleys  of  the  Willamette,  Umpqua,  and  Rogue  rivers  contain  an  open,  scattered  growth  of  white  oak 
(Quercus  Garryana],  now  gradually  increasing  by  the  recent  growth  of  young  trees  protected  from  the  fires  which 
formerly  swept  every  season  through  these  prairie-like  valleys.  South  of  the  Rogue-  Kiver  valley  the  sugar  pine 
(Pinus  Lambcrtiana),  the  chestnut  oak  (Quercus  densiflora),  and  other  trees  of  the  California  forest  occur  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  add  economic  value  to  the  forests  of  the  state. 

The  bottom  lauds  of  western  Oregon  are  lined  with  a  continuous  growth  of  cottouwoods  of  immense  size, 
willows,  maples,  ashes,  and  gigantic  alders ;  those  in  the  southwest,  near  the  coast,  contain  great  bodies  of  splendid 
card  maple  (Acer  macrophyllum)  aud  laurel  ( Umbellularia  Californica). 

East  of  the  Cascade  mountains  the  forests  are  confined  to  the  mountain  ranges ;  they  are  open,  scattered,  and 
generally  composed  of  comparatively  small  trees. 


37 


UEF/  IT    OF  THE  11. 


DKXSITV  OF  FOKKSTS 


C.  S  SARGKNT,  SPKCIAI.  ACI'.'.N"! 
1883. 


LEGKM). 


[      1      j    Unjdnr  t  card  per  acre 
l--M-n  From  1102   „ 


122' 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  577 

The  forests  of  Wasco  county,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascade,  range,  when  above  3,000  feet  elevation 
are  important.  The  most  valuable  trees  are  the  red  fir,  the  yellow  pine,  and  the  larch.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
county  is  covered  with  a  light  growth  of  pine,  principally  yellow  pine. 

The  slopes  of  the  Blue  mountains  iu  Umatilla  and  Union  counties  are  covered  with  an  open,  stunted  forest, 
consisting  of  red  iir,  yellow  pine,  larch,  and,  above  4,000  feet  elevation,  a  heavier  continuous  growth  of  lodge-pole 
pine  (I'hntN  Mnrrut/aiia). 

Lake  county  is  destitute  of  timber  except  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  mountains  and  the  southern 
part  of  the  county,  which  contain  a  light  forest  growth  confined  to  the  high  ridges  of  the  mountains,  and 
principally  composed  of  yellow  pine. 

Grant  and  Baker  counties  are  treeless  except  in  the  northern  part,  where  the  Blue  mountains  are  covered  with 
a  light,  open  growth  composed  chiefly  of  yellow  pine,  with  some  larch  and  scrub  pine. 

The  forests  of  Oregon  have  sull'ered  serious  losses  from  forest  fires.  Along  the  Coast  Itangc,  from  the 
Columbia  river  to  Port  Orford  and  through  the  entire  length  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  fires  have  raged  nearly 
every  summer  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  state,  destroying  thousands  of  acres  of  noble  fir,  spruce,  and  cedar. 
Forests  similar  in  composition  to  those  destroyed  soon  spring  up  again  and  cover  the  burned  surface,  but  the  loss 
iu  material  which  the  state  has  snUercd  in  this  way  is  incalculable. 

Forest  fires  are  increasing  in  frequency,  especially  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  mountains.  During  the 
census  year,  however,  only  132,320  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  lire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$593,850.  These  (ires  were  set  by  hunters,  Indians,  and  by  farmers  clearing  land. 

The  abundant  spruce,  cedar,  cottonwood,  ash,  maple,  and  alder  of  western  Oregon  have  developed  flourishing 
industries.  At  Portland  large  quantities  of  ash,  maple,  and  aider  are  manufactured  into  furniture,  and  cottonwood, 
spruce,  and  cedar  supply  numerous  establishments  engaged  in  the  production  of  cooperage  stock  and  all  kinds  of 
wooden  ware.  The  supply  of  this  material  is  large  and  of  excellent  quality. 

The  principal  centers  of  the  lumber-manufacturing  interests  are  at  Portland,  where  fir,  spruce,  cottonwood,  and 
hard  woods  are  sawed  for  the  local  market,  and  at  Empire  City  and  Marshfleld  upon  Coos  bay.  Port  Orford  cedar 
and  red-fir  lumber  arc  manufactured  here,  and  shipped  by  schooner  to  Portland,  San  Francisco,  and  Mexican  and 
South  American  Pacilic  ports.  The  first  mill  was  established  upon  Coos  bay,  at  North  Bend,  4  miles  above  Empire 
City,  in  1853;  other  mills  were  soon  built,  and  in  1854  the  first  shipment  of  Port  Orford  cedar  was  made  to  San 
Francisco.  Great  quantities  of  this  timber  have  been  cut,  while  fires  have  destroyed  even  more  than  the  ax.  The  tire 
which  rageu  through  the  forests  of  Coos  bay  for  three  months  in  the  summer  of  1807  destroyed  cedar  estimated  to 
amount  to  between  200,000,000  and  300,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  This  tree,  however,  reproduces  itself  very  rapidly, 
and  after  the  forest  has  been  burned  over  it  is  the  first  arborescent  species  to  reappear,  springing  up  generally  in 
the  third  year. 

The  heaviest  continuous  body  of  Port.  Orford  cedar  now  standing  is  on  cape  Gregory,  extending  south  to  and 
beyond  the  mouth  of  the  Coquille  river.  It  is  about  20  miles  long  by  an  average  width  of  12  miles,  and  lies  along 
the  western  slope  of  the  foot-hills  of  the  Coast  Eange,  extending  to  within  3  miles  of  the  coast.  In  this  forest  two- 
thirds  of  the  trees  are  Port  Orford  cedar,  the  others  tide-land  spruce  and  a  lew  red  firs.  There  is  great  danger, 
however,  that  the  Port  Orford  cedar,  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  the  American  forest,  will  soon  be  exterminated 
as  a  source  of  lumber  supply,  so  far  as  this  generation  is  concerned. 

The  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Wasco,  Umatilla,  Union,  Grant,  and  Baker  counties,  the  only  portion 
of  the  state  visited  by  Mr.  Watson,  are  extracted  from  his  report: 

"WASCO  COUNT?  (17,700  square  miles). — The  timber  of  this  county  is  confined  almost  wholly  to  the  steep 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  range;  the  low  spurs  of  the  Blue  mountains,  which  enter  the  county  on  the  east, 
bordering  John  Day's  river  and  southward,  being  only  partially  supplied  with  pines,  etc.  I  know  nothing  about 
Walker's  range,  and  the  Paulina  mountains  in  the  southwest,  but  they  are  probably  low,  with  little  or  no  wood. 
The  trees  of  the  Cascades  are  doubtless  nearly  the  same  as  those  to  the  north  of  the  Columbia,  the  larch  reaching 
to  the  headwaters  of  the  Deschutes  river,  the  most  southern  locality  for  it  that  I  have  seen  mentioned. 

"The  total  more  or  less  wooded  area  may  be  estimated  at  from  2,500  to  3,000  square  miles. 

"UMATILLA  COUNTY  (6,100  square  miles). — The  Blue  mountains  occupy  the  southern  and  eastern  borders  of 
this  county,  and  are  the  only  source  of  timber.  They  are  for  the  most  part  well  wooded,  especially  in  the  ravines, 
the  trees  growing  to  a  fair  size,  and  consisting  of  yellow  and  scrub  pine,  spruce  and  balsam  (Abies  sulalpina  and 
A.  grandis). 

"The  wooded  area  is  about  1,500  square  miles. 

"  UNION  COUNTY  (4,300  square  miles). — This  county  has  the  main  range  of  the  Blue  mountains  on  the  west 
and  north  and  the  Cedar  mountains  on  the  east,  separated  by  the  valleys  of  the  Grande  Koiide  and  Wallowa 
rivers.  A  large  portion  of  these  mountains  is  well  timbered,  the  amount  decreasing  toward  the  cast. 

"  The  wooded  area  may  be  estimated  at  about  2,000  square  miles. 

"GiiANT  COUNTY  NORTH  OP  LATITUDE  44°  (5,800  square  miles). — This  portion  of  the  county  is  traversed  by 
the  valley  of  John  Day's  river,  to  the  north  and  east  of  which  lie  the  main  ranges  of  the  Bine  mountains,  which 
are  to  a  considerable  extent  well  wooded.     The  mountains  to  the  south  are  low  and  probably  scantily  timbered. 
37  FOE 


578  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"Fifteen  hundred  square  miles  is  probably  a  liberal  estimate  for  the  wooded  area. 

"BAKER  COUNTY  NORTH  op  LATITUDE  44°  (3,800  square  miles). — This  section  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  a 
high  range  of  the  Blue  mountains,  which  is  well  timbered.     The  remainder  is  almost  wholly  without  timber. 
"The  estimated  wooded  area  of  this  county  is  900  square  miles." 

CALIFORNIA. 

The  heavy  forests  of  California  are  confined  to  the  Coast  Range,  the  eastern  and  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  the  group  of  mountains  joining  these  ranges  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  They  extend  from 
the  Oregon  boundary  south  to  latitude  34°  30'  north.  The  most  important  trees  of  the  Coast  Range  forest  are  the 
redwood  and  the  red  fir.  The  tide-laud  spruce  and  the  hemlock  of  the  Northern  Coast  Forest  extend  as  far  south 
as  cape  Meudocino,  although  less  generally  multiplied  and  less  valuable  than  in  Oregon  and  Washington  territory. 
The  chestnut  oak  (Quercus  densijlora),  of  which  the  bark  is  largely  used  in  tanning,  is  still  common  in  the  coast 
forests  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  most  valuable  forest  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  is 
confined  to  a  belt  between  4,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  consisting  of  the  sugar  pine  (Pinus  Lambertiana),  the  yellow 
pine,  and  the  red  fir.  Small  scattered  groves  of  the  big  trees  (Sequoia  gigantea)  stretch  along  the  southern  portion 
of  this  belt.  The  western  slopes  of  these  mountains  below  4,000  feet  elevation  are  more  or  less  densely  covered 
with  various  species  of  pine  of  little  economic  importance,  and  the  broad  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  San 
floaquin,  lying  between  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  are  covered,  except  at  the  south,  with  an  open 
growth  of  oaks,  often  of  immense  size,  although  of  little  value  except  as  fuel.  The  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  are  covered  with  a  heavy  forest,  in  which  yellow  pines  (Pinus  ponderosa  and  P.  Jeffreyi)  are  the  prevailing 
and  most  important  trees. 

South  of  latitude  36°  30'  the  forests,  both  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  of  the  Coast  Range,  become  gradually  less 
heavy  and  less  valuable  than  those  covering  the  mountains  farther  north.  Two  degrees  still  farther  south  they  are 
open  and  scattered,  and  have  little  economic  value.  The  pine  and  fir  forests,  however,  which  cover  the  upper 
slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges  are  important  on  account  of  their  isolated  position  in  a  region 
destitute  of  tree  covering,  and  supply  a  considerable  local  market  with  lumber. 

The  northeastern  and  nearly  all  the  southern  and  southeastern  portions  of  the  state  are  almost  entirely  destitute 
of  forest  covering.  Oaks  and  occasional  pines  and  junipers  are,  however,  dotted  over  the  low  mountains  of 
southwestern  California,  and  willows  and  cottonwoods  line  the  banks  of  streams.  Forests  of  pine  crown  the  highest 
ridges  of  the  Inyo  and  other  mountain  ranges,  rising  from  the  desert  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  arborescent 
yuccas  (Yucca  brevifolia)  form  upon  the  high  Mohave  plateau  an  open  forest,  more  remarkable  in  the  strangeness 
of  its  growth  than  in  economic  value. 

The  narrow  belt  of  redwood  which  extends  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  from  the  bay  of 
Monterey  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  is  the  most  important  forest  of  similar  extent  now  standing.  I  Few 
trees  equal  the  redwood  in  economic  value.  No  other  forest  can  compare  with  this  in  productive  capacity,  and  no 
other  great  body  of  timber  in  North  America  is  so  generally  accessible  or  so  easily  worked.  Single  trees  capable 
of  producing  75,000  feet  of  lumber  are  not  uncommon,  while  a  yield  of  from  1,000,000  to  2,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
per  acre  is  by  no  means  rare.  The  redwood  has  already  been  practically  destroyed  in  the  neighborhood  of  San 
Francisco  bay,  both  north  and  south,  and  through  the  entire  extent  of  this  forest  the  trees  most  accessible  to 
streams  and  railroads  have  been  culled.  Heavy  bodies  of  redwood  are  still  standing,  however^  in  the  Santa  Cruz 
region,  and  in  Humboldt  county  in  the  valleys  of  Eel  and  Mud  rivers  and  Redwood  creek.  The  largest  number 
of  mills  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  redwood  lumber  are  located  upon  Humboldt  bay,  principally  at  Eureka  and 
Arcata.  The  logs  which  supply  these  mills  are  generally  cut  within  a  distance  of  1  or  2  miles  from  the  shores  of  the 
bay,  to  which  they  are  hauled  by  teams,  made  into  rafts,  and  towed  to  the  mills.  Attempts  made  to  raft  logs  down 
the  mountain  streams  watering  the  redwood  forests  have  not  been  successful.  The  rivers  flowing  west  from  the 
California  Coast  Range  are  short  and  rapid.  Floods  following  the  winter  rains  are  sudden  and  severe,  breaking  up 
rafts  and  driving  the  logs  out  to  sea,  or  lodging  them  for  from  the  banks.  At  periods  of  low  water  numerous  bars 
close  these  rivers  to  the  navigation  of  the  enormous  redwood  logs.  The  general  destruction  of  these  forests  must 
therefore  be  accomplished  by  means  of  short  logging  railroads  specially  constructed  to  bring  logs  to  the  mills. 
Such  a  road  has  been  built  along  Mad  river,  and  there  are  others  either  built  or  projected  near  Trinidad  and  at 
other  points  along  the  coast. 

Besides  the  mills  upon  Humboldt  bay,  there  are  others  devoted  entirely  to  the  manufacture  of  redwood  lumber 
at  Crescent  City,  in  Del  Norte  county;  Trinidad,  Rohuerville,  and  Bridgeville,  in  Humboldt  county;  Westport, 
Kibesillah,  Albion,  Little  River,  Caspar,  Meudociiio,  Cufi'ey's  Cove,  Punta  Arena,  and  Gualala,  in  Mendociuo 
county;  Duncan's  mills,  in  Sonoma  county;  and  at  Santa  Cruz. 

Redwood  lumber  is  principally  shipped  by  schooner  to  San  Francisco,  the  great  point  of  lumber  distribution 
upon  the  Pacific  coast,  and  also  direct  by  water  to  Wilmington,  San  Diego,  and  other  ports  of  southern  California, 
and  to  Mexico  and  South  America. 


38 


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THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


579 


The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  accessible  redwood  standing  May  ;J1,  1SSO,  were  prepared  by  Mr. 
E.  L.  Allen,  secretary  of  the  l!ed\vood  Manufacturers'  Association  of  San  Francisco.  They  embrace  only  such 
portions  of  the  forest  as  can  be  readied  by  water,  or  may  in  the  future  be  penetrated  by  railroads,  and  do  not 
include  the  small,  isolated  bodies  of  timber  growing  in  inaccessible  canons: 

ItKDWOOD  (.Sr»/««m  «i mi: 


Ki  ;;ions. 

hoard 
meamirc. 

!  i  the  Oregon  li"iin»l;ii  y  !o  tin-  mouth  of  lied  wood  rrn.'k  
itlu-  month  of  K.-ilu  1  rn-rk  to  the  moutli  of  Mail  riviT  

:i.  i.iin 
"  145  i 

4,  4;"0  - 

:u  [lit-  numlli  of  Mattoli  vivrr  to  tin-  mouth  of  Cotonavia  f 
I'Yoin  tlit-  Mioiitli  ot  Cotonavia  rrerk  to  tin-  moutli  ot'  Kuw.stan  river. 

'_>OII,  (Hill.  ("Ill 
7,  6811,  (Kin,  dim 
1  550  000  000 

Total                          

•jr.,  wf,,  (wo,  ooo 

K.slirnatrd  cut    tor  th«>  rriistis  year  ending  May  31,  1880  : 

125  :•: 

:  -il  000 

""  "05  000 

12  noo,  ooo 

Total                               .           

No  estimate  of  the  amount  of  pine  and  fir  lumber  standing  iii  the  state  is  now  possible,  and  none  has  been 
attempted.  An  enormous  amount  of  pine  of  excellent  quality,  both  white  and  yellow,  is  contained  in  the  sierra 
forests.  These  forests  have  been  invaded  by  the  lumberman  at  only  a  few  points;  their  inaccessibility  and  the 
cost  of  getting  to  market  the  lumber  manufactured  in  these  mountains  have  thus  far  preserved  them,  and  these 
sierra  forests,  if  protected  from  fire,  will  serve  as  a  reservoir  from  which  the  whole  Pacific  coast  can  draw  its  lumber 
supply  long  after  its  more  accessible  forests  have  disappeared. 

The  forests  of  California  suffer  seriously  by  fire;  during  the  census  year  356,815  acres  of  woodland  were 
reported  thus  destroyed,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $440,750.  These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  prospectors, 
and  by  farmers  in  clearing  laud.  Great  injury,  every  year  becoming  greater,  is  inflicted  on  the  mountain  forests  by 
stockmen  starting  fires  to  improve  the  herbage  of  the  alpine  pastures.  These  fires  destroy  undergrowth  and  young 
trees,  and  often  consume  great  quantities  of  valuable  timber,  which  does  not  grow  again  iipon  these  exposed  mountain 
slopes. 

PASTURAGE   OF  MOUNTAIN  FORESTS. 

The  permanence  of  the  mountain  forests  of  California  is  severely  endangered,  moreover,  by  the  immense 
herds  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  horses  driven  into  the  mountains  every  year,  at  the  commencement  of  the  dry  season,  to 
graze.  From  the  foot-hills  to  the  highest  alpine  meadows  every  blade  of  herbage  and  every  seedling  shrub  and  tree 
is  devoured.  Young  trees  are  barked  and  ruined,  and  only  the  most  rigid  and  thorny  chaparral  shrubs  are  able 
to  resist  the  attacks  of  these  ravenous  herds.  The  sharp  hoofs  of  sheep  winding  around  the  steep  acclivities  tread 
out  the  roots  of  grasses  and  other  perennial  plants  and  loosen  the  surface  of  the  stony  soil,  which,  deprived  of  the 
protection  of  its  vegetable  covering,  is  gradually  washed  into  the  valleys,  choking  the  bottoms  of  streams  and 
preparing  the  way  for  the  disastrous  torrents  which  must  follow  the  destruction  of  the  sierra  forests;  and  the 
destruction  of  these  forests  is  certain,  if  the  practice  of  using  them  indiscriminately  as  sheep  pastures  is  continued. 
The  life  of  any  forest  in  which  all  young  trees  are  destroyed  as  soon  as  they  appear  above  the  surface  of  the  soil  is 
limited  to  the  life  of  the  fully  grown  individuals  which  compose  it.  A  period  of  unusual  climatic  conditions,  the 
demand  of  an  increased  population  for  lumber,  or  the  now  unforeseen  attacks  of  some  insect  enemy  may  at  any- 
time sweep  away  the  old  trees  of  the  sierra  forests.  There  are  no  young  trees  growing  to  replace  them,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  forest  could  ever  regain  its  foothold  upon  the  steep  and  exposed  slopes  of  these  mountains  once 
entirely  stripped  of  the  protection  of  their  present  covering  of  trees. 

The  sheep  which  threaten  the  destruction  of  the  sierra  forests  threaten  also  the  agricultural  prosperity  of  the 
state;  the  streams  heading  in  the  sierras  and  watering  the  great  interior  valleys  of  California  are  protected  in 
their  tio\v  by  the  forests  growing  about  their  upper  sources.  If  these  forests  are  destroyed,  and  the  protection  to 
the  surface  of  the  ground  which  they  afford  removed,  the  immense  accumulation  of  the  winter's  snows  must  melt 
suddenly  in  the  spring;  brooks  will  become  torrents,  sweeping  with  irresistible  force  gravel  and  stones  from  the 
mountain  sides  down  into  the  valleys  below,  and  burying  rich  bottom  lands  in  ruin.  And  this  is  not  the  only 
danger  which  must  follow  the  destruction  of  these  forests.  If  the  snow  which  supplies  the  mountain  streams  melts 
slowly,  a  steady  flow  of  water  will  be  maintained  late  into  the  season;  if,  on  the  other  baud,  the  snow  melts  suddenly 
and  rapidly  during  the  first  warm  days  of  spring,  the  unnatural  flow  of  water  in  the  stream  must  be  followed  by 


580  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

its  equally  sudden  disappearance,  and  the  torrent  will  suddenly  diminish  to  a  slender  brook  or  entirely  disappear. 
Irrigation,  without  which  agriculture  in  a  large  part  of  the  Pacific  region  is  impossible,  is  dependent  upon  the 
constant  and  steady  flow  of  streams  formed  by  melting  snow,  and  as  the  forests  which  cover  the  mountain  sides 
are  essential  to  prevent  the  sudden  melting  of  snow,  their  preservation  is  necessary  for  successful  irrigation  on  any 
large  or  comprehensive  scale. 

The  forests  of  California  suffer  from  wasteful  methods  of  cutting.  Only  the  best  and  most  accessible  young 
trees  are  cut;  often  a  noble  pine  capable  of  producing  25,000  or  30,000  feet  of  lumber  is  felled,  a  few  split  shingles 
made  from  the  butt-cut,  and  the  rest  of  the  tree  left  to  rot  upon  the  ground.  The  preference  of  the  railroad 
companies  of  the  state  for  split  rather  than  sawed  redwood  ties  causes  an  immense  and  needless  waste  of  this 
valuable  timber.  A  great  amount  of  material  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  is  wasted  in  splitting  out  the 
ties,  and  when  trees  after  being  cut  are  found  to  split  badly  from  any  defect  in  the  grain  they  are  abandoned  and 
left  to  waste. 

The  forests  of  California,  unlike  those  of  the  Atlantic  states,  contain  no  great  store  of  hard  woods.  The  oaks 
of  the  Pacific  forests,  of  little  value  for  general  mechanical  purposes,  are  unfit  for  cooperage  stock.  No  hickory, 
gum,  elm,  or  ash  of  large  size  is  found  in  these  forests.  California  produces  no  tree  from  which  a  good  wine  cask 
or  wagon  wheel  can  be  made.  The  cooperage  business  of  the  state,  rapidly  increasing  with  the  development  of  grape 
culture,  is  entirely  dependent  upon  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  for  its  supply  of  oak.  V.'oodenwaie  and 
small  cooperage  stock  are  manufactured  in  large  quantities,  however,  from  cottouwood,  spruce,  alder,  and  red  and 
white  fir.  Wine-butts  and  water-tanks  are  universally  made  from  redwood,  which  is  probably  unsurpassed  for  such 
purposes. 

The  large  tanning  industry  of  the  state  consumes,  in  preference  to  all  other  material,  large  quantities  of  the 
bark  of  the  chestnut  oak  (Quercus  densiflora),  once  a  common  tree  in  the  forests  of  tile  northern  Coast  ranges,  but 
now* becoming  scarce  and  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  outside  of  the  redwood  belt  are  situated  along  the  line  of  the 
Central  Pacific  railroad,  upon  both  flanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  in  Butte,  Tehama,  and  Mono  counties, 
and  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains.  Lumber  manufactured  upon  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  is 
largely  shipped  eastward  by  rail  to  supply  Nevada  and  Utah.  The  product  of  the  mills  situated  west  of  the 
mountains  is  largely  sent  to  San  Francisco  for  distribution,  or  direct  by  rail  to  the  mining  centers  of  southern 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

ALASKA. 

Little  is  known  to  me  of  the  present  condition  or  productive  capacity  of  the  forests  of  Alaska.  Their  distribution, 
as  shown  on  the  forest  map  of  North  America,  is  based  upon  notes  made  by  Mr.  Ivan  Petroff,  a  special  agent  of  the 
Census  Office,  who  has  traced  the  timber  limits  of  the  territory,  aided  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Nelson,  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  by  whom  the  northern  limits  of  the  spruce  forest  ate  laid  down. 

The  forests  of  the  territory  of  any  commercial  value  are  confined  to  the  islands  and  Coast  ranges  east  and 
south  of  Prince  William  sound.  The  most  valuable  tree  of  this  region  is  the  Sitka  cedar  (Chamcecyparis  Nutkaensis). 
The  hemlock,  the  tide-land  spruce,  and  the  red  cedar  ( Thuya  gigantea)  attain  here  also  a  considerable  size.  The 
importance,  however,  of  these  forests,  both  in  extent  and  in  the  value  of  the  timber  they  contain,  has  generally  been 
greatly  exaggerated.  The  Coast  Forest  north  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude  rapidly  diminishes  in  density  and 
quality,  and  there  is  nothing  in  the  climate  or  soil  of  Alaska  to  produce  a  forest  growth  more  valuable  than  that 
covering  the  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia. 

A  few  saw-mills  of  small  capacity  are  located  at  different  points  in  southeastern  Alaska  to  supply  the  local 
demand  for  coarse  lumber.  Alaska  is,  however,  largely  supplied  with  lumber  from  Puget  sound.  The  treeless 
Shumagin  and  Aleutian  islands  and  the  southern  settlements  of  the  peninsula  are  supplied  with  fire- wood  brought 
from  other  portions  of  the  territory. 


- 


Mnirtlt  'nrH,,xxi,lil 

MAP 

OK  A  PORTION  OK 

CALIFORNIA 

snim'ixdTiiK  nisTiiiiuTin.N  or  rin: 

RKIWOO!)    l-'OIU'iS'l'S 

MTTII  SI'I;CIAI.  Ki-:ri:iii-:x(  i:  '\> 


fUMI'll.lilt  I'Mihlf  THK  IHUKCTIUN  ill 

c.s  s.\!;i;r;\'r,  si'i-;ci.\i,  AC;I:\T. 

umi . 


i 

• 
• . 

5    Ins  h'-i-ti  rcii' 


•   Lti-fH-  •/niirifitjf-;  ofRetbwLtimbq  /i.n<    - 

trjun    •''•' 


Scale; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


[NOTE.— In  tfiis  index  the  names  of  families  are  indicated  by  "SMALL  CAVS".  ut  species  by  "Roman"  type,  and  of  synonyms  by  "ItaKct".] 

•*•  Page. 

Page.  Abies  inaijnlfini  (Abiew  nobilis) 214 

Abies 11,12,16,573  Abiee  Mariana 202 

Abler  ulbn  (Picon  iill.a) 204  Allies  Mari/Miitlica 203 

Abie.*  all>i.  (Picea  Eugclmanni) 205  Abies  Menziuii  (Picoa  pungens) 205 

Abies  alba  (Piceii  uigra) 203  Abies  Menziesii  (Picea  Sitchcnsis) 206 

Abies  alba,  var.  arctica 204  Abies  Xenziceii  Parryana 205 

Abies  alba,  var.  caerulea 204  Abies  Mertenriana 207 

Abies  Albertiana 208  Abies  niicrocarpa .. 215 

Abies  amabilia 213,250,255,259,346,412,478,573,576  Abies  mucronata. 209 

Abiei  amabilif  (Abies  concolor) 212  Abies  mucronata pahatrit. 209 

Abies  amabilis  (Abies  graadis) 212  Abies  nigra  (Picea  Engelmanni) 205 

Abies  amabilis  (Abies  rungaifica) 214  Allies  nigra  (Picea  nigra) 203 

Abien  Americana 203  Abies  nigra,  var.  rubra 203 

Abies  urctira  (Picea  alba) 204  Abies  nobilis    214, 250,  255, 259,  346,  412,  478,  573 

Abies  arrticn  (Picoa  nigra) 203  •   Abies  nobilis  (Abies  magnifies) 214 

Abies  aromntica 212  Abies  nobilis  robusta 214 

Abies  balsamea 210,251,255,259,346,412,478  Abies  Parsonsii 212 

Abies  bahamea  (Abies  concolor) 212  Abies  Pattoni 208 

Alnes  bals/imea,  var.  Fraseri 210  j|   Abies  Pattoniana 208 

Abiet  balsamifera 211  |j    Abies  I'attonii  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 208 

Abies  bifolia    211  j   Abies  Pattonii  (Tsuga  Pattoniana) 208 

Abies  livacteata 8,213,249,346  |!   Abies  pendula 215 

Abies  Uridgetii 207  j   Abies  religiosa 185 

Abies  campt/locarpa 214  Abies  rubra 203 

Abies  Canadensis  (Picea  alba) 204  j    Abies  rubra,  \&r.  arctica 203 

Abies  Canadensis  (Tsnga  Canadensis)  ..  208  Abies  rubra,  var.  c&rulea 204 

Abies  Canadensis  (Tsnga  Merteusiana) 207  Abies  Sitchenms 206 

Abien  Caroliniana 207  Abies  species  (Tsaga  Caroliniana) 207 

Abies  aentlca, 204        Abies  subalpina 211,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,564-567,572,573,575,577 

Abies  concolor 9,212,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570  Abies  subalpina,  var./u«(W 211 

Abits  dnticulata  203  Abies  taxifolia  (Psendotsnga  Douglasii) ,  209 

Abies  Douglasii 209  Abies  taxifolia  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 208 

Abies  Dmiglttiii,  var.  macrocarpa 210  Abies  trigona 208 

Abies  Dmtylasii,  var.  taxifolia 209  At>ies  venusta 213 

Abifl  Engdmanni 205  Ai)i><  Williamsonii 208 

Abies  tngclmanni  glauca 205  Acacia 6,10-12,14 

Abies  falcata 206  Acaaa  Bahamensit 64 

Abies  Fraseri 210,251,255,259,346.412,478  Acacia  Berlaudieri 63,248 

Abits  fiordoniana 212  Acacia  biceps 02 

Abies  grandis 7,212,251,255,259,346,412,478,565,566,572,573,575-577  :    Acacia  csculenta 03 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  amabilis) 213  ,    Acacia  frondosa 62 

Abies  grand™  (Abies  concolor) 212  Acacia  glauca 62 

Abies  ijrandis  (Abies  snbalpina) 211  j   Acacia,  Green-bark 60,280,362,426 

Abies  grandia,  var.  densiflora 213  Acacia  Greggii 13,63,249,282,362,426 

Abies  grandis,  var.  Loiciana 212  Acacia  latisiliqua 64 

Abies  heterophytta 207        Acacia  leucocfphala- 62 

Abies  nookeriana 208    I    Acacia  pnluerulenta 63 

Abits  Jfudsonica 211  Acacia  tephroloba C3 

Ahic.^  latiocarpa  (Abies  concolor) 212  Acacia,  Tbree-thorned 59,280,360,426 

Abies  lasiocarpa  (Abies  snbalpina) 211  Acacia  Wrightii 63,249,282 

Abies  laxa,  204  Acer 10-12 

Abies  Loiviana 212  Acer  barbatum  (Acer  glabrnm) 48 

Abies  macrocarpa 210  Acer  barbatum  (Acer  saccharinum) 48 

Abies  magniflca 214,250,255,259,346,412,478  Acer  CaUfornitum 51 

581 


582 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


.  Page. 

Acer  Canadense 46 

Acer  Caroliniana 50 

Acer  circinatnm 47,249,253,256,274,358,422 

Acer  coccineum 50 

Acer  dasycarpnm 49,250,253,256.276,358,424 

Acer  Douglasii 48 

-1  cor  Drummondii .• 50 

Acer  eriocarpum 49 

Accrglabrum  47,  2.">0,  274 

.1  car  glaitmm  50 

Acer  grandidentatum 13,48,249.270 

Acer  niacrophyllnm 47,250,253,256,259,274,358.422,570 

Acer  montanum . 46 

Acer  Neyundo 51 

Acer  nigrum 49 

A  cer  palmatum 47 

Acer  parviflorum 46 

Acer  Penusylvanicum .46,  250, 274 

Acer  Pennsylvanicum  (Acer  spicatnm) 40 

Acerrubrnm 50,250,253,256,259,276,358,424 

Acer  rabrum, mar.  Drummondii 50,250,276 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  pattidum •     49 

Acer  s»rcharinum 4ft  249,  253,  256,  259,  270,  358,  422 

Acer  saccharinum  (Acer  dasycarpum) 49 

Acer  saccharinum  (Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nigrnm) 49 

Acer  saccharinnm,  var.  nlgram 49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276,  350,  358, 424 

Acer  gaccharum 48 

A  cer  sanguineum 50 

Acer  spicatum 46, 250,  274 

Acer  striatum 46 

Acer  trlpartitum 48 

Acer  virgatum ta 47 

Achrax  cuncifolia 103 

Achras  mammoia 103 

Achras  pallida 101 

Achras  salicifolia 101 

Achras  serrata 69 

Achras  Zapotilla,  var.  parviflora 103 

Actual  fuel  value  of  some  «£  the  more  important  woods  of  the  United 

States 350-353 

Adelia  acuminata 112 

J5sculns 10-13 

.aSsculug  Californica 43,250,253,256,274,422 

JEsculus  carnea 42 

^sculus  discolor 43 

JSsculus  echinata 42 

.aSsculus  flava 43,  250,  274 

.ajscnlus  flava,  var.  pnrpnrascens 43 

-Esculus  glabra 42,250,253,256,274,422 

jEsculus  nippocastanum,  var.  glabra 42 

jEsculvS'lJippocastanum,  var.  Ohioensis / 42 

jEsculus  Ilippocfutanum,  var.  pallida 42 

&sculus  hybrida 43 

JEsculus  lutea 43 

JZsculus  neglecta , 43 

JEscultix  octandra 43 

JEsculuit  Ohioensis 42 

JEsculus  pallida 40 

JSsculus  Pavia,  var.  discolor 43 

&nculwt  Watsoniana 42 

Agattianis  secundiflora 57 

Ageria  Cassena 36 

Ageria  geminata gg 

Ageria  heterophylla 35 

Ageria  obovata '  35 

Ageria  opaca 35 

Ageria  palustris 35 

Alabama,  central,  pine  belt  of 529 

Alabama,  cypress  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river  in 525-527 

Alabama,  eastern,  forest*  of  the  Chattabooohee,  mixed  forest  growth,  etc., 


in. 


527,528 

Alabama,  forests  of  the  Tennessee  valley  in 528,529 

Alabama,  lumber  industry  and  manHfactnres  from  wood  In 486,  487,  524,  525 

Alabama,  Mobile  the  principal  center  of  wood  manufacture  in 525 

Alabama,  pine  forests  of  Baldwin  county  in ,-,27 


Page. 

Alabama,  pine  region  of  the  Coosa  in 539 

Alabama,  production  of  naval  stores  in 517, 527, 529.  530 

Alabama,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Alabama,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  and  the  turpentine 

industry  of 525-530 

Alabama,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. .  .491,  524-530 
Alabama,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-  and  Short-leaved 

Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of.  May  31, 1880 524 

Alabama,  the  forests  of  Pike  county  in .r,;g 

Alabama,  the  Maritime  Pine  Region  in 535 

Alaska,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in .'»SO 

Alaska,  tli<>  Xorthprn  Coast  Forest  in OKO 

Albany,  Xcw  Tork,  rank  of,  as  a  lumber  market "i03 

Abler  ( Alnus  oblongifolia) 103,  326,  391.  400 

Alder  ( A Inus  rbombifolia) 163,  3'JC,  394 .  460 

Alder  (Alnus  rubra) 163,  326.  392,  410,  458 

t    Alder,  Black  (Alnus  incana) 165,  320,  3!M,  400 

'•   Alder,  Black  (Aluus  serrulata) 101,  :12G 

I    Alder,  Hoary 165,326,394,460 

j   Alder,  Seaside 162,326,458 

i    Alder,  Smooth 104,326 

Abler.  Speckled .165,  328,394,  4CO 

Algaroba 62,265,280,302,476 

A  Igarolna  glandulosa :  61 

Alnus 11,12,16,575 

Alnus  Americana  (Alnua  incana) 164 

A  Inus  4  mericana  (Aluus  serrulata) 164 

Almi-s  arguta 162 

A  Inus  Canadensis 164 

Alnus  genuina t  164 

Altuts  fflauca 164 

Alnus  ylutinom  (Alnus  rubra) 163 

Alnus  glutinosa,  var.  rugosa 164 

Alnus  glutinosa,  var.  serrulata  (Alnus  rhombifolia) 163 

Alnus  glutinosa,  var.  serrulata  (Alnns  serrnlata) 164 

Almts  hybrida 104 

Alnus  incana 12,164,250,326,394,460 

Alnus  incana  (Regel) i  04 

Alnus  incana,  var.  glauca  (Alnus  incana) 104 

A  Inus  incana,  var.  glauca  (Alnus  incana,  var.  virescens) 1 65 

Alnus  incana,  var.  rubra 1 63 

Alnus  ineana,  var.  virescens 165 

Alnus  Japonica 162 

Alnns  maritima 162, 250,  326, 458 

A  Inus  maritima  typica 163 

A  Inus  oblongata  (Alnus  maritima) 162 

Alnus  oblongata  (Alnns  serrulate) 164 

Alnus  oblougifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460 

Alnus  obtusifolia 164 

Alnus  Orega.no, 163 

Alnus  rhombifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460 

Alnna  rubra 163,250,255,258,262,326,392,416,458 

Alnusrubra  (Alnns  sernilata) 164 

Alnus  rugosa  164 

Alnns  serrulata 164,250,326 

Alnus  serrulata  (Regel) :64 

Alnus  serrulata  genuina 104 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  latffolia 164 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  wacropbylla  164 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  oblongata 164 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  oblongifolia 163 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (Alnns  incana,  var.  virescens) 165 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (Alnns  rhombifolia) 103 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  rugosa  (Alnus  serrnlata) 164 

Alnus  serrulata,  var.  vulgaris 164 

Alnus  undulata 164 

Amelanchier 10,12,14 

Amelanchier  alnifolia 85 

Amelanchier  Jiartramiana 84 

Amelanchier  Kotryapium 84 

Amelanchier  Canadensis 84, 249,  253,  256,  364,  430 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia 84 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  VST.  oligocarpa 84 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  rotundifolia 84 

Amelanchier  intermedia 85 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


583 


Amelanchier  oblonffifolia 

Aiiu'lnnch ier  ovalis  (Amelanchier  Canadensis) 

Amelanchier  ovalig  (Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia) 

Amelanchier  tpicata 

A  melanchier  Wanyenheimiana 

American  Crab 72, 2f4,  304, 428 

American  Crab  Apple 7'J,  2S4 

American  Elm 123,  304,  350,  374.  414,  440 

American  Holly 35,270, 

American  Linden 27,  268,  350,  356, 418 

Amount  and   valno  of  charcoal  used  for  domestic  and  nianui':i<  tin  ing 

purposes  during  t lie  census  \ -••;(!• 489 

Amount  and  value  of  wood  usrd  as  fuel  in  iimiml'aetures,  etc.,  during 

the  census  year 489 

Amount  and  value  of  wood  used  for  domestic  purposes  during  the 

census  year 4811 

Amyris 10,13 

Amyrix  cymoga 

Amyris  dyatripa 

Amyris  demifera 

Amyris  Floridana 

Amyris  maritima 

.4  un/ris  I'ltnnicri 33 

Amyris  sylvatica- 33,  249,  253,  256,  270,  356,  420 

ANACAKDlAtEJ. 52-54,253,256,276,361.1.424 

Anamomis  punctata 

Anaqua 114.300.372.438 

Andromeda  11, 15 

Andromeda  arborea 98 

Andromeda  arborescent 

Andromeda  ferruginea 96,  249,  254,  257,  29-',  ::. 

Androm  eaa  ferruginea,  var.  arborescent 96 

Andmmtdaferruyinea,  var./n/dVora 96 

Andromeda  plumata - •'" 

Andromeda  rkomboidalis 90 

Andromeda  rigida 96 

Anona 10,13 

Anona  glabra -. 23 

Anoua  laurifolia 23,250,253,256,266,354,418 

Anona  pendula '-3 

Anona  species  (Anona  lanrifolia)  ...'. 

Anona  triloba  23 

AXOXACK*:    23,253,256,260,354,418 

Anonymos  aquatica 124 

Anthomeles  ccstivalis 82 

Anthomeles  Douglasii 75 

Anthomeles  flava P2 

Anthomeles  glandulosa 82 

Anthomeles  rdtundifolia, 77 

Anthomeles  turbinata    82 

Ants'  Wood 103,294,368,434 

Apple,  American  Crab 72,284 

Apple,  Custard 23,266,354,418 

Apple  Haw 82,286,364,430 

Apple,  Oregon  Crab 73,284 

Apple,  Pond 23,  266,  35»,  418 

Apple,  Seven-year 95,290 

Apple,  Southern  Crab 72,284 

Arbol  de  Hicrro 56,278,360,426 

Arbor-vita? 176,330,350,396,462 

Arbntns 11,12,15 

Arbutus  laurifolia 97 

Arbutus  macrophylla 9~? 

Arbutus  Menziesii 97,249,254,257,292,368,432 

Arbutia  Jfenzusii  (Arbutus  Texana) 97 

Arbutus  Menziesii  (Arbntns  Xalapensts) 97 

Arbutus  procera 97 

Arbutus  Texana 97,249,292 

Arbutus  variens 97 

Arbutus  Xalapensis 97,249,254,257,292,368,434 

Arbutus  Xalapensis  (Arbutus  Texana) 97 

Ardisia 11,15 

Ardisia  Pickeringi'a 100,249,292 

Areas  burned  over  and  value  of  property  destroyed  by  forest  fires  during 

the  census  year  (see,  also,  under  state  headings) 491,  492 


Page. 

85 

84 

85    i 
85 
84 


Page. 
Arizona,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  ...........  436,487,569 

Arizona,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  laml'or  products  .................          487 

Aiizon;!,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .-  .491,  5C8,  569 
Arkansas,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  ..........  486,487,  Ml 

Arkansas,  rank  of,  accoiding  to  value  of  lumber  products  ..............          487 

Arkansas,  statistics  of  foivsts.  I'orc-^t  Ilivs.  standing  timber,  etc..  in-  -491,  543,  544 
Arkansas,  tubular  statement  of  tlie  amount  of  Shurt  -leaved  Pine  standing 
in  the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880  ..........................................          r,4  1 

A  roniaarborea  ..........................................................  84 

Aronia  arbutifolia  .......................................................  83 

.1  1'on'nf  Hntritapium  ......................................................  84 

.1  r'tnia  cordata  ..........................................................  84 

i  I'rulis  ...........................  ............  .....................  85 

Arrmvwood  ..............................................................     38,272 

.1  f.'ircea  spinosa  .........................................................  55 

Ash  ..........................................................  107,296,298,370,434 

A  sl>  a  nd  .-pcciflc  gravity  of  woods  .......................................  54R-251 

Ash.  r.'.ack  .......................................................  Ill,  298,  372,  43S 

Ash.  Blue  ........................................................  111,298,370,430 

Asli.Orreu    ....................................................   109,298,370,430 

Ash,  (li-onnd  ....................................................  111.29S,  372,438 

Asli.Honp  ........................................................  111,298,372,  1'W 

Ash,  Mountain  IPyms  Americana)  .....................................  73,284,428 

Ash,  Mountain  (Pyrns  sambucifolia)  ..............................  74,284,364,428 

Ash.  Oregon  ......................................................  111,298,372,438 

Ash,  Prickly  (Xantlioxylum  Americanum)  ...............................     29,  268 

Anli,  Prickly  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hercnlis)  ......................  30,270,356,4:11 

Ash,  Red..  .......................................................  109,296,370,4:;n 

Ash.  Sea  ..........................................................  30,270,356.420 

Ash,  specific  gravity,  and  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 

woods  of  the  United  States  ......................................  20<i-;:!!i 

Ash,  Wafer  ..............................................................     31,270 

Ash,  Water  ......................................................  110,298,370,438 

Ash,  White  ...................................................  107,  296.  350,  370,  43(i 

Ash,  Yellow  .......................................................  57,  278,  SCO,  426 

Ash-leaved  Maple  .............................................  51,276,360,424 

Asimitia  .................................................................  10,11,13 

Asimina  campaniflora  ................................................... 

Asimina  triloba  ........................................  23,250,253,256,266,354,418 

As,,,  Qnakiu.,-  .................................................  171,328,350,394,460 

Aspects,  economic,  of  the  forests  of  the  United  States  ..................  483-580 

A8])C.n  .......................................................  171,328,350,394.460 

Atlantic  Plain,  Deciduous  Forest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the  ---- 

Atlantic  region,  the  .............................................  *  ....... 

Atlantic  region,  western  third  of  the,  remarks  on  ...................  4 

Average  number  of  hands  employed  in  the  lumbering  industry  of  the 

United  States  ..........................................................          4R6 

Average  size  and  product  of  saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory  .......         488 

Avicennia  ...............................................................       11,  15 

Avicennianitida  .....................................................  117,249,302 

A  riccnn  ia  oblonfjifolia  ................................................... 

Avicennia  tomentota  ..................................................... 

Bald  Cypress  .......................  "'  .......................  184,334,350,398,466 

Balm  of  Gilead  ...................................................  173,328,394,460 

Balm  of  Gilead  Fir  ..................................  '-  ............  211,346,412,478 

Balsam  (Abies  Praseri)  ...........................................  210,346,412,478 

Balsam  (  Abies  snbalpina)  ...................................  211,346,412,478,577 

Balsam  (Popnlns  balsamifera)  ....................................  173,328,394,460 

Balsam  Cottonwood  ..............................................  174,330,394,462 

Balsam  Fir  (Abies  balsamea)  .....................................  211,346,412,478 

Balsam  Fir  (Abies  concolor)  ......................................  213,346,412,478 

Balsam,  She  .......................................................  210,346,412,478 

Banana,  Mexican  .....................................................     219,348 

Eartram'sOak  ...................................................  153,320,390,456 

Basket  Oak  ...................................................  141,316,384,416,490 

Basswood  ..........................................................  27,268,356,418 

Basswood,  White  ..................................................  28,268,356,420 

liastard  Cedar  ....................................................  176,330,390,462 

Ilastard  Pine  .............................................  202,342,352,406,416,474 

liatodendron  arboreum  .................................................. 


Bayonet,  Spanish  (Yucca  baccata)  .......................................  219,348 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Yucca  canaliculate)  ..................................  218t  348 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Yucca  elata)  .................................... 

Bay,  Bull    .....................................................  19,266.354,414,418 


584 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


169 

100 

160 

160 

160 

160 

159 

160 

Botula  alba,  car.  populifolia 159, 250, 255, 238, 324, 350, 458 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia  (Betula  papyrifera) ICO 

Betula  angulata 161 

Betula  Canadensis 160 

Jit' alit  carpinifolia 162 

Betula  cordifolia J60 

Belula  exeelta  (Bctnla  lenta) 162 

Betula  excelsa  (Betnla  latea) 101 

Betula  grandis ICO 

Betula  incana 164 

Betula  lanulosa 161 

Bet  ula  lenta 162,  249, 255,  258,  324,  l!02,  458 

Betuta,  lenta  (Betnla  alha,  tor.  popnlifolia) 159 

Betiila  lenta  (Betula  Intca) 161 

Bctuia  lutea 161.250,255,258,262,324,392,458 

Be  tula  nigra 161,250,255,258,262,324,392,458 

Belula  nigra  (Betnla  lenta)  162 

llctala  nigra  (Betula  papyrifera) 160 

Betula  occidentals 160,250,255,258,324,392.458 

Betula  occidentalif  (Betola  papyrifera) ItiO 

Betula  papyracea 159, 575 

Betnla  papyrifera 12, 159, 250, 255, 258, 262, 324,  350, 392, 458 

Betula  populifolia 159 

Betula  rttbra  ( Butula  nigra) 161 

Betula  rubra  (Betula  papyrifera)  160 

Betula  rugosa   164 

Betula  zerrulata 1C4 

Betula-  Alnus  glauca 164 

Betida-Alnus  maritima 162 

Betula-Alnus  rubra 1(54 

Betula-Alnus,  var.  j3.  incana 164 

HETULACEJB 158-165,255,258,324,392,458 

Big-bud  Hickory 134,310,350,380,444 

Big  Cottonwood 175,330,350,396,462 

Big  Cypress  region  of  Florida 522 

Big  Laurel 19,266,354,414,418 

BigSbellbark 133,310,378,444 

Big  Tree 184,334,398,486 

Biyclovia  acuminata 112 

Biynonia,  Catalpa 115 

Bignonift  linearit no 


Page. 

Bay,  Loblolly 25,265,268,354,418 

Bay,  Red 118,302,372,438 

Bay,  Rose 09,202,368,434 

>Bay,  Sweet 20, 2CC,  354, 414,418 

Bay,  Tan 25,265. 268, 354, 418 

Bay  Tree,  California 120,302,374,440 

Bay,  White 20,206,3:4,414.418 

Bayberry 136,312,  3M>,  446 

Bran,  Indian 115,300,372,438 

Bean  Tree 115,300,372,438 

Bearberry 41,172,358,422 

Bearwood 41, '.'72,  :;58, 422 

BeavorTrco 20,266,354,  414, 418 

l!,,.cli 158,  322,  350,  MM™ 

Beech,  Blue 159,  T122.  H92,  456 

Beech,  Water  (Carpinns  Caroliniona) 159, 322, 392, 456 

Beech,  Water  (Platanns  occidental) 129,  306,  350,  :!7ii,  442 

Beefwood 117,302,372,438 

Bee  Tree 27,268,356,418 

Behavior  of  selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse  strain : 

specimens  eight  centimeters  square 414-417 

Behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under  compression .  -118-481 
Behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse 

strain 354-415 

Btntfiamidia  Jlorida 90 

Betula 11,12,15 

Betula  acuminata 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  commutata 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  occidentals  typica 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera 

Belula  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera,  var.  communis 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  papyrifera,  var.  eordifolia 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  populifolia 

Betula  alba,  var.  papyrifera 


Page. 

BIGNONIACE.B.. 115,116,254,257,300,372,438 

Bilsted 86,  286,350,  364,  «14,  430 

Birch.  Black  (Betula  lenta) 162,324,392,458 

Biichj  Black  (Betula  occidentals) 160,  324,  392, 458 

Biivh,  Canoe ...160,324,350,392,458 

Birch,  Cherry 162,324,392,458 

Birch,  Gray  (Betula  alba,  var.  popnlifolia) 159, 324, 350,  392, 458 

Birch,  Gray  (Botula  lutea) 161,324,392,451) 

Eirch,  Mahogany 162,324,392,458 

Birch.  Old-fleld 159,  n24, 330,  ::92, 458 

Birch,  Paper 160,324,350,302,458 

Birch.  Rod 161,324,392,458 

Bircli,  River 161,  324,392,458 

Birch,  Sweet,  162,  3'J4,  392,  458 

Birch,  West -Indian 33,270,350,356,420 

Birch ,  White  (Betula  alba,  cor.  populifolia) 159, 324,  350, 392. 458 

Birch.  White  (Betula  papyrifera) 160, 324,  2.">0,  'M:,  458 

Birch,  Yellow 161,324,392,458 

Bi Khi ip'»  Pi ne 200, 340,  404,  472 

Bitter  Xut 135,310,350,380,448 

Bitter  Pecan 136,310,350,380,414,448 

Black  Aider  (Alnus  incana) 165, 326,  394,460 

IJUu'k  Alder  (Alnus  serrulata) 104, 326 

Black  and  White  Spruces  the  characteristic  trees  of  the  Northern  Forest .  3 

Black  Ash 111,298,372,438 

Black  Birch  (Betnla  lenta)  162,324,392,458 

Black  Birch  ( Betnla  occidentals)  160,  324, 392, 458 

libel;  Calabash  Tree 1 1C,  300 

Black  Cherry,  Wild  68,2^2,362,428 

Black  Cotton  wood  (Populus  angnstifolia) 174,  330,  M4,  462 

Black  Cottouwood  (Populus  trichocarpa) 174, 3:iO,  394, 462,  578 

Blai-k  Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 

Black  Gum 92,200,306.432 

ISlack  Haw 94,290,366,432 

Black  Hickory  (Carya  porcina) 1 34, 31 0, 350,  380, 446 

Black  Hickory  (Carya  tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444 

Black  Hills  region  of  Dakota,  remarks  by  Mr.  Robert  Douglas  on  the 

forests  of  the 561,562 

Black  Iromvood 39,272,358,422 

Black  Jack  (Qnercus  Catesba:i) 151,320,388,454 

Black  Jack  (Quercus  nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454 

BlacUJack,  Forked-leaf 151,320,388,454 

Black  Larch 215,346,352,412,478 

Black  Locust  (Gleditschia  triacanthos) 69,  280,  360, 426 

Black  Locust  (Robinia  Pscudacacia)  55, 278,  350,  360, 414, 424 

Black  Mangrove  117,302 

Black  Oak  (Quercns  Etnoryi) 146.265,318,386,452 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  Kelloggii) 149,265,320.388,416,454 

Black  Oak  (Qucrcus  rubra) 148, 265, 318, 350, 3<i6, 452 

Black  Oak  (Qnercus  tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528 

Black  Persimmon 105,294 

Black  Pine  (Pinns  Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470 

Black  Piue  (Pinna  Murrayana) 195,338,300,404,470 

Black  Sloe 67,282,428 

Black  Spruce 203,265,  342,  352, 408, 474, 496 

Black  Sugar  Maple 49,276,350,358,424 

Black  Thorn 79,286,364,430 

Black  Tree 117,302 

Black  Walnut 131,308,350,376,414,444 

Black  Willow  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460 

Black  Willow  (Salix  nigra) 166.326,394,460 

Blackwood 117.302 

Blue  Aah 111,298,370,436 

Blue  Beech 169,322,392,456 

BlneJnok 153, 3:>0, 390, 456 

Blue  Myrtle 41,272 

Blue  Oak 143,316,386,450 

Blue  Spruce 205,344,408,474 

Bluewood 40,272 

Boisd'Arc 128,306.376,442,542 

BoiiUAGIXACEyB 113,114,254,257,300,372,438 

Borya  acuminata - 

Bvrua  ligustrina U2 

Borya  nitida — 

Bottom  Shell-bark 133,310.378,444 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


585 


Pago. 

liourreria — 11,1") 

Bnurreria  Havanensis 114,249,254,257,300,372,438 

Bourreria  Havauensis,  var.  radnla 114 

Bourreria  ovata 114 

Bourrcria  radula 114 

Bou  rrcria  recu  rra 114 

Btfurt-eria  tomcntosa 114 

Bourreria  tvmeatota,  var.  Haranrntit 114 

r,ii\  i:;il,T  (NYgmxIoartToides) 51,276,300.424 

Box  Elder  (Ni-gulidoCaliforuicnm) 51,276,360,424 

Boxwood  (Cornus  florida) 91,  28C,  306,  430 

Boxwood  (Scha^floria  frutescens) .  -- 39,  272 

Braliea  dulcig 217 

Rraheajilamentom 217 

Bni-kloy  Tliatrh 218,348 

Brittle  Tliatch 218,348 

l;road-le:iv,'d  Maple 47,274,358,422 

l:n>its*'>nttia  tccundijlora - 57 

Brov*!<"ncti(r  linctvria 128 

Brown  Hickory 134,310,350,380,446 

Kiiriitit  Buceras 87 

Buckeye,  California 44,274,358,422 

Buckeye,  Fetid 42, 274,  35:-.  122 

Buckeye,  Ohio 42,274,358,422   j 

Buckeye,  Spanish 44, 274, 422   ' j 

Buckeye,  Sweet 43,274 

Bucktlioni,  Southern 103,294,368,434    jj 

Buckwheat  Tree 38,272,350,420 

Bull  Bay 19,266,354,414,418    ! 

Bull  Nnt 134,310,350,380,444    (| 

Bull  Pine  (Pimis  Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470   j 

Bull  Pine  (Pinusmitis) 200,340,330,400,472    | 

Bull  Pine  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193,  338,  350, 402,  468 

Bull  Pine  (Pinus  Sabiuiana) 195,338,350,401,470 

Bnmclia 11,15 

Bumelia  anfjugtifolia 103 

Bumelia  arborea 102 

Bumelia  chrysophylloides 101 

Bnmcliaciincata 103,249,254,294,368,434 

Bumelia  fcrrufjinea 102 

nuincllafoetidissima 101 

Bnmelia  lanuginosa 102,250,254,257,294,368,434 

Bumelia  lanuginosa,  var.  macrocarpa 102 

Bnmelmlyeioidis 102,249,254,257,294,368,434 

Bumelia  lycioides,  var.  reclinatura 103 

Bumelia  macrocarpa 102 

Bumelia  Mastichodendron 101 

Bumalia  Jiiitrsinifolia 103 

Bumelia  ablunyifolia. 102 

lluinclia  pallida 101 

Bumelia  parrifnlia , 103 

Bumelia  reclinata  (Bnmclia  cuneata) 103 

Bumelia  rcdinata  (Bumelia  lycioidee) 103   |l 

Bumelia  reclinata  (Bumelia  tenax) 101 

Bumelia  xalicifolia 101 

Kuinelia  fterrata 69 

Bumelia  spinosa 102,  249,  294 

Bumelia  tcnax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 

Hutuclia  totnentosa 102 

Bumwood 54,278,360,424 

Burlington,  Vermont,  as  a  lumber  market,  importance  of 499 

Burning  Bnsh 38,  272 

Burr  Oak  140,285,314,384,448 

lliirsora  .      10, 13 

Jlursera  acuminata 32 

Bnrsera  gummifera 32,251,253,256,270,350,356,420 

UL'UBKltACK-*; 32,33,253,256,270,356,420 

Bustic 101,294,368,434 

Butternut 130,  300,  376, 442 

Button-ball  Tree 129,306,350,376,442 

Buttonwood  (Conocarpns  erecta) 87,288,364,430 

B;i(tonwood  (Platanns  occidentalis) 129,  306,  350,  376, 442 

Buttonwood  (Platanns  racemosa) 129,306,376,442 

Buttonwood,  White 87,  288,  364, 430 

Byrsouima 10,13 

Byrsonima  lucida 28,250,253,256,268,356,420 


c. 

Page. 

Cabbage  Palmetto 217,348,352 

Cabbage  Tree- 217,348,352 

CvbaUcria  Coriacea 99 

CACTACK* 89,90,288 

Cactus,  Giant 90,288 

Ciigipnt 120,302,374,440 

Calabash  Tree,  Black 110,:;  0 

Calico  Ifusb 98,292.368,434 

Calicowood 100,  2U« 

Calil'oi  nia  Bay  Tree 120,302,374,440 

California  Buckeye 44,274,358,422 

California,  economic  value  of  the  Redwood  of 579 

California  Holly 84,280 

California,  Injury  by  grazing  cattle  to  the  mountain  forests  of r.79 

California  Laurel 120,302.374,440 

California,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  578,  5dO 

California  Nutmeg 180,334,400,406 

California  Olive 120,302,374,440 

California,  pasturage  of  mountain  forests  in 579,  580 

California,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

California,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .  .491,  578-580 
California,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Redwood  standing  in  the 

forests  of,  May  31. 1S80 579 

Calothyrws  CaUfornica 43 

Calyptrantues 10, 14 

Calyptranthes  Chytraculia 88,249,288 

Canada  Ph. in 65,282,362,426 

Canella 10,13 

Canellaalba 24,249,253,256,268,354,418 

Canella  la  it  rifulia 24 

Canella  Winterana 24 

CAXKI.I.ACEJE 24,253,256,288,354,418 

Canoe  Birrli 160,324,350,392,458 

Canoe  Cedar : 177,330,390,462 

Canotia 10,12,13 

Cauotia  holocantha 32,249,270 

C.u'i'AimiACK.E 24,268 

Capparis 10,13 

Cupparis  Breynia 24 

Capparis  cynophyttophora ,- 24 

Capparis  emartjinata, 24 

Capparis  Jamaicensis 24,  249,  268 

Cuj'pans  siliquosa 24 

Ca/iparis  torulosa 24 

Capparis  itncinata 24 

CAPKIFOLIACEX 93,94,253,257,290,366,432 

Cardiolepis  obtum 41 

Carolina  Poplar 175,330,350,396,402 

Carpiuus 11,16 

Carpimis  Americana 158 

Carpimts  Betulus  Yirginiana 158 

Carpinus  Carolinians 158,249,255,258,322,392,456 

Oarpinug  Ostrya 158 

Carpinus  Ostrya,  var.  Americana 158 

Carpinus  triflora 158 

Carpinvs  Yirginiana 158 

Carya 4,11,15 

Caryaalba 132,249,254,257,261,308,350,378,444 

Carya  alba  (Carya  tomentosa) 134 

Caryaamara 135,249,254,257,310,350,380,448 

Carya- amara,  var.  myritticteformit 135 

Carya  amara,  var.  porcina 134 

Carya  anrjuttt\folia 132 

Carya  aquatica 135,249,254,257,261,310,350,380,414,446 

Carya  cathartica 130 

Carya  c&rdiformis 133 

Carya  glabra 134 

Carya  Illinoenaia 132 

Carya  intcyrifolia  - 135 

Carya  microcarpa 133 

Carya  niyristicaeformla 135,  249,254,257,  310,  350,  380,  445 

Carya  olivseformis 132,249,254,257,308,350,378,444 

Carya  porcina 134,249,254,257.261.310,350,380.446 

Carya  snlcata 133,249,254,257,261,310,378,444 

Carya  tetraptera 133 


586 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Carya  tomentosa 133,249,254,257,319,350,380,444 

Carya  tomentosa,  var.  maxima 134 

Caryotaxus  Myristica 186 

Caryotaxus  taxifolia 186 

Cassada 101,294,368,434 

Cassena 36,272 

Cassine  Oaroliniana 36 

Cassine  Peragua 36 

Cassine  ramulosa .' 36 

Castanea  11,16 

Castanea  alnifolia 156 

Castanea  Americana 157 

Castanea  chrysophylla 156 

Castanea  chrysophylla,  var.  minor 156 

Castanea  nana 156 

Castanea  pumila 156,250,255,258,322,390,456 

Castanea  sempervirens 1 56 

Castanea  vesca  (Castanea  pomila)  156 

Castanea  resca  (Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana) 157 

Castanea  vesca,  var.  Americana 157 

Castauea  vulgans,  var.  Americana 157, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390,  456 

Castanopsis 11, 12, 15 

Castanopsis  chrvsophylla 156,  250,  255,  258,  322,  390,  456 

Castanopsis  chrysophyUa,  var.  minor 156 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  var.  pumila 156 

Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees 17-219 

Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees,  Index  to 220-243 

Catalpa 11,15,115,300,372,438 

Catalpa  bignonioides 115,250,254,257,300,372,438 

Catalpa  bignonioides  (Catalpa  speoiosa) 115 

Catalpa  communis 115 

Catalpa  cordifolia  (Catalpa  bignonioides) 115 

Catalpa  cordifolia  (Catalpa  speciosa) 115 

Catalpa  speciosa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372,414,438 

Catalpa  syringcefolia 115 

Catalpa,  Western 115,300,350,372,414,438 

Catawba 115,300,372,438 

Cat's  Claw  (Acacia  Greggii) 63,282,362,426 

Cat's  Claw  (Acacia  Wrightii) 63,282 

Cat's  Claw  (Pithecolobium  TTnguis-nati) 64,282 

Ceanothus .• 10,12,13,573 

Ceanothug  ferreus 39 

Ceanothus  Icevigatus 39 

Ceanothug  reclinatus . 41 

Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus 41,250,272 

Cedar,  Alaska,  Tide-land  Sprnce,  and  Hemlock  the  characteristic  and 

most  valuable  trees  of  the  Northern  Coast  Forest 7 

Cedar  an  important  tree  in  Texas 540 

Cedar,  Bastard 176,330,396,462 

Cedar,  Canoe. 177,330,396,462 

Cedar  Elm .' 122,304,374.440 

Cedar,  Incense  176,330,396,462 

Cedar,  Oregon 179,332,350,398,464 

Cedar,  Pencil,  of  Florida 522 

Cedar  Pine 201,340,406,472 

Cedar,  Port  Orford 179,332,350,398,464,576 

Cedar,  Post 176,330,396,462 

Cedar,  Red  ( Juniperus  Virginiana) 183, 332, 398,  464,  544 

Cedar,  Red  <  Thuya  gigantea) 177, 330, 396, 462,  573,  575,  576, 580 

Cedar,  Stinking  (Torreya  Californica) 186,334,400,466 

Cedar.  Stinking  (Torreya  taxifolia) 186, 334. 400, 466,  521 

Cedar,  White  (Chamascyparis  Lawsoniana) 179,332,350,398.464 

Cedar,  White  (Chamsecyparis  sphaeroidea)  178, 330, 396, 416,  464 

Cedar,  White  (Libocedrns  decurrens)  176,  330, 396,  462 

Cedar,  White  (Thuya  occidentals) 176, 330,  350,  306,  462 

Cedrus  Makogoni 33 

CELA8TRACE.E 38,39,272 

Celtis 11,12,15,251 

Celtisalba 125 

Celtis  Audibertiana 126 


Celtis  Audibertiana,  var.  oblongata 

Oeltis  Audibertiana,  var.  ovata 

Celtis  Jierlandieri 

Celtis  brevipes 

Celtis  canina 


126 
126 
126 
126 
125 


Page. 

125 

125 

125 

125 

125 

126 

125 

125 

..- 125 

125 

125 

126 

125 

125 

125 

125 

125 

125 

Celtis  occidentalis 12, 125,  249, 254, 257, 260,  306,  376, 414, 442 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  eordata 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  crassifolia 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  grandidentata 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  integrifolia 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var. pumila  (Celtis  occidentalis) 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  puinila  (Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata) 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata 126,  249, 254, 257, 306, 376, 442 


Celtis  eordata , 

Oeltis  crass! folia, 

Celtis  crassifolia,  var.  eucalyptifolia 

Celtis  crassifolia,  var.  morifolia 

Celtis  crassifolia,  var.  tilicefolia 

Celtis  Douglasii 

Celtis  Ftoridiana 

Celtis  fuscata 

Celtis  heterophylla 

Celtis  integrifolia 

Celtis  Itxvigata 

Celtis  Lindheimeri 

Celtis  longifolia 

Celtis  maritima  (in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit  Eev.) 

Celtis  maritima  (in  New  Fl.  and  Bot.) 

Celtis  Mississippiensis 

Celtis  m.orifolia 

Celtis  obliqua 


125 
126 
125 
125 
126 
126 


Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  scabriuscula  ...................................... 

Oeltis  occidentalis,  var.  serrulata  ........................................ 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  tenuifolia  ........................................ 

Celtis  patula  ........................................................... 

Celtis  pumila  ........................................................... 

Celtis  reticulata  ......................................................... 

Oeltis  salicifolia  ............................  .  ............................ 

Celtis  tenuifolia  .....  .  ................................................... 

Celtis  lexana  ........................................................... 

Central  pine  hills  of  Mississippi,  forests  of  the  ......................... 

Cerasus  Americana  ..................................................... 

Cerasus  borealis  ............................................  .  .......... 

Cerasus  Oapollin  ........................................................ 

Cerasus  Capult  .......................................................... 

Cerasus  Caroliniana  .................................................... 

Cerasus  Chicasa  ........................................................ 

Cerasus  demissa  ........................................................ 

Cerasus  emarginata  .....................  ...  ____  .  ___  ...................... 

Cerasus  erecta  ............  .  ......................  ___  ..  ................... 

Cerakus  glandulosa  ............  .  ...................  ..  .................... 

Cerasus  hiemalis  ...................  ........  .............  ..  .............. 

Cerasus  ilicifolia  .....................  ...  ........  ......  .................. 

Cerasus  mottis  .......................................................... 

Cerasus  niyra  ........................................................... 

Cerasus  Pennsylvania  .................................................. 

Cerasus  persicifolia  ..................................................... 

Cerasus  serotina  (Prunns  demissa)  ...................  .  .................. 

Cerasus  serotina  (Prunus  serotina)  ......................................  . 

Cerasus  sphcerocarpa,  .................................................... 

Cerasus  umbettata  ....................................................... 

Ceraxus  Virginiana  ..................................................... 

Cercidium  Jloridum  ..................................................... 

Cercis  .................................................................. 


125 
125 
12B 
125 
125 
126 
125 
125 
126 
534 
65 
66 
68 
68 
69 
66 
69 
67 
67 
6T 
65 
70 
67 
65 
66 
66 
69 
68 
70 
67 


10,  12,  14 


Cercis  Canadensis  _____  ................................  61,250,253,256,280, 

Cercis  Canadensis,  var.  pubescens  ......................................... 

Cercis  occidentalis  ....................................................... 

Cei-cis  occidentalis,  var  ................................................... 

Cercis  occidentalis,  var.  Texensis  .......................................... 

Cercis  reniformis  .................................  .  ............  .  .......  61, 

Cercocarpus  ...................................................  9,10,12,14, 

Cercocarpus  bctulcefolius  ................................................. 

Cercocarpus  betuloides  ...........................  .  ........................ 

Cercocarpus  brevifolius  ................................................... 

Cercocarpus  intricatus  ................................................... 


Cercocarpus  ledifolius 13,71,249,284, 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  var.  iutricatns 

Cercocarpus  parvifulius 71, 

Cereorarpus  purvifolius,  var.  glaber 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  var.  paucidentatna 


362  426 
61 
61 
61 
61 

249,  280 

569,  571 
71 
71 
71 
71 

350,  428 
71 

249,  284 
71 
71 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


587 


Page.    | 

Cereus 10,12,14 

Cereus  giganteus 89, 251,  28X 

Chapote ..  105,294 

ChamjrcypariR 11,12,10 

Chamtecyparig  Itoursierii  (ChamSDcyparis  Lawsoniana) 

Chamcecyparis  Boiirgierii  (Jnni  perns  oecidentalis) 181 

Gham&ci/paris  exce.lsa 178 

Chaimec.vparis  Lawsoniana 8,  178, 250,  255,  258,  350, 398,  464,  576 

Cbarawcyparis  Xutkarnsis , 178, 250,  255,  258,  263,  332,  398,  464,  580 

rig  Xvtkatnsis,  var.  0ta«ca 178 

ris  Nutkanu* 378 

Chamircyparis,  one  of  the  characteristic  and  most  valuable  trees  of  tin- 

Coast  Forest 7 

ChMnw.-yvarisspbffiroidea 177,251,255,258,262,330,396,416,464 

Chama*ropR  Palmetto 217 

Charcoal  used  for  domestic  and  manufacturing  purposes  during  the  cen- 
sus year,  amount  and  value  of 489 

Cheiranthodendron  Califomicnm 26 

Cherry 100,292 

Cherry  Birch 162,324,392,458 

Cherry,  Indian 40,272,358,422 

Cherry,  May 84,286,364,430 

Cherry,  Pigeon 66,282,428 

Cherry,  Pin 66,282,428 

Cherry,  Rum 68,282,362,428 

Cherry,  Wild  (Primus  Capnli) 69,282,428 

Cherry.  Wild  (Prnmis  demissa) 69,284,362,428 

Cherry,  Wild  Black 68,282,362,428 

Cherry,  Wild  Eed 66,282,428 

Chestnut 157,265,322,350,390,456 

Chestnut  Oak  (Quercus  densiflora) 155, 265,  322,  390,  456,  576, 578,  560 

Chestnut  Oak  (Qnercus  prinoides) 143, 265. 316, 384, 450 

Chestnnt  Oak  (Qnercns  Prinus) 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 

Chestnut  Oak,  Rock 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 

Chicago,  amount  of  lumber  and  shingles  received  at,  during  the  year  1880 .  548,  549 
Chicago,  commercial  importance  of,  with  reference  to  the  lumber  industry  -          548 

Chicago,  early  lumber  trade  of 549,  550 

Chicago,  the  principal  source  of  supply  of  lumber  for  Colorado,  Utah,  and 

New  Mexico 568,569 

Chickasaw  Plum 66,282,362,486 

Chilopsis ...11,12,15 

Chilepsis  glutinosa H*> 

Ohilopftis  linearis 116 

Chilopsis  saligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438 

Ghimanthus  amygdalinus 69 

China,  Wild 44,274,358,414,422 

Chinquapin  (Castanea  pnmila)  156,322,390,456 

Chinquapin  (Castanopsis  chrysophylla) 156.  322, 390,  456 

Chinquapin  Oak 143,265,316,384,450 

Cliionanthus 11, 15 

Ohionanthus  angustifolia 112 

Chionanthus  heterophytta 112 

Ghionanthns  longifolia 112 

Chinnanthus  marilima 112 

Ghionantlms  m-ontana 112 

Chionanthus  trifida 112 

Chionanthus  Virginica .112,250,298 

Chionanthus  Virginica,  var.  angustifolia 112 

Chwnanthus  Virginica,  var.  latifolia 112 

Chionanthus  Virginica,  var.  maritima 112 

Chionanthus  Virginica,  var.  montana 112 

Chittamwood 52,276 

Chloroweles  scmperrirens 72 

Chrysobalanus 10, 14 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco 64,249,282,362,426 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco.  var.  pellocarpa 65 

Ghrysobalanus  pellocarpa 65 

Chrj-sophyllnm 11, 15 

Cltrifxophyllum  Barbasco 100 

Chryaophyllum  Caneto,  p 100 

Chrynopfiyllum  ferrugineum 100 

ChrysophyUum  tnicropJiyllum - 100 

Chrysophyllum  in&nopyrenutn .. ... 100 

Chrysophyllum  oliviforme 100,249,254,257,292,368,434 

Cigar  Tree 115,300,372,438 


Page. 

( '>'/!' -lifma  Cariba'a 95 

Cincfiuna  Car»!iniana 95 

Cinchona  Jamaicensit 95 

Cinnamon  Bark 24,  268, 354,  418 

Cinnamon.  Wild 24,  268,  354,  418 

Citbarexylnm 11,15 

Citharex.Uum  villosnm 116,249,254,257,  300,  37U,  4:i.s 

f.'ludrasti.-s   10,11.14 

Cladrastis  lutea 57 

Cladrastis  tinctoria 67,  250,  253, 256,  278, 360,  426 

Clammy  Locust 56,278 

CHffElm 123,304,374,440 

Cliftonia  ] igustrina 38,  250,  253,  256,  272,  358,  420 

Clusia 10,13 

25 

25 

7 

580 


Clusia  tiava 

Cl/iai"  rotfa, 

Coaat  Forest  in  the  Pacific  region  . 
Coast  Forest,  Northern,  in  Alaska  . 


Coast  Live  Oak 147,318,386,452 

Coast  Pine  Belt  in  South  Carolina 518 

Coccoloba...  11,13 


Coccoloba  Floridana 117,  249,  254,  257, 302,  372, 438 

Coccoloba  Lo?gancnais 118 

Coccoloba  parvifolia 117 

Coccoloba  uvifera 118,249,302,372,448 

Coccoloba  uvifera,  car.  Lceganensis 118 

Coccoloba  uvifera.  var.  ovalifolia 118 

Cockspnr  Thorn 76,286,364,430 

Cocoa  Plnm 65,282,362,426 

Coffee  Nut 58,280,360,426 

Coffee  Tree.  Kentucky 58,280,360,426 

Colorado,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,  567,  568 

Colorado,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Colorado,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  flres,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. .  .491, 567, 568 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico,  Chicago  the  principal  source  of  supply 

of  Inmber  for 568,569 

Colubrina 10,13 

Colubrina  recliuata 41,249,274,358 

COMHRF.TACEJ. 87,253,257,288,364,430 

Comparative  value  of  woods 252-255 

Compression,  behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  nnder    418-481 

Condalia 10-12 

Condalia  lerrea 39,249,253,256,272,358,422 

Condalia  obovata 12,46,249,272 

CONIFERS 4,176-216,255,258,330,362,396,416,525 

Connecticut,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  500,  501 

Connecticut,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Connecticut,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 500, 501 

Connecticut,  the  Northern  Pine  belt  in 500 

Conocarpus 10, 14 

Conocarpui  acutifolia 87 

Conocarpns  erecta 87,249,253,257,288,364,430 

Conocarpui  erecta,  var.  procumbent 87 

Gonocarpus  procumbens 87 

Conocarpus  raecmosa 87 

Consumption  of  wood  for  domestic  pnrposes  daring  the  censns  year,  esti- 


nated. 


Coral  Sumach 54,278,360,424 

Cordia   11,15 

Cordia  Boissieri 114,249,300 

Cordia  Floridana 114 

Cordia  juglandifolia. 113 

Cordia  Sebestena 113,249,300 

Cordia  speciosa 1 13 

Cork  Elm 123,304,374,440 

Corkwood 117,302,372,438 

CORXACE.E 90-93,253,257,288,366,430 

Covnus 10-12,14 

Corn-us  alterna 90 

Cornus  alternifolia 90,249,288 

Cornus  ilorida 90,249,253,257,260,288,366,432 

Cornus  florida  (Cornus  Nnttallii) 81 

Cornns  Sfuttallii 91,249,253,257,288,366.432 

Corypha  Palmetto 217 

Cotinus  Americamis 52 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Cotinus  coggygria 52 

Cotton  Gum 93,290,350,366,4:12 

Cottonwool!  (Populus  Fremontii) 175,  300,  396,  41)2 

Cottonwool!  ( Popnlus  Fremontii,  cor.  Wislizeni) 175, 300, 396, 462 

Cottonwood  (Popnlus  monilifera) 175,330,350,396,462 

Cottonwaod,  Balsam 174,  330, 394,  402- 

Cottonwool!,  Big 175,330,350,396,462 

Cottonwool!,  Black  (Populus  angustifolia) 174,330,3114,402 

Cottonwool!,  Black  (Populus  trichocarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462,  570 

Cottonwood,  River 172,328,394,460 

Cottonwool!,  Swamp 172, 328, 394, 4CO 

Cottonwool!,  White 175,330,396,462 

Cow  Oak 141,310,384,416,450,533 

Crab,  American 72,284,364,428 

Crab,  Swtvt-scented 72,284,364,428 

Crab  Apple,  American 72,284 

Crab  Apple,  Oregon 73,284 

Crab  Apple,  Southern 72,284 

Crabwooil 121,304 

Cratsegus 10-12,  5M.  573 

Crabegns  ajstivalis 82,250,253,250,286,364.430 

Crat.-cgus  apiifolia 81,249,286 

Crnhegus  nrborescens 75,250,253,256,284,364,428 

Cratcegus  arbutifolia 83 

Crata-u'us  berberifolia 82,248 

Cratcegus  Tlosciana 77 

Crata?gus  brachyacantha 75,249,284,539 

Cratcegus  Caroliniana 82 

Crauegus  coccinea 77,249,286 

Cratcejus  coccinea  (Cratsegus  tomentosa) . 79 

Cratcegtis  coccinea,  var.  cordata 79 

Cratcfgus  coccinea,  var.  moUis 78 

Crata,-£U8  coccinea  var.  oligandra 78 

Cratiegus  coccinea,  var.  populifolia 78 

Cratcegus  coccinea,  var.  typica 78 

Cratif^us  coccinea,  var.  viridis 78 

Oratcegus  coccinea,  var.  viridii  ( C  ratsegns  tomentosa) 79 

Cratsegns  cordata 80,249,286 

Cratcegus  coronaria 72 

Oratcegus  Coursetiana 70 

Crataigiis  Crus-galli 76,249,253,256,286,364,430 

Cratcegus  Crus-galli  (Cratsegua  coccinea) 77 

Cratasgua  Crus-galli  (Cratjegtis  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata) 80 

Cratajgns  Crus-gall^  var.  lincaris  76 

Crata,'i:Qs  Crns-galli,  var.  ovalifolia 70 

Cratcegus  Crns-galli,  var.  prnuifolia 77 

Crata?gu»  Crus-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia 76 

Cratcegus  Crus-gaUi,  var.  pyracanthifolia  (Cratsegus  arborescens) 75 

Cratcegus  Crus-gaUi,  var.  salicifalia 76 

Cratcegus  Crus-gaUi,  var.  splendent 76 

Cratcegus  cuneifolia _ 80 

Cratajgus  Douglasii 75,249,284 

Oratcegus  elliptica  (Crataigua  rcstivalis) 82 

Cratcegus  elliptica  (Cratsogus  flava,  var.  pubescens) 83 

Cratwgus  flava 82,249,286 

Cratcegus  flava,  (Cratsgns  flava,  oar.  pubescens) 83 

Orat&gus  flava  (Cratasgus  tomentosa) 78 

Cratcegus  jiava  (Crataegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata) 80 

Grahegus Jlava,  var.  lobata 82 

CratiEgus  Suva,  var.  pubescens 83, 249, 253, 250, 286, 364, 430 

Oratcegug  Jfexuosa 80 

Cratcegus  glandulosa  (Cratasgus  coccinea) 77 

Crattegus  glandulota  (Crata5gus  Donglasii) 75 

Oratacgus  glanduloxa  (Cratagus  fiava) 77 

Cratcegui  glandulosa  (Crataegns  flava,  nor.  pnbescens) 83 

Cratfegus  glandulosa,  var.  macracantha 77 

Cratcegus  glandulosa,  var.  rotundifolia 78 

Cratcegus  latifolia  (Crataegus  tomentoaa) 79 

Cratcegus  latifolia  (Crattegns  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata) 80 

Oratcpgus  leucocephalus 79 

Orattegiifr  Icucophlaeos 79 

Cratcegus  linearis 77 

Cratagut  lobata  (Crata?gus  flava) 82 

Crattrrrtts  lobata  (Crattegus  tomentosa) 79 

Orattegut  lucida  (Cratsegus  testivalle) 82 


Oratcegus  lucida  (Crateegns  Crus-galli). 

Cratceffiis  macracantha 

Crateegits  Hichauxii 

Cratcrgus  microcnrpa 

Cratccgus  mollls 

('/•ft (trims  obovatifolia 

('rata'flits  opaca 


Page. 
76 
77 

83 
81 
78 
80 
82 


Crata'gvg  oralifolia  .......................................................  70 

Cratcrgug  ozyacantha  ...  .................................................  81 

Cratcerfus  oxyrtcantha,  var.  apiifolia  ......................................  81 

Cral  a-gus  parvifoli.i  .....................................................  83 

Oratceijits  popuiifolia  (Crata'gus  cocrinea)  ...............................  7H 

Crattegun  pvpulifolia  (Crata?gus  cordata)  ................................  80 

Crata-giiK  prtincllifolia  ...................................................  70 

Cratceyiis  pntnifolia  .....................................................  77 

Cratcegus  punftata  .......................................................  80 

Crateegus  punctata,  var.  brevispina  .......................................  75 

Cratcegus  punctata,  var.  rubra  and  aurea  .................................  80 

Cratfpgus  punctata,  var.  xantliocarpa  .....................................  80 

f'ratirgutt  pyrifolia  ......................................................  7£> 

t'r'/ttryuit  racemosa  ......................................................  84 

Crata'fjus  rivularis  .................................................  13,  74,  249,  284 

Cfdta'tjus  rirularis  (Crata'gus  Douglasii)  ...................  .............          .75 

Crat(rgtiK  salicifolia  ......................................................  78 

Cratcrgus  sanguinfa  .......................................  ..............  75 

CratffrjtiK  sanguinea.  var.  Douglasii  (Crata;gu8  Douglaaii)  ................  75 

Cratatgus  aanguinea,  var.  Douglasii  (Cratsegus  rivularis)  .........  .  .......  74 

Crattrgin  sanguined,  fur.  villosa  ..........................................  78 

Cratcegus  spatbulata  ..................................  81,249,253,250,286,364.430 

Cratcegus  spathulaia  (Cratsegus  flava,  var.  pubescens)  ...................  t<3 

Cratrrgus  spicata  ........................................................  85 

Cratu'gn*  Hiibvillosa  ...................................  78,249,253,256,286,364,430 

Cratixgus  Texana  ........................................................  78 

Cratii'pus  tomentosa  ................................  12,79,249,253,256,286,304,430 

Cratcegus  tomentosa  (Ainelanchier  Canadensis)  ..........................  84 

Orativgus  tomentosa,  var.  mollis  ..........................................  7H 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  var.  plicata  .........................................  80 

CrattBRiis  tomentosa,  var.  pnnctata  ......................................  80 

CraUegus  tomentosa,  var.  pyrifolia  .......................................  79 

Cratcegus  turbinata  ......................................................  82 

CrattTgus  Yii-ginica  ......................................................  83 

Cratcegus  viridis  (Crataigus  coccinea)  ....................................  78 

Cratcegus  viridis  (Cratajgus  flava,  var.  pubescens)  .......................  83 

Cratcegus  Watsoniana  ....................................................  76 

Crtscentia  ...............................................................      11,15 

Crescentia  cucurbitina  ...............................................  116,250,300 

Crescentia  latifolia  .......................................................          110 

Crescentia  lethifera  ......................................................         110 

Crescentia  obovata  .......................................................          116 

Creacentia  ovata  .........................................................          116 

Crescentia  toxicaria,  ......................................................          116 

Crop,  forest,  of  the  United  States  for  the  census  year  ..................  485 

Cucumber  Tree  (Magnolia  acuminata)  .............................  20,260,354,418 

Cucumber  Tree  (Magnolia  cordata)  ................................  21,266.354,418 

Cucumber  Tree,  Large-leaved  .....................................  21,260,354,418 

Cucumber  Tree,  Long-leaved  ......................................  22,266,354,418 

Cuprespinnata  diaticha  ..................................................         183 

Cupressus  ...............................................................  1  !  ,  12,  10 

Citprcssus  A  mericana  ____  ................................................         178 

Cupressus  Arbor-vitce  ...................................................  J"0 

Cupreasua  Arizonica  .....................................................          180 

Cupressus  attenuata  ..................................................... 

Cupressua  Californica  ....................................................          3  79 

Cupresms  Californica  gracilit  (Cnpressus  Goveniana)  ....................          1  79 

Cupreasus  Californica  gracilie  (Cupressus  Macnabiana)  ..................         180 

Cupressus  cornuta  .......................................................         179 

Cupressus  diaticha  .......................................................          183 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  imbrusaria  ......................................          183 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  nutans 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  patent  .................................. 

Cupressus  fraijrans 
Cupressus  glandulosa  .......  . 

Cupressns  Govi-niana  ................................  179,250,255,258,332,398,484 

Cupressus  Guadalupensis  ....................................  180,250,332,568,569 

Cupressus  Hartwegii  ....................  . 


183 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


589 


Page. 

Cupregtu*  Uartwegii,  vnr.fatKgiata 179 

Cuprcxsns  Lainbertiana 170 

Cupressu,i  Lawt<oniana 178 

Cupressus  Macuabiana 180,  248 

Cupressus  nurcrocarpa 8,179,250,332,398,464 

Cuprexma  macrocarpa  (Cupressus  Guadalupenais) 180 

Cnpressiis  m acrocarpa,  var.  fastigiata 1 '  ^ 

CupretKiis  Xootkatensis 1 ' K 

Cupratnt  Xutkaensii I"8 

Cupressus  thyoides '77 

Crrri.irKLi.K 137-159,254,257,258,312,380,414,446 

Crrrliss,  A.  H.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Florida  by 52 1.  522 

Custard  Apple 23,  200,  3.14,  4KS 

Cypress,  liald ...  184,331.  :;5u.  :)!is,  in; 

Cypress,  mack 184, 3M,  :i5t>,  :«i.<,  400 

Cypress,  Ili-eiduous 184,334.:i50.:!'JS,4(10 

Cypress,  I.awson'a 179,  332. :::,(!, ::'.».  404 

Cypress.  Monterey l"!l. :;';-.  '•'•'•*•  "'4 

Copies.-..  R.-d 184,331 

Cypress.  Sitka 178,  3TJ. :,!«,  404 

Cypress,  Southern,  next  to  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  the  characteristic  tree 

of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt 4 

C> press  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river  in  Alabama ..  525-527 

Cypress,  While 184,  334,  350,  Ml>,  400 

Cypress,  Yellow 178,332,398,404 

CVRIU.ACF..K 37,38,253,256,272,356,420 

Cyiill.. 10,11,13 

('tti'illa  Caroliniana 

Cyrilla  fuscata 

l'!/ 1 ilia  paniculate 

< '///•//'..-  ;< -i rr( folia    

OyrtUapolyitaeMa. 


37 
37 
100 
37 
37 

Cyrilla  rarcmiflm  a 37,249,272,350 

Ci/rilla  rartmosa 37 

D. 

Dahoon 35,270,356,420 

Dahoon  Holly ..35,270,350,420 

Dakota,  lumber  industry  and  manufacturers  from  wood  in 480,  487,  561 

Dakota,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Dakota,  remarks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of  the  eastern 

portion  of 501 

Dakota,  remarks  by  Mr.  Robert  Douglas  on  the  forests  of  the  Black 

Hills  region  of 501,562 

Dakota,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 561,  502 

Daica  10.12,14 

Daleaspinosa 55,250,278 

Darling  Plum 39,272,358,422 

Dalisca  hirla 52 

Deciduous  Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 

Deciduous  Finest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain 4 

Delaware,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in .486,487,511 

Delaware,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Delaware,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,511 

Dermalophyllum  speciogum 57 

Desert  Willow 116,300,372,438 

Devil  wood 113,300,372,438 

Diamond  Willow ...  170,328 

Digger  Pine 195,338,350,404,470 

Dilly,  Wild 103,294,368,434 

Diospyros 11,15 

Diospyros  anguttifolia 104 

Diospiiros  calycina 104 

Diospyros  ciliata 104 

Dio>-pyrog  concolor 104 

Diospyro*  Guaiacana J04 

Diagpyros  intermedia 104 

Diospyros  lucida 104 

2>iu8pyrvg*PerBimon 104 

Diospyros  pulescens 104 

Diospyros  Texana 105,249,294 

Diospyros  Virginiana 104,  249,  254, 257,  260,  294,  350,  368,  434 

Diotpyrov  Ylrginiana,  var.  concolor 104 

JXospyrot  Yirginiana,  var.  macrocarpa 104 

Tirginiana,  var.  mjcrocarpa 104 


Page. 

•os  Yirginiana,  var.  pubescent 104 

'    Dipholis 11,  15 

Dipholis  salicifolia 101,  249,  254, 257,  294,  308,  434 

Distr  ibution  of  genera JQ 

Distribution  of  species ]o 

District  of  Columbia,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in..  480,487 
District  of  Columbia,  original  forest  of,  replaced  by  Oak,  Scrub  Pine, 

District  of  Columbia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

District  of  Columbia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber, 

etc  ,  in :,n 

Division  of  the  Xorth  American  continent  with  reference  to  its  forest 

geography 3 

Dogwood    90. 2i>8 

Dogwood,  Flowering  (Cornus  florida) 91,  288,  :!> 

Dogwood.  Flowering  ('Jornus  Niittallii) 91.  •>•*,  300.432 

Dogwood,  Jamaica 57,  278,  30U,  420 

Dogwood.  Striped 40. 'J74 

Douglas  Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476 

Douglas,  Robert,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  the  Black  Hills  region  of 

Dakota  by 501,562 

Downward  Plum 103,  294,  :;G>',  4.31 

Drimoplitillum  pauciflorum i-jo 

I>r\  IM  tes nt  15 

Ilnipetcs  alba,  var.  latifolia 121 

Dry  petes  crocea 120,249,254,257,302,374,440 

Dry  petes  crocea,  var.  latifolia 121,  249,  254,  257, 302,  374,  440 

T)riipttt>it  rrncea.  var.  lontjipes 120 

i)/'//l>ctes  glauca  (Drypetes  crocea) 120 

1  ;'la.irca  (Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia) 121 

Drypetes  sexsili flora 120 

Dry  wood  of  trees  of  the  United  States,  weight  of 249-251 

;    Duck  Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454 

Dwarf  Maple 48,  274 

Dwarf  Sumach 53,278,360,424 

E. 

EUESACKB 104,105,254,257,294,368,454 

Economic  aspects  of  the  forests  of  the  United  States 483-580 

Ehretia 11,15 

Ehretia  Bourreria    114 

Ehretia  elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438 

jj   Ehretia  Havanensis 114 

!   Ehretia  radula 114 

Ehretia  tomentoga 114 

Elaphriiun  intcgerrimum 32 

Elder  (Sambucus  glanca) 93,290,368,432 

Elder  (Sambucus  Mexicana) 94, 290 

Elder,  Box  (Negundo  aceroides) 51, 276, 360, 424 

Elder,  Box  (Negundo  Californicnm) 51,276,300,424 

Elder,  Poison 54,278 

Elemi,  Gum 33,  270, 3V),  356, 420 

Elk  wood 21,260,354,418 

Elm,  American  123,304,350,374,414,440 

Elm,  Cedar 122,304,374,440 

il    Elur,  Cliff 123,304,374,440 

,     Elm,  Cork 123,304,374,440 

Elm,  Hickory 123,304,374,440 

i    Elm,  Moose 122, 30 »,  374, 440 

j     Elm,  Red 122,304,374,440 

Elm,  Rock 123,304,374,440 

|l   Elm,  Slippery  (Fremontia  California) 26,268 

!'   Elm,  Slippery  (TJlmns  fulva) 122,304,374,440 

|j    Elm,  Water 123,304,350,374,414,440 

j!    Elm,  White  (TJlmus  Americana) 123,304,350,374,414.440 

Elm,  White  (Ulmus  racemosa)  123,304,374,440 

']   Elm,  Winged 124,304.374.440 

Emetila  ramutosa 36 

|i    Enceno 147,318,386,452 

Endotropis  oleifalia 40 

|    ERICACK^...  .-. .'....90-99,254,257,292,368,432 

Erytfi  rina  piscipula 57 

Eugenia : 10,14 

Eugenia  axiUarie 80 

•    Eugenia  Baruentit 89 


590 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Eugenia  buxifolia 88,249,253,257,288,366,430 

Eugenia  dichotouia 88,249,288 

Eugenia  dichotoma,  vax.fragrans 

Eugenia  dicaricata 

Eugenia  longipes 89,249,288 

Eugenia  montana 

Eugenia  monticola 89,249,253,257,288,366,430 

Eugenia  myrloides 

Eugenia  pallens 

Eugenia  procera 89,249,253,257,288,368,430 

r.ti'jt'it'nt  nmtgens 

Evyenia  triplincrr/ui  (Eugenia  buxifolia) 88 

Eugenia  triplinercia  (Eugenia  monticola) 89 

Euonynms 10,12,13 

Enonymus  atropurpurous 38,  249,  272 

Enonymus  Carolinensi* - 

Euonymus  latifolius 38 

•  EL'PHOBBIACKA 120,121,254,257,302,374,440 

Excifcaria  htcida 121 

Exostemma 10, 14 

Exostemma  Caribosnm 95, 249, 253, 257, 265, 290, 36«,  432 

Emthea  oblongij'olia 45 

Experiments  by  Mr.  S.  P.  Sharpies 247,251,264,265 

Eysenhardtia 10,12,14 

Eysenhardtia  amorphoidei 55 

Eysenhardtia  amorphoides,  var.  orthocarpa 55 

Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa 13,55,249,278 


Fagara  fraxinifolia 

Fagara  lentiscifolia 

Fagara  Pterota 

Fagus 

Fagui  alba 

Fagus  Americana 

Fagua  Americana  latifolia . 

Fagus  Castanea 

Fagus  Castanea  dentata  . . . 
Fagus  Castanea  pumila  — 


F. 


30 
31 
31 

11,16 
157 
157 
157 
157 
157 
156 

Fagus  ferruginea 157,249,255,258,262,322,350,390,456 

Fagus  J'erruginea,  var.  Caroliniana 157 

Fagus  pumtta, 156 

Fagus  pumila,  var.  prcecox 156 

Fagus  sylvatica '. 157 

Fagus  sylvatica  atropunicea 157 

Fagus  sylvatica,  var.  Americana 157 

F agus  sylvettrte 157 

Fan-leaf  Palm 217,348,414,480 

Farkleberry 96,292,432 

Fetid  Buckeye 42,274,358,422 

,15 


Ficus 


11, 


Ficus  aurea 126,251,254,257,306,376,442 

Ficus  aurea, -vm.latifolia 126 

Ficus  brevifolia 127,250,306 

Ficus  complicata 127 

Ficus  pedunculate 127,250,254,257,306,376,442 

Fiddlewood 116,  30(i,  372,438 

Fig,  Wild 127,306,376,442 

Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead 211,346,412,478 

Fir,  Balsam  (Abies  balsamea) 211,346,412,478 

Fir,  Balsam  (Abies  concolor)  213,346,412,478 

Fir,  Douglas 209,205,344,352,410,476 

Fir,  Rod  (Abies  magnifies) 214,346,412,478 

Fir,  Red  (Abies  nobilis) 214,346,412,478,573 

Fir,  Red  (Pseudotsnga  Douglasii) 209, 265,  344,  352, 410, 476, 565,  575 

Fir,  Red,  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region 7 

Fir,  White  (Abies  concolor) 213,  346,  412,  478 

Fir,  White  (Abies  grandis) 212,346,412,478 

Fir,  Yellow 209,265,344,352,410,470.576 

Fires,  effect  of,  upon  the  forests  of  Tennessee 546 

Fires,  forest,  during  the  eensus  year,  causes  of,  areas  burned  over,  and 

losses  entailed  by  (see,  also,  under  state  headings) 401 ,  W'2 

Fires,  forest,  in  Michigan,  destructiveness  of '. 550 

Fires,  forest,  forests,  standing  timber,  etc.,  extent  of,  in  the — 

North  Atlantic  division 494-510 

Northern  Central  division 547-503 


Page. 

Fires,  forest,  forests,  standing  timber,  etc.,  extent  of,  in  the — continued. 

South  A tlant ic  division 51 1-523 

Southern  Central  division 52-l-.">46 

Western  division 564-580 

Fires,  forest,  forests,  standing  timber,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in — 

Alabama 491,  524-530 

Alaska 580 

Arizona 491,568,569 

Arkansas 491,543.544 

California 491,578-580 

Colorado 491,567,568 

Connecticut 5otj,  "nl 

Dakota    491,561,502 

Delaware 491,511 

District  of  Columbia "'11 

Florida  ... 49J,. 

Georgia   491,5111,520 

Idaho 491,571-573 

Illinois 491,547-550 

Indiana 401,547 

Indian  territory 491.  5J3 

Iowa 491,560 

Kansas    491,562.563 

Kentucky 4»1,  54.r>,  546 

Louisiana  491,5:ir,-MO 

Maine      491,404-496 

Maryland 4iil,Ml 

Massachusetts 491,500,501 

Michigan 491,55n-r54 

Minnesota 491,558-500 

Mississippi 491,530-536 

Missouri  .491,560,561 

Montana    49j,5C<-r,i;6 

Nebraska 562 

Nevada 491,571 

New  Hampshire 491,490-498 

New  Jersey 491,506 

New  Mexico  491,568 

New  York 491,501-506 

North  Carolina 491,515-518 

Ohio   491,547 

Oregon 491,576-578 

Pennsylvania 4,91,506-510 

Rhode  Island 491,500.501 

South  Carolina 491.51S,  519 

Tennessee 492,544,545 

Texas  ..  492,540-543 

Utah 492,569-571 

Vermont 492,498-500 

Virginia  492.511,512 

Washington 492, 573-J70 

West  Virginia 492,512-515 

Wisconsin 492,554-558 

Wyoming 492,560,567 

Fires,  forest,  remarks  respecting  prevalence  of  and  losses  occasioned  by    491-493 

Florida,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  521-523 

Florida,  Pencil  Cedar  of 522 

Florida,  production  of  naval  stores  in .         517 

Florida,  rank  of.  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Florida,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of 522,523 

Florida,  remarks  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Cnrtiss  on  the  forests  of 521,522 

Florida,  Sem  i-tropical  Forest  of 6 

Florida,  Southern  Pine  Belt  in 520 

Florida,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,  520-523 

Florida,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  standing 

in  the  forests  of.  May  31, 1880 521 

Florida,  the  Big  Cypress  region  of 522 

Flowering  Dogwood  (Cornus  florida)  91, 288, 366, 430 

Flowering  Dogwood  (Cornns  Nuttallii) 91, 288,  366, 432 

Fcetataxus  montana 186 

Faetataxus  3Iyristica 186 

Forestiera 11,12,15 

Forestiera  acuminate 112,250,254,257,298,372,438 

Forest  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  census  year,  value  of  the 185 

Forest,  Deciduous,  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain 

Forest  fires  during  the  census  year,  causes  of,  areas  burned  over,  and 

losses  entailed  by  (see,  also,  under  state  headings) 491,  492 

Forest  fires,  remarks  respecting  prevalence  of  and  losses  occasioned  by.  491-493 

Forest,  Interior,  in  the  Pacific  region,  extent  of  the 

Forest,  Mexican,  of  southern  Texas,  extent  of  the 

Forest  of  Florida,  Semi-tropical 

Fot v.-t  Trees,  Catalogue  of 

Forest  Trees,  Index  to  Catalogue  of 220-243 

Forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  extent  of,  in  the — 

North  Atlantic  division 494-510 

Northern  Central  division 547-ot 

South  Atlantic  division v  51 

Southern  Central  division '  524-541 

Western  division 564-580 

Forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in— 

Alabama 491,524-530 

Alaska •"'"« 

Arizona 491,568,569 

Arkansas 491,  543,  544 

California 491,578-580 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


591 


Page. 
Forests,  forest  im-s,  standing  timl.rr.  etc.,  statistics  of,  in— continued. 

Colorado 491, : 

Connecticut 

Dakota <'Ji,.v,i,:,';? 

Delaware 491,511 

,t  of  Columbia 

Florida 491,,v 

Georgia 41)1,  5i:i,.vjo 

Idaho   491,571-073 

Illinois    .' 491,  547-550 

Indiana  491.  ."47 

ludhm  territory ' 

Iowa 4111,5(1" 

Kansas 491.: 

Kentucky  491,  545.  54U 

Louisiana 4!ll.. 

Main,'        491,491    196 

Mars  laud. 491,511 

Mass  rChnSCttS    491. 

•  an  4iii.r,r,ii-r,:.t 

Minnesota 491.: 

Mississippi 4'.ll ,  530-53G 

Missouri. 401,  nun.  mi 

Montana 491,  r,(i4-.jii(i 

Nebraska  *'*J- 

Nevada 491,571 

Xt-w  Hampshire 401,  I : 

New  Jersey 491,506 

Ni-w  Mexico : '• 

Ni-w  York    481,801-606 

North  Carolina 49J.5ir.-518 

Obio     .  491.547 

Oregon 491,576-578 

Pennsylvania 491,508-510 

Rhode  Island 491,500,501 

South  Carolina 491,518,519 

Tennessee 492.544,545 

Texas  ...  492,  5411-.- i:i 

Utah  ..  492,509-571 

Vermont  492,498-500 

Virginia 492,511,512 

Washington 492,  573-576 

West  Virginia 492,512-515 

Wisconsin    492,  554,  558 

Wyoming 492,566,567 

Forests,  mount  a  in.  of  California,  injury  by  grazing  cattle  to  the 579 

Forests  of  North  America,  general  remarks  on  the 3-16 

Forest^  oHoe  r.-ntral  pine  hills  of  Mississippi 534 

Forests  of  the  Chattahoochee,  mixed  forest  growth,  etc.,  in  eastern  Ala- 
bama    527,528 

Forests  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  once  extended  over  the  state  of  Maine.         494 

Forests  of  the  Tennessee  valley  in  Alabama 528, 529 

Forests  of  t!ie  Vnited  States  in  their  economic  aspects 483-580 

Foivstsof  the  Yazoo  delta  in  Mississippi 535,536 

Forests  of  western  Mississippi 534,  535 

Forests  on  Indian  reservations  in  Minnesota 559, 560 

Forked-leaf  Black  Jack 151,320,388,454 

Foxtail  Pine 191,336,402,468 

Frangula  Californica 40 

Fraitgula  Calif  arnica,  var.  tomentetta 41 

Franyula  Caroliniana ' 40 

Franijula  /rayili,* 40 

Frangula  Purshiana 41 

Franklinia 26 

Franklinia  Alatamaha 25 

Fraxinus 11,12,15 

Fraxinus  crcuminata 107 

Fraxinusalba 112 

Fraxinus  alba  (Fraxinus  Americana) 107 

Fraxin un  albicans  (Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa) 108 

I'ruxinus  albicans  (Fraxinns  Americana,  Tar.  Texensis) 108 

Fraxinus  Americana 107,  250, 251, 254, 257, 260,  296, 350,  370,  436 

Fraxinui  Americana  (Fraxinus  platycarpa) 110 

Fraxinus  A  mericana,  var.  Caroliniana - 110 

Frazim't  -1  ix>Ticana,  v&r.juglandifolia 109 

Fraxiiiu*  Americana,  var.  latifolia 107 

I'laxiinis  Amerieana,  var.  microcarpa 108 

Fraxinus  A  mericana,  var.  pubescent 108 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata 110 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata  neruosa 110 

Fraxiitux  Americana,  var.  sambucifolia Ill 

Fraxin  us  A  mericana,  var.  Texensis 108, 249,  254,  257, 296,  370, 414,  436 

Fra.rin>'8  Aincyirana,  var.  triptera 110 

Fraxiuus  anomala 13,106,249,290 

Fraxinus  Berlandicriana 109 

Fraxinus  Canadensis 107 

Fraxinus  Caroliniana  (Fraxinus  platycarpa) 110 

Fraxinus  Caroliniana  (Fraxinus  viridis) 109 

Fraxinus  Carolinfnsis 107 

Fraxinus  ciuerca 112 


J'ruxiiiHS  coriacea  (Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis) 

Fraxinus  coriacea  ( Fraxinus  pistaciffifolia) 

.'  t  spa 

Fraxinus  Curtissii 

F/'fixinus  curvidens 

Fraxinas  ciispidata 

Fruxiuus  diiictalu 

Fraxinus  discolor 

Fraxinus  elliptica 

Fraximis  epiptera 

Fraj:  i  


Page. 

108 

106 

Ill 

108 

110 

112 

112 

107 

112 

107 

110 

n  "«  expansa 109 

Fr.ixhms  i'usca 112 

Fraxinus  yrandifolia Ill 

Fraxinus  Grivgii 106,249,251,296 

Fru.nntiR  juylaiidifolia  (Fraxinus  Americana) 107 

Fi\t  j  iimsjiiijlandifolia  ( Fraximis  viridis) 109 

'<>lia,  var.  serrata 107 

F :-u.>  //?i/.s-  jnrjlandifoUd,  var.  subintefjerrima 109 

FrazinusjuijlaniltJ'uliii,  \-;ir.m:liit(rrata 107 

Fraxinus  lancea 107 

Frfifhniti  longifolUl 108 

Fraxinus  mixta 112 

DtU  fl  frrnsa     110 

Fraxiuns  uigra 112 

Fraxinui  mgra  (Fraxiuus  pubescens) 108 

Fraxinvf  niijra  (Fraxiuus  sambucifolia) Ill 

Fraxinus  nigrescens 110 

Fraxinus  Norte-Anrjlice  (Fraxinns  sambncifolia) Ill 

Fraxinus  Novte-Anglice  (Fraxinus  viridis) 109 

Fraxinus  NuUaUii 110 

Fraxinus  oblongocarpa 108 

Fraxinus  Oregana 111,250,254,257,298,372,438 

Fraxinns  ovata 112 

Fraxinus  pallida HO 

Fraxiuus  pannosa 112 

Fraxinus  pauci flora HO 

Fraxinut  Pennsylvania 108 

Fraxinus  pistacitefolia 13, 106,  249,  254,  257,  296,  370, 434 

Fraxinus  putaciafolia  ( Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis) 1 08 

Fraxinus  pistaci&folia,  var.  coriacea 106 

Fraxinus  platycarpa 110,251,254,257,298,370,436 

Fraxinus  pubescens 108,250,254,257,296,370,436 

Fraxinus  pubesceng HO 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var HI 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  latifolia 108 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  longifolia 108 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  var.  mbpubescens 108 

Fraxinns  pnlvernlenta 112 

Fraxinus  quadrangularis HO 

Fraxinns  quadrangulata 110,249,254,257,260,298,370,436 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  var.  nemosa HO 

Fraxinus  Eichardi H2 

Fraxinus  rubicunda :.....  112 

Fraxiuns  rufa 112 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia 111,250,254,257,298,372,438 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  var.  crispa HI 

Fraxinus  Schiedeana,  var.  parvifolia 106 

Fraxinus  subvillosa - • 108 

Fraxinus  tetragona HO 

Fraxinus  tomentosa 108 

Fraxinus  trialata 1^9 

Fraxinus  triptera HO 

Fraxinus  velutina - 106 

Fraxinus  viridis 12, 109,  249,  251, 254,  257,  260,  298,  370, 436 

Fraxinus  viridis,  var.  Berlandieriana 109,250,298 

Fremontia 10,12,13 

Fremontia  Californica 26,249,268 

Frigolito 58.278 

Fringe  Tree -  H3,  298 

Fuel  in  manufactures  during  the  census  year,  amount  and  value  of  wowil 

used  as - 489 

Fuel  value,  actual,  of  some  of  the  more  important  woods  of  the  United 

States 350-353 

Fuel  value  of  woods,  method  of  determining  the 247, 251, 252 


592 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Gardenia  alunicpfolia 95 

GcigerTree 113,300 

Genera,  distribution  of 1" 

General  remarks  OD  Hie  forests  of  North  America 3-1C 

Genipa 10,14 

Genipa  clusiasfolia 95,249,290 

Georgia  Bark 93,290,360,432 

Georgia,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,519,  520 

Georgia  Pine 202,342,352,400,416,472 

Georgia,  production  of  naval  stores  in -- 517 

Georgia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

<M'ir,-i,i.  .statistics  of  furusts.  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  ...491,519,520 
Georgia,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-leaved  Pine  standing 

in  the  forests  of,  May  31, 1880 520 

Georgia,  tin'  Maritime  Pine  Belt  in 519 

Ghlit  Cactus    90,'J88 

Gigantabies  taxifolia 185 

GiyanMile*  Wellmyluma 184 

Ginger  l>ino 179,332,350,398,464 

Glamberry 28,  268,  356, -(20 

lil.iui-iiiis  Willow 169,328 

Gleilitschia 10, 11,14 

Gleditxctiia  rtquatica 59 

Gltditscli  ia  bracbycarpa 59 

Glcdi  tichia  Oarottnmtit 59 

GletlitSfli  ia  t'.eyaau  59 

Glcditxt -I,  i't  i >uT,/iiH  iCtlcditseliia  monosperraa) 59 

Gleditxchia  inermis  (Gleditschia  triacanthos,  var.  inermis) 59 

Gb'ditscli  ia  macrantha 59 

Gletlitidiia  HcUloba 59 

GlfditscMa  mouosperma 59,249,253,256,280,362,426 

Gleilitschia  xpinosa 59 

Glcditgchia  triacaiitha . 59 

Gloilitsehia  triacanthos 59, 249, 253, 256, 280, 300,  426 

Gleditschia  triacantlios,  var.  brachycarpos 59 

Gleditschia  triacanthos,  var.  inermis 59 

Gleditscltia  triacanthos,  var.  monosperma . 59 

Goose.foot  Maple 46,274 

Gopher  Plum 91,290,366,432 

Gopherwood 67,278,360,426 

G< 


jordo 


.10,11,13 


Gordonia  Franklini 25 

Gordonia  Lasianthus 25,250,253,256,265,268,334,418 

Gordonia  pubescens 25, 248 

Gordonia  pyramidali* 25 

Grape,  Sea 118,302,438 

Gravity,  specific,  ash,  and  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 

wooils  of  the  United  States 206-349 

Gray  Birch  (Betnla  alba,  var.  popnlifolia) ' 159,324,350,392,438 

Gray  Birch  (Betula  lutea) 161,324,392,438 

Gray  Pine 201,342,352,406,472 

Great  Laurel 99,292,368,434 

Great  Plains,  -the 4-6 

Green  Ash 109,298,370,436 

Green-bark  Acacia 60,280, 362,426 

Ground  Ash 111,298,372,438 

Guaiacura ,. 10, 13 

Guaiacmn  angugtifolium 29 

Guaiaeum  sanctum 28,249,253,256,268,356,420 

Guaiacuin  verticals 28 

Guettarda . 10, 15 

Gnettarda  elliptic* 96,249,290 

Guettarda  Modgettii 96 

Guiana  Plum 121, 302, 374, 440 

Gnilandina  dioica 58 

Gum,  Black 92, 290,  366, 43J 

Gum,  C'ottnn 93,290,350,366,432 

Gum,  Doctor 54,278,360,424 

Gum  Elastic 102,294,368,431 

Gum  Elonvi 33,270,350,356,420 

Gum,  Red 86,288,350,364,414,430 

Gum,  Sour 92,290,366,432 

Gum,  Star-leaved 86,286,350,364,414,430 

Gum,  Sweet 86,286,350,364,414,430 


Page. 

Gum,  Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432 

Gumbo  Limbo 33,270,336,420 

Gilrgcon  Stopper 88,288,366,430 

GUTTIKEU.E  35 

(lymnanthes  lucida : 121 

(1  innnobalaniis  Catesbyana nj 

Gymuocladus 10, 11, 14 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis 58,  249,  253,  256,  280,  360,  426 

Gymnacladiis  dioica 53 

n. 

Hark  berry  (Celt  is  occidentalis) 126,306.376,414,442 

Hackbi-rry  (Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata) 126, 3c,6, 37U,  412 

Hackmatack 215,346,352,412,478 

Halesia 11, 15 

Hale-sia  diptera 105,  250,  254, 257,  294,  'aCf,  434 

Hal.  :.ia  parriflora 106 

llriltxin  reticulata 105 

lla'csia  t'  traptera 106,250,296 

llnlh'ia  carnifolia ^ 80 

Ualima  flabcllata 77 

llitlnna  lobata 79 

Halm  ia  punctata 80 

IJalntin  tomeiltusa 79 

HAMAMKI.ACE.B 85.86,253,256,286,364,414,430 

Hamainelis 10, 11, 14 

Ilaitiatiielix  anarogyna 85 

BamomeKt  cor ylif olio, 85 

Ilairiamelia  dioica 85 

Hamamclis  tnacropliylla 85 

llamainclis  parvifolia 85 

Ilamamelif  Virginiana,  var.  parvtfolia 85 

Hamainelis  Virginica 85,24(1.286 

Hard  Maple 48,276,358,422,576 

Hard  Pine 202,342,332,406,416,472 

Haw,  Apple 82,286,364,430 

Haw,  Black 94,  290, 306,  4S'J 

Haw,  Hogs' 75,  284 

Haw,  May 82,286,364,430 

Haw,  Parsley 81,286 

Haw,  Pear 79,286,364,430 

Haw,  Purple 40,272 

Haw,  Rod  (Cratsegus  coccinea) 78,286 

Haw,  Red  (Cratergus  flava,  var.  pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 

Haw,  Scarlet  (Crat<egus  coccinea) 78, 286 

Haw,  Scarlet  (Crafoegus  subvillosa) 78,286,364,430 

Haw,  Small-fruited 81,286,364,430 

Haw,  Summer  (Cratscgus  flava) 83, 286 

Haw,  Summer  (Cratasgus  flava,  far.  pubescens) 83, 286,  304, 430 

Haw,  Yellow 83,286 

Hazel,  Witch 85,286 

Hemlock  and  White  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 5o6 

Hemlock  (Pseuilotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  macroearpa) 210,346,412,478 

Hemlock  (Tsnga  Canadensis) 207, 265,  344,  352, 408.  474,  50S 

Hemlock  (Tsuga  Caroliniana) 207,265,344,410,476 

Hemlock  (Tsnga  Mertensiana) ,....208,265,344,410,476,573,576 

Heteroraeles 10,12,14 

Heteromeles  arbntifolia 83,249,286 

Heteromeles  Frcmontiana 83 

Hcyderia  decurreni 176 

Heymasnoli  fpinoga -- 34 

Hick-trea,  species 133 


Hickoritit  amara 13S 

Hickory,  Big-bud 134,310,350,380,444 

Hickory,  Black  (Carya  porcina) 134,310,350,380,446 

Hickory.  Black  (Carya  tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444 

Hickory,  Brown 134,310,350,380,446 

Hickory  Elm 123,304,374,44* 

Hickory,  Nutmeg  135,310,350,380,446 

Hickory  Pine  (Pinus  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata) 191,336,402,468 

Hickory  Pine  ( Pinus  pungeus)  199,340,350,404,474 

Hickory,  Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444 

Hickory,  Sbell-bark 133,308,330,378,444 

Hickory,  Swamp  (Carya  umara) 135, 310,  350, 380, 44« 

Hickory,  Swamp  (Carya  aquatioa) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 446 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


593 


Page. 

Hickory,  Switcb-bnd 134,310,350,380,446 

Hickory,  Water 136,310,350,380,414,446 

Hickory,  White-heart 134,310,350,380,444 

Hicorius  integrifolia, 135 

nierophyttus  Cassine 36 

Hippomane 11,15 

Hippomane  Mancinella 121,250,304,460 

Hoary  Alder 165, 3_>6,  394, 460 

Hog  Plum  (Prunns  angustifolia) 66,282,362,426 

Ho;;  Plum  (Ehua  Metopium)  54,278,360,424    |j 

Hog  Plum  (Ximenia  Americana) 34,270   j| 

Hogs'  Haw 75,284 

Holly,  American 35,270,356,420   i| 

Holly,  California : 84,286   j[ 

Holly,  Dahoon 35,270,356,420 

Honey  Locust  (Gleditschia  triacanthos) 59,280,360,426    ; 

Honey  Locust!  Prosopis  juliflora) 62, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426   | 

Honey  Pod 62,265,280,350,362,426    j 

Honey  Shucks 59,280,360,426   '] 

Heop  Ash 111,298,372,438   J 

Ilopea  tinctoria 105 

Hop  Hornbeam ,.158,322,390,456 

Hop  Tree : 31,270 

Hornbeam 159,322,392,450    : 

Hornbeam,  Hop 158,322,390,458 

Horse  Plum - 65,282,362,426 

Horse  Sugar 105,294,368,434 

Hypelate 10 

Hypelate  oblongifolia 45 

Hypelate  paniculate 45,249,272,358,422 

Hypelate  trifoliata 45,249,272,422 

Hyperanthera  dioica 58 

Hypericum  Lasianthus 25 

I. 

Idaho,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 572 

Idaho,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Idaho,  remarks  by  Mr.  Sereno  "Watson  on  the  forests  of 572,  573 

Idaho,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,571-573 

...10,11,13 


Ilex 

Ilex  cestivalis 

Ilex  ambtguus  . . . 
Ilex  angustifolia  . 
Ilex  aqttifolium  . . 
Ilex  Canadensia.. 
Ilex  Ccissena 


37 

37 

35 

35 

35 

36 

IlexCassino 36,249,272 

Ilex  Cassine  (Ilex  Dahoon)  35 

Ilex  Cassine,  3 -- 36 

Ilex  Cassine,  var.  angustifolia 35 

Ilex  Cassine,  var.  latifolia 35 

Ilex  cassinoides - • — 35 

Hex  Dahoon , 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 

Hex  Dahoon,  var.  angustifolia 35 

Hex  Dahoon,  var.  myrtifolia 36,250,270 

Hexdecidua * 37,249,272 

Ilex  Floridana '  36 

Hex  laurlfolia •• 35 

Ilex  laxijlora 35 

Ilexligustrifolia 36 

Ilex  ligustrina  (Hex  Cassine)  36 

Hex  ligustrina  (Ilex  Dahoon,  var.  angustifolia) 36 

Hex  myrtifolia 36 

Hexopaca 34,250,253,256,270,356,420 

Ilex  prinoides 37 

Hex  quercif alia...*. 35 

Ilex  religiosa 36 

Ilex  rosmarifolia 36 

Ilex  vomitoria 36 

Ilex  Watsoniana 36 

ILICINEJE 34,253,256,270,356,420 

Illinois,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 548-550 

Illinois  Nut. 132,308,350,378,444 

Illinois,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487, 548 

Illinois,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  flres,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491, 547-550 

38  FOR 


Page. 

Incense  Cedar 176,330,396,462 

Index  to  Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees 220-243 

Indiana,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487. 547 

Indiana,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487, 547 

Indiana,  statistics  of  foresta,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,  547 

Indian  Bean 115,300,372,438 

Indian  Cherry 40,272,358,422 

Indian  territory,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in    491, 543 

India- rublwr  Tree 127,306,376,442 

Industry,  lumber,  commercial  importance  of  Chicago  with  reference  to 

the 548 

Indnstry,  lumbering,  of  the  United  States,  average  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed in  the 486 

Industry,  lumbering,  of  the  United  States,  general  remarks  on 485-493 

Industry,  lumbering,  of  the  United  States,  statistics  of,  for  year  ending 

May  31, 1880 486,487 

Inga  forfex 64 

Inga  Guadalupensis 64 

Inga  microphylla 64 

Ingarosea 64 

Inga  'Unguis-cati 64 

Inkwood 45,274,358,422 

Interior  Forest  in  the  Pacific  region,  extent  of  the 8-10 

Iowa,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487, 560 

Iowa,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487, 560 

Iowa,  statistics  of  forests, 'forest  fires,  standing  timber,  et«.,  in 491,560 

loxylon  pomiferum — 128 

Iron  oak 139,312,382,448 

Ironwood  (Bumelia  lycioides) 103,294/368,434 

Ironwood  (Carpinns  Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456 

Ironwood  (Cliftonia  lignstrina) 38,272,356,420 

Ironwood  (Cyrilla  racemiflora) 37,272,356 

Ironwood  (Hypelate  paniculate) 45,274,358,422 

Ironwood  (Olneya  Tesota) 56,278,360,426 

Ironwood  (Ostrya  Virginica)  158,322,390,456 

Ironwood,  Black 39,272,358,422 

Ironwood,  Red 39,272,358,422 

Ironwood,  White '. 45,274,422 

Islay 70,284,364,428 

IteaCyrilla 37 

Ivy .' 98,292,368,434 

jr. 

Jack,  Black  (Quercus  Catesbffii) , 151,320,388,454 

Jack,  Black  (Quercns  nigva) 150,265,320,350,388,454 

Jack,  Blue 153,320,390,456 

Jack,  Forked-leaved  Black 151,320,388,454 

Jack  Oak 150,265,320,350,388,454 

Jack,  Sand 153,320,390,456 

Jacqninia 11,15 

Jacquinin  armillaris 100,249,292 

Jamaica  Dogwood 87,278,360,426 

Jersey  Pine 199,340,350,404,470,546 

Joewood 100,292 

Joshua,  Tha 219,348 

Joshua  Tree 219^348 

Judas  Tree 61,280,362,426 

JUGLANDACEJ! 130-136,254,257,306,376,414,442 

11,12,15,251 


Juglans - —  - 

Juglans  alba  (Caryaalba) 

Juglans  alba  (Carya  tomentosa) 

Juglans  alba  acuminata 

Juglans  alba  minima ... 

Juglans  alba  ovata 

Juglans  amara — 

Juglans  angustifolia  (Gary a  amara) 

Juglcms  angustijolia  (Carya  olivseformis) 

Juglans  aquatica 

Juglans  California 

Juglans  cathartica. 


133 

133 

134 

, 135 

132 

135 

135 

132 

135 

131 

130 

Juglans  cinerea 130, 250, 254,  257, 260,  306,  376, 442 

Juglans  coinpressa 132 

Juglans  cordiformis -- 135 

Juglans  cylindrica 132 

Juglans  exaltata l3'- 

Juglans  glabra J34 


594 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Juglans  Illinoinensis 

Juglans  ladniosa 

Juglans  mucronata 

Juglans  myristicfeformis. 


Page. 

132 

133 

133 

135 

JuglaDS  nigra 131,  250,  251,  254, 257,  260,  308,  350,  376, 414,  444 

Juglans  nigra  oblontja 131 

Juglans  obcordata 134 

Juglans  oblonga .- 130 

Juglans  oblonga  alba - 130 

Juglans  olivctformis - • 132 

Juglans  oualis 132 

Juglans  ovata 132 

Juglans  Pecan 132 

Juglans  porcina 134 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  obcordata 134 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  pisiformis 134 

Juglans  pyriformis 134 

Juglans  rubra - 132 

Jnglans  rupestris 13,131,250,251,254,257,308,378,444 

Juglans  rupestris,  var.  major 131 

Juglans  squamosa 132 

Juglans  sulcata 133 

Juglans  tomentosa 134 

Jnneberry 84,286,364,430 

Juniper  (Juniperus  Californica) 180, 332 

Juniper  (Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Utahenais)  181, 332 

Juniper  ( Juniperus  occidentalis) 182,  332, 464 

Juniper  (Jnniperus  occidentalis,  oar.  conjugens) 182, 332,398, 464 

Juniper  (Juniperus  occidentalia,  rar.  monosperma) 182, 332, 350 

Juniper  (Juniperus  pachyphloea) 181, 332, 398 

Jnniperus 11,12,16 

Juniperus  Andina 181 

Juniperus  arborescens : 182 

Juniperus  aromatica — 179 

Juniperus  Sarbadensis 182 

Juniperns  Califo-nt6a 180,250,332 

Juniperus  Californica,  Tar.  osteosperma 180 

Jnniperus  Californica,  var.  Utahensis 180,250,332 

Juniperus  Garoliniana —         182 

Juniperus  Cerrosianus 180 

Juniperus  excelsa 181 

Juniperus  faetida,  var.  Tirginiana 182 

Juniperus  Hermanni  (Juniperus  occidentalis) 181 

Juniperus  Hermanni  (Juniperus  Virginiana) 182 

Juniperus  occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464 

Juniperus  occidentalis  (Juniperus  Californica) 180 

Juniperus  occidentalis  (Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Utahensis) 180 

Juniperns  occidentalis,  var.  conjngens 182, 249, 255, 258, 332, 398, 4 64 

Jnniperus  occidentalis,  var.  monosperma 181,249,332,350 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  pleiosperma 181 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  Utahensis 180 

Juniperus  pachyphtoa 13,181,250,332,398 

Juniperus  plochyderma 181 

Juniperus  pyriformis 181 

Juniperus  Sabina  pachyphloea 181 

Juniperus  Sabina,  var.  Virginiana 182 

Juniperus  tetragona  (Juniperus  Californioa) 180 

Juniperus  tetragona,  var.  oeteosperma 180 

Juniperus  Virginiana 12, 182,  250,  255,  258,  263,  332,  398,  464,  544 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  var.  Carolinia.no. — 182 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  var.  Hermanni 182 

Juniperus  Virginiana  mlgaris 1 82 


Kalraia 11,12,15 

Kalmia  latifolia 98,249,254,257,292,368,434 

Kampmania  fraxinifolia 30 

Kansas,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 563 

Kansas,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Kansas,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,562,563 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 58,280,360,426 

Kentucky,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  546 

Kentucky,  pasturage  of  woodlands  in 546 

Kentucky,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Kentucky,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.491, 545, 541) 
King  Nut 134,310,350,380,444 


Page. 

Knackaway  114,300,372,438 

Knob-cone  Tine 196,340,404,470 

Ii. 

Lacathca  Jlorida 25 

Laguncularia  glabrtfolia 87 

Laguncularia  mcemosa 87,249,253,257,288,304,430 

Lancewood 119,  302 

Larch 215,346,352,412,478 

Larch,  Black 215,346,352,412,478 

Larch,  "Western,  the  largest  and  most  valuable  tree  of  the  Columbian 

Basin  in  the  Interior  Forostj 9 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree 21,  266,  354, 418 

Large  Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432 

Larix 11,12,16,575,576 

Larix  Americana 215,250,255,259,264,346,352,412,478 

Larix  Americana  rubra 215 

Larix  Americana,  var.  brevifolia, 216 

Larix  Americana,  v&T.pendula 215 

Larix  Americana,  var.  prol\fera 215 

Larix  decidua,  var.  Americana 215 

Larix  intermedia 215 

Larix  Lyallii 216,248 

Larix  mierocarpa 215 

Larix  occidentalis 216,249,255,259,264,348,414,480,565,574 

Larix  pendula 215 

Larix  tenuifolia 215 

LAUKACR* 118-120,254,157,302,372,438 

Laurel 98,292,368,434 

Lanrel,  Big 19,268,354,414,418 

Laurel,  California 120,302,374,440 

Lanrel,  Great 99,292,368,434 

Laurel,  Mountain , 120,302,374,440 

Laurel  Oak  (Quercns  imbricaria) 154,322,390,456 

Lanrel  Oak  (Quercus  laurifolia) 153,320,390,454 

Laurel,  Swamp 20,266,354,414,418 

Laurel,  'White 20,266,354,414,418 

Laurocerasus  Caroliniana 69 

Laurocerasus  ilicifolia 70 

Laurus  Borbonia — 118 

Lauras  Caroliniana 118 

Laurus  Carolinensis 118 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  glabra 118 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  obtusa 118 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  pubescent 119 

Laurus  Catesbcei 119 

Laurus  Catesbyana 119 

Laurus  regia - 120 

Laurus  sanguinea 119 

Laurus  Sassafras i 119 

Lawson's  Cypress 179,332,350,398,464 

Leaf,  Sweet 105,294,368,434 

LBOUMINOS.B 55-64,253,256,278,360,414,424 

Leguminosae  (Mexican) 6 

Leptocarpa  Garoliniana 69 

Letter  of  transmittal ix 

Leucsena -* 6,10,12,14 

Lencffinaglanca 62,249,280 

Leucasna  pulverulent* 63,249,280 

Leverwood 158,322,390,456 

Libocedrns 8,11,12,16 

Libocedrus  decurrens 176,250,255,258,330,396,462 

Lignum-vitiB - 28,268,356,420 

LILIACEJ5 218,219,348 

Lime,  Ogeechee 91,290,366,432 

Lime  Tree .....27,268,356,418 

Lime,  Wild  (Xanthoxylum  Pterota) 31,270 

Lime,  Wild  (Ximenia  Americana) 34,270 

Lin 27,268,356,418 

Linden,  American 27,268,350,356,418 

Liquidambar 10,11,14 

Liquidambar  macrophytta 86 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua 86,  250, 253,  256,  260,  286,  350,  364, 414, 430 

Liquidambar  Styracifl.ua,  var.  Mexicana 86 

Liqnidamber 86,286,350,364,414,430 

Liriodendron 10,11,13 

Liriodmdron  procera 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


595 


Page. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera 22,250,253,258,259,260,350,354,418 

Live  Oak  (Quercus  chrysolepis) 146,318,386,452 

Live  Oak  (Qnercos  virens) 145,265,316,386,452 

Live  Oak  (Quorcus  Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 

Live  Oak,  Coast 147,318,386,452 

Loblolly  Bay 25,205,268,354,418 

Loblolly,  Long-  and  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Texas 

May  31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 

Loblolly  Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 

Locust  (Robinia  Neo  Mexicana) 56,278,360,426 

Locust  (Robinia  Pseudacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424 

Locust,  Black  (Gleditsobia  triacanthos) 59,  280,  360,  426 

Locust,  Black  (Eobinia  Pseudacacia) 55, 278, 350, 360, 414, 424 

Locust,  Clammy 56,278 

Locust,  Honey  <Gkjditschia  triacanthos) 59,280,360,426 

Locust,  Honey  (Prosopis  juliflora) .' 82,  265,  280, 350,  362,  426 

Locust,  Sweet 59,280,360,426 

Locust,  Water 60,280,362,426 

Locust,  Yellow 55,278,350,360,414,424 

Lodge-pole  Pine 195,338,350,404,470,564,574,577 

Logs  rafted  out  of  the  Snsquehanna  boom  at  Williamsport,  Pennsyl- 
vania, from  1862  to  1880,  number  of 508 

Logwood 4°,272 

Long-  and  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Alabama  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 524 

Long-  and  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Louisiana  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 537 

Long-  and  Short  leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Mississippi  May 

31, 1880,  uibnliy  statement  of  the  amount  of 531 

Long-leaved  Cucumber  Tree 22,266,354,418 

Long-leaved,  Loblolly,  and  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of 

Texas  May  31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Long-leaved  Pino 202,  342,  352,  406,  416,  472, 516,  519-521,  524,  531,  537,  541 

Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Florida  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of - 521 

Long-leaved  Pino  standing  in  the  forests  of  Georgia  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 520 

Long-leaved  Piue  standing  in  the  forests  of  North  Carolina  May  31, 1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 516 

Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  South  Carolina  May  31,  1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 519 

Long-leaved  Piue,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine 

Belt * 

Louisiana,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 536,  537 

Louisiana,  moss-ginning  industry  in 537, 538 

Louisiana,  production  of  naval  stores  in 517,  536,  537 

Louisiana,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Louisiana,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of 538-540 

Louisiana,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .491,536,540 
Louisiana,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-  and  Short-leaved 

Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 537 

Lumber  and  shingles  received  at  Chicago  during  the  year  1880,  amount  of.  548, 549 
Lumber  for  Colorado,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico,  Chicago  the  principal 

sousce  of  supply  of 568,569 

Lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in— 

Alabama 486,487,524,525 

Arizona 486,487,569 

Arkansas 486,487,544 

California 486,487,578,580 

Colorado 486,487,567,568 

Connecticut 486,487,500,501 

Dakota 486,487,561 

Delaware 486,487,511 

District  of  Columbia 486,487 

Florida 486,487,521,523 

Georgia 486,487,519,620 

Idaho 486,487,572 

Illinois 486,487,548-550 

Indiana 486,487,547 

Iowa 486,487,560 

Kansas 486,487,563 

Kentucky 486,487,546 

Louisiana 486,487,536.537 

Maine 488,487,494-496 

Maryland 486,487,511 

Massachusetts 486,487,500,501 

Michigan 486,487,551,552 

Minnesota 486,487,558 

Mississippi 486,487,531 

Missouri 486,467,560,561 

Montana  488,487,5114 

Nebraska 486,487,562 

Nevada , 4*6,487,571 

New  Hampshire '.  .486, 487,  497,  498 

New  Jersey 4m,  487,  5uG 


Page. 
Lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in — continued. 

NewMoiico 486,487,56» 

New  York 486,  467,  502- ."« i  "> 

North  Carolina 486,  487,  f,l  :> 

Ohio       4SO.  4<-7.  M7 

Oregon 4«i,  4*7,  r.77 

Pennyslvania 486,487,506-510 

Ithode  Island .486,487,500,501 

South  Carolina 486,  487,  51S,  :>11> 

Tennessee 486,487,545 

Texas  486,487,541,542 

Utah 486,487,569 

Vnmont 486,487,498-500 

Virginia 486,487,512 

Washington 486, 4X7,  ,r>7+ 

West  Virginia 486,487,512-515 

Wisconsin 486, 487,  554,  ,r>r>6 

Wyoming 486,487,567 

Lumber  industry,  commercial  importance  of  Chicago  with  reference  to  the         548 

Lumber  industry  of  the  Saginaw  valley  in  Michigan 

Lumber  industry  of  the  United  States,  general  remarks  on 485-493 

Lumber  market,  importance  of  Burlington,  Vermont,  as  a 499 

Lumber  market,  rank  of  Albany,  New  York,  as  a 503 

Lum  ber  trade  of  Chicago,  early ; 549,  550 

Lumbering  industry  of  the  United  States,  average  number  of  hands 

employed  in 486 

Lumbering  industry  of  the  United  States,  statistics  of,  for  year  ending 

May  31,  1880 486,487 

Lumbermen  of  Washington  territory,  wasteful  methods  of 574 

Lyonia  arborea 98 

Lyonia  fermgvnea 96 

Lyonia  rigida 96 

Lysiloma 10,14 

Lysiloma  Bahamentit 64 

Lysiloma  latisiliqna 64,250,282,362,426 

M. 

Madura 11,15 

Madura  aurantiaca 128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542 

Madeira 34,270,350,356,420 

Madrofia 97,292,368,432 

Magnolia 10,11,13 

Magnolia  acuminata... 20,250,253,256,259,266,354,418 

Magnolia  auricularis 

Magnolia  airriculata 22 

Magnolia  cordata 20,250,253,256,266,354,418 

Magnolia  De  CandoUii 20 

Magnolia  fragrant 20 

Magnolia  Fraseri 22,250,253,256,266,354,418 

Magnolia  glauca '. 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  latifolia 20 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  longifolia 20 

Magnolia  grandiflora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418,534 

Magnolia  grandiflora,  var.  eUiptiea  and  obovata 19 

Magnolia  grandijlora,  var.  lanceolata 19 

Magnolia,  longifolia 20 

Magnolia  macrophylla 21,250,253,256,266,354,418 

Magnolia,  Mountain 20,266,354,418 

Magnolia  pyramidata •- 22 

Magnolia  tripetala 21 

Magnolia  Umbrella 21,250,253,256,266,354,418 

Magnolia  Yirginiana,  var.  a.  glauca 20 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  p.fcetida 19 

Magnolia  Yirginiana,  var.  e 20 

lUagnolia  Virginiana,  var.  tripetala 21 

MAGNOLIACE*  19-22,253,256,266,354,414,418 

Mahogany '. 34,270,350,356,420 

Mahogany  Birch 162,324,392,458 

Mahogany,  Mountain,  and  the  Nut  Pine  the  most  important  trees  of  the 

Interior  Forest 9 

Mahogany,  Mountain  (Cercocarpus  ledifolius) 71, 284,  350,  428, 569,  571 

Mahogany,  Mountain  (Cercocarpus  parvifolius) 71, 284,  569,  57 1 

Maine,  forests  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  once  extended  over  the  state  of.         494 

Maine,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  494-496 

Maine,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Maine,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,494,496 

Maine,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Pine  and  Spruce  standing  in 

the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 494 

MALI-IOHIACK.E 28, 253, 256,,208,  356,  420 

Malpighia  lucida -8 

Mains  angustifolia 72 

J/<r/w.*  coronaria 72 


596 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Mains  diversifolia 

Malus  microcarpa  coronaria 

Malus  rivularis 

Main x  setnpervirens 

Malus  subcordata 


Page. 

73 

72 

73 

72 

73 

Manchineel 121,304 

Manchuieel,  Mountain 54,278,360,424 

Mancinella  venenata 121 

Mangrove 87,265,288,364,430 

Mangrove,  Black 117,302 

Mangrove,  White 87,288,364,430 

Maple,  Ash-leaved 51,276,360,124 

Maple,  Black  Sugar .49,276,350,358,424 

Maple,  Broad-leaved 47,274,358,422 

Maple,  Dwarf .-. 48,274 

Maple,  Goose-foot 46,274 

Maple  Hard 48,276,358,422,576 

Maple.  Mountain 46,274 

Maple,  Red 50,276,358,424 

Maple,  Rock 48,276,358,422 

Maple,  Silver 49,276,358,424 

Maplo,  Soft  (Acer  dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424 

Maplo,  Soft  (Acer  rubrum) 50,276,358,424 

Maple,  Striped 46,274 

Maple,  Sugar 48,276,358,422 

Maple  sugar  and  molasses  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1879,  amount 

of 485 

Maple,  Swamp 50,276,358,424 

Maple,  Tine 47,274,358,422 

Maple,  Water 50,276,358,424 

Maple,  White 49,276,358,424 

Maritime  Pine  Belt  in  Georgia 519 

Maritime  Pine  Belt  in  Mississippi 532 

Maritime  Pine  Belt  in  North  Carolina 515 

Maritime  Pine  Region  in  Alabama 525 

Marlbcrry 100,292 

Marylantt,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,511 

Maryland,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Maryland,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491, 511 

Massachusetts,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in.  .486, 487,  500, 501 

Massasbnsetts,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Massachusetts,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 491,500,501 

Massachusetts,  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  in 500 

Mastic 101,292,368,434 

Maul  Oak 146,316,386,452 

May  Cherry  '. 84,286,364,430 

May  Haw 82,286,364,430 

Meadow  Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474 

MEUACEJK 33,34,253,256,270,356,420 

Melicocca  panieulata 45 

Melilobus  heterophylla 59 

Mespilus  acerifolia —  80 

Mespilus  testivalis 82 

Mespilus  apiifolia 81 

Mespilus  arborea 84 

Mespilus  arbutifolia 83 

Mespilus  Azarolus 81 

Mespilus  berberifolia ;..  82 

Mespilus  Bosciana 77 

Mespilus  Calpodeiidron 79 

Mespilus  Canadensis 84 

Mespilus  Canadensis,  var.  cordata 84 

Mespilus  Canadensis,  var.  oboialis -. .  v  85 

Mespilus  Caroliniana 82 

Mespilus  coccinea 77 

Mespilus  cordata 80 

Mfspilus  cornifolia 80 

Mespilus  Crus-galli 76 

Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var. puracanihifolia 76 

Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var.  salicifolia 76 

Mespilus  cuneifolia  (Cratiegus  Crus-galli) 76 

Mespilus  cuneifolia  (Crataegus  toiuentosa,  var.  punctata) 80 

Mfspilus  cuneiformis 76 

Mespilus  elliptica  (Cratsegus  Crnsgallii $6 


Page. 

Mespilus  elliptica  (Crategus  flava,  var.  pubescens) 83 

Metpilit  flabellata 77 

Mespilus  flava 82 

Mespilus  flsxispina- 82 

Mespilus  glandulosa 77 

Mespilus  hicmalis 83 

Mespilus  latifolia 79 

Mespilus  linearis 77 

Mespilus  lobata 79 

Mespilus  lucida 76 

Mespilus  lucida,  var.  anguslifolia 77 

Mespilus  Michauxii 83 

Mespilus  monogyna,  var.  apiifolia 81 

Mespilus  nivea 84 

Mespilus  odorata 79 

Mespilus  oialifolia . — 76 

Mespilus  Phcenopyrum 80 

Mfspilus  populifolia —  78 

Mespilus  pruinosa 79 

Mespilus  prunettifolia 76 

Mespilus  prunifolia - 77 

Mespilus  pubescens 77 

Mespilus  punctata 80 

Mespilus  pyrifolia  (Crata-gus  tomentosa) 79 

Mespilus  pyrifolia  (Crattegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata) 80 

Mespilus  rolundifolia  (Cratajgus  coccinea) 77 

Mespilus  rotundifolia  (Cratsegus  Crns-galli,  var.  prunifolia) 77 

Mespilus  salicifolia 70 

Mespilus  spathulata 81 

Mef<pilus  tilicpfolia ! 78 

Mespilus  turbinata 82 

Mespilus  viridis 78 

Mespilus  Watsoniana 76 

Mespilus  Wendlandii 77 

Mesquit 62,265,280,350,362,426 

Mesquit,  Screw-pod 62,280,362,426 

Mesquit  the  most  important  species  in  the  valleys  of  the  Atlantic  Mexi- 
can region 9 

Method  of  determining  the  fuel  value  of  woods 247,251,252 

Method  of  determining  the  strength  of  woods 252 

Metopium  Linncei 54 

Mexican  Banana 219,348 

Mexican  Forest  of  southern  Texas,  extent  of 6 

Mexican  Mulberry 128,306 

Mexican  Persimmon 105,2(14 

Michauxia  sessilis 25 

Michigan,  destrnctiveness  of  forest  fires  in 550 

Michigan,  Itfmber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in v*S6. 487, 551,  552 

Michigan ,  lumber  industry  of  the  Saginaw  valley  in 552 

Michigan,  maple-sugar  product  of 551 

Michigan,  rank  of  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487, 552 

Michigan,  remarks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of 553,  554 

Michigan,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. .491,  550-554 
Michigan,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  standing  in 

the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 551 

Mimosa  biceps 62 

Mimosa  frondosa 62 

Mimosa  glauca 62 

Mimosa  Guadalupensis 64 

Mimosa  latisiliqua • 64 

Mimosa  leucocephala 

Mimosa  rosea - 

Mimosa  TJnguis-cati 64 

Mimusops -- — 11, 15 

Mimusops  dissectft - 10-* 

Mimusops  Sieberi 103,249,254,257,294,368,434 

Minnesota,  forests  on  Indian  reservations  in 559,  560 

Minnesota,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,558 

Minnesota,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487, 559 

Minnesota,  remarks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of 559,560 

Minnesota,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.. 491,  558-5GO 
Minnesota,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  standing  in 

the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 558 

Minnesota,  the  Northern  Pina  Belt  in 

Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain,  Deciduous  Forest  of  the 4 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


597 


Page. 

Mississippi,  forests  of  the  central  pine  hills  of 534 

Mississippi,  forests  of  the  Tazoo  delta  iu 535, 536 

Mississippi,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  531 

Mississippi,  pine  forests  of  the  northeastern  counties  of 532-534 

Mississippi,  production  of  naval  stores  in 517,  531,  532,  536 

Mississippi,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Mississippi,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of —  . .  531-536 

Mississippi,  southern,  pine  forests  of 531,  532 

Mississippi,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.  .491, 530-536 
Mississippi,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-  and  Short-leaved 

Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 531 

Mississippi,  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt  in 532 

Mississippi,  western,  forests  of 534,  535 

Missouri,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  560,  561 

Missouri,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487,561 

Missouri,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.. 491, 560,  561 

Mobile  the  principal  center  of  wood  manufacture  in  Alabama 525 

Mocker  Nut 134,310,350,380,444 

Mock  Orange 70,284,362,428 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  and  the  turpentine  industry  of 

Alabama  by 525-53 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Florida  by 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Louisiana  by 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Mississippi  by 531-536 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Texas  by 542,543 

Molasses  and  sugar,  maple,  produced    in  the  United  States  in  1879, 

amount  of 485 

Montana,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,564 

Montana,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Montana,  remarks  by  Mr.  Sereno  Watson  on  the  forests  of 565,566 

Montana,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in...  491, 564-566 

Monterey  Cypress - 179,332,398,464 

Monterey  Pine 196,340,404,470 

Moose  Elm  122,304,374,440 

Moosewood 46,274 

Morns  Canadensis  (Lamarck  and  Kaflnesque) 127 

Morns  microphylla 12,128,249,306 

127 

128 

127 

, 127 

127 

Morus  rubra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 

Morus  rubra,  var.  Canadensii 12t 

Morus  rubra,  var.  incisa 127 

Morns  rubra,  var.  tomentosa 127 


2Iorux  Missouriensis  ..............  •' 

Morus  parrifolia  (Morns  microphylla) 
Moms  parvifolla  (Morns  rubra) 
Moms  reticulata 
Morus  riparia 


Morus  scabra  ..........................................  •  ..............  —          127 

Morus  tomentosa  .....................................  .  ...................         127 

Moss-ginning  industry  in  Louisiana  .....................................  537,  538 

Mossy  onp  Oak  ...............................................  140,265,314,384,448 

Mountain  Ash  (Pyrus  Americana)  .....................................  73,284,428 

Mountain  Ash  (Pyrus  sambucifolla)  ...............................  74,284,364,428 

Mountain  forests  in  California,  pasturage  of  ............................  579,  580 

Mountain  Laurel  ..................................................  120,302,374,440 

Mountain  Magnolia  ...............................................  20,266,354,418 

Mountain  Mahogany  and  the  Nut  Pine  the  most  important  trees  of  the 
Interior  Forest  .:  ............  .  .........................................  9 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Cercocarpns  ledifolius)  ..............  71,  284,  350,  428,  569,  571 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Cercocarpns  parvifolius)  ....................  71,  284,  569,  571 

Mountain  Manchineel  ............................................  54,278,360,424 

MounUiu  Maple  ..............................................  «-  .........     46,274 

Mountain  Plum  ..........................................................    34,270 

Mountain  White  Oak  .............................................  143,316,386,450 

Mulberry,  Mexican  ......................................................  128,306 

Mulberry,  Red  ...................................................  128,306,376,442 

Myglnda  ................................................................      10,13 

Myginda  pallens  .......................................................  38,249,272 

Mylacaryum  ligustrinum  .................................................  38 

..11, 


Myrica  cerifera,  var.  arborescent! 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  latifolia 

Myrica  ft'rifera,  var.  media  

Myrica  cprifera,  var.  pumUa 

Myrica  Pennsylvania 

,!/'"'""  Xolapensis 

MYKICACE.E 136,137,254,257,312,380,446 

MYIISINACEJE 99,100,282 

rrsine 


Page. 
136 
136 
136 
136 
136 
137 


Myr 


11,15 


Myrie 


,  12, 15 


Myrica  Californiea 137,249,254,257,312,380,446 

Myrica  Carolincnsis 136 

Myrica  cerifera 136,250,254,257,312,380,440 

Myrica  cerifera  humilis 136 

Myrica  cerifera  sempenirens 136 

Myrica  cerifera,  var.  angustifolia 136 


Myrsine  fioribunda 99 

Myrsine  Floridana 99 

Myrsine  Rapanea 99, 1'-i  '.  -Jli'j 

MYBTACEJE 88, 89, 253, 257, 288,  366, 430 

Myrtle,  Blue 41,27:: 

Myrtle,  Wax 136,312,380,446 

Myrtus  axillaris 88 

Myrtus  buxifelia 88 

Myrtus  Chytraculia 88 

Myrtus  dichotoma 88 

Myrtus  monticola 89 

Myrtus  Poireti 88 

Myrtus  procera 89 

If. 

• 

Naked  Wood  (Colubrina  reclinata) 42,274,358 

Naked  Wood  (Eugenia  dichotoma)  88,288 

Nannyberry 94,290,432 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Alabama 517,527,529,530 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Florida 517 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Georgia 517 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Louisiana .517,  536,  537 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Mississippi 517, 531, 532, 536 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  North  Carolina 516-518 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  South  Carolina 517 

Nebraska,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 562 

Nebraska,  rank  of.  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Nebraska,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 562 

Necklace  Poplar 175,330,350,396,462 

Nectandra 11,15 

Nectandra  Bredemeieriana 119 

Nectandra  Willdenoviana 119,249,302 

Negundium  fraxinifolium '. 51 

Negundo 10-13 

Negundo  aceroldes 12,50,250,253,256,276,360,424 

Negundo  aceroides  (Negundo  Californicnm) 51 

Negundo  Californicum 51,250,253,256,276,360,424 

Negundo  Californicum  (Negundo  aceroides) 51 

Negundo  fraxinifolium 51 

Negundo  lobatum 51 

Negundo  Mexicanum 51 

Negundo  trifoliatum 51 

Nevada,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 571 

Nevada,  rank  of,  according  to  lumber  prodncts 487 

Nevada,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491, 571 

Newcastle  Thorn 76,286,364,430 

New  Hampshire,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 

497,  498 

New  Hampshire,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  prodncts 487 

New  Hampshire,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of 497 

New  Hampshire,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in  491,496-498 

New  Hampshire,  tabular  statement  of  the  amonnt  of  Spruce  standing  in 

the  forests  of,  May  31, 1880 496 

New  Jersey,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  506 

New  Jersey,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  Jersey,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. . .  491, 506 

New  Mexico,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  568 

New  Mexico,  rauk  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  Mexico,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. .  491. 568 
New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Colorado,  Chicago  the  principal  source  of  supply 

of  lumber  for 568,569 

New  York,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,502-505 

New  Yoik,  Miiiple-su^ar  product  °f ®^ 

New  York,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  York,  rank  of  Albany,  as  a  lumber  market 503 


598 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

New  York,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of 501-506 

New  York,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.  191,  501-506 

New  York,  the  Northern  Tine  Belt  in 501 

North  American  continent,  division  of  the,  with  reference  to  its  forest 

geography — 

North  American  forests,  general  remarks  on  the 3-16 

North  Atlantic  division,  extent  of  forests,  standing  timber,  forest  flres, 

..  494-510 


etc., 


>  tin 


North  Carolina,  grades  of  tar  and  rosin  produced  in 517 

North  Carolina,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  515 

North  Carolina,  production  of  naval  stores  in 516-518 

North  Carolina,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

North  Carolina,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in  496,515-518 

North  Carolina,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-leaved  Pine 

standing  in  the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 516 

North  Carolina,  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt  in 515 

Northern  Central  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber, 

..  547-563 


etc..  in  the. 


3,4 

7 

494 
500 
500 
558 
501 
500 

4 


Northern  Forest  in  the  Atlantic  region 

Northern  Forest  in  the  Pacific  region,  extent  of  the 

Northern  Pine  Belt,  forests  of  the,  once  extended  over  the  State  of  Maine 

Northern  Pino  Belt  in  Connecticut 

Northern  Pino  Belt  in  Massachusetts 

Northern  Pine  Belt  in  Minnesota '. 

Northern  Pine  Belt  in  New  York 

Northern  Pine  Belt  in  Rhode  Island 

Northern  Pine  Belt  in  the  Atlantic  region 

Norway  Pine 192,336,350,402,468 

Nut,  Bitter 135,310,350,380,446 

Nnt,Bull ~ 134,310,350,380,444 

Nut,  Coffee 58,280,360,426 

Nut,  Illinois 132,308,350,378,444 

Nut,  King 134,310,350,380,444 

Nut,  Mocker 134,310,350,380,444 

Nut,  Pig 134,310,350,380,446 

Nut  Pine  and  the  Mountain  Mahogany  the  most  important  trees  of  the 

Interior  Forest 9 

Nut  Pine  (Pinus  cembroides) 190,336 

Nut  Pine  (Pinus  edulis) 190,336,402,468 

Nut  Pine  (Pinns  monophylla)  190,336,350,402,468 

Nnt  Pino  (Pinus  Parryana) 189,336,402,468 

Nut,  Tallow 34,270 

Nutmeg,  California 186,334,400,466 

Nutmeg,  Hickory 135,310,350,380,446 

NYCTAGINACE.B 117,254,257,302,372,438 

Nyssa 10,11,14 

Nyssa  angulisans 

Nyssa  angulosa 

Nyssa  aquatica  (Nyssa  sylvatica) 

Nyssa  aquatica  (Nyssa  uniflora) 

Nyssa  biflora 

Kyssa  Canadensis 

Nyssa,  candicans 

Nyssa  capitata 91,250,253,257,290, 

Nyssa  capitata,  var.  grandident&ta 

Nyssa  Caroliniana 

Nyssa  coccinea 

Nyssa  denticulata 

Nyssa  yrandidenlata 

Nyssa  integrifolia 

Nyssa  moictana — 

Nyssa  multijlora 

Nyssa  multiflora,  var.  sylvatica 

Nyssa  Ogeche 

Nyssa  palustris 

Nyssa  s.ylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290, 

Nyssa  tomcntosa  (Nyssa  capitata) 

Nyssa  tomcntosa  (Nyssa  unifiora) 

Nyssa  uniflora 92,250,253,257,260,290,350, 

Nyssa  villosa 


93 
93 
92 
92 
92 
92 
91 

366,  432 
93 
92 
91 
92 
93 
92 
91 
92 
99- 
91 
93 

366,  432 
91 
93 

360, 432 


Oak,  Bartram's 

Oat,  Basket 


153,320,390,456 
141,  316,  384, 416.  450 


Pnge. 

Oak,  Black  (Qnercus  Emoryi) 146,265,318,386,452 

Oak,  Black  (Qnercus  KelloggU) 149,265,320,388,416,454 

Oak,  Black  (Quercus  rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 

Oak,  Black  (Qucrcus  tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528 

Oak,  Blue 143,316,386,450 

Oak,  Burr 140,265,314,284,448 

Oak,  Chestnut  (Quercus  densiflora) 155, 265,  322,  390, 456,  576,  578, 580 

Oak,  Chestnut  (Quercus  prinoides) 143,  2C5,  316,  384,450 

Oak.  Chestnut  (Quercns  Prinns) 142,  265, 316,  350,  384,  416,  450 

Oak,  Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450 

Oak,  Coast  Live  . 147,318,386,452 

Oak,  Cow 141.316,384,416,450,633 

Oak,  Duck 152,320,350,388,416,454 

Oak,  Iron 139,312,382,448 

Oak,  Jack 150,265,320,350,388,454 

Oak,  Laurel  (Qnercns  imbricaria) 154, 322,  300, 456 

Oak,  Laurel  (Quercns  laurifolia) 153,320,390,454 

Oak,  Live  (Quercus  chrysolepis) ...146,318,386,452 

Oak,  Live  (Quercus  virens) 145,265,316,386,452 

Oak,  Live  (Qnercus  Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 

Oak,  Maul 146,318,386,452 

Oak,  Mossy-cup 140,265,314,384,448 

Oak,  Mountain  White 143,316,386,450 

Oak,  Over-cup  (Quercus  lyrata) 140, 314,  350,  384, 450,  533 

Oak,  Over-cup  (Quercns  macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448 

Oak,  Peach  (Quercus  densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 

Oak,  Peach  (Quercus  Phellos) 154,322,300,456 

Oak,  Pin 152,320,388,454 

Oak,  Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454 

Oak,  Post 139,312,382,448,528 

Oak,  Punk 152,320,350,388,416,454 

Oak,  Quercitron 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Oak,  Red  (Qnercns  falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454 

Oak,  Hod  (Quercus  rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 

Oak,  Bed  (Qnercns  rubra,  var.  Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452 

Oak,  Kock  Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 

Oak,  Scarlet 148,318,388,452 

Oak,  Scrub  (Qnercns  Catesba;!) 151,320,388,454 

Oak,  Scrub  (Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii) 139,  314, 384, 448 

Oak,  Shingle 154,322,390,450 

Oak,  Spanish .151,265,320,350,388,454,528 

Oak,  Swamp  Post .....140,314,350,384,450 

Oak,  Swamp  Spanish 152, 320,  38S,  454 

Oak,  Swamp  White 141,314,384,450 

Oak,  Tanbark 155,265,322,390,456 

Oak,  Turkey .151,320,388,454 

Oak,  Upland  Willow 153,320,390,456 

Oak,  Valparaiso 146,318,386,452 

Oak,  Water  (Quercns  aquatica) 152,  320, 350,  388, 4 16, 454 

Oak,  Water  (Quercns  palustris) 152,320,388,454 

Oak,  Water  White 140,314,350,384,  450 

Oak,  Weeping 138,312,382,448 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  alba) 137,265,312,350,380,414,446 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  Garryana) 138,312,350,382,448,576 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  gvisea) 144,316,386,452 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  lobata) 138,312,382,448 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  oblongifolia) 144,316,386,452 

Oak,  Willow 154,322,290,456 

Oak,  Yellow  (Quercns  prinoides) 143,205,316,384,450 

Oak,  Yellow  (Quercns  tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Oak,  Yellow-bark 149,265,318,350,388,454 

ObispoPine 200,340,404,472 

(Enocarpus  regia - 218 

Ogeechec  Lime 91,290,366,432 

Ohio  Buckeye 42,274,358,422 

Ohio,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,  547 

Ohio,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487,  587 

Ohio,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  is 491, 547 

GLACISES 34,270 

Old-field  Birch 159,324,350,392,458 

Old-fieldPine 197,340,350,404,416,470 

Old  Man's  Beard 113,298 

Olea  Americana 113 

OLKACKJC 106-113,254,257,296,370,434 

Olive,  California 120,302,374,440 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


599 


Page. 

Olneya 10,12,14 

Olneya  Tesota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426 

Orange,  Mock 70,284,362,428 

Orange,  Osage 128,306,376,442 

Orange,  Wild  (Prunus  Carolinians)  70,284,302,428 

Oran ge,  Wild  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Herculis) 30,  270,  356,  429 

Orchidocarpum  arietinum S3 

Oregon  Ash 111,298,372,438 

Oregon  Cedar 179,332,350,398,464 

Oregon  Crab  Apple 73,284 

Oregon,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 577 

Oregon  Pine 209,205,344,352,410,476 

Oregon,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Oregon,  remarks  by  Mr.  Sereno  Watson   on   the   forests   of  certain 

counties  of 577, 578 

Oregon,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  flres,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  ...  491, 576-578 

Oreodaphne  California 120 

Oreortosa 11,16 

Oreodoxa  oleracel - -•          218 

Oreodoxa  regia 218,250,348,352 

Original  forest  of  the  District  of  Columbia  replaced  by  Oak,  Scrub  Pine, 

etc 511 

Osage  Orange 128,306,376,442 

Osmantbns 11,15 

Osmanthus  Americanus 113,249,254,257,300.372,438 

Ostrya 11,16 

Ostrya  Tirginiana 158 

Ostrya  Virginica 158,249,255,258,322,390,456 

Ostrya  Virginica,  var.  eglandulosa 158 

Ostrya  Virginica,  var.  glandulosa — 158 

Over-cup  Oak  (Quercns  lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450.533 

Over-cup  Oak  (Qnercns  macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448 

Oxydendrnm 11,15 

Oxydendrnm  arboreum 98,249,254,257,292,308,434 

P. 

Pacific  Coast  Forest,  the 7 

Pacific  region,  the 6-10 

Padus  cartilaginea - 68 

Padus  demissa 69 

Padus  serotina 68 

Padus  Virginiana 68 

Palm,  Fan-leaf 217,348,414,480 

Palm,  Eoyal 218,348,352 

Palma  argentea 218 

PALMACEJS 217,218,255,259,348,414,480 

Palmetto,  Cabbage 217,348,352 

Palmetto  Sabal 217,250,348,352 

Palmetto,  Silk-lop 217,348 

Palmetto,  Silver-top 218,348 

Palo  Blanco 126,306 

Palo  Verde 60,280,362,426 

Papaw 23,266,354,418 

Paper  Birch 160,324,350,392,458 

Paradise  Tree 32,270,356,420 

Parkinsonia 10-12,14 

Parkinsonia  aculeata 12,60,250,280 

Parkinsonia  microphylla 60,249,280 

Parkinsonia  Torreyana 60,250,253,256,280,362,426 

Parsley  Haw .' 81,286 

Pasania  densijlora — . 155 

Pavia  Californica 43 

Pavia  earned — 42 

Pavia  discolor 43 

Panto  flava 43 

Pavia  glabra 42 

Pavia  hybrida 43 

Pavia  lutea 43 

Pavia  neglecta 43 

Pavia  pallida 42 

Pavia  Watsoniana 42 

Peach  Oak  (Quercus  densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 

Peach  Oak  (Quercus  Phellos) 154,322,390,456 

Peach,  Wild 70,284,362,428 

Pearllaw..  79,286,364,430 


Page. 

Pecan 132,308,350,378,444 

Pecan,  Bitter 138,310,350,380,414,446 

Pecan-nut,  the,  an  important  product  west  of  the  Colorado  river  in 

Texas 543 

522 

506-510 
487 
507-510 


Pencil  Cedar  of  Florida 

Pennsylvania,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in .  .488, 487, 

Pennsylvania,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 

Pennsylvania,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of 

Pennsylvania,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  flres,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 491,506-510 

Pennsylvania,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  and  Hem- 
lock standing  in  the  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 506 

Pepperidge 92,290,366,432 

Pepperwood 30,270,356,420 

Percent,  of  tannin  in  the  bark  of  certain  species 265 

Persea 11,18 

Persea  Borbonia 118 

Persea  Carolinensis 118,250,254,257,302,372,438 

Persea  Curolinensis,  var.  glabriuscula 118 

Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palnstris 119,250,254,257,302,372,438 

Persea  Carolinenris,  var.  pubescent 119 

Persea  Catesbyma 119 

Persea  Sassafras 119 

Persimmon 104,294,350,368,434 

Persimmon,  Black 105,294 

Persimmon,  Mexican 105,294 

Phamopyrum  acerifolium 80 

Phcenopyrum  arborescens - 75 

Phosnopyrum  Carolinianum 82 

Phcenopyrum  coccineum 77 

Phcenopyrum  cordatum 80 

Phcenopyrum  elliptimm 82 

Phcenopyrum  populifolium 

Phcenopyrum  pruinosvm - 79 

Phcenopyrum  spathulvtum 81 

Phcenopyrum  subvillosum 78 

Phcenopyrum  Virginicum — 82 

Phosnopyrvm  viride - 78 

Phcenopyrum  Wendlandii 77 

Photinia  arbutifolia 83 

Photinia  salicifolia - 83 

Picea 11,12,16,575 

Piceaalba 12,204,250,255,258,263,342,408,474,562,504 

Picea amabilit  (Abies  amabilis) 2)3 

Picca  amabilis  (Abies  snbalpina) 211 

Picea  balsamea 211 

Picea  balsamea,  var.  longifoKa 211 

Picea  bifolia 211 

Picei  bracteata 213 

Picea  Californica - 208 

Picea  Canadensis 206 

Picea  coerulea 204 

Picea  concolor 212 

Picea  concolor,  var.  violacea 212 

Picea  Douglatii 209 

Picea  Engelmanni 9, 205, 251,  255,  258,  265,  342,  408, 474,  564-567,  572-575 

Picea  Fraseri  (Abies  balsamea) 211 

PiceaPrateri  (Abies  Fraseri) 210 

Picea  glauca 204 

Picea  grandis  (Abies  concolor) 212 

Piceagrandis  (Abies  grandis) 212 

Picea  laxa 204 

Picea  Lowiana 212 

Picea  magnifica 214 

Picea  Menzifsii  (Picea  pungens) 205 

Picea  Memiesii  (Picea  Sitchensis) 206 

Picea  nigra 202,  250,  255,  258,  263,  265, 342, 352, 408, 474, 494,  496,  498 

Picea  nigra,  var.  glauca 204 

Picea  nigra,  var.  rubra 203 

Picea  nobilis - 214 

Picea  pungens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474 

Picea  rubra 203 

Picea  Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576 

Pickeringia  paniculata 1W> 

Pigeon  Cherry 86,282,428 


600 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Pigeon  Plum 117,302,372,438 

Pigeonwood 117,  SOL',  372, 4D8 

Pig  Nut 134,310,350,380,446 

Pike  county,  Alabama,  the  forests  of 528 

Pilocfreus  Engelmanni 80 

Pin  Cherry 66,282,428 

Pin  Oak 152,320,388,454 

Pinckneya 10,11,14 

Pinckneya  pnbcns 95,250,253,257,200,366,432 

rinckneya  pubescens 95 

Pine  and  Sprnce  standing  in  the  forests  of  Maine  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 494 

Pine,  Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474 

Pine  belt  of  central  Alabama 529 

Pine,  Bishop's 200,840,404,472 

Pine,  Black  (Pinus  Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 

Pine,  Black  (Pinus  Murrayana) .- 195,338,350,404,470 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinus  Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinus  mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinus  Sabiniana) 195,438,350,404,470 

Pine,  Cedar ..201,340,406,472   ;! 

Pine,  Digger 195,338,350,404,470   j 

Pine  forests  of  Baldwin  county,  Alabama 627 

Pine  forests  of  southern  Mississippi 531,  532 

Pine  forests  of  the  northeastern  counties  of  Mississippi 532-534 

Pine,  Foxtail 191,336,402,468 

Pino,  Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472 

Pine,  Ginger 179,332,350,398,464 

Pine,  Gray 201,342,352,406,472 

Pine,  Hard 202, 342,  352,  406,'416, 472 

Pine,  Hickory  (Pinna  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata) 191,  336, 402, 468 

Pino,  Hickory  (Finns  pungens) 199,340,350,404,472 

Pine,  Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,548 

Pine,  Knob-cone 196,340,404,470 

Pine,  Loblolly 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 

Pine,  Lodge-pole 195, 338,  350, 404,  470,  564,  574,  577 

Pine,  Long-leaved 202,  342, 352, 406,  416, 472, 516, 519-521,  524, 531,  537, 541 

Pine,  Long-  and  Short-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Alabama  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 524 

Pine,  Long-  and  Short-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Louisiana  May 

31,1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 537 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  Loblolly,  and  Short-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of 

Texas  May  31, 1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Florida  May  31,  1880.  tabu- 
lar statement  of  the  amount  of 521 

Pine,  Long  leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Georgia  May  31,  1880,  tabu- 
lar statement  of  the  amount  of 520 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  North  Carolina  May  31,  1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 516 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  South  Carolina  May  31, 1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 619 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine 

Belt 4 

Pine,  Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474 

Fine,  Monterey ' 196,340,404,470 

Pine,  Norway 192,336,350,402,468 

Pino,  Nut  (Finns  cembroides) 190,336 

Pine,  Xut  (Pinus  edulis) 190,336,402,4(58 

Pine,  Nut  (Pinus  mouophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 

Pine,  Nut  (Pinus  Parryana) 189,336,402,468 

Pine,  Nut,  and  the  Mountain  Mahogany  the  most  important  trees  of  the 

Interior  Forest 9 

Pine,  Obispo 200,340,404,472 

Pine,  Old-field 197,340,350,404,416,470 

Pine,  Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,470 

Pine,  Pitch 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531 

Pine,  Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,527 

Pine,  Prince's 201,342,352,406,472 

Pine,  Red 192,336,350,402,408 

Pine  rt-^ion  of  the  Coosa  in  Alabama 529 

Pine.  Rosemary 197,340,350,404,416,470 

Pine.  Sand 199,340,404,472 

Pine,  Scrub  (Pinus  Banksiana) 201,  342,  352,  4011,  472 

Pine,  Scrub  (Piuns  clausa) 199,340,404,472 


Page. 

Pine,  Scrub  (Pinus  contorta) 194,338,404,470 

Pine,  Scrub  (Piiius  inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529 

Pine,  Short -leaved 200,  340,  350,  406,  472,  524,  527,  530,  531,  536,  537,  541,  544,  560 

Pine.  Short -leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Arkansas,  May  31,  1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 544 

Pine,  Slash 202,342,352,406,416,474,516 

Pme,  Southern 202,  342,  352, 400,  416,  472 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  clausa) 199,  340,  404, 472 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  glabra) 201, 340, 406, 472,  527 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  mitis) 200, 340, 350, 40(i,  472 

Pino,  Sprnce  (Finns  Murrayana) 195,  338, 350, 404, 470 

Pine,  Sugar 188,338,350,400,466,576,578 

Pine,  Sugar,  an  important  tree  in  the  Coast  Forest 8 

Pine,  Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474 

Pine,  Table-mountain. 199,340,350,404,472 

Pine,  Weymouth 187,334,300,400,466 

Pine,  White,  and  Hemlock,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania, 

MaySl,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 506 

Pine,  White  (Pinna  floxilis) 188,336,400,468,569,570,571 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  glabra) 201,340,406,472 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, 564, 574, 676 

Pine,  White  (Finns  reflexa) 189,336,402,468 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  Strobus) 187,  334,  350,  400, 466,  506,  551,  554,  558 

Pine,  White,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Michigan  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 551 

Pine,  White,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Minnesota  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 568 

Pine,  White,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 554 

Pine,  White,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt 4 

Pme,  Yellow,  an  important,  characteristic  tree  of  the  Coast  Forest 8 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  Arizonica) 192,338,402,468 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,529 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  palustris) 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565,  S74, 578 

PiCon  (Finns  edulis)  190,336,402,468 

Pifion  (Pinus  mouophylla)  190,336,350,402,468 

PiBon  (Finns  Parryana) 189,336,402,468 

Finns '. 11,12,16 


Pinus  Abies  Americana . 
Pinus  Abies  JSalsamea  . . 
Pinus  Abies  Oanadensis. 

Pinus  adunca 

Pinus  alba 


206 

211 

202 

, 196 

204 

Finns  albicaulis 189,250,255,258,336,400,488,565,572,573 

Pinus  amabilis  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

Pinus  amabilis  (Abies  magnificat 214 

Pinus  amabilis  (Abies  subalpina) 211 

Pinus  Americana  (Picea  nigra) A 203 

Pinus  Americana  (Tsnga  Canadensis) 206 

Pinus  Americana  rubra -. -. 202 

Pinus  aristata 191 

Pinus  Arizonica 192,250,255,258,338,402,468 

Pinus  australis 201 

Pinus  Balfouriana 191,250,255,258,336,402,468 

Pinus  Balfouriana  (Pinus  Balfouriana,  ear.  aristata) 191 

Pinus  Balfouriana,  rar.  aristata : 191,  250,  255, 258, 336, 402, 468 

Pinus  balsamea 210 

Pinus  balsamea,  var.  Fraseri 210 

Pinus  Banksiana 201, 250, 255, 258,  263, 342, 352, 406, 472 

Pinus  Banksiana  (Pinus  contorta) 194 

Pinus  Beardsleyi 193 

Pinus  Benthamiana 193 

Pinus  Bolanderi 194 

Pinus  Boursieri - 194 

Pinus  brachyptera - —          193 

Pinus  bracteata 213 

Pinus  Califomica  (Pinus  insignis) 196 

Pinus  California  (Pinus  tuberculata) 196 

Pinus  Canadensis  (Picea  alba) 204 

Pi  n  ut!  Canadensis  (Tsuga  Canadensis) .  — 206 

Pinus  Canadensis  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 207 

Pinus  cembroides 190,250,336 

Pinus  cembroides  (Pinus  albicanlis) 189 

Pi  n  us  cembroides  (Pinus  edulis) 190 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


601 


Pago. 

Pinus  Cliihualinana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 

I'inus  . -lansa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 

Pinus  commutata 205 

J'iniitt  com-olor -12 

Finns  con!. "t;, 194, 250,  255,  258,  33S,  404,  470 

Pinus  contottit  (I'iuus  miuioata) 199 

Pinus  contorta  (Pinus  Murrayana) 194 

Pinus  contorta,  var.  Ilolanderi 194 

Pinus  contorta,  v:tr.  latifolia 194 

Finns  ConlU-ri '. 195,250,255,258,340,404,470 

Pinus  Craigana  193 

Pinus  Cnbensis 202,  249,  255, 258,  2C3,  342,  352,  406,  416,  474,  516,  5M,  522,  525 

Pinus  Cubensis,  var.  tcrthrocarpa '. 202 

Pinus  dfflexa 193 

Pinus  Vouglasii 209 

Pinus  Douglasii,  var.  brevibracteata 209 

Pinus  echinata 200 

Pinus  Edgariana 199 

Pinna  edulis 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,402,468 

Pinus  EUwttii 202 

Pinus  Engelmanni  (Picea  Engelmanni) 205 

Pinus  Enyelmanni  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193 

Pinus  flexilis 13, 188,  250,  255,  258,  336,  400, 488,  569-571 

Pinus  flexilis  (Finns  albicanlia) 189 

Pinus  flexilis,  var.  albimulis 189 

Pinus  flexilis,  var.  macrocarpa 188 

Pinus  flexilis,  var.  refiexa 189 

Pinus  flexilis,  vfcr.  serrulata 188 

Pinus  Fraseri  (Abies  Fraseri) 210 

I'inus  Fraseri  (Pinus  rigida) 197 

Pinus  Fremontiana ...". .' 190 

Pinus  futilis 190 

Pinnsglabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527 

Pinus  grandis  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

Pinus  grandis  (Abies  concolor) 212 

Pinus  grandis  (Abies  grandis) 212 

Pinua  Grozelieri 187 

Finns  Hudsonica 201 

Pinus  inops 198,  250, 255,  258,  263,  340,  350, 404,  470,  529,  546 

Pinus  inops  (Pinus  contorta) 194 

Pinus  inops  (Piuus  Murrayana) 194 

Pinus  inops,  var.  (Pinus  muricata) : 199 

Pinus  inops,  var.  clausa •. 199 

Finns  insignia 8,196,250,255,258,340,404,470 

Pinue  insignia  matrocarpa 196 

Pinut  insignis,  var.  binata 196 

Pinus  intermedia 215 

Pinus  Jeffrey!  9,193,250,255,258,338,402,470,578 

Finns  Lambertiana 8, 188,  251,  255, 258, 336,  350,  400,  466,  576,  578 

Pinui  Lambertiana,  var.  (Finns  flcxilis) , 188 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  var.  brevifolia 188 

Pinus  taricina 215 

Pinus  Laricio,  var.  resinom 191 

Pinus  Larix 216 

Pinus  Larix  alba ,.. 215 

Pinux  Larix  nigra 215 

Pinus  Larix  rubra _ 215 

Pinus  lasiocarpa  (Abies  concolor) '  212 

Pinus  lasiocarpa  (Abies  snbalpina) 211 

Pinus  Llaveana  (Pinus  oembroides) 190 

Pinus  Llaveana  (Finns  Parryana) 189 

Pinus  Loddigesii 197 

Pinus  lophosperma 192 

Pinus  Lowiana 212 

Pinus  Lyalli 216 

Pinus  macrocarpa  .1 195 

Pinus  macrophylla 193 

Pinus  Mariana 202 

Pinus  Menzieirii 206 

Pinus  Menziesii,  var.  crispa 206 

Finn*  Mertensiana 207 

Pinus  microcarpa 215 

Finns  mitis 4,  200,  250,  255, 258,  340,  350,  406,  472,  524,  527,  529-531, 

533,  536,  537,  541,  544,  560 
Pin'ts  mitis,  var.  pavpera 200 


Page. 

Films  monophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,468 

Films  monticola 7, 187,  250,  255, 258,  336, 400, 468,  564.  565,  573-576 

Finns  muricata 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 

Finus  muricata  (Finns  coutorta) 194 

Finns  Mnrrayana 9, 194,  250,  255, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470,  564-567,  572-577 

I'inus  nigra 202 

Pinus  nobilis. 214 

Pinus  Ifuttallii 216 

Pinus  osteospenna 190 

Finns  palust  ris 4, 201,  249, 255,  258,  263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472,  516,  519-521 . 

524,531,537,5)1 
Pinus  palustris  tbe  characteristic  tree  of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine 

Belt 4 

Finns  Farryana 189,250,255,258,336,402,468 

Pinus  Parryana  (Pinns  ponderosa) i>. 193 

l*inus  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 208 

Pinus  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Pattoniana) 208 

Pinus  pendula 215 

Pinus  ponderosa 8,  9, 192,  250, 255,  258,  263, 338,  350,  402, 468,  562,  565,  567, 

574,  575,  578 
Pinus  ponderosa  an  important  characteristic  tree  of  the  Coast  Forest. ..  8 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Renthamiana 193 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi 193 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scopulorum 193 

Pinus  porphyrocarpa 187 

Finns  pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472 

Pinus  radiata 198 

Finns  reflexa 189,250,255,258,330,402,468,  568,569 

Pinns  resimm 191,250,255,258,263,336,350,402,468 

Pinus  resinom  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193 

Finns  rigida 197,250,255,258,340,350,404,470 

Pinusrigida  (Pinus  insignis) 196 

Pinus  rigida  (Pinns  mitis) 200 

Pinus  rigida,  var.  serotina 198 

Pinus  rubra  (Picea  nigra) 203 

Pinus  rubra  (Pinns  resinosa) 191 

Pinus  rubra,  var.  violacea 204 

Pinus  ritpestris 201 

Finns  Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 

Pinus  Sabiniana  CouUeri 195 

Pinus  Sabiniana  macrocarpa 195 

Pinna  aerotina 198,249,255,258,340,350,404,416,470,527 

Pinus  Shasta..; 189 

Pinus  Sinclairii 196 

Pinus  Sitchensis 208 

Pinus  species  (Abies  subalpina) , 211 

Finns  Strobus 4, 187,  251,  255,  258,  263,  334,  350,  400,  466,  494,  506,  551,  554,  558 

Pinus  Strobus  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt 4 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  alba 187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  brevifolia 187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  compressa 187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  monticola 187 

Pinus  Strobus,  var.  nivea 187 

Pinus  sylocstris,  var.  divaricata 201 

Pinna  Tieda 197,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,416,470,512,510,541 

Pinus  Tteda,  var.  a 1 197 

Pinus  T<eda,  var.  alopfcuroidea 198 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  heterophylla 202 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  rigida 197 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  tenuifolia 197 

Ptnus  Tceda,  var.  variabilis 200 

Pinus  Tceda,  var.  Firginiana 198 

Pinus  taxifolia 209 

Pinus  tetragona 204 

Pinns  Torreyana 8,192,250,255,258,338,402,468 

Pinus  tnberculata '. 196,251,255,258,340,404,470 

Pinus  tuberculata  (Pinns  insignis) 196 

Pinus  variabilis 200 

Pinus  venusta 213 

Pinus  Yirftiniana 198 

Pinus  Yirginiana,  var.  echinata 200 

Piscidia 10,14 

Piscidia  Carthagenensis ,57 

Piscidia  Erythrina 57,249,253,256,278,360,426 

Pisouia 11,15 


602 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Pisonia  acnleata 117 

Pisonia  obtusata 117,250,254,257,802,372,438 

Pistacia 10-12,14 

.Pislacia  Mexicana 5* 

Pitch  Pine 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531 

Pittitcolobium  forfex 6* 

Pithccolobium  Guadalupensis 64 

Pithecolobium  microphyllum 64 

Pitliecolobium  Unguis-cati . 64,249,282 

Planera 11.15 

Planeraaqnatica 124,250,254,257,306,376,442 

Planera  Gmelini 124 

Planera  Kichardi 124 

Planera  ulmifolia 124 

PLATAKACB.E .129,130,254,257,300,376,442 

Platanns  " 11,12,15,251 

Platanus  Calif  arnica 129 

Platanug  hybridas ... 129 

Platanui  lobata 129 

Platanug  Mexicana  (Platanns  racemosa) 129 

Platanus  Ztexicana  (Platanas  Wrightii) 130 

Platan«3  occidcntalis 129,250,254,257,306,350,376,442 

Platanus  occidentalie  (Platanns  racemosa) 129 

Platanns  racemosa 129,250,254,257,306,376,442 

Platanus  racemosa  (Platanus  Wrightii-) 130 

Platanus  vulgaris,  var.  angulosa 1 29 

Platanns  Wrightii. 130,250,254,257,300,376,442 

Plntn,  Canada 65, 282, 362, 426 

Plum,  Chickasaw 66,282,362,426 

Plum,  Cocoa 65,282,362,426 

Plum,  Darling 39,272,358,422 

Plum,  Downward 103,294,368,434 

Plnm,  Gopher 91,290,366,432 

Plum,  Guiana 121,302,374,440 

Plnm,  Hog  (Prnnns  angustifolia)  66,282,362,426 

Plum,  Hog  (Ehus  Metopium) 54,278,360,424 

Plum,  Hog  (Ximenia  Americana) 34,270 

Plnm,  Horse 65,282,362,426 

Plum,  Mountain 34,270 

Plum,  Pigeon 117,302,372,438 

Plum,  Saffron 103,294,368,434 

Plum,  Wild 65,282,362,426 

Poison  Elder 54,278 

Poison  Sumach ." » 54,278 

Poisonwood  (Ehua  Metopium) 54,278,360,424 

Poisonwood  (Sebastiania  lucida) 121,304 

POLTOOJJACEJE 117,118,254,257,302,372,438 

Polygonum  uvifera 118 

Pond  Apple 23,266,354,418 

Pond  Pine 198,340,350,404,416,470,527 

Poplar 172,328,394,460 

Poplar,  Carolina 175,330.350,396,462 

Poplar,  Necklace 175,330,350,396,462 

Poplar,  Yellow 22,266,354,418 

Populus 11,12,16 

Populut  acladesca 173 

Populus  angulata 175 

Populus  angulosa 175 

Populus  angustifolia 13,174,250,255,258,394,482,565 

Populus  angustifolia  (Populns  trichocarpa) 174 

Populus  argentea 172 

Populus  A  theniensis 171 

Populus  balsamifera 12, 173, 251, 255, 258, 328,  394, 400, 573, 575 

Populus  balsamifera  (Populus  trichocarpa) 174 

Populus  balsamifera  lanceolata 173 

Populus  balsamifera,  var, .» 174 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  angustifolia 174 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  Californica 174 

Popul ns  balsamifera.  var.  candicans 173,  250, 255, 258,  330,  394,  460 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  genuina 173 

Populus  Canadensis  (Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans) 173 

Populus  Canadensis  (Populus monilifera) 175 

Populus  Canadensis,  var.  anguatifblia 174 

Populus  candicans 173 

Populus  cordifolia 172 


Page. 

Populus  dcUoide 174 

Populus  Fremontii 175,250,255,258,330,396,462 

Populns  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 175,  250,  255,  258,  262,  330,  390,  402 

Populus  glandulosa 175 

Populus  grandidentata 172,250,255,258,328,394,460 

Populus  grandidentata,  \ar.pendula 172 

Populus  heterophylla 172,250,255,258,328,394,460 

Populus  heterophylla  (Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicana) 

Populus  heterophytta,  var.  argentea 

Populus  Itevigata  (Populus  monilifera,  Aiton,  gtc.) 

Populus  l&vigata  (Populus  monilifera,  Hort.) 

Populus  latifolia 

Populus  Lindleyana 

Populus  macrophylla  (Popnlns  balsamifera,  var.  candicans) 

Populus  macrophylla  (Populus  monilifera) 

Populus  Harylandica 


173 

172 

175 

175 

173 

175 

173 

175 

175 

Populus  monilifera 174, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350,  396, 462 

Populus  monilifera  (Populns  Fremontii) .. 175 

Populus  monilifera  (Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni) 175 

Pvpulus  neglecta 175 

Populus  Ontariensis 173 

Populus  Tacamahaca 173 

Populus  tremuliformis 171 

Popnlus  tremuloides 12, 171, 250, 255, 258, 328, 350, 394,  460 

Populus  trepida 171 

Popnlns  trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,394,462,576 

Populus  trichocarpa,  var.  cupulata 174 

Populus  viminea 173 

Populus  Yirginiana 175 

Porcelia  triloba 23 

Porkwood 117,302,372,438 

Porliera  10-13 

Porliera  angustifolia 29,249,268 

Port  Orford  Cedar 179,3-32,350,398,464,576 

Possum  Oak 152,320,350,388,  416,454 

Post  Cedar 176,330,306,462 

Post  Oak  139,312,382,448,528 

Post  Oak,  Swamp 140,314,350,384,450 

Prickly  Ash  (Xanthoxylnm  Americannm) 29,268 

Prickly  Ash  (Xanthoxylnm  Clava-Herculis) 30, 270,  356, 420 

Prince's  Pine 201,342,352,406,472 

Principal  woods  of  the  United  States  undercompression,  behavior  of  the.  418-481 
Principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse  strain,  behavior 

of  the 354-114 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.T  remarks  on  the  forests  of  New  Hampshire  by 497 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  New  Tork  by 501-5M 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania  by 507-510 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Vermont  by 498-500 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  West  Virginia  by 512-515 

Prinos  deciduus 37 

Pritchardia  filamentosa -• 217 

Privet 112,298,372,438 

Product  and  average  size  of  saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory 488 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  A  labama 517, 527, 529, 530 

517 

517 

517 

517 

517 

517 

... .10-13,14 


Production  of  naval  stores  in  Florida 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  Georgia 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  Louisiana 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  Mississippi 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  North  Carolina  . 
Production  of  naval  stores  in  South  Carolina  . 
Prosopis , 


Prosopis  Emoryi 62 

Prosopis  tjlandulosa —  61 

Prosopis  juliflora    12,61,249,253,256,265,280,350,362,426 

Prosopis  odoratfi  (Prosopis  juliflora) 61 

Prosopis  odorata  (Prosopis  pubescens) 62 

Prosopis  pubescens 13, 62, 249, 253, 256, 280, 362, 426 

Prunus 10-12,14,573 

Prunns  Americana .' 12,65,249,253,256,282,362,426 

Prunns  A  mericana,  var.  mollis 65 

Prunus  angustifolia 66,249,253,256,282,362,426 

Prunus  borealis — - 66 

Prunus  Canadensis 68 

Prunus  OapoUin - 68 

Prunns  Capuli 68,249,282,428 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


603 


P»ge. 

Prunus  Carolina 69 

Prumis  Caroliniana : 89,249,253,256,284,362,428 

Prunus  cartilaginea 68 

Primus  Chifasa 66 

Prunus  coccinea  65 

Prnnus  demissa 69,249,253,256,284,362,428 

Pnmus  emarginata 67,250,282 

Prunus  emarginat  a,  ror.  mollis 67,253,256,282,362,428 

Prunus  hiemalis  (Prunus  Americana) 65 

Pri/nus  hiemalis  (Prunus  Americana,  var.  Aiollis) 65 

Prmiua  ilicifolia 70,249,253,256,284,364,428 

Prvnut  iruitilia 66 

Prumis  lanceolata 66 

7'™ 71 us  Lusitanica 69 

Prunus  Mississippi 65 

Prunus  moVis  (Primus  Americana,  var.  mollis) 65 

Prunus  mollis  (Primus  emarginata,  var.  mollis) 67 

Prunus  nigra - 65 

Prunns  Pennsylvania 12,66,250,282,428 

Prunus  persicifolia 66 

Prunus  puniila -.  — 67 

J'runus  sempervirens - 69 

Piuimsserotina 68,250,258,256,259,282,362,428 

J'nmifs  serratifolia 6!) 

Primus  spliterocarpa 70, 249,  284 

Prunus  spinosa 65 

Prunus  umbellata 67,249,282,428 

Prunus  Virginiana 68 

Prunus  Virginiana  (Prnnus  serotina) 68 

Prunus  Yirginiana,  var.  demissa 69 

Pseudacacia  odorata 55 

Pseudopetalon  ylandulosutn 30 

Pseudopetalon  tricarpum 30 

Psendotsuga 7,9,11,12,16,575 

Pseudotsuga  Donglasii. .  .209,  250,  255, 259,  264, 265,  344,  352,  410,  476,  565,  569,  573,  576 

Pseudotsuga  Donglasii,  -car.  macrooarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478 

Pseudotsuga  magnified 214 

Pseudotsuga  nobilis .' 214 

Pseudotsuga  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region 7 

Ptelia 10,13 

Ptelia  mollis 31 

Ptelia  trifoliata 12,31,249,270 

Ptelia  trifoliata,  var. mollis 31 

Ptelia  rilieifolia 31 

Punk  Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454 

Purple  Haw 40,272 

Pnrshia 575 

Putnam,  Mr.  H.  C.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Michigan  by 553,  554 

Putnam,  Mr.  II.  C.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Minnesota  by 559, 560 

Putnam,  Mr.  H.  C.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  the  eastern  portion  of  Dakota 

by   561 

Putnam,  Mr.  H.  C.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  "Wisconsin  by 555-558 

Pyrus 10-12,14 

Pyrus  Americana 73,250,284,428 

Pyrus  Americana  (Pyras  sambncifolia) 74 

Pyrns  Americana,  rar.  microcarpa 74 

Pyrus  angustifolia 72,249,284 

Pyrus  aucuparia  (Pyrus  Americana) 73 

Pyrus  aucuparia  (Pyrns  sambucifolia) 74 

Pyrus  Bartramiana 84 

Pyrus  Botryapium 84 

Pyrns  coronaria 72,249,253,256,259,260,284,364,428 

Pyrus  coronaria  (Pyrus  augnstifolia) 72 

Pyrus  coronaria,  var.  angustifolia 72 

Pyrus  diversif alia 73 

Pyrus  fusca 73 

Pyrus  glandulosa 77 

Pyrus  microcarpa 74 

Pyrus  oi-alis 85 

Pyrus  rivularis 73,243,284 

Pyrus  sambucifolia 12,74,250,253,256,284,364,428 

Pyrus  subcordata 73 

fyruslYangenheimiana 84 


Quaking  Asp 171,  328,  3SO,  394,  460 

Quassia  dioica 32 


Page. 

Quassia  Simaruba 32 

Quercitron  Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Quercus 11,12,15 

Qnercus  acutidens .'  155 

Quercus  acutiglandis 146 

Quorcus  agrifolia 146,248,254,257,318,386,452 

Quercus  agrifolia,  var.frutescens 147 

Quercus  alba 137,  249,  254,  257,  261,  265,  312,  350,  360,  414,  446 

139 

141 

139 

137 

137 

137 

137 

137 

147 

145 


Quercus  alba  minor 

Quercus  alba  palustris 

Quercus  alba,  var.  Qunnisonii 

Quercus  alba,  var.  microcarpa 

Quercus  alba,  var.  pinnatifida 

Quercus  alba,  var.  pinnatijido-sinuata  . 

Quercus  alba,  var.  repanda 

Quercus  alba,  var.  sinuata 

Quercus  ambigua 

Quercus  innulata . 


Quercus  aquatica 152,249,254,258,262,320,350,388,416,454 

Quercus  aquatica  (Quercus  nigra) . . 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  attenuate, 

Quercus  aquatu'a,  var.  cuneata 

Quercus  aquatica.  var.  flongata 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  heterophylla  . 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  hybrida 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  indivisa 

Quercus  aquatica,  var.  laurifolia 

Quercus  aqnatira,  var.  myrtifolia  .. 

Quercus  Banisteri 

Quercus  berberidifolia . 


150 

152 

152 

152 

15 

152 

152 

152 

155 

155 

155 

Quercus  bicolor 141,249,254,257,261,314,384,450 

Quetcus  bicolor, -vsLT.Michauxii 141 

Quercus  bicolor,  var.  mollis 141 

Quercus  bicolor,  var.  platanoides - 141 

Quercus  Breweri 155 

Quercus  Califomica - 149 

Quercus  Castanea  (Quercus  prinoides) 142 

Quercus  Castanea  (Quercns  Prinus) 142 

Quercus  Catesbaji 151,249,254,258,320,388,451,525 

Quercui  Chinquapin 1*3 

Qnercus  chrysolepis ....146.249,254,258,318,386,452 

Quercus  chrysolepis,  var.  vaceinifolia, 146 

Quercns  cinerea 153,250,255,258,320,390,456,525 

Quercus  cincrea,  var.  pumila 155 

Quercus  cinerea,  var.  sericea 155 

Qnercus  coccinea 148,249,254,258,318,388,452 

Quercus  coccinea,  \a,r.  ambigua 

Quercus  coccinea,  var.  microcarpa 

Quercus  coccinea,  var.  nibra - 

Quercus  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria 

Quercus  confertifolia ..* 

Quercus  crassipocula 

Quercus  cuneata 

Quercus  decipiens 

Qnercus  densiflora 161,  249, 254,  258,  265,  322,  390, 456,  576, 580 

Quercus  discolor —          149 

Quercus  discolor,  var.  triloba 151 

Quercus  Douglasii 143,249.251,254,258,316,386,450 

Quercus  Douglasii,  var.  Oambelii 

Quercus  Douglasii,  var.  Ne&i 

Quercus  Drummondii -. 

Quercus  dnmosa - -- 

Quercus  dumosa,  var.  bullata — 

Qnercus  Durandii 145,249,251,254,258,316,386,452 

Quercus  echinacea - 1^ 

Quercus  echinoides i55 

Querc-us  elongata 

Quercus  Emoryi 12,146,249,254,258,265,318,386,452 

Quercus  Emoryi  (Qnercns  undnlata,  tar.  Gambelii) 139 

Quercns  falcata 150,249,254,258,262,265,320,350,388,454,525 

Quercus  falcata,  var.  Ludoviciana 151 

Quercus  falcata,  var.  pagodcefolia 151 

Quercus  falcata,  var.  triloba - -•          151 

Quercus  fulvetcens —          1*6 

Quercus  Gambelii 139 

Quercus  Garryana 188,249,254,257,261,312,350,382,448,576 


147 
148 
147 
149 
154 
146 
150 
144 


139 
138 
139 
155 

155 


604 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Qttercus  Georgiana 155 

Quercus  grisea 144,249.251,254,258,316,386,452 

Quercus  hasta'ta 146 

Qui'mui  hcmittpharrica 152 

Quercus  hcmisphmrica,  var.  nana 152 

Quercus  hoterophyUn .'153,  249,  255,  258,  320,  390,  456 

Quercus  Hindsii 138 

Quercus  humilis 153 

(Jira-eus  hypoleuca 154,249,255,258,322,390,456 

Quercua  ilicifolia 155 

QUITCUS  imbricaria 154,249,255,258,322,390,450 

Quercus  Jacobi 138 

Quercns  Kelloggii 149, 250, 254,  258, 265, 320, 388, 416, 454 

Quercus  Ifevis 351 

Quercus  laurifolia 152,  249,  254,  258,' 320,  890,  454 

Quercus  laurifolia  hybrida 152 

Quercus  laurifolia,  var.  acuta 152 

Quercus  laurifolia,  var.  obtusa 152 

Quercus  lobata 138,249,254,257,312,382,448 

Quercus  lobata,  rar.  fraticosa 155 

Quercua  lobulata 139 

Quercus  longiglanda 138 

Qncrcns  lyrata 140,249,254,257,261,314,350,384,450,533 

Quercns  macrocarpa 140,249.254,257,261,265,314,384,448 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  var.  abbreviate 140 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  var.  minor 140 

Quercui  macrocarpa,  var.  olivceformis 140 

Quercus  Marylandica 150 

Qnercus  Michauxii 141,249,254,258,261,316,384,416,450,533 

Quercus  montana 142 

Quercus  Morehus 147 

Quercus  Muhlenbergii '     143 

Quercus  myrtifolia 155 

Quercus  nana 152 

Quercus  Necei 138 

Quercus  nigra 150, 249, 254, 258,  2«5,  320, 350, 388, 454, 525 

Quercus  nigra  (Quercns  aquatica) 152 

Quercus  niyra  (Qnercus  tinctorial 149 

Quercus  nigra  aquatica 152 

Quercus  nigra  digitata 150 

Quercui  nigra  integnfolia 150 

Quercus  nigra  triflda 152 

Quercus  nigra,  var.  (Quercns  heterophylla) 153 

Quercus  nigra,  var.  latifolia 150 

Quercns  ohlongifolia 143,249,251,254,258,316,386,452 

Quercus  oblongifolia 146 

Quercus  oblangifolia,  var.  brevilobata 143 

Quercus  obtusa . .  152 

Quercus  obtusifolia,  var.  breviloba 145 

Qnorcns  obtnsiloba 138,  249,  254,  257,  261,  312,  382,  448,  525,  528 

Quercus  obtusiloba,  var.  depressa HO 

Quercus  obtusiloba,  va.r.parvifolia 139 

Quercus  (Erstediana 138 

Quercus  oleoides 145 

Quercus  olivtrformis 140 

Quercus  oxyadenia 14g 

Quercus  palustris 151,249,254,258,320,388,454 

Quercus  palustris  (Quercus  rnbra,  var.  Texana) 148 

Quercus  parvifolia 139 

Quercas  Phellos 154,249,255,258,322,390,456 

Quercus  Phellos  angustif alia 154 

Quercus  Phellos  X  coccinea 153 

Quercus  Phellos  latifolia 154 

Quercus  Phellos  pumila 155 

Quercus  Phellos  X  tinctorial 153 

Quercus  Pliellos,  var.  (Qnercus  heterophylla) 153 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  arenaria 155 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  cinerea 153 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  humilis 154 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  imbricaria 154 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  laurifolia 152 

Quercus  Phellos,  \nr.sempervirent 145 

Qnercus  Phollos,  var.  sericea 155 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.viridi» 154 

Qucrcus  iirinoides 142,  249,  251,  254,  258,  261,  262,  265,  316,  384,  450 


Page. 

Quercus  Pi-inns ,...142,249,254,258,201,205,316,350,391,416,450 

Qucrcus  Prinus  p.  (Quercus  cinerea) 153 

Quercus  Prinus  (Quercus  11  iobauxii)  141 

Quercus  Prinus  Chinquapin 143 

Qucrcus  Prinus  humilis 14 j 

Quercus  Prinus  palustris 141 

Qucrcus  Prinus  platanoides 141 

Qnercus  Prinus  pumila 140 

Qucnus  Prinus  tomentoea 141 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  acuminata 142 

Qucrcus  Prinus,  var.  bicolor 141 

Qutrcvs  Primu,  var.  discolor 141 

Quercug  Prinus,  var.  lata 142 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  Jlichauxii 141 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  monticola 142 

Qucrcus  Priims,  var.  oblongata 143 

Quercus  Primis,  var.  prinoides 143 

Quercus  pumila 155. 

Quercus  pungens 144 

Quercus  Ransomi 133 

Querens  reticulata 144, 249, 316 

Quercus  reticulata,  var.  Greggii 144 

Quercus  retusa 145 

Quercns  rubra .• 147, 250, 251, 254, 258, 262, 265, 318,  350, 386, 452 

Quercus  rubra  ft.  (Quercns  coccinea) 148 

Quercus  rubra  (Quercns  Kelloggii) 149 

Quercus  rubra  (Quercns  tinctoria) 149 

Quercus  rubra  maxima 147 

Quercus  rubra  montana 150 

Quercus  rubra  ramosissima 151 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  dissecta 151 

Quercus  rubra  var.  latifolia 147 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  montana 147 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  runcinata 147 

Quci  ens  rubra,  var.  Tesana 148,  249, 254, 258, 318, 388, 451 

Qrercus  San-Sabeana 145 

Qucrcus  sempervirens 145 

Quercus  sericea 155 

Quercus  Shumardii 149. 

(J/fen-ui;  xinuata 137 

Quercus  Sonomensis 149 

Quercus  spicata 144 

Quercui  steUata 139 

Quercus  stellata,  var.  depressa 140 

Quercus  slellata,  var.  Floridana 139 

Quercus  stellata,  var.  Utahensit 139 

Quercus  Texana 148 

Qnercns  tinctoria 149, 249, 254,  258, 262, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528 

Quercus  tinctoria,  var,  angulosa 349 

Quercus  tinctoria,  var  Californica 149 

Quercus  tinctoria,  var.  tinuosa 149 

Quercus  triloba 150 

Quercus  uliginosa 152 

Quercus  uudulata 13, 155 

Quercui  undulata  (Quercns  Durandii) 145 

Quercns  undulata,  var.  Gambelii 139,249,254,257,314,384,448 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  grisea 144 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  oblongata 143 

Quercus  undulata,  \ar.pungeru 144 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  Wrightii 144 

Quercus  vaccinijfolia 146 

Quercut  velutina 149 

Quercus  villosa 139 

Quercus  virens 145,249,254,258,262,265,316,386,452 

Quercus  Virginiana 145 

Qnercus  Wislizeni 147,249,254,258,318,386,452 

R. 

Randia  clusitefolia .      95 

Rapanea  Guyanensig 99 

Rattle-box 106,290 

Bed  Ash 7....  109, 296, 370, 436 

Bed  Bay 118,302,372,438 

Bed  Birch 161,324,392,458 

Red  Cedar  ( Juniperus  Virginiana) 183, 332, 398, 464, 544 

Bed  Cedar  (Thuya  gigautea) 177, 330,  396, 462, 573,  575,  576,  580 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


605 


Page. 

EedClierry,  Wild 66,282,428 

Bed  Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 

lied  Elm .' 122,304,374,440 

Red  Fir  (Abies  magnifica) 214,346,412,478 

Knl  Kir  (Abiosnobilis) 214,346,412,478,573 

Red  Fir  (Pseudotsuga  Donglasii) 209,  265,  344,  352,  410, 476,  565,  575 

Ked  Fir  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region 7 

Red  Gum 86,  2S8,  350,  361,  414,430 

IN-tl  ll;iw  (Ci;it;c£iis  coccinea) 78, 286 

Red  Haw  (Cratiegus  flava,  far.  pubescens) 83, 286,  304, 430 

Rod  Iron  wood 39,272,358,422 

Red  Maple .50,  276,  358,  424 

lti-d  Mulberry 128,306,376,442 

Red  Oak  (Qneivus  falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454 

Red  Oak  (Quercus  rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 

Rod  Oak  (Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana) 148,  318, 388, 452 

Red  Pine 192,336,350,402,468 

Red  Stopper 89,288,366,430 

Redbud  (Cercis  Canadensis) 61,280,362,420 

Ked  bud  (Cercis  reniforrnis) 61,280 

Redwood 185,334,350,398,466,579 

Redwood  Belt  the  most  important  feature  in  tbe  Coast  Range  of  the 

Coast  .Forest 8 

Redwood  of  California,  economic  value  of  the 578 

Redwood  standing  in  the  forests  of  California  May  31, 1880,  tabular  state- 
ment of  the  amount  of 579 

Region,  the  Atlantic 3-6 

Region,  the  Pacific 6-10 

Remarks,  general,  on  the  forests  of  North  America 3-16 

Reynosia 10,13 

Reynosia  latifolia 39,249,253,256,272,358,422 

Rhamindium  revolutum 39 

RMAMNACEJE 39-42,253,256,272,358,422 

Rhamnus 10-13 

Rhamnus  alnifolius 41 

Rbamnns  Californica 40,250,272 

Rhaiunus  Cnlifoniica,  var.  tomentella 41 

Rhamnus  Caroliniana 40,250,253,256,272,358,422 

Ehf(mnu&  elUpticus 41 

Rhamnus. fema 39 

RhamiiUH  ht.'rigatus 39 

JthamtniK  laurifolins 40 

Rhamnus  oleifolius 40 

Rhammis  Pursbiana .' 41,250,253,256,272,358,422 

Jlhamntts  tomenttUui 41 

Rhizophora 10, 11, 14 

Rhizophora  Americana 86 

Rhizophora  Mangle 86,249,253,257,265,288,364,430 

Rhizophora  racemosa 86 

RHIZOniOKACKjE 86,87,253,257,288,364,430 

Rhode  Island,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  .  .486, 487,  500, 501 

Rhode  Island,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Rho-e  Island,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 491,500,501 

Rhode  Island,  the  Northern  Pine  Belt  in 500 

Rhododendron 11, 12, 15 

Rhododendron  maximum 99,250,254,257,292,368,434 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  album 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  purpureum 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  roseum- 99 

Rhododendron  procerum 99 

Rhododendron  purpurffum 99 

Rhododendron  Purshii 99 

Rhus 10,12,14 

Rhus  arborescens - 33 

Rhu-8  Canadcnse 52 

Rlius  copallina 53,250,253,256,278,300,424 

Rhus  ci'pallina,  var.  angustialata 53 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  anyustifolia 53 

Rhus  copallina,  var.integrifolia 53 

Rbus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata 53, 250,  278, 424 

Rhuit  copallina,  var.  latialata   53 

RhuK  copallina,  var.  latifolia 53 

Rhus  copailina,  rar.  leucantha 53 

Rhus  copaUina,  var.  serrata 53 


Page. 

Rhus  cotinoidea 52,250,278 

Rhus  cotinus 52 

i   Rltus  glabra 53 

Rhus  hypseloaendron .vj 

Rhus  Irueantha 53 

|    RhusMetopium 54,249,253,256,278,360,424 

Rhus  Toxicodendron 54 

Rhus  typhina 52,250,278 

Rhus  tt/phina,  var.  laciniata 52 

A7n'.s'  typhina,  var.  viridijlora 52 

Rhus  veni-nata 54,  250,  278 

!    Rhus  remix 54 

Rhus  viridijlora 52 

River  Birch 161,324,392,458 

River  Cottonwood 172,328,394,460 

Robinia 10,13 

Robinia  fragili* "> 

Robinia  glutinota 58 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana 13,56,249,253,256,278,360,426 

Robinia  Pseudacacia 55, 249, 253, 256, 259, 278, 350, 3«0, 424 

Robinia  viscosa 56,249,278 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 

Rock  Elm 123,304,374,440 

Rock  Maple 48,276,358,422 

Rocky  Mountain  region,  northern,  report  by  Mr.  Sereno  Watson  on  the 

forests  of  the 564,565 

ROSACK.E 64-85,253,256,282,362,428 

Rose  Bay 99,292,368,434 

Rosemary  Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470 

Rosiu  and  tar  produced  in  North  Carolina,  grades  of 517 

Royal  Palm 218,348,352 

l    RUBIACEvE 95,96,253,257,290,366,432 

Rum  Cherry 68,282,362,428 

RUTACEJ3 29-32,253,256,268,356,420 

8. 

Sabal 11,16 

Sabal  Palmetto 217,250,348,352 

Saffron  Plum 103,294,368,434 

Sage-brush 575 

Saginaw  valley  in  Michigan,  lumber  industry  of 552 

Saguaro 90,288 

SALICACE.* 165-175,255,258,326,394,460 

Salix ...11,12.16 


Salix- 


V 

f7l 


'0 

Salix  ambigua 165 

Salix  amygdaloides 13,166,250,255,258,326,394,460 

Salix  argophylla 168 

Salix  arguta 167 

Salix  arguta,  var.  lasiandra 167 

Salix  Biffelovii 170 

Salix  Rigelovii,  var./wwrior 170 

Salix  brachycarpa 168 

Salix  brachystachys . 170 

Salix  brachystachys,  var.  Scouleriana 170 

Salix  Caroliniana 165 

Salix  cklorophylla,  var.  peUita 171 

Salix  cordata 170 

Salix  cordata,  var./oteato 165 

Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita 170,250,328 

Salix  crassa. 169 

Salix  cuneata 171 

Salix  discolor 169,250,328 

Sulix  discolor,  var.  eriocephala .' 169 

Salix  discolor,  par.  prinoides 169 

Salix  eriocephala 169 

Salix  exigua 168 

Salix  falcata 165 

Salix  Fendteriana 167 

Salix  flavescens 169,  250,  255,  2J8,  328,  394,  460 

Salix  jlavescent  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Sconleriana) 170 

;    Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460 

Salix  Jlavo-virena 165 

Salix  fluviatalis 168 

Salix  Hartwegi 171 

Salix  Hindsiana ...  169 


606 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Salix  Hindsiana,\m.  tenui/otia 169 

Salix  Ho/manniana 167 

Sulix  Hookeriana 170,250,328,460 

Salix  Houstoniana •- 165 

Salix  humilis,  var.  Hartwegi 171 

Salix  liEVigata 167,  250,  255,  258,  3£6,  394,  460 

Salix  lajvigata,  uar.-angustifolia - -•          167 

Salix  Isevigata,  var.  congesta 167 

Salix  lancifolia 167 

Salix  lasiandra 167,250,326 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana 167,250,255,258,326,394,460 

Salix  lasiandra,  ror.  lancifolia 167,250,255,258,326,394,460 

Salix  lasiolepis 170,250,255,258,328,394,460 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  anaustifolia 171 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  Bigelovii 170 

Salia  lasiolepis,  var./aKaz 170 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  latifolia 171 

Salix  ligustrina 165 

Salix  longifolia 12,168,250,326 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  angustissima 168 

Salix  longifolia,  par.  argyrophylla 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  angustissima 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  opaca 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  oxigaa 168,250,326 

Salix  longifolia,  Tar.  opaca ... 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  pedicellate 168 

Salix  longipes 166 

Salix  longipes,  var.pu&cacen* 166 

Salix  lucida,  var.  angustifolia,  forma  lasiandra 167 

Salix  lucida,  var.  macrophylla 167 

Kalix  marginata 166 

Salix  melanopsis 166 

Salix  nigra 12,165,250,326,394,460 

Salix  nigra,  var.  amygdaloid** 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  angusttfolia 166 

Salix  nigra,  var./oZcoto .  — » 165 

Salix  nigra,  var.  latifolia 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longifolia 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipes 166 

S<dix  nigra,  var.  longipes,  subvar.  gongylocarpa 166 

Salix  mgra,  var.  longipei,  subvar.  venulosa 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  marginata 166 

Salfc  nigra,  var.  "Wardii 166 

Salix  nigra,  tar.  'Wrightii 166 

Sails  occidental 166 

Salix  pentandra 165 

Salix  pentandra,  var.  cattdata 1C7 

Salix  prinoides 169 

Salix  Purehiana 165 

Salix  rubra 168 

Salix  Scouleriana 170 

Salix  sensitiva 169 

Salix  sessilifolia 188,250,328 

Salix  sessilifolia,  var.  Hindsiana 169 

Salix  setsilifolia,  var.  \~iUoea •         168 

Salix  Sitchensis 171,250,328 

Salix  Sitcbensis,  var.  angnstifolia . 171 

Salix  speciosa 167 

Salix  subi-iUoua 106 

Salix  Wrightii 168 

Samara  floribunda 99 

Samara  pentandra 99 

Sambucus 10-12, 14 

Sambucus  Californica 93 

Sambncus  glauca 93,250,253,257,290,366,432 

Sambucus glauca  (Sambncus  Mexicana).. 93 

Sambncns  Moxicana 12,93,250,290 

Sambucus  Mexicana  (Sambucus  glanca) 93 

Sambucus  velutina 93 

Sand  Jack 153,320,390,456 

Sand  Pine 199,340,4*4,472 

Sand-bar  Willow 168,  326 

SAPIND'ACIU? 42-51,253,256,274,358,414,422 

Sapindua 10-13 

Sapindus  acwrtiinata •      44 

Sapindus  Drummondi 44 


Page. 

Sapindus  falcatus 4$ 

Sapindus  incequalis 44 

Sapindus  marginatus 12,44,249,253,274,358,414,422 

Sapradus  Saponaria 45,249,274 

Sapindus  Saponaria  (Sapindas  marginal  UH) 44 

SAPOTACE^E 100-103,254,257,292,368,434 

Sarcomplialus  Oarolinianua 40 

Sassafras    120,302,374,438 

Sassafras  officinale... 119,250,254,257,260,302,374,438 

Satinwood 11,15,31,270,356,420 

Savin  ( Juniperns  Virginiana) 183,  322,  398,  464 

Savin  (Torreya  taxifolia) 180,334,400,466 

Saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory,  average  size  and  product  of 488 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cratogus  coecinea) 78,286 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cratffigus  subvillosa) 78,286,364,430 

Scarlet  Oak 148,318,388,452 

Scha:fferia 10, 13 

Schae/eria  tuxifolia 39 

Sch&/eria  completa 39 

Schffifferia  frutescens 39,  249,  272 

Schcefferia  latcriflora 120 

Schowtbata  commutata 87 

Schubertia  disticha 183 

Schubertia  sempemiraw 185 

Screw  Bean 62,280,382,426 

Screw-pod  Mesqait 62, 280, 362, 426 

Scrnb  Oak  (Quercus  Catesbcei)  151, 320,  388, 454 

Scrub  Oak  (Quercus  nndulata,  var.  Gambelii) 139,314,384,448 

Scrub  Pine  (Finns  Banksiana) 201,342,352,406,472 

Scrub  Pine  (Finns  clansa) 199,340,404,472 

Scrub  Pine  (Finns  contorta) 194,338,404,470 

Scrub  Pine  (Finns  inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529 

Seutiaferrea  (Condalia  ferrea) 39 

Scutia  ferrea  (Eeynosia  latifolia) 39 

Sea  Ash 30,270,356,420 

Sea  Grape 118,302,438 

Seaside  Alder 162,326,458 

Sebastiania 11, 15 

Sebastiania  lucida 121,249,304 

Sebestena  scabra 113 

Selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse  strain,  behavior  of: 

specimens  eight  centimeters  square » 414-417 

Semi-tropical  Forest  of  Florida 6 

Sequoia 8,11,12,16 

Sequoia  gigantea 184,251,255,258,334,398,468,578 

Sequoia  gigantea  (Sequoia  sempervirens) 185. 

Sequoia  Rafinesquei 206- 

Sequoia  religiota 185. 

Sequoia  sempervirens 184, 250,  255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 398, 466, 57» 

Sequoia  Wellingtimia 184 

Service  Tree 84,286,364,430- 

Seven-year  Apple 95,290 

Shad  Bush 84,286,364,430 

Shag-bark  Hickory 133,308,350,378,444. 

Sharpies,  Mr.  S.  P.,  experiments  by 247,251,264,265 

She  Balsam 210,346,412,478- 

Shecpberry 94,290,432 

Shell-bark,  Big 133,310,378,444 

Shell-bark,  Bottom ". 133,310,378,444 

Shell-bark  Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 

Shingle  Oak '...., 154,322,390,456 

Shingles  and  lumber  received  at  Chicago  during  the  year  188« 548, 549' 

Shittimwood  (Bumclia  lannginosa) 102,294,308,434 

Shittimwood  (Rhamnus  Purshiana) 41,272,358,422 

Short-  and  Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Alabama  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 53* 

Short-  and  Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Louisiana  May 

31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 537 

Short-  and  Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Mississippi  May 

31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 531 

Short-leaved,  Loblolly,  and  Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of 

Texas  May  31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Short-leaved  Pine 200,  340,  350,  406,  472,  524,  5Z7,  530,  531,  536,  537,  541,  544,  560 

Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Arkansas  May  31, 1880,  tabu- 
lar statement  of  the  amount  of 544 

Shrubby  Trefoil 31,270' 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


607 


Page. 

Sideroxylon 11,15 

Sideroxylon  Carolinense 101 

Sideroxylon  chrysophylloides 101 

Sideroxylon  cuneatum 103 

Sideroxylon  deca.nd.rum 103 

Sideroxylon  lanuginosum 10*2 

Sideroxylon  Iceve 103 

Sideroxylon  lycioides —          103 

Sitleroxylon  Mnstichodendron 101,249,254,257,292,368,434 

Sideroxylon  pallidum 101 

Sideroxylon  reclinatum 103 

Sideroxylon  salinfoliutn 101 

Sideroxylon  sericeum 101 

Sideroxylon  tenax  (Bumelia  lannginosa) 102 

Siderorylon  tenax  (Bumelia  tenax) 101 

SUiquastrum  cordatutn - 61 

Silli- top  Palmetto 217,348 

Silky  Willow 171,328 

Silver-bell  Tree  (Halesia  diptera) 105,294,368,434 

SUver-bell  Tree  (Halesia  tetraptera) 106,296 

SUver  Maple 49,276,358,424 

Silver-top  Palmetto 218,348 

Sinmrubu . 10, 13 

Simaruba  amara 32 

Simaruba  glauca 32,250,253,256,270,356,420 

Simaruba  medicinalis 32 

SIMAUUUE.U 32,253,256,270,356,420 

Sitka  Cypress 178,332,398,464 

Size,  average,  ami  product  of  saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory 488 

Slash  Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474,516 

Slippery  Elm  (Fremontia  California!!) 26, 268 

Slippery  Elm  (Ulmus  fulva) 122,304,374,440 

Sloe 67,282,428 

Sloe,  Black 67,282,428 

Small-finited  Haw 81,286,364.430 

Smooth  Alder 164,326 

Snow-drop  Tree  (Halesia  diptera) 105,294,368,434 

Snowdrop  Tree  (Halesia  tctraptera) 106,296 

Soapberry  (Sapiudus  marginatus) 44,274,358,414,422 

Soapberry  (Sapindus  Saponaria) 45, 274 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  rubrum)  50,  276,  358, 424 

hora 


Sopho 


.10,11,14 


Sophoraafflnis 58,249,253,256,280,360,426 

Sophora  secundiflora 57,249,278 

Sophora  speciosa 57 

Sorbus  Americana 73 

Sorbus  Americana,  var.  microcarpa 74 

Sorbus  aucuparia  (Pyrus  Americana) 73 

Sorbus  aucuparia  (Pyrus  sambucifolia) 74 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  a.  (Pyrns  Americana,  var.  microcarpa) 74 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  p.  (Pyrus  sambncifolia) 74 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  Americana 73 

Sorbus  humifusa 73 

Sorbue  microcarpa 74 

Sorbus  riparia 74 

Sorbus  sattibucifolia 74 

Sorbtis  Sitchcntis 74 

Sorrel  Tree 98,292,368,434 

Sour  Gum 92,290,366,432 

Sour  Tupelo 91,290,366,432 

Sonrwood , 98,292,368,434 

South  Atlantic  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber, 

etc.,  in  the 511-523 

South  Carolina,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in. 486, 487, 518, 519 

South  Carolina,  production  of  naval  stores  in  ..'. 517 

South  Carolina,  rauk  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  product* 487 

South  Carolina,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 491.518,519 

South  Carolina,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-leaved  Pine 

standing  in  the  forrsto  of,  May  31,  1880 519 

South  Carolina,  the  Coast  Pine  Belt  in 518 

Southern  Buckthorn 103,294,368,434 

Southern  Central  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  tim- 
ber, etc.,  in  the 524-646 


Page. 

Southern  Crab  Apple 72,284 

Southern  Cypress,  next  to  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  the  characteristic  tree  of 

the  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt 4 

Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt  in  the  Atlantic  region 4 

Southern  Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472 

Southern  Pine  Belt  in  Florida 520 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  baccata) 219, 348 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  canaliculata)  218,348 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  elata) 219,348 

Spanish  Buckeye „ 44,274,422 

Spanish  Oak 161,265,320,350,388,454,528 

Spanish  Oak,  Swamp 152,320,388,454 

Spanish  Stopper 88,288,366,430 

Species,  distribution  of 12 

Specific  gravity  and  ash  of  woods 248-251 

Specific  gravity,  ash,  and  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 

woods  of  the  United  States 266-349 

Specific  gravity  and  transverse  strength  of  certain  woods,  relation  between  259-264 

Specimens  of  woods,  where  deposited 247,248 

Speckled  Alder 165,326,394,460 

Spice  Tree 120,302,374,440 

Spindle  Tree 38,272 

Spircea  Californica 70 

Spoonweod 98,292,368,434. 

Spruce,  a  species  of,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Colorado  mountains. .  9 

Spruce,  Black 203,265,342,352,408,474,496 

Spruce,  Blue 205,344,408,474 

Spruce  Pine  (Finns  clansa) 199,340,404,472 

Spruce  Pine  (Finns  glabra) 201,340.406,472,527 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 

Spruce  Pino  (Pinus  Murrayana.) 195,  338,  350,  404,  470 

Spruce  standing  in  the  forests  of  New  Hampshire  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 49ft 

Spruce  standing  in  the  forests  of  Vermont  May  31,  1880,  tabular  state- 
ment of  the  amount  of 498 

Spruce,  Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580 

Spruce,  White,  the  most  important  tree  in  the  Pacific  region 7 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  albn) 204,342,408,474,562,564 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  Engelraanni) 205, 265, 342,  408, 474, 564, 573, 574 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  pungens) 205, 344, 408, 474 

Spruces.  Black  and  White,  the  characteristic  trees  of  the  Northern  Forest  3 

Stag  Bush 94,290,366,432 

Staghorn  Sumach 53,  278 

Standing  timber,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc..  extent  of,  in  the— 

North  Atlantic  division 494-510 

Northern  Central  division 547-563 

South  Atlantic  division 511-523 

Southern  Central  division 524-546 

Western  division 564-58* 

Standing  timber,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in— 

Alabama 491,524-530 

Alaska 580 

Arizona 491,568,560 

Arkansas  491,543,544 

California 491,578-580 

•      Colorado 491,567,568. 

Connecticut 500,501 

Dakota 491,561,562 

Delaware 491,511 

District  of  Columbia 511 

Florida 491, 520-523 

Georgia 491,519,520 

Idaho 491,571-573 

Illinois 491,547-550 

Indiana 491,547 

Indian  territory 491,543 

Iowa 491,560 

Kansas    491,562,503 

Kentucky 491,545,546 

Louisiana 491,536,540 

Maine 491,194-496 

Maryland 491-511 

Massachusetts 491,500,501 

Michigan    491,550-554 

Minnesota 491,558  560 

Mississippi 491,530-536 

Missouri  491,560-561 

Montana 491,564,566 

Nebraska 562 

Nevada  491,571 

New  Hampshire ...491,496-498 

New  Jersey 491,506 

New  Mexico 491,568 

New  York 491,501-506 

North  Carolina 491,515-518 

Ohio 491,547 

Oregon    491,576-578 

Pennsylvania 491,506-510 

Rhode  Island 491,500,501 


608 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page,  I  Page. 

Standing  timber,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in— continued.  j  Sycamore  (Platanus  occidentalis) 129,306,350,376,442 

South  Carolina 491,518,519  ||  Sycamore  (Platanus  racemosa) 129,306,376,442 

Texas'88*" '.'.  IT//."!"!"!^^;  Mfr.543  *i  Sycamore  (Platanus  Wrightii) 130,306,376,442 

rtnii  ....".."."-"..'."."."""'..".".".'.."...'"."." 492.M&-571  •  Symplocos 11,15 

ViMuia' " '  "  492*  5lf~512  Symplocos  tinctoria 105,  250,  254,  257,  294,  368, 434 

'"""""""""""""  !  T 

Table-mountain  H™ : 199,340,350,404,472 

Wyoming 492,566,567       Tacamahac 173,328,394,460 

Star-leaved  Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430   |j    Tallowberry 28,268,356,420 

Statistics  of  the  lumbering  industry  of  the  United  States  for  year  ending  ii    Tallow  Nut 34,270 

May  31,  1880 486,487   j    Tamarack  (Larix  Americana) 215,346,352,412,478 

STKUCULIACEJ2 26,268       Tamarack  (Larix  occidentalis) 216,348,414,480 

Stinking  Cedar  (Torroya  California) 186,334,400,466       Tamarack  (Finns  Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 

Stinking  Cedar  (Torreya  taxifolia) 186,334,400,466,521       Tamarind,  Wild 64,282,362,426 

Stopper  (Eugenia  longipes) 89,288        Tanbark  Oak 155,265,322,390,456 

Stopper  (Eugenia  monticola) 89,288,366,430       Tan  Bay 25,265,268,354,418 

Stopper,  Gurgeon 88,288,366,430       Tannin  in  the  bark  of  certain  species,  percent,  of 265 

Stopper,  Red 89,288,366,430        Tannin  values  of  the  bark  of  varions  trees 265 

Stopper,  Spanish 88,288,366,430       Tar  and  rosin  produced  in  North  Carolina,  grades  of 517 

Stopper,  Whit* 89,288,366,430        Tar,  turpentine,  and  rosin  industry  of  North  Carolina 516-518 

Strain,  transverse,  behavior  of  selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under :  Taxodii  species  (Sequoia  sempervirens) 185 

specimens  eight  centimeters  square 414-417       Taxodium 4,11,18 

Strain,  transverse,  behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  Taxodium  adacendens 183 

under 354-414        Taxodium  distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,398,466 

Strength  of  woods,  method  of  determining  the 252        Taxodium  distichum  fastigiatum 183 

Strength,  transverse,  and  specific  gravity  of  certain  woods,  relation  be-  Taxodium  dittichum,  var.  microphyUum 183 

tween — •  259-264       Taxodium  distichum,  var.  nutans 183 

Striped  Dogwood - - 46, 274       Taxodium  distichum,  var.  paten* 183 

Striped  Maple • - 46, 274        Taxodium  (figanteum 184 

Strombocarpa  odorata 62       Taxodium  microphyUum 183 

Strombocarpa  pubescens * 62  Taxodium,  next  to  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the 

Strong  Bark 114,300,372,438  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt 4 

Styphnolobium  affine 58       Taxodium  sempervirens 185 

STTEACACK* .* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434   j    Taxodium  Washingtonianum .• 184 

Sugar  and  molasses,  maple,  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1879,  ji    Taxns 11,12,16,572,573 

amount  of 485   I]    Taxus  baccata  (Taxus  brevifolia) 185 

Sugarberry 126,306,376,414,442    j    Taxus  baccata,  var.  Canadmsis 185 

Sugar  Maple 48,276,358,422        Taxus  lioursierii 185 

Sugar  Maple,  Black 49,276,350,358,424        Taxus  brevifolia ...185,250,255,258,334,400,466 

Sugar,  maple,  product  of  Michigan 551        Taxus  Canadensfe 185 

Sugar,  maple,  product  of  New  York 501        Taxus  Floridana 186,250,334,521 

Sugar,  maple,  product  of  Vermont 498        Taxtit  Lindltyana 185 

Sugar  Pine 188,336,350,400,466,576,578       Taxus  montana 186 

Sugar  Pine  an  important  tree  in  the  Coast  Forest 8        Tennessee,  effect  of  fires  upon  the  forests  of 546 

Sugar  Tree 48,276,358,422        Tennessee,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487,545 

Sumach,  Coral 54,278,360,424    '!    Tennessee,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Sumach,  Dwarf 53,  278, 360, 424  Tennessee,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in . 492, 544,  545 

Sumach,  Poison 54,278        Tennessee  valley  in  Alabama,  forests  of  the..-. 528,529 

Sumach,  Staghorn 53,278       TKRNSTRCEMIACF.JE 25,26,253,256,268,354,418 

Summer  Haw  (Cratasgus  flava) 83,286        Tetranthera  CaKjornica 120 

Summer  Haw  (Cratajgus  flava,  var.  pnbescens) 83,  286, 364, 430   j    Texas,  Cedar  an  important  tree  in 540 

Snsquehanna  boom  at  Williamsport,  Pennsylvania,  number  of  logs  rafted  Texas,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  541,  542 

out  of,  1862  to  1880 508        Texas,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Snwarrow 90,288   |    Texas,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of 542,543 

Swamp  Cottenwood 172,328,394,460   j    Texas,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 492,540-543 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  ainara) 135,310,350,380,446  Texas,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-leaved,  Loblolly,  and 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  aquatica) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 416  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of,  May  31, 1880 541 

Swamp  Laurel 20, 266, 354, 414, 418   j  Texas,  the  pecan-nut  an  important  product  west  of  the  Colorado  river  in .         543 

Swamp  Maple 50,276,358,424    ,    Thatch,  Brickley 218,348 

Swamp  Pine : 202,342,352,406,416,474    |    Thatch,  Brittle 218,348 

Swamp  Post  Oak 140,314,350,384,450        The  Joshua 219,348 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak 152,320,388,454        Thorn,  Black 79,286,364,430 

SwampjWhite  Oak 141,314,384,450    |   Thorn,  Cockspur 70,286,364,430 

Swamps,  Cypress,  of  the  Tensas  river  in  Alabama 525-527    |    Thorn,  Newcastle 76,286,364,430 

Sweet  Bay 20,266,354,414,418    |    Thorn,  Washington 81,286 

Sweet  Birch 162,324,392,458    I    Thorn,  White 78,286 

Sweet  Buckeye -. 43,274       Three-thorned  Acacia 59,  280, 360. 4M 

Sweet  Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430        Thrinax 11,16 

Sweet  Leaf 105,294,368,434       Thrinax  argentea 218,249,348 

Sweet  Locust  59,280,360,426       Thrinax  Qarberi '. 217 

Sweet-scented  Crab 72,284,364,428       Thrinax  parviflora 217,250,348 

Swietenia 10,13    I   Thuya 7,11,12,16,566,572,573,575,576 

Swietenia  Mahogoni 33,249,253,256,270,350,356,420       Thuya  Craigana 176 

•  Swietmia  Seneijalcneii 33       Thuya  excelsa 178 

Switch-bud  Hickory 134,310,350.380,446    j    Thuya  gigantea 177,251,255,258,330,396,462,565,566,572,573,575,576,580 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


609 


Thvya  gigantea  (Libocedrus  docurrens) . 

Thuya  Lobbii 

Thuya  Menziesii .  

Thuya  obtuta 


Page. 

176 

177 

177 

176 

Thuya  occidental  is 176, 251,  255, 258,  262,  330,  350,  396,  462,  552 

Thuya  occidentals,  var.  plicata 177 

Th  uya  odorata 176 

Thuya  plicata 177 

Thuya  Sibirica 176 

Thuya  sphtrroidalis 177 

Thuya  sph&roidea 177 

Thuya  Wareana 176 

Tliuyopsis  borealis 178 

Thuy  apsis  cupressoides    178 

Thuyopsis  Tchugatskoy 178 

Thuyopsis  Tchugatskoyce 178 

Thylaxfraxincum 29 

Tide-land  Spruce 206,344,408,474,580 

Tilia ... 


TiKa  alba  . 


10,11,13 
27 


Tilia  Americana 26,250,253,256,268,356,418 

Tilia  Americana  (Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubesccns) 27 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  heterophylla 27 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens 27,  250,  253,  250,  268,  356,  420 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  Walteri 27 


Tilia  Canadensis  . . 
Tilia  Caroliniana  . 


26 

27 

Tilia  glabra 26 

Tilia  grata 27 

Tilia  heterophylla 27,250,253,256,268,356,420 

TiKa  heterophylla,  var.  alba 27 

Tilia  latifolia 26 

Tilia  laxijlora  (Tilia  Americana,  var.  puboscens)  27 

TiKa  laxijlora  (Tilia  heterophylla) 27 

Tilia  neglecta 26 

Tilia  nigra 26 

Tilia  pubescens 27 

Tilia  pubescens,  var.  leptophytta 27 

Tilia  stenopetala 27 

Tilia  truncata 27 

TlLIACK^; 26-28,253,256,268,356,418 

Timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region,  the  Red  Fir  the  most  important 7 

Timber,  standing,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc..  extent  of,  in  the — 

North  Atlantic  division 494-510 

Northern  Central  division 547-563 

South  Atlantic  division 511-523 

Southern  Central  division 5U4-546 

Western  division 564-580 

Timber,  standing,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in — 

Alabama 491,524-530 

Alaska 580 

Arizona 491,568,589 

Arkansas 491,543,544 

California 491,578-580 

Colorado 507,508 

Connecticut 491,500,501 

Dakota  491,561,502 

Delaware 491,511 

District  of  Columbia 511 

Florida 491,520,523 

Georgia 491,519,530 

Idaho  491,571-573 

Illinois 491,547-550 

Indiana 491,547 

Indian  territory 543 

Iowa 491,560 

Kansas 491,562,563 

Kentucky 491,  545,  546 

Louisiana 491,  5U6-540 

Maine 491,491-490 

Maryland 491,511 

Massachusetts .491,500,501- 

Michigan 491,550-554 

Minnesota 491,  558-560 

Mississippi 491,  530-536 

Missouri 401,560,561 

Montana 491,564-566 

Nebraska 491,562 

Nevada 491.571 

New  Hampshire 491,496-498 

New  Jersey 401  506 

New  Mexico 491,  5<;s 

New  York 491,  501-506 

North  Carolina 491,  515-518 

Ohio 491,547 

Oregon 491,576-578 

Pennsylvania 491, 506-510 

Rhode'lsland 491,500,501 

South  Carolina 491,518,519 

Tennessee 492,544,545 

39    FOR 


Page. 
Timber,  standing,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in — continued. 

Texas 492,540,543 

Utah 492,569-571 

Vermont 492,498-500 

Virginia 492,511,512 

Washington 492, 573-576 

Wi'st  Virginia  492,512-51} 

Wisconsin 492,554-558 

Wyoming 492,566,567 

Titi 38,272,356,420 

Tollon 84,286 

;    Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylnm  Americanam) 29,268 

Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420 

Torchwood 33,270,356,420 

J    Tornilla 62,280,362 

Torrcya 11,12,16,521 

Torreya  Californica 186,250,255,258,334,400,466 

Torreya  Myriitica 18d 

Torreya  taxifolia 186,250,255,258,334,400,466,521 

Toxicodendron  arborescent 33 

Toxylon  Madura 128 

Toyon 84,288 

Transmittal,  letter  of ir 

Transverse  strain,  behavior  of  selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under: 

specimens  eight  centimeters  square 414-417 

Transverse  strain,  behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States 

under 354-414 

Transverse  strength  and  specific  gravity  of  certain  woods,   relation 

between 259-264 

Trees  of  the  United  States,  weight  of  the  dry  wood  of 249-251 

Trees,  tannin  values  of  the  bark  of  various 265 

Trefoil,  Shrubby 31,270 

Trilopus  dentata 85 

:    Trilopus  nigra 85 

Trilopus  parvifolia 85 

Trilopus  rotundtfolia 85 

Trilopus  Virgininna 85 

Tsuga 11,12,16,573 

Tsuga  Canadensis 206,  250,  255,  258, 263, 264,  265,  344,  352,  406,  474,  506 

Tsuga  Carolinians 207, 250,  255, 258,  344,  410, 479 

Tsuga  Douglasii 209 

Tsuga,  Lindleyana 209 

Tsuga  Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344,  410, 476, 565, 572,  573, 57« 

Tsuga  Pattoniana 7,208,250,255,259,265,344,410,476,565,573 

Tulipastrum  Americanum 20 

Tulipastrum  Americanum,  var.  subcordatum 20 

Tulipifera  Liriodendron 21 

Tulip  Tree 22,266,350,354,418 

Tupelo 92,290,366,432 

Tupelo  Gum 93,290,350,366,432 

Tupelo,  Large 93,290,350,366,432 

Tupelo,  Sour 91,290,366,432 

TnrkeyOak 151,320,388,454 

IT. 

Ulmus 11,15 

Ulmnsalata 124,249,254,257,304,374,440 

Ulmus  alba 123 

Ulmus  Americana 123,259,254,257,260,304,350,374,414,440 

Ulmus  Americana  (Ulmus  racemosa) 123 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  alata 124 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  alba 123 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  aspera 123 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  Sartramii 128 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  pendula 123 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  rubra 122 

Ulmus  Americana,  var.  scabra... 123 

Ulmus  aquatica 124 

Ulmus  crassifolia '. 122,249,254,257,304,374,440 

Ulmus  crispa 122 

Ulmus  Floridana 123 

Ulmus  fnlva 122,249,254,257,260,304,374,440 


Ulmus  mollifolia 

Ulmus  nemoralis 

Ulmus  opaca 

Ulmus  pendula 

Ulmus  pubescens 


;    Ulmus  pumila 


123 
124 
122 
123 
122 
124 


610 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Ulmus  racemosa 123,249,254,257,260,304,374,440 

Ulmus  rwfrra.. . , 122 

Umbellularia 8, 11, 12, 15 

TTmbellularia  Californica 120,250,254,257,302,374,440,576 

Umbrella  Tree 21,260,354,418 

Ungnadia 10-31 

Ungnadia  hepta&hyUa 44 

Ungnadia  heterophytta 44 

Ungnadia  speciosa 12,44,250,274,422 

Upland  Willow  Oak 153, 320, 390, 456 

Uroatigma  pedunculatum 127 

URTICACE.E 123-128,254,257,304,374,414,440 

Utah,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  Chicago  the  principal  source  of  snpply 

of  lumber  for 568,569 

Utah,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  569 

Utah,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Utah,  remarks  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Hall,  on  the  forests  of 569-571 

Utah,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 492, 569-571 

Uvaria  triloba 23 

F. 

Vaccine® 7 

Vaccininm 11,12,15,573 

Taccinium  arboreum 96,249,292,432 

Vaccinium  diffusum gg 

Tacdniutn  mucronatum gg 

Valparaiso  Oak 146,318,386,452 

Value  and  amount  of  charcoal  used  for  domestic  and  manufacturing  pur- 
poses during  the  census  year 439 

Value  and  amount  of  wood  used  as  fuel  in  manufactures,  etc.,  during  the 

census  year 439 

Value  and  amount  of  wood  used  for  domestic  purposes  during  the  census 

Tear 489 

Value,  economic,  of  the  Redwood  of  California 578 

Value  of  property  destroyed  and  areas  burned  over  by  forest  fires  during 

the  census  .year  (see,  also,  under  state  headings) 491, 492 

Value  of  the  forest  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  census  year 485 

Values  of  woods,  comparative 252-255 

Vanqnelinia 10,12,14 

Yauquelinia  corymbosa 70 

Vauquelinia  Torreyi 70,249  284 

VEBBEXACE.E 116, 117,  254,  257,  300, 372^  438 

Vermout,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 498-500 

Vermont,  maple-sugar  product  of 493 

Vermont,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Vermont,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of 498-500 

Vermont,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  ..492,498-500 
Vermont,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Spruce  standing  in  the 

state  of,  May  31,  1880 498 

Viburnum 10-12  14 

Viburnum  Lentago 94,249,290,432 

Viburnum  prunifolinm 94,249,253,257,366,432 

Viburnum  prunifolium,  var.  ferrugineum 94 

Viburnum  pyrifolium 94 

Vine  Maple 47,274,358,422 

Virgilia  lutea 57 

Yirgilia,  secundijlora 57 

Virginia,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  512 

Virginia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Virginia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in     .492,  511, 512 


Wafer  Ash 


W. 


31,  270 


Wahoo  (Euonymns  atropnrpnreus)  ..............................  3g  273 

Wahoo  (Tilia  heterophylla)  ...............................  2g  268  35g'4o0 

Wahoo  (Ulmus  alata)  .............................................  124^  304,'  374,'  440 

Wallia  cinerea  ...................................... 

Wallia  nigra  ..................................................  J31 

Walnnt'-       .....................................................  131,308,378,444 

Walnut,  Black  ..........................................  131,308,350,376,414  444 

Walnut,  White  ..................................................  130,306,376,442 

Wasbingtonia 


Washington  territory,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber, 


Washingtonia  filifera  .....................  .  ..........  217,250,255,259,348,414,480 

Washington  territory,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood 
m  .........................  '  ........................................  486,487,574 

ashington  territory,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  product*  .  .         487 
Washington  territory,  remarks  by  Mr.  Sereno  Watson  on  the  foresta  of.  575,  57«   || 


etc-in  ..............................................................  492,573-576 

Washington  territory,  wasteful  methods  of  the  lumbermen  of  ...........         574 

Washington  Thorn  ..............................................  8t  2gg 

Water  Ash  .......................................................  110,  298,  37o!  436. 

Water  Beech  (Carpinus  Caroliniana)  ..............................  159,322  392  456 

Water  Beech  (Platanus  occidentalis)  .........................  129,306,350,376,442 

Water  Elm  ...............................................  123,304,350,374,414,440 

Water  Hickory  ......................  ,  ....................  136,310,350,380,414,446 

Water  Locust  ......................................................  60,280,362,426- 

Water  Maple  ......................................................  50,276,358,424 

Water  Oak  (Qucrcus  aquatica)  ...........................  152,320,350,388,416,454 

Water  Oak  (Quercus  palustris)  ..................................  152  320  388  454 

Water  White  Oak  .......................  ....................  140,  314,'  350,'  384^450. 

Watson,  E.  C.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Utah  by  ...........  569-571 

Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  certain  counties  of  Oregon  by.  577,  578. 
Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Idaho  by  .....................  572  573 

Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Montana  by  .................  565,  566 

Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Washington  territory  by  .....  575,576 

|    Watson,  Sereno,  report  on  the  forests  of  the  northern  Eocky  Mountain 

region  by  ..............................................................  564,565 

Wax  Myrtle  ......................................................  136,312,380,446 

Weeping  Oak  ....................................................  138,312,382,448 

Weight,  ash.  and  specific  gravity  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 
woods  of  the  United  States  ...........................................  266-349 

Weight  of  the  dry  wood  of  trees  of  the  United  States  ...................  249-251 

Wellingtonia  Oali/orniea  .......................................  ig^ 

Wettingtonia  gigantea  ..........................................  jg^ 

Western  Catalpa  ...................     ....................  115,300,350,372,414,438- 

Western  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 
the  ....................................................................  564-580 

West-Indian  Birch  .............................................  33,270,350,356,420 

West  Virginia,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  .  .486,  487,  512-515. 
West  Virginia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products  ..........         487 

West  Virginia,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of  ..........  512-515 

West  Virginia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.  492,  512-515. 
WeymouthPine  ..............................................  187,334,350,400,466 

Whistlewood  .......................................................  46  274 

White  and  Black  Spruces  the  characteristic  trees  of  the  Northern  Forest  .  3 

White  Ash  ..................................................  107,296,350,370,436 

White  Basswoocl  ...................................................  28,268,356,420 

White  Bay  .....................................................  20,260,354,414,418. 

White  Birch  (Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia)  ...................  159,324,350,392,458 

White  Birch  (Betula  papyrifera)  .............................  160,324,350,392,458 

White  Buttonwood  ................................................  87,288,361,430- 

White  Cedar  (Chamascyparis  Lawsoniana)  ...................  179,  332,  350,  398,  404 

While  Cedar  (Chamiecyparis  spha;roidea)  ....................  178,  330,  396,  416,  464 

White  Cedar  (Libocedrusdecurrens)  ..............................  176,330,396,462 

White  Cedar  (Thuya  occidentalis)  ............................  176,330,350,396,462 

White  Cottonwood  ...............................................  175,330,396,462 

White  Cypress  ...............................................  184,334,350,398,466. 

White  Elm  (Ulmus  Americana)  ..........................  123,304,350,374,414,440 

White  Elm  (Ulmus  racemosa)  ...........  _____  .....  ____  ...123  304  374  448 

White  Fir  (Abies  concolor)  .......................................  213,346,412,478 

White  Fir  (Abies  grandis)  ........................................  212,346,412,478 

White  Iron  wood  _____  ...................  _______  ......  ._  ................  4.*^  274  422 

White  Laurel  ..................................................  20,266,354,414,418 

White  Mangrove  ..................................................  87,288,364,430 

White  Maple  ......................................................  49,276,358,424 

White  Oak  (Qnercns  alba)  ............................  137,265,312,350,380,414,446 

White  Oak  (QueronsGarryana)  ...........................  138,312,350,382,448,576 

White  Oak  (Quercus  grisca)  ......................................  144,310,386,452 

White  Oak  (Quercus  lobata)  ......................................  138,312,382,448 

White  Oak  (Quercui  oblongifolia)  ................................  144,  316,  386,  452 

White  Oak,  Mountain  ............................................  143,316,386,450- 

White  Oak,  Swamp  ..............................................  141,314,384,450 

White  Oak,  Water  ............................................  140,314,350,384,450' 

White  Pine  (Pinns  flexilis)  ...........................  188,336,400,468,569,570,571     . 

White  Pine  (Pinns  glabra)  ........................................  201,340,406,472 

White  Pine  (Pinns  monticola)  ........................  187,  336,  400,  466,  564,  574,  576 

White  Pino  (Pinus  reflexa)  .......................................  189,336,402,468 

White  Pino  (Pinus  Strobns)  ..................  187,334.350,400,466,506,551,554,558 

White  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Michigan  May  31,  1880,  tabular 
statement  of  the  amount  of  ......................................  551 

White  Pine  standing  in  the  foreaU  of  Minnesota  May  31,  1888,  tabular 
statement  of  the  amount  of  .......................................  550. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


611 


Page. 
White  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 554 

White  Pine  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt 4 

White  Spruce  (Picea  alba) 204,342,408,474,562,564 

White  Spruce  (Picea  Engclmanni) 205, 265,  342, 408, 474, 564,  573,  574 

White  Spruce  (Picea  pnngens) 205,344,408,474 

White  Spruce  the  most  important  tree  in  the  Pacific  region 7 

White  Stopper 89, 288, 366. 430 

White  Thorn 78,286 

White  Walnut 130,306,376,442 

White-heart  Hickory 134,310,350,380,444 

Wliitewood  (Canclla  alba) 24,268,354.418 

Whitewood  (Drypetes  crocea) 121,302,374,440 

Whitewood  (Liriodendron  Tulipifora) 22,266,350,354,418 

Wild  Black  Cherry 68,282,362,428 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunus  Capnli) 69,282,428 

Wild  Cherry  (Prnnus  demissa) 69,284,362,428 

Wild  China 44,274,358,414,422 

Wild  Cinnamon 24,268,354,418 

WildDilly 103,294,368,434 

Wild  Fig 127,306,376,442 

Wild  Lime  (Xanthoxylum  Pterota) 31,270 

Wild  Lime  (Ximenia  Americana) 34, 270 

Wild  Orange  (Prunus  Caroiiniana) ....70, 284, 362,428 

Wild  Orange  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis) 30,270,356,420 

Wild  Peach 70,284,302,428 

Wild  Plum 65,282,362,426 

Wild  Red  Cherry 66,282,428 

Wild  Tamarind 64,282,362,426 

Willow  (Salix  amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460 

Willow  (Salix  lievigata) 167,326,394,460 

Willow  (Salix  lasiandra) _  1C7  325 

Willow  (Salix  lasiolepis) 171,328,394,460 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Sconleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  nigra) 166,326,394,460 

Willow,  Desert 116,300,372,438 

Willow,  Diamond 170,328 

Willow,  Glaucous 169  323 

Willow  Oak 154,322,390,456 

Willow  Oak,  Upland 153,320,390,450 

Willow,  Sand-bar 168,  395 

Willow,  Silky 171,328 

\ViugedElm 124,304,374,440 

Wintera  Canclla 24 

Wisconsin,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,  487,  554,  556 

Wisconsin,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487,555 

Wisconsin,  remarks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of 555-558 

Wisconsin,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. 492, 554-568 
Wisconsin,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  standing  in 

the  forests  of,  May  31, 1880 554 

Witch  Hazel 85  286 

Woodlands  in  Kentucky,  pasturage  of 546 

Wood,  manufactures  from,  and  the  lumber  industry  in— 

Alabama 486,487,524,525 

Arizona 486,487,569 

Arkansas 486,487,544 

California 486,487,578,580 

Colorado 486.487,587,568 

Connecticut 488,487,500,501 

f^ola 486.487,561 

Delaware      486,487,511 

District  of  Columbia 486  487 

Florida 486, 487,  S2l[  523 

Georgia 486,487,519,5^0 

}«?no. 486,487,572 

Illinois 486,487,548-550 

Indiana 486,487,547 

i?wa 486,487,560 

£an8as,- 486,487,563 

Kentucky 486,487,546 

Louisiana 486,487,536,537 

Maine 486,487,494-496 

Maryland 486,487,511 

Massachusetts 486.487,500,501    „ 

Michigan  486,487,551,552 

Minnesota. 486,487,558 

Mississippi 486.487,531 

Muwpnn 486,487,560,561 

Montana 486.48?,  564 

J.ebraska 486.487,  &62 

J-evada..         486,487,671 

New  Hampshire 486,487,497,498 

New  Jersey 486.487.506    •! 

New  Mexico 486.  487,5(i8    « 

I.ew\ork  486.  487.  50i-505    '' 

Jiorth  Carolina 486,487,515    ; 


Page. 
Wood,  manufactures  from,  and  the  lumber  industry  in — continued. 

Ohio 486,487,547 

Oregon 486,487,  .'.77 

Pennsylvania 486,487,506-510 

Rhode  Island 486,487,500,501 

South  Carolina 486, 487,  518  519 

Tennessee 486,487,  545 

Texas 486,487,541,542 

Utah 486,487,569 

Vermont 486,487,498-500 

Virginia 488,  4S7  512 

Washington    486,487,574 

West  Virginia 486,487,512-515 

Wisconsin 486,487,554,556 

Wyoming 486,487,567 

Wood  used  as  fuel  in  manufactures,  etc.,  during  the  census  year,  amount 

and  value  of 439- 

Wood  used  for  domestic  purposes  during  the  census  year,  amount  and 

valueof. 489 

Woods,  comparative  values  of 252-255- 

Woods,  method  of  determining  the  fuel  value  of 247,251,252 

Woods,  method  of  determining  the  strength  of 252 

Woods  of  the  United  States,  actual  fuel  value  of  some  of  the  more  im- 
portant   350-353- 

Woods  of  the  United  States  under  compression,  behavior  of  the  principal .  418-481 
Woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse  strain,  behavior  of  the  prin- 
cipal   354-414 

Woods,  relation  between  transverse  strength  and  specific  gravity  of 

certain 259-264 

Woods,  specific  gravity  and  ash  of 248-251 

Woods,  where  specimens  of,  were  deposited 247,248 

Wyoming,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 492,  567 

Wyoming,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Wyoming,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.  .492, 566, 567 

X. 

Xanthoxylum 10,11,15 

Xanthoxylum  A  mericanum 29, 250,  268 

Xanthoxlyum  aromaticum 30 

Xanthoxylum  CaribiEum 30,249,253,256,270,356,420 

Xanthoxylum  Carolinianum 30 

Xanthoxylum  Catetbianum 30 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis 30,  250, 253,  256,  270, 356,  420 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hcrculit  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 20 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  (Xanthojylnm  Caribaram) 30 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herciilig,  var 30 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  var.  fruticosnm 30,250,270 

Xanthoxylum  Floridanum 30 

Xanthoxylum  fraxineum 29 

Xantlioxylum  fraxinifolium  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 29 

Xanthoxylum  fraxini/olium  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis) 30 

Xanthoxylum  hirsutum 30 

Xanthoxylum  lanceolatum 30 

Xanthoxylum  macrophyllum 30 

Xanthoxylum  mite ....... 29 

Xanthoxylum  Pterota 31,249,270 

Xantlioxylum  ramiflorum 29 

Xanthoxylum  tricarpum  (Xantboxylum  Americanum) 29 

Xantlioxylum  tricarpum  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-Hercnlis) 30 

Ximenia 10,13 

Ximenia  Americana 34,249,270 

Ximenia  montana 34 

Ximenia  multiflora 34 

X. 

Yaupon 36,273 

Tazoo  delta  in  Mississippi,  forests  of  the 535,  535 

Yellow  Ash 57,278,360.426 

Yellow-bark  Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Yellow  Birch 161,324,392,458 

Yellow  Cypress 178,332,398,464 

Yellow  Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,576 

Yellow  Haw 83,2*6 

Yellow  Locust 55,278,350,360,414,424 

Yellow  Oak  (Quorcns  prinoiden) 143,  265,  316,  384,  450 

Yellow  Oak  (Quercus  tinctorial 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinns  Arizonica) -....192,338,402,468 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinus  mitis) 200,940,350,406,472,529 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinus  palustris) 262,342,352,406,416,472 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193,  338,  350, 402, 468,  562,  565,  674, 678 

Yellow  Pine  an  important  and  characteristic  tree  of  the  Coast  Forest. . .  8 


612 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Yellow  Poplar 22,266,354,418 

Yellowwood  (Cladraetis  tmctoria) 57,278,360,426 

Yellowwood  (Schiefferia  frntescens) 39,27: 

Yew  <Ta*u8  brevifolia) 185,334,400,466 

Yew  (Taxus  Floridana) 186,334,521 

Yopon 36<272 

Yucca U'12'16 

Yucca  angustifoKa,  var.  data 

219 
Tucca  anguiti/olia,  var.  raawsa 

Yucca  baccata 6,12,219,251.348 

Yucca  brevifolia 9,13,218,251,348,578 


Page. 

Yucca  canaliculata 218,249,348 

Tucca  Drucond,  var.  arboretcms 218 

Yucca  elata 219,250,348 

Yucca  filamentota - 

Yucca  Treculiana 


219 

218 


Z. 


41 

39 

ZTOOPHYLLACE* 28,29,253,256,268,356,420 


Zizyphui  Dominigenti*  . 
Zizyphu*  emarglnatut . 


352215 


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